eqspertis azri

liana jervaliZe

sanqciebis moxsna iranisaTvis da CrdiloeT/samxreTis energetikuli RerZis

gaxsna _ mosalodneli Sedegebi

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

2016

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publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT.

redaqtori: rusudan margiSvili

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe wignis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos nebismieri,

maT Soris, eleqtronuli an meqanikuri formiT.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2015 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-0-8515-4

2015 wlis ivlisSi miRweuli SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, iranisaTvis dawesebuli sanqciebi 2016 wlis ianvarSi unda moixsnas. iranis samxedro nawilebi, siriis jarTan erTad,1 ruseTis aviaciis mxardaWeriT aqtiurad monawileoben si-riaSi saxmeleTo operaciebSi. ruseT-iran-siriis TanamSrom-loba niSnavs ara marto CrdiloeT/samxreTis strategiuli samxedro RerZis gaZlierebas, aramed kaspiis zRva-sparseTis yuris satransporto koridoris gaxsnasac. iranisTvis san-qciebis moxsna xels Seuwyobs ara mxolod iranuli energore-sursebis gamosvlas saerTaSoriso bazarze, aramed iranis, rogorc satranzito qveynis poziciis gamyarebas. amgvarad, iranisaTvis sanqciebis moxsna gzas gauxsnis kaspiispireTis navTobsa da gazs sparseTis yurisa da saokeano satranspor-to gzebisaken, Tumca, savaraudod, mniSvnelovan gavlenas ver moaxdens verc samxreTis gazis koridoris datvirTvaze da verc saqarTvelos sagareo-politikur orientaciaze.

mokle istoriuli eqskursi: sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kaspiispireTis qveynebis navTobis eqsportis ekonomi-kurad erT-erT yvelaze momgebian gzad irani moiazreboda. iranis strategiuli mdebareoba kaspiis zRvasa da sparseTis yures Soris, misi gasasvleli, Caketili kaspiis zRvidan saer-TaSoriso saokeano arteriebze, qveynis ZiriTad satranzito arteriad Camoyalibebis winapirobas qmnida. yazaxuri navTo-bis saerTaSoriso bazarze gatanis pirveli proeqti swored iranis gavliT igegmeboda da mas franguli kompania Total lo-birebda.2 yazaxuri navTobis eqsportiT dainteresebuli mxa-reebi3 SeTanxmdnen ruseTis mimarTulebaze Tengizis sabado-dan ruseTis port novoriiskamde (Caspian Pipeline Consortium), ris Semdegac yazaxeT-TurqmeneTi-iranis milsadenis proeqti Taroze iqna Semodebuli.

mogvianebiT, 2009 wlidan, yazaxur navTobs gza gaexsna CineTiskenac, rodesac yazaxeTi/CineTis milsadenis sametapi-

1 ruseTi siriaSi warmoebul konfliqtSi aqtiurad CaerTo 2015 wlis oq-tomberSi.

2 proeqtze aqtiuri lobisturi muSaoba midioda1991-1993 wlebSi.

3 maSin faqtobrivad ruseTi da dasavleTi SeTanxmdnen, yazaxuri navTobi wavida ruseTis gavliT, azerbaijanuli ki _ ruseTis gverdis avliT samxreT kavkasiis gavliT.

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ani mSenebloba dasrulda. iranze sanqciebis gamkacrebamde yazaxeTi da ruseTi navTobis gacvliT operaciebs awarmoe-bdnen iranTan; savaraudod, sanqciebis moxsnis Semdeg es op-eraciebi kvlav ganaxldeba.4 iranis xelisufleba mzadyofnas acxadebs sanqciebis moxsnisTanave daiwyos navTobis, gazis da qimiuri produqciis gacvliTi operaciebi Tavis mezoblebT-an kaspiis zRvaze.5 saerTaSoriso sainformacio wyaroebis cnobiT, iranma ukve ganaaxla molaparakebebi azerbaijanTan, TurqmeneTTan da ruseTTan gazis gacvliTi operaciebis Ses-axeb.6

saerTaSoriso mediawyaroebis cnobiT, jer kidev 2012 wels, iranisaTvis dadebuli sanqciebis gamkacrebamdec, ru-seTs, iransa da sirias Soris mimdinareobda molaparakebebi gazis transportirebis CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis gaxs-nis Taobaze, misi Semdgomi gagrZelebiT siriis aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiromde. 2011 wlis martSi siriam da iranma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas iran-eray-siriis gazsadenis aSenebis Sesaxeb. zogierTi saerTaSoriso wyaros cnobiT, ru-seTi sTavazobda irans rusuli, Turqmenuli da, SesaZloa, azerbaijanuli gazis transportirebas (TANAP-is proeqtis damtkicebamde) CriloeT-samxreTis koridoriT. amgvarad, sakiTxi exeboda am qveynebis gazis transportirebas rogorc siriis gavliT, mis xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze, ise uSualod sparseTis yureSi misi Semdgomi transportirebiT, rogorc milsadeniT, ise Txevadi formiT, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. Tumca molaparakebebs xeli SeuSala jer 2012 iranisaTvis sanqciebis gamkacrebam da Semdgom _ siriaSi dawyebulma samoqalaqo omma.

mimdinare molaparakebebi gazis gacvliTi operaciebis Sesaxeb: saerTaSoriso mediasaSualebebis cnobiT, irani (san-qciebis moxsnis Semdeg) azerbaijans, TurqmeneTs da ruseTs sTavazobs7 gazi miawodon irans CrdiloeT nawilSi da Sesa-bamisi raodenobis gazi miiRon iranis samxreT nawilSi mil-

4 rac xels ar Seuwyobs baqo/Tbilisi/jeihanis datvirTvas.

5 Private Sector Ready for Swap, www.shana.ir 22 April 2015

6 www.reuters.com, 23 November 2015

7 Iranian Oil Minister Zanganeh, Press conference, Isna Agency, Tehran, 17 November 2015

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sadeniT an Txevadi formT.8 irans qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi navTobisa da gazis sabadoebi ara aqvs.9 amitom qveynis in-dustriulad ganviTarebul Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili nav-TobiTa da gaziT maragdeba qveynis samxreTSi, sparseTis yureSi mdebare sabadoebidan. savaraudoa, rom sanqciebis moxsnis Semdeg, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempis zrdasTan erTad, iranis Crdilo-dasavleT industriulad ganviTa-rebul nawilSi gazis moxmareba gaizrdeba, risTvisac irans dagegmili hqonda axali IGAT-9 gazsadenis aSeneba.

molaparakebaSi monawile mxareebisTvis gazis gacvli-Ti operaciebi momgebiani unda iyos.

irani: azerbaijanidan, ruseTidan da TurqmeneTidan qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi gazis miRebis SemTxvevaSi10 irani dazogavda samxreT-CrdiloeTis damakavSirebeli gazsadenis aSenebisTvis saWiro $6 mld.-s, am regionSi moxmarebuli ga-zis nawili saeqsportod gamouTavisufldeboda11 ise, rom en-ergetikis maregulirebeli Sida kanonmdeblobis Secvla ar dasWirdeboda, romelic krZalavs saerTaSoriso navTobkom-paniebis monawileobas navTobisa da gazis mopovebaSi; amas-Tan erTad, irani gaimyarebda poziciebs strategiulad mniS-vnelovan centralur aziasa da kavkasiaSi.

azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi da ruseTi ki moaxdendnen ga-zis saeqsporto bazrebis diversificirebas da Tavisi gaziT sparseTis yureSi milsadenis da Txevadi gazis bazarze gavi-dodnen; amasTan, es qveynebic gaaZlierebdnen Tavis strate-giul poziciebs samxreTiT, sparseTis yuris qveynebSi.

8 iranisa da ruseTis/TurqmeneTis gazs Soris xarisxobriv sxvaobas mxa-reebi albaT raodenobebiT daaregulireben.

9 irani amtkicebs, rom kaspiis zRvis Selfis Tavis nawilSi aris sabadoebi, Tumca jer SeswavliTi samuSaoebi ar Catarebula da resursebis arse-boba dadgenili ar aris (l.j.).

10 TurqmeneTidan iranSi Semomavali ori gazsadeni ukve arsebobs saer-To 20 mld.m3 gamtarobiT, ruseT-saqarTvelo-somxeT-iranis da ruseT-azerbaijan-iranis damakavSirebeli gazsadenis gamtarobis gazrdis da-finanseba ki ruseTis sakiTxi iqneba da ara iranis.

11 iranis gazi kaspiispireTis qveynebis gazze gacilebiT maRalkalori-ulia. savaraudod, mxareebi iranis gazis maRal kaloriulobas kaspii-spireTis qveynebis gazis gazrdili raodenobiT daabalanseben.

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iranma ukve daasrula iran-pakistan-indoeTis dama-kavSirebeli gazsadenis Tavisi monakveTi da rodesac paki-stani Tavis monakveTs aaSenebs, pirdapiri gasasvleli eqneba rogorc pakistanis, ise indoeTis bazarze. amave dros ira-ni da indoeTi ganixilaven urTierTdamakavSirebeli sazR-vao gazsadenis aSenebis sakiTxsac.12 oficialuri wyaroebis mixedviT, sanqciebis moxsnisTanave irani daubrundeba oman-Tan damakavSirebeli gazsadenis aSenebis sakiTxs da omanis dautvirTavi Txevadi gazis terminalis gamoyenebas Seecdeba. irans dagegmili aqvs da 2019 wlisTvis apirebs 10 mln. tona wliuri gamtarobis gazis gamaTxevadebeli qarxnis aSenebas. molaparakebebs awarmoebs motivtive gazis gamaTxevadebeli qarxnis an lizingze, an Sesyidvaze.

sanqciebis gamkacrebamde irans gazis miwodebis Se-Tanxmebebi hqonda dadebuli sparseTis yuris napiras mde-bare TiTqmis yvela qveyanasTan, garda saudis arabeTisa da katarisa. amasTan erTad, Txevadi gazis warmoebis SeTanxme-bebi hqonda gaformebuli ramdenime saerTaSoriso navTob-kompaniasTan. iranis mier sanqciebis gamkacrebamde dadebuli SeTanxmebebi iTvaliswinebs milsadeniT da Txevadi formiT wliurad 152,8- 158,4 mlrd.m3 gazis eqsports, ris ganxor-cielebasac irani ver SeZlebs mopovebis seqtorSi dasavlu-ri pirdapiri investiciebis (transnacionaluri kompaniebis pirdapiri monawileobis) dauyovnebliv daSvebis gareSe.

gazis gacvliTi operaciebi, gansakuTrebiT ruseTTan da TurqmeneTTan,13irans saSualebas miscemda ewarmoebina garkveuli raodenobis gazis eqsporti energetikuli seqto-ris maregulirebel kanonmdeblobaSi radikaluri cvlile-bebis Setanis gareSe, radgan iranis kanonmdebloba dasavlu-ri kompaniebis mopovebaSi daSvebas krZalavs.

12 Iran, India FMs Discuss Enhanced Ties, Gasline Project, www.shana.ir 09 December 2015

13 azerbaijans Sah-denizis sabados meore fazis gazi ukve dakontraqte-buli aqvs, Sah-denizis sabadoze konsorciumi awarmoebs 16 mld.m3 gazs, saidanac 6 mld.m3 kontraqti dadebulia TurqeTTan, danarCeni 10 mld. ki evrokavSiris qveynebis kompaniebs aqvs dakontraqtebuli. savaraudoa, rom azerbaijans damatebiTi saeqsporto gazi 2025 wlamde, axali saba-doebis gaxsnamde, ar eqneba (l. j.).

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sanqciebamde iranis mier wamowyebuli da ver ganxor-cilebuli gazis eqsportis proeqtebi14

SeTanxmeba bahreinTan: 2007 wels mxareebma miaRwies SeTanxmebas bahreinisTvis milsadeniT (milsadeni unda aSenebuliyo) gazis miwodebis Sesaxeb. mxareebs Soris xSiri iyo politikuri skandalebi, rac xels uSlida am SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas.

quveiTi: gazis deficits ganicdis zafxulSi. saudis arabeTs, irans da quveiTs zRvis Selfze aqvT erTi saerTo navTobisa da gazis sabado, romelsac iranSi Arash-s uwode-ben. 2005 wlidan irani da quveiTi ganixilavdnen am sabados iranuli nawilidan quveiTisTvis 3 mlrd m3 gazis miwodebas, magram SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas xeli SeuSala iman, rom mxa-reebs ara aqvT demarkirebuli sazRvao sazRvari, amasTan, verc fasze SeTanxmdnen. 2010 wels iranma kvlav ganacxada sazRvao milsadeniT (romelic unda aSenebuliyo) quveiT-isTvis 8.5 mlrd m3 gazis miwodebis Sesaxeb.

omani: 2005 wels mxareebma memorandumi gaaformes omanisaTvis sazRvao milsadeniT 8 mlrd. m3 gazis miwodebis Sesaxeb iranis Kirsh-is sabadodan da saerTo Hengam-is sabado-dan, romlebsac erToblivad ganaviTarebdnen.

arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi: iranma 2001 wels saa-miroebis kompania Crescent Petroleum-Tan gaaforma 25-wliani SeTanxmeba Salman-is sabadodan milsadeniT 5,2 mlrd m3 ga-zis miwodebs Sesaxeb. milsadenis mSenebloba dasrulda 2008 wels, magram mxareebi kvlavac ver SeTnxmdnen gazis fasze.

eqsporti, romelic dagegmilia, magram milsadeniT ar ganxorcielebula, Seadgens 20,4- 22,4 mlrd.m3 -s.

LNG-is dawyebuli da gaCerebuli proeqtebi

irani 70-iani wlebidan cdilobda Txevadi gazis baza-ze Sesvlas. 1979 revoluciam da erayTan dawyebulma omma am mcdelobas xeli SeuSala. NIGEC (National Iranian Gas Export Co)-is

14 David Ramin Jalilvand, Iran’s Gas Exports: Can Past Failure Become Future Success, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, June 2013

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cnobiT, 2000 wlidan iranis xelisuflebam mTeli yuradReba samxreT farsis sabadoze LNG-is proeqtebis ganxorciele-baze gadaitana. iranma ukve ganaxorciela $1,3 mlrd.-is inve-stireba saWiro infrastruqturis gansaviTareblad (sasawy-obo cisternebi da sxva), dagegmili iyo ori gamaTxevadebeli qarxnis 5,4 mln. tonis (15 mlrd. m3) aSeneba Cinuri da samxreT-koreuli kompaniebis monawileobiT. iranma gaTxevadebis te-qnologiis sertifikati germanuli kompania Linde-sgan moipo-va, magram sanqciebis gamo saqme ver daiZra.

2010 wels daigegma da garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga samxreT farsis sabadoze LNG-is Semdegi proeqtis ganxor-cielebisaTvis: Pars LNG(Total & Petronas) _ 14 mlrd.m3, Iran LNG _ 15 mld. m3 da Persian LNG(Shell & Repsol) _ 22 mld. m3. samive pro-eqti SeCerda sanqciebis gamo. amaT garda daigegma, magram win ver wavida sxva sabadoebze Txevadi gazis proeqtebi _ Golshan LNG _ 14 mld.m3, Lavan LNG _ 3-4 mld.m3, North Pars LNG_ 28 mld.m3, Qeshm LNG _ 4,5 mld.m3.

sul dagegmili iyo da ar ganxorcielebula 100-102 mld. m3 Txevadi gazis eqsportis proeqti. sul milsadeniT da gaTxevadebuli formiT dagegmili iyo da ver ganxorcielda 152,8- 158,4 mlrd.m3 gazis eqsporti.

azerbaijans, ruseTs da TurqmeneTs iranTan gazis gacvliTi operaciebi swored am proeqtebSi (romlebic ganx-orcieldeba) monawileobis SesaZleblobas uqmnis.

rusuli gazis transportireba CrdiloeT iranSi: sa-varaudod, TurqmeneTi dainteresebuli iqneba gazis gacvli-Ti operaciebiT da im or gazsadens, romelic ukve arsebobs TurqmeneTsa da irans Soris, Tavisi gazis eqsportisaTvis gamoiyenebs. amitom rusuli gazis gatarebas ar daTanxmde-ba da am gazsadenebs sakuTari gazis gatanis saWiroebisTvis gamoiyenebs.

aseT SemTxvevaSi rusuli gazis transportireba CrdiloeT iranSi SesaZlebelia an ruseT-azerbaijan-iranis, anda ruseT-saqarTvelo-somxeT-iranis gazsadeniT, an oriv-eTi erTad. am etapze azerbaijans gazis saWiro moculoba ar aqvs imisaTvis, rom gazis gacvliT operaciebSi CaerTos,

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Sah-denizis meore fazis gazi mTlianad aris dakontraqtebu-li.15 savaraudod, damatebiTi moculobebis warmoebas azer-baijani SeZlebs 2020-2022 wlidan, rodesac mopoveba daiwyeba abSeronis, Rrma wylis azeri/Ciragi/giuneSlis, iumid/babekis blokebze da sxva sabadoebze.16 Sesabamisad, azerbaijans ru-suli gazis samxreTis mimarTulebiT gatareba uaxloes da sa-Sualovadian perspeqtivaSi konkurentul safrTxes ar Seuqm-nis.

CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis gaxsna gulisxmobs saqa-rTvelos satranzito milsadenebis CarTvas rusuli gazis ga-dasatvirTad somxeTis gavliT CrdiloeT iranSi. ruseTidan saqarTveloSi Semomavali ruseT-saqarTvelo-somxeTis magis-traluri gamtarobis gazrda17 rusuli gazis mniSvnelovani raodenobis gatarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

Tu ruseTma es molaparakebebi warmatebiT warmarTa iranTan, azerbaijansa da somxeTTan, maSin samxreTkavkasiuri (saqarTvelo/somxeTisa da azerbaijanis) infrastruqturiT mniSvnelovani raodenobis gazis (12-15 mlrd. m3?) gadasro-las SeZlebs CrdiloeT iranSi.

es garemoeba saqarTvelosTvis safrTxes ar war-moadgens, Tu CrdiloeT-samxreTis milsadeni saqarTvelos sakuTrebaSi darCeba. piriqiT, daitvirTeba qveynis in-frastruqtura, qveyanas gauCndeba ruseTze zemoqmedebis berketi. somxeTi ki, romelic dRemde izolirebulia saer-TaSoriso satranzito proeqtebidan, geopolitikur mdgo-mareobas gaimyarebs.

15 azerbaijans Sah-denizis sabados meore fazis gazi ukve dakontraqtebuli aqvs, Sah-denizis sabadoze konsorciumi awarmoebs 16 mld.m3 gazs, said-anac 6 mld.m3-is kontraqti dadebulia TurqeTTan, danarCeni 10 mld. m3 ki evrokavSiris qveynebis kompaniebs aqvs dakontraqtebuli (l.j.).

16 gulmira rzaeva, azerbaijanuli gazis evropaSi miwodeba, problemebi da perspeqtivebi, oqsfordis institutis energetikuli kvlevebis pro-grama, 2015 wlis ivnisi, gv. 49-60

17 saqarTvelosa da somxeTis infrastruqturis gafarToeba, irani-somxe-Tis damakavSirebeli gazsadenis reversireba da gafarToeba.

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CrdiloeT-samxreTis gazis transportirebis RerZis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT aucileblad dgeba ori sakiTxi:

1. samxreTkavkasiuri gazis koridori _ xels SeuSlis Tu ara am RerZis gaxsna gazis samxreTkavkasiuri gazis koridoris datvirTvas?

2. niSnavs Tu ara CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis gaxsna saqarT-velos sagareo-politikuri kursis Secvlas?

I _ samxreTkavkasiuri gazis koridoris sakiTxi _ xels SeuSlis Tu ara am RerZis gaxsna gazis samxreTkavkasiuri gazis koridoris ganviTarebas da datvirTvas? _ ar SeuSlis da ai, ratom:

azerbaijanis gazi Sah-denizis meore fazidan dakon-traqtebulia samxreTis gazis koridorSi; 2020-2022 wlamde, axali gazis sabadoebis amoqmedebamde, azerbaijanSi gazis mopovebis mniSvnelovnad gazrda mosalodneli ar aris; ami-tom CrdiloeT/samxreTis infrastruqturiT rusuli gazis CrdiloeT iranSi transportireba azerbaijanul gazs mokle da saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi konkurencias ver gauwevs. miT umetes, rom azerbaijanuli gazis bazari aris evrokav-SirSi, am gziT gadatvirTuli rusuli gazisa ki _ sparseTis yuris da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi.

transkaspiur gazsadens safrTxes ver Seuqmnis _ TurqmeneTs gazis warmoebis didi potenciali aqvs, igi erTaderTi qveyanaa ruseTis garda, romelsac SeuZlia erT-droulad ramdenime mimarTulebiT moaxdinos gazis eqs-porti. amitom mas eqneba gazis is raodenoba, rom 30 mlrd.m3 wliurad gamouSvas transkaspiuris mimarTulebiT da 20 mlrd.m3 gadaisrolos iranis mimarTulebiT, gacvliTi op-eraciebis sawarmoeblad.18

konkurencia evrokavSiris bazarTan: es gazi evrokav-Siris bazrisTvis ar aris gamiznuli, mis bazrad sparseTis yuris qveynebi, indoeTi/pakistani, samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia

18 saubari TurqmeneTis energetikis ministr xalilovTan, romelsac ener-getiuli qartiis wliuri konfereciis dros Sevxvdi da romelmac dami-dastura, rom iranTan gacvliTi operaciebis miuxedavad, TurqmeneTi wliurad 30 mld.m3 gaziT transkaspiur gazsadensac uzrunvelyofs.

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moiazreba, amitom evrokavSiris bazarze samxreTkavkasiuri gazis koridoris gazis konkurentad ar moiazreba.

CrdiloeT-samxreTis satransporto RerZis gaxsnam SesaZloa xeli ki ar SeuSalos, aramed piriqiT, biZgi misces da daaCqaros transkaspiur gazsadenze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi.

II _ niSnavs Tu ara CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis gaxsna saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri kursis Secvlas? _ ar niS-navs .• saqarTvelos, rogorc rusuli gazis samxreT-aRmosavleT

aziisken (sparseTis yuriT) satranzito qveynas, meti ze-gavlenis berketi eqneba ruseTze.

• somxeTi, romelic aqamde izolirebuli iyo saerTaSor-iso-satranzito proeqtebisgan, gaimyarebda Tavis geo-politikur mdgomareobas regionSi da masac gauCndeboda ruseTze zemoqmedebis meti berketi.

• saqarTvelos Seeqmneboda gazis miRebis wyaroebis diver-sificirebis SesaZlebloba da gamWvirvale, konkurentu-li gazis bazris Camoyalibebis winapiroba, rogorc amas moiTxovs evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekruleba da en-ergogaerTianebasTan sruli wevrobis Sesaxeb mimdinare molaparakebebi.

maT sayuradRebod, vinc CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis gaxsnas sagareo-politikuri kursis safrTxed miiCnevs: maS, ra unda vTqvaT ukrainaze, romelsac ruseTTan omi aqvs da rusuli gazis tranzitis SenarCunebas cdilobs?19 TurqeTze, romelic bolo dromde cdilobda evropisaTvis rusuli ga-zis miwodebis ukrainis alternativa gamxdariyo? poloneTze, ukrainasa da slovakeTze, romlebic aprotesteben Crdilo-eTis nakadis gafarToebas imis gamo, rom ukraina-slovakeTze gamavali da poloneTze gamavali iamala-1-is gazsadeniT ga-datvirTuli rusuli gazis tranziti Semcirdeba? germani-aze, romelic CrdiloeTis nakadi-2-iT cdilobs rusuli ga-zis gamanawilebeli gaxdes evrokavSirisaTvis?

19 Yatsenuk Urges EU to Block Nord Stream 2 Gas Pipeline, www.lentaru.ru 07 December 2015

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