EPRI Presenation - The Power Grid and Smart Transmission ...ncees.org/.../01/Power-Grid-and-Smart-Transmission-Technologies.pdf · The Power Grid and Smart Transmission Technologies

The Power Grid and Smart Transmission Technologies

Dr. Ram Adapa Technical Leader Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

NCEES 2010 Annual Meeting, DenverAugust 18, 2010

2© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

US Power Grid


North American Power Grid


North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) Regions & Subregions


NERC Regions & Subregions

ECAR - East Central Area Reliability Coordination AgreementERCOT - Electric Reliability Council of TexasFRCC - Florida Reliability Coordinating CouncilMAAC - Mid-Atlantic Area CouncilMAIN - Mid-America Interconnected NetworkMAPP - Mid-Continent Area Power Pool

MAPP U.S.MAPP Canada

NPCC - Northwest Power Coordinating CouncilQuebecOntarioMaritimeISO New EnglandNew York

SERC - Southeastern Electric Reliability CouncilTVASouthernVACAREntergy

SPP - Southwest Power PoolSPP NorthernSPP Southern

WSCC - Western Systems Coordinating CouncilCANWPPRMPAAZNMSNV


The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

• Independent, non-profit, collaborative research institute, with full spectrum industry coverage

– Nuclear– Generation– Power Delivery & Utilization – Environment– Technology Innovation

• Major offices in Palo Alto, CA; Charlotte, NC; and Knoxville, TN


Our Members…

• 450+ participants in more than 40 countries

• EPRI members generate more than 90% of the electricity in the United States

• International funding of more than 18% of EPRI’s research, development and demonstrations

• Programs funded by more than 1,000 energy organizations


BasicBasicResearchResearch

andandDevelopmentDevelopment

TechnologyTechnologyCommercializationCommercialization

CollaborativeCollaborativeTechnologyTechnology

DevelopmentDevelopmentIntegrationIntegrationApplicationApplication

National LaboratoriesUniversities

SuppliersVendors

EPRI

Help Move Technologies to the Commercialization Stage…

Our Role…

Technology Accelerator!


EPRI is a company that…

…brings together great people…

…with new and exciting ideas…

…to help energize the world!

The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

“Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity”


Investor-Owned64%

International16%

Municipal6%

Cooperative4%

Independent PowerProducer

4%

Federal/State6%

December 31, 2008

EPRI Members BreakdownBy 2008 Annual Research Portfolio Funding


Industry Expertise

Collaborative Value

EPRI provides its members and the electricity sector…

Thought Leadership

Our Value…


EPRI’s Prism / MERGE Analysis...

Roadmap for a low-carbon future…

• Detailed analysis of the pathway to reducing CO2 emissions across the electricity sector

• Provides guidance on the needed generation mix to slow, start and reverse global CO2 emissions

• Cited in numerous national and international publications


EPRI Portfolio Spans the Entire Power Industry

Nuclear Power EnvironmentPower Delivery & UtilizationGeneration

Material Degradation/Aging

Fuel Reliability

High-Level Waste and Spent Fuel Management

Nondestructive Evaluation and Material Characterization

Equipment Reliability

Instrumentation and Control

Risk and Safety Management

Advanced Nuclear Technology

Low-Level Waste and Radiation Management

Air Quality

Global Climate Change

Land and Groundwater

Occupational Health and Safety

T&D Environmental Issues

Water and Ecosystems

Distribution

Energy Utilization

Grid Operations and Planning

Substations and Asset Planning

Transmission and Increased Power Flow

Advanced Coal Plants, Carbon Capture and Storage

Combustion Turbines

Environmental Controls

Generation Planning

Major Component Reliability

Operations and Maintenance

Renewables


CCS Using Chilled Ammonia and a Different Technology

Low-cost O2 Production

IGCC with CCS

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Smart Grids

Demonstration Projects

4. Coal-Based Generation Units with CO2 Capture and Storage

3. Advanced Light Water Reactors

2. Transmission Grids and Associated Energy Storage Infrastructures

1. Smart Grids and Communication Infrastructure

Technology ChallengesEnergy Efficiency

Industry Demonstration Projects . . . From Analysis to Action


Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Why Invest in CCS?• Electricity generation accounts for ~40% of total CO2emission in US.– More than 80% of these emissions come directly

from coal-fired plants• Near-term capture technologies will:

– Raise the cost of electricity 60-90%– Impose 25-30% parasitic loads on a plant

EPRI’s CCS Program will seek to increase the basic understanding of CO2 capture and accelerate

development to lower energy penalties and cost.


EPRI…the Power of Collaboration…

Delivering greater value for our members’ investment…• Collaborative model shares the ideas,

expertise, and valued experiences of EPRI membership

• Shares the costs and risks of technology development, delivery, and commercialization

• Financial leverage is enhanced with broader participation

• Ultimate goal is to ensure society’s energy needs are met cleanly, efficiently, and economically


EPRI’s Governance and Advisory Structure

Research Advisory Committee

Board of Directors

Generation Sector Council

Nuclear Sector Council

Power Delivery & Utilization Council

Environment Sector Council

Program Committees

Program Committees

Program Committees

ProgramCommittees

Advisory Council

Communications Council

Technology Management Committee


Power Delivery & Energy Utilization SectorFrom Generator Bus Bar to End Use

Transmission Distribution End Use

Strong Collaborative: ~95 members ~75M Annual RD&D FundingTechnical Resources (Laboratories, 140 Technical Staff ) Extension of Member’s Staff

Collaboration…Technical Expertise…Thought Leader


Comprehensive R&D Portfolio2010 Power Delivery and Utilization Portfolio

Distribution Efficient Use of EnergyEnergy Utilization

18: Electric Transportation170: End-Use Energy Efficiency and

Demand Response in a Low Carbon Future

Transmission Lines & Substations35: Overhead Transmission36: Underground Transmission37: Substations162: HVDC Systems

Grid Operations and Planning39: Grid Operations40: Grid Planning173: Integrating Variable Gen. and Controllable

Loads

TransmissionDistribution Lines & Systems30: Underground Distribution

Systems124: Smart Distribution Apps. And

Technologies128: Distribution Systems

Cross Cutting Technologies and Integration

1: Power Quality 172: Efficient Transmission and Distribution 94: Energy Storage 174: Integration of Distributed Renewables161: IntelliGrid

NOTE:• Full program engagement• Partial engagement • No engagement

R&D Portfolio changes every year based on utility needs


Briefing Topics

• Smart Grid

• Energy Efficiency

• Electric Transportation and Electro-Technologies

• Renewable Integration

R&D Portfolio to Enable a Low-Carbon Future


EPRI’s Involvement in Smart Grid

• IntelliGrid Architecture– Designing the foundation of Smart Grid– Accelerate development of standards (PHEV, AMI/HAN

example) through content– NIST Project

• Smart Grid Demonstration– Integration of Distributed Energy Resources

• Example of Smart Grid Applications• Smart T&D sensors for inspection and condition

assessment• Enabling distributed PV• Distribution system applications


The Entire Electrical Power System From Generation to End Use

Highly Instrumented

with Advanced Sensors and Computing

Interconnected by a Communication Fabric

that Reaches Every Device

• Engaging Consumers• Enhancing Efficiency• Ensuring Reliability• Enabling Renewables

Sensors…Two Way Communication…Intelligence…ResponseMany Definitions – But All Roads Pointing to:


Build the Foundation First

EPRI’s IntelliGrid Methodology is Focused on Helping Our Members Build the Right Foundation

AMI

CommunicationsInformation Management

Security

EnergyMarkets

Real-Time Contingency

OutageManagement

SCADA Protection

Smart Grid Foundation

Security

Information Management

Communications

Interoperability

Systems Engineering Methodology


NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Roadmap

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): Lead agency for coordinating the development of smart grid standards.

• NIST (in April 2009) contracted EPRI to develop an interim smart grid interoperability roadmap that includes:– the Smart Grid architecture;– priorities for interoperability and cyber security standards, and an

initial set of standards to support implementation; and– plans to meet remaining standards needs.

• Stakeholders workshop on May 19th and 20th; Interim roadmap delivered by Fall 2009.

NIST Selects EPRI Team to Develop Interim Smart Grid Interoperability Roadmap









Smart Grid Demonstrations

• Deploying the Virtual Power Plant

• Demonstrate Integration and Interoperability

• 8-10 regional demonstrations– Multiple

Levels of Integration

– Multiple Types of Distributed Energy Resources and Storage


International CollaborationSmart Grid Demonstration Participants (4/6/2009)

Integrys Energy Group

Exelon

Ameren

KCP&L

Southwest Power Pool

Southern California Edison

Salt River Project

PNM Resources

TVA

Entergy

Central Hudson Gas & Electric

PSE Operator

Con Edison

ESB Networks

FirstEnergy / JCP&L

Electricité de France

PSE&G

AEP

Duke

Southern

CollaboratorCollaborator / Host-SitePending Collaborator









Smart Sensor RD&DAutomate Inspection and Condition Assessment

Wireless Mesh On-Line FRA 3D AcousticsAntenna Array Backscatter

Tri-State

SCANA

Powerlink

CenterPoint

Alliant

TNB

PNM

Southern Company

TVA

NYPAATC

Con EdNational Grid

PSE&G

DukeFirstEnergy


What: Develop and Document Concepts for forte transmission line inspection concepts

Identify current technology status and gaps

Select and Demonstrate a single concept utilizing

Why: Improve reliability and lower O&M costs

How: Utilizing current or in development technologies with possible modification

Technical Challenges:System Development, communication and logistics

Status: Initial hardware developed and in CLT Labs – ready to try idea out in the field (First Energy)

What’s Next: See how it works in the field, develop image algorithms, develop new sensors / communications

Transmission Line Inspection of the Future: Development and Demonstration


What: Robots to Collect Data from Overhead Line Components and Sensors

Why: High Voltage and physically dangerous environment precludes human inspection and collection of data.

How: Robots that climb up insulator strings or along conductors

Technical Challenges:Robot Motion, Sensor Integration, Communication, Control, Environment

Status:Initial Technology Demonstrator of Insulator Robot

Functional Specification for Line Inspection Robot

What’s Next:Initial Testing of Insulator Robot – HV Environment

Detailed Motion Design of Line Inspection Robot plus test site development

Robotics for Data Collection in HV Environments


FACTS

FlexibleAlternatingCurrentTransmissionSystems

FACTS are a collectionof power transmissioncontrol technologiesbased on very highpower solid stateelectronic devices.


The Ever Challenge is


FACTS Technologies“Expands Laws of Physics”

P = V 1V2 s in (δ1-δ2)1X

V 1δ1 V2δ2P

Transm ission Line X

Line Load

Electronic generator toprovide reactive powerand extract real power

Electronic generator toprovide reactive powerand insert real power

Voltage Control

Line Impedance& Angle Control


FACTS can be used to provide “new” services

Taking Advantage of the Changes

Real Power

Reactive Supply*

Voltage Support*

Load Following

Capacity Increase

Metering and Billing

Load Management

Use Control

Frequency Control

System Stability

Power Quality

Standby Capacity

Dispatch

Brokering

Load Forecasting


EPRI Sponsored FACTS Installations

ThyristorControlled Series Capacitor (TCSC): “Line Impedance Controller”208 Mvar TCSC at Slatt Substation (BPA) 1993

FACTS Controller“Back-To-Back HVDC Tie”36 MW at Eagle Pass (CSW)2000

Convertible Static Compensator (CSC): “Flexible Multi-functional Compensator”± 200 MVA at Marcy Substation (NYPA)2000 & 2002

Control

Convertible Static Compensator Concept (CSC)

Optical link

- +

Inverter

HV

Optical link

- +

Inverter

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) : “Voltage Controller”± 100 Mvar STATCOM at Sullivan Substation (TVA) 1995

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC): “All Transmission Parameters Controller”± 160 MVA Shunt and ± 160 MVA Series at Inez Substation (AEP) 1998

UPFC

CSC

STATCOM

BTBTCSC


162.004: AC/DC Line Conversion

Evaluate DC capability of existing AC structures for upgrade to higher capacity. Demonstration to be done under supplemental funding

Pole 1

Pole 2

Pole 3

+

-

+/-

a

b

c

A

B

C


Range of Conversion Gains

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800Prior ac Voltage - kV

Gai

n in

pat

h M

W -

pu o

f prio

r ac

circ

uit M

W

Horizontal Vertical Delta X Hybrid + 2 Ckt dc


Briefing Topics

• Smart Grid




R&D Portfolio to Enable a Low Carbon Future


100

electricity

~ 67% loss [1] ~ 1.5% loss [2]

Generation Transmission

~ 33

~ 3.7% loss [2]

Distribution

electricity

~ 32.5

electricity

~ 31.3

~ 88% loss(incandescentlight example)

End-UseUtilization

~4

[1] Based on weighted average efficiency of KCPL coal fleet, derived from 2006 data[2] Source: KCPL (“Building the Delivery System of the Future”, November 2005)[3] Compares favorably to national average estimates of 6 - 8 %

~ 5.2% T&D loss [3]

Coal

Quantifying Energy Losses Along KCPL Electricity Value Chain


PDU Strategic Areas: Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

• End to End Energy Efficiency and Demand Resource– Transmission Efficiency

• Launching transmission efficiency initiative on April 30th, 2010

– Distribution Efficiency• Green Circuit Project• Voltage and Reactive

Var Management– End-Use Efficiency

• Technology Assessment• Analytics and Consumer Behavior


Shaping Transmission Efficiency Initiative in 2010: Industry Engagement

Commissioner Jon Wellinghoff, Chairman, FERCArshad Mansoor, VP, EPRI

US Executive Steering Committee Members:Nick Brown, President, & CEO Southwest Power PoolTerry Boston, President & CEO, PJM InterconnectionSteve DeCarlo, Sr. V.P. Transmission, New York Power AuthorityMike Hervey, V.P. T&D Operations, Long Island Power AuthorityMike Heyeck, Sr. V.P. Transmission, American Electric PowerRob Manning, Executive V.P. Power Systems, Tennessee Valley AuthorityYakout Mansour, President & CEO, California ISOPedro Pizarro, Exec V.P. Power Operations, Southern California EdisonJohn McAvoy, SVP, Consolidated EdisonLeslie Sibert, V.P. Transmission, Georgia PowerSteve Whitley, President & CEO, New York Independent System Operator

International Steering Committee Members:Barry MacColl, Technology Strategy & Planning, ESKOMMagdalena Wasiluk-Hassa, Director, Innovation, PSE OperatorIan Welch, R&D Strategy Manager, National Grid

Six Regional Workshops in

2009

Led by Industry Executive

Leadership Team


West CoastWorkshop (TBD)Hosted by CAISO, SCEExecutive Champions: Yakout Mansour (CAISO), Pedro Pizarro (SCE)

Mid Atlantic or Ohio Workshop (May 4, 2009)Hosted by PJM and AEPExecutive Champions: Terry Boston (PJM), Michael Heyeck (AEP)

Dallas Workshop (May 20, 2009)Hosted by SPP, AEPExecutive Champions: Nick Brown (SPP), Mike Heyeck, AEP)

Northeast Workshop (April 29, 2009)Hosted by NYISO, Con Ed, NYPA, LIPAExecutive Champions: Steve Whitley (NYISO), Steve DeCarlo (NYPA), Lou Rana (Con Ed), Mike Hervey (LIPA)

Southeast Workshop (June 15, 2009)Hosted by Rob Manning (TVA) and Leslie Sibert (Southern)

International Workshop (June 2, 2009)Hosted by PSE Operator, ESKOM, National GridExecutive Champions: Magda Wasiluk Hassa (PSE Operator), Barry MacColl (ESKOM), Ian Welch (NG), Michael Heyeck (AEP)

FERC Commissioner Jon Wellinghoff Leading

the Executive Leadership Team

Regional Transmission Efficiency Projects Industry Workshops May/June 2009


2. Reduce Line/Equipment Losses

3. Increasing Line/System Utilization

1. Reduce System Losses

Transmission Efficiency Improving

Opportunity

From Workshop to ActionTransmission Efficiency Initiative (2010-2012)

Transmission Efficiency Initiative was launched on April 30th in Chairman Wellinghoff’s Office

“This is a timely initiative in that it comes as the government and industry work together to improve the efficiency of the transmission system,” said Wellinghoff. “Clearly, implementing new technologies on the bulk power system would benefit both the industry and consumers, while at the same time, reducing the sector’s carbon footprint.”

– Quote from Chairman Wellinghoff in Nov 4, 2009 Press Release

~30 Worldwide Demonstration Projects under EPRI’s Transmission Efficiency Initiative


EPRI Distribution System Efficiency Initiative

• Develop and demonstrate consistent method to quantify losses

• Compile empirical data to quantify the costs, benefits and risks of using energy efficiency and loss mitigation as part of planning

• Demonstrate loss mitigation options and validate realized loss reduction

• Demonstrate use of AMI collected data for loss reduction


Distribution Efficiency: On-Going EPRI Distribution Green Circuits Project

Version 8: 07/01/09

Developing Basis for Performance Assessment

and Measurement and Verification


Load ResponseEvaluation for Integrated Distribution Volt/Var Control

Issue• The Green Circuit Project identified Volt/Var

control as a key candidate for reducing overall energy use and demand

• More research is necessary to understand the impact of this method on end-use devices

Project Objectives• Develop understanding of response to voltage

changes at the equipment level (demand and energy).

• Develop recommendations for assessing energy savings and demand reduction benefits using planning tools and models

Value• Understand the factors that determine the load and

energy savings as a result of voltage optimization• Standard protocol to determine energy and load savings may enable

inclusion of this methods in energy efficiency calculations


Briefing Topics

• Smart Grid






Energy Security…Energy Efficiency…Reduced CO2

Benefits of Electric Transportation and Electro-Technologies

20 Miles PHEV


PDU Strategic Areas: Electric Transportation

• Bridging Two Industry – Collaborative program with auto industry– Environmental impact assessment

• Grid Interconnection– Distribution system impact– Charging infrastructure/renewable

integration

• Communication standards– Smart charging – Vehicle to grid communication


Ford-EPRI PHEV Program1st OEM—Utility Demo of PHEV

Courtesy: Ford

• Fleet of 20 Escape PHEV prototypes– 3 ½ year demo– SCE, DTE,

Progress, NYPA, Con Edison, Southern, National Grid, AEP, Pepco, Hydro-Quebec + NYSERDA, DOE

• Ford and participants are testing one of the industry’s first vehicle-to-electric grid communications


TVA/EPRI Solar Assisted EV Charging Stations

• Combines vehicle charging with solar power and battery storage along with smart grid interface– First of it’s kind in U.S.


02

46

810

1214

1618

2022

Jan Fe

b Mar Ap

rM

ay Jun Ju

lAu

g Sep Oct Nov D

ec

010002000300040005000600070008000900010000

KW

Hour

Month

EPRI PHEV Distribution System Impacts –Modeling/Simulation Analytical Framework

Regulator

900kvar

900kvar300kvar

900kvar

900kvar

900kvar

Capacitor

Substation

• Flexibility in Model DevelopmentHigh-fidelity distribution feeder modelsSpatial and temporal variation of circuit loads and PHEV LoadsDynamic simulation of full electrical model serving PHEV loads through annual load cycle

Detail Model using EPRI’s Distribution System Simulator


Distribution System Impacts

• Evaluate localized impacts of PHEVs to utility distribution systems

• Participants – ConEd, AEP, Hydro-Quebec, Dominion, TVA, Southern, NU, BC Hydro, SRP, Duke, PG&E,

• Thermal Loading• Losses• Voltage• Imbalance• Harmonics• Protection System

Impacts• Advanced Metering• EE devices

Distribution ImpactsDistribution Impacts Plug-In CharacteristicsPlug-In Characteristics

• Plug-in vehicle type and range

• PEV market share and distribution

• Charge profile and power level

• Charger behavior

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

23Ja

n Mar M

ay

Jul Se

p Nov

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

1000011000

kW

HourMonth

Total Loading on Feeder Under Study (2007) kW

10000-110009000-100008000-90007000-80006000-70005000-60004000-50003000-40002000-30001000-20000-1000

Peak - Jan and July and AugustPeak Period @ July/Aug - 1pm - 8pmPeak Period @ Jan - 8am - 11am & 5pm-9pmPeak - 10.4MW @ July 27th, 2007 @ 5pm


Electro-Technology Update

• EPRI releases study on “The Potential to Reduce CO2Emissions by Expanding End-Use Applications of Electricity”

• Potential realistic estimate of CO2 reduction greater than PHEV deployment

• Technology demonstration and assessment will be key to raise stakeholder awareness


Technical Potential

Cumulative Decrease in Energy-Related CO2 Emissions Between 2009 and 2030 by Sector and Efficient Electric End-Use Technology


Briefing Topics

• Smart Grid






RenewablesEnabling Large-Scale Renewable Generation

Why Invest in Renewables?

Significant Challenges:• Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)• 100 GW by 2030• Grid parity (PV) by 2012• 20% wind by 2030• Zero carbon footprint by 2050

• Accelerate innovation to increaseutilization of large-scale renewable generation.


Wind Variability and Predictability


Wind Generation in ERCOT (Percent of Total Generation), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

Hour, Beginning 12:00am, March 18, 2009

Perc

ent W

ind

ERCOT Market Clearing Price ($ per MWh), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

48 Hour Period Beginning 12:00am, March 18, 2009Pr

ice

North

South

West

Houston

Where to Dispose Energy During Night Time When We Have 20% Wind and 64GW of New Nuclear?

Wind Generation in ERCOT (Percent of Total Generation), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009

ERCOT Market Clearing Price ($ per MWh), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009

Get Paid to Charge your PHEV

Night Time Over Generation – CT’s Won’t Help …PHEVs Might


Technology Development and Innovation

Testing, Validation and Demonstration

Technology Assessment & Evaluation

Short-Term Long-Term

Fuel Cells and Flow Batteries Li-ion Batteries

Li-ion Battery NaS Battery ZnBr Battery

Novel Energy Storage Systems

Nano materials for energy storage

ES & PV in Smart Grid

Hybrid Fuel Cells Compressed Air: Adiabatic

Mobile Storage Systems

5-10 yr Technology Strategic R&D Plan

EPRI Energy Storage R&D Portfolio


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 2 4 6 8 10Discharge Duration (hours)

Cap

ital C

ost (

$/kW

)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000


Cap

ital C

ost (

$/kW

)

Pumped Hydro

Aboveground CAES

Lead-Acid Batteries

NaS BatteriesLithium Ion:Most cost-effective for short durations

CAES:Most cost-effective for long durations

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000


Cap

ital C

ost (

$/kW

)

Lithium Ion:Most cost-effective for short durations

CAES:Most cost-effective for long durations

Lithium Ion (Projected, 2020)

All costs in 2010 DollarsCosts are installed costs and include all necessary power electronics and balance of plant

Underground CAES

Energy Storage Plants: Estimated Capital Cost Comparisons

Data from Electric Energy Storage: Technology Options(EPRI White Paper 2009)


Time of First Introduction1860 1910 1960 2010

Lead-Acid25 – 45

Nickel-Iron30 – 40

Nickel-Cadmium35 – 60

Lithium Ion110 – 140

Nickel-Metal Hydride50 – 75

Ene

rgy

Den

sity

(Wh/

kg)

?

100

0

50

400

2020

Technology Innovation:Future Battery Technologies

Cou

rtesy

Am

priu

s, In

c.

Silicon Nanowire Anodes

Cou

rtesy

ReV

olt,

Inc.

.

Zinc Air


Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Demonstration Project

Demonstrate advanced CAES design and assess its performance when using under/above ground air store

Belowground CAES– Plant Size: ~ 300 MW with 10 hr. storage– Assess and Demonstrate Adv. CAES Using

Salt, Porous Rock/Aquifer or Hard Rock Air Storage Systems

Aboveground CAES– Plant Size: ~ 15 MW with 2 hr. store– Assess and Demonstrate Adv. CAES using

Pipe and/or Vessel-Based Aboveground Air Storage System

– Assess corrosion impact on vessel/pipe air store due to cycling temperature and pressure

Belowground Geologic Opportunities

Aboveground Air Piping Opportunities


Summary: Smart and Green Technologies

• Smart Grid





66© 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.Image from NASA Visible Earth

Documents

EPRI Presenation - The Power Grid and Smart Transmission ...ncees.org/.../01/Power-Grid-and-Smart-Transmission-Technologies.pdf · The Power Grid and Smart Transmission Technologies