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GENERALmole calculations

PRODUCTION OF MATERIALS

thermal cracking

catalytic cracking

bromine water

test:

cyclohexene

cyclohexane

Polymersation:

ethylene

LDPE

initiation

propagation

termination(disproportionation)

backbiting

HDPE

vinyl chloride

PVC

styrene PS

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condensation

polymerisation of:3-hydroxybutanoicacid PHB;

glucose

acid hydrolysis of

cellulose

(breaking -1,4-

glycosidic bonds)

hydrogenation of

ethylene

fermentation

complete

combustion of

ethanol

incomplete

combustion

heat energy

tranfer

addition of water

and ethylene

dehydration ofethanol

Leclanch cell:

anode

cathode

Button cell:

anode

cathode

producingtransuranic

elements

medical isotope:

Tc-99m

industrial isotope:

Na-24

Recently

discovered

element:

Ununoctium

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THE ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT

pH

determining

whether acid orbase

natural acidity of

rain

releasing SO2

smelting ofsulfide ores

bacterial

fermentation

S-compounds

producing SO2

form sulfurousacid

form sulfuric acid

OR

N2and O2form

nitric oxide with

high temps

form nitrogen

dioxide

form nitricacidand nitrous acid

nitrous acid forms

nitric acid

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natural buffer

system:

H2CO3/H2CO3-

-use LCP when

add acid/base1

photosynthesis

(endergonic

reaction)

Esterification(forming an ester)

general

making ethyl

butyrate

CHEMICAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT

nitrogen oxides(in traffic from

car engines)

ozone from

photochemical

smog in

troposphere

catalytic

converters in cars

reduce harmfulemissions

Haber process

sources of H2

removing CO and

CO2

1 - if acid added,

- if base added

- in both cases, the equilibrium shifts to neutralise the added acid/base

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Formation of

ozone

Destruction of

ozone

increased temp at

stratosphere

CFCs in

stratosphere

Chlorine atom in

CFCs make for

catalyst in

destruction of

stratospheric

ozone

catalyticdestruction of O3

by high-altitude

supersonic aircraft

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRYfertiliser

production

superphosphate

SBR production

Contact process

obtaining SO2

(1)

smelting (see AE)(2)

catalytic oxidation

of SO2

absorption of SO3

conversion of

oleum to H2SO4

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safety

diluting H2SO4

ionisation

exothermic

S compounds

produce H2S

dehyrating agent

secondary process:

why dangerous, not

dehydration

oxidising agent

electrolysis of

NaCl-molten

anode

cathode

overall

-concentrated

anode

cathode

overall

-dilute

anode

cathode

overall

Mercury cellanode

cathode

overall

Diaphragm cellanode

cathode

overall

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Membrane cell

anode

cathode

overall

Downs cell

anode

cathode

Saponification

(making soap)

general

glycerol trilaurate

+ NaOH glycerol + sodium

laurate

glycerol

tristearate +

NaOH glycerol

+ sodium stearate

soap in hardwater

forming scum

(insoluble)

Solvay Process

overall

brine purification

CO2formation

ammonia

recovery

carbonic acidformation

ammonia

saturation

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net HCO3-

formation

decomposition of

NaHCO3