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Epidemics and control of early & late blight, 2013 & 14 in Europe Jens Grønbech Hansen & Hans Hausladen
Late Blight Country Reports Objective
Objective: To provide an overview of the late blight seasons in Europe Support of The EuroBlight Monitoring initiative, 2013-2015. Improvement of DSS
Full Report in the EuroBlight workshop proceedings
Country Profile Editors (2014)
Editors
Country Name Belgium (Flanders) Pieter Vanhaverbeke Czech Republic Ervin Hausvater Denmark Jens G. Hansen & Bent Nielsen England/Wales Faye Ritchie Estonia Mati Koppel & Eve Runno-Paurson Finland Asko Hannukkala France Catherine Chatot Germany Hans Hausladen & Jürgen Leiminger Ireland Steven Kildea Latvia Linda Bucena Lithuania Antanas Ronis Netherlands Kees Vogelar & Jan Spoelder Northern Ireland Louise Cooke & Gillian Young Norway Ragnhild Nærstad Poland Jozefa Kapsa Russia Alexey Filippov Scotland Ruairidh Bain & Alison Lees Slovakia Peter Vrabček Sweden Bjorn Andersson, Erling Liljeröth & Eva Edin Switzerland Tomke Musa
Thank you for information!
Late blight country reports - Questions
EuroBlight Country Profile Data Summary Early outbreaks of potato late blight Weather conditions and late blight development Use of fungicides and control strategies Tuber blight Alternaria ssp Characteristics of Phytophthora infestans Use of DSS
+
Date when Blight observed in > 5 conventional fields
06.25
07.09
07.01
07.05
07.29
07.24 07.11
07.22
06.12
08.25 07.22
06.18 07.05
06.25
06.06
06.12
07.05
07.05
07.25
2013
08.25
Norway The P. infestans population is diverse, with no dominant clones. SSR-fingerprinting of early attacks shows that genotypes clusters like families within fields. Very late epidemics Finland The season 2014 was mostly very unfavourable for late blight development. Increasing number of farmers started to add azoxystrobin in tank mixture with late blight fungicides to improve early blight control. Sweden Very early and widespread attacks. Stem symptoms located low in the crop, suspected oospores. There are indications that the oospores as inoculum source is very important. Denmark Potato fields were planted 2-3 weeks earlier than normal + warm spring = early crop emergence (5-15 May) Rain + blight weather during Crop emergence = the highest amount ever recorded of fields with attacks from oospores in Denmark Lithuania Sexual reproduction of P. infestans and possible oospore production in Lithuanian potato fields (incl. SSR study) Latvia Today the late blight is only disease Nr. 2 in Latvia. First place for last years is Colletotrichum coccodes (Black dot) Estonia During period 2010–2013, both mating types were present most of fields (80%) where more than one isolate was tested. Metalaxyl-sensitive isolates prevailed (in average 66.3%) in the research period. The race structure was diverse and complex. Most pathotypes were unique, appearing only once.
About the 2014 Blight season
Germany North: Blight season. South: not a blight season The use of fungicides was high in 2014. All kind of products were used; especially mixtures were used in the Northern part of Germany. Research: P. infestans populations have a latent period between 2-3 days (earlier 5-7 days) Netherlands Difficult start – Weather shift in June plus fungicides (as InFinito, Revus, Proxamil) – everything under control More sprays in 2014 than 2013 (15-16 sprays as a mean in 2014) DSS: Dacom (PlantPlus) and Agrovision (Prophy). The use of App’s on Smartphones for late blight is low until now. Belgium Warm winter, early planting and warm spring = Dumps and volunteers with blight. 18 sprays in ware potatoes France Blight season but high yields Clonal populations confirm that the asexual reproduction of P. infestans is still prevalent in the country. Switzerland Late blight year. In general, farmers are aware of the possible infection sources and avoid waste piles and volunteer plants. This year, we will start a monitoring with P. infestans isolates for characterisation, in order to obtain information about the current P. infestans population in Switzerland.
Russia The development of Late blight in the European part of Russia was rather weak. The main sources of the primary infection were infected seed tubers and, in some cases, allotment gardens with soil contaminated with oospores Poland Survey among 160 potato growers, all country. • The late blight was observed on 95.6% of potato fields. • Stem blight was noticed only on 34.5 % and • Early blight on 82.7% of the assessed potato crops.
Czeck Republic Rainy May and warm June. 33 % of isolates resistant to metalaxyl were found Romania Big farmers used often mixtures of fungicides at short intervals between applications, main control strategy was based on mandipropamid, fluopicolide+propamocarb, fenamidon+ propamocarb, fluazinam, cymoxanil. 2-14 sprays Ireland The weather conditions during 2014 were generally more favourable to late blight development than 2013. Northern Ireland In 2014, the weather was more conducive to late blight with mild night temperatures and more rainfall early in the season. Dedicated presentation from Louise Scotland 2014 was in sharp contrast to 2013. There were many outbreaks of late blight in Scotland. England & Wales Planting progress was good in 2014, with temperatures above average from March to June. LB came early
Date when Blight observed in > 5 conventional fields
06.02
08.01
06.01
07.25
07.07
07.01 07.02
07.13
06.20
06.23 06.23
06.12 04.25
06.22
05.21
05.20
06.02
07.12
05.28
2014
06.06
First infections, 2014 = First attack = Attack in > 5 conventional fields
Date01-04 01-05 01-06 01-07 01-08 01-09
NorwayFinland
LithuaniaCzeck Republic
EstoniaLatvia
RussiaScotland
Northern IrelandRomania
PolandSwitzerland
IrelandBelgium
DenmarkSweden
England&WalesGermany
NetherlandsFrance
Attacks in early potatoes >5 fields attacked
Compare 2014 with 2013
Date01-04 01-05 01-06 01-07 01-08 01-09
NorwayFinland
LithuaniaCzeck Republic
EstoniaLatvia
RussiaScotland
Northern IrelandRomania
PolandSwitzerland
IrelandBelgium
DenmarkSweden
England&WalesGermany
NetherlandsFrance
= 2014, Attack in > 5 conventional fields = 2013, Attack in > 5 conventional fields
Denmark
Days after 1 June (0 ref line)-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Year
19992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015
When blight appeared in Denmark 1999 to 2014 = First attack = Attack in > 5 conventional fields
Problems with tuber blight, 2014 (compared to normal)
Low
Low
Low Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low Medium
Low Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low Low
Low
Medium
Indications of oospores, 2014
No
No
No
Yes No
No
No No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes No
Yes
Yes
Use of DSSs Belgium Improved Guntz-Divoux, GIS + surveillance Czech Republic Negative prognosis, NegFry and NoBlight Denmark Blight Management on web + APP England & Wales Blight-Watch, Plant Plus and BlightCAST Estonia Fieldclimate.com + Estonian Crop Research Inst.(13 met stat.) France Mileos®
Germany PhytophthoraModel Weihenstephan, ISIP Netherlands ProPhy, Plant Plus and Phytophthora App N. Ireland DARD Blight-Net, and Plant Plus Ireland Irish metrological service based on Bourke’s Laws Norway VIPS Poland Negative Prognosis, NegFry and ProPlant Russia Plant Plus, VNIIFBlight
Sweden Plant Plus , DK Blight Management and NO VIPS Switzerland PhytoPRE+2000, PhytoPRE Web App Service
Early blight
First observation of early blight 2013
08.15
august
late june
07.17
07.12
no EB
06.05
no EB
no EB
07.23 06.15
06.20
end of aug
07.30 no EB
Disease epidemic of early blight 2013
08.30
beg of aug (south)
08.20
08.01
no EB no EB
no EB
07.15
08.15
no EB epidemic
no EB
no EB epidemic
First observation of early blight 2014
08.15
september
06.15
07.14
07.20
no EB no EB
no EB
07.01 06.05
07.09
08.06 07.20
no EB
Disease epidemic of early blight 2014
no EB epidemic
08.15
08.15
no EB no EB
07.20
08.05
08.20
08.30
no EB epidemic
no EB
08.08
no EB
EB specific disease severity
Low <20%
Medium 20-50%
High >50%
no data
May June July August SeptemberFinland (2013)Finland (2014)NorwaySwedenDenmarkEstoniaLithuaniaScotlandNorthern IrelandEngland and WalesBelgiumNetherlandsGermanyPolandSwitzerlandCzech republic (2014)France
disease severity
identified Alternaria species
A. solani Jun Jul Aug Sep remark A. alternata Jun Jul Aug Sep remarkFinland √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √Norway √ √ √ √ √ √Sweden √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ with low frequencyDenmark √ √ √Estonia √ √ √LithuaniaScotlandNorthern IrelandIrelandEngland & Wales √Belgium √ √ √ √ dominating species √ √ √ √ √Netherlands √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √Germany √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √Poland √ √ 3 times more than A. solaniSwitzerlandCzech republicFrance
not foundnot found
no data
no data no data
applied fungicides to control EB
no specific EB control mancozeb azoxystrobinazoxystrobin + chlorothalonil
boscalid + Pyraclostrobin difenoconazol
mandipropamid + difenoconazole
Finland √ √ since 2013 √ since 2014
Norway √
Sweden √ √ √
Denmark √ √
Estonia √
Lithuania √ √ √
Scotland
Northern Ireland √
Ireland √
England & Wales √ √ √
Belgium
Netherlands √ √
Germany √ √ √ √
Poland
Switzerland √
Czech republic √ √
France √ √
occurence of G143A & F129L isolates F129L G143A
use of DSS models to control EB
DACOM
yes
Weather based model togehter with Phythophthora Modell Weihenstephan
DACOM
Yield loss due to EB
6,5% (16t/ha)
10% (5,8 t/ha)
No significant loss
10-40% (late varieties)
10%
15% 3x Revus + 2 Shirlan compared to Revus Top + 2x azoxystrobin
observed tuber infections
not observed
rare
no data
no data not observed
rare rare rare
not observed
not observed
not observed
not observed
no data
no data
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Spo
rula
tion
hour
s [H
SP
O]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Trea
tmen
t Fre
quen
cy in
dex
0
2
4
6
8
10JuneJulyAugustSeptemberTFI
Development in fungicide use, Denmark
1944: 2 * Bordeaux 1962: 2 * Dithane 2013-14: 8-14 * several types of fungicides
The European metapopulation of P. infestans is diverse and aggressive
Thank you for your attention ! And thanks to all country editors