Eph-XVIII-04 A case of Hellenistic Influence on the Roman architecture. Miliary Headquarters and Civilian Forums, Alexandru Diaconescu

7/30/2019 Eph-XVIII-04 A case of Hellenistic Influence on the Roman architecture. Miliary Headquarters and Civilian Forums, Alexandru Diaconescu

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1. The Hellenistic heritage in Trajanic architecture

According to the traditional view, Roman architecture was born in Republican Italy,co n s eq u e n tl y de v e lo p e d i n Imp e r ia l Ro me an d f i n a ll y s p re a d t h r o ug h o u t t h e pr o vi n ce s o f t h e

1R o man E mp i re . T hi s p a t te r n i s e nt i r el y t r u e f ro m t h e p o in t o f v i e w o f t h e w es t e r n p r ov i n ces ,which had a barbarian background. Yet, all the above mentioned authors agree that, if we look

a t t h e m at t er f r om t h e E as t , th e b u il d in g s o f th e R om a n p er i od i n t h e or i en t al p r ov i nc e sr e p re s e n t n o t h in g bu t t h e n a t u ra l de v e l o pme n t o f H e l l e ni s t ic a r ch i t e ctu r e. I t i s a l s o g e n e r al l y accepted that, as Vitruvius himself clearly states, the main concepts of Greek architecture,such as mathematic proportions, have been integrated in Roman architecture in the last

2de ca des o f t h e Re p u bli c a n d i n t h e e ar l y y e a r s o f t h e E mp i re .I n t he p re se nt p ap er I w ou ld l ik e t o g o b ey on d t he se c om mo n c on vi ct io ns , d ra wi ng t he

r ea der ' s a t te n ti o n t h at co nt a ct s w i th t h e H el l en i st i c a rch it e ct ur e e xi s te d n o t o n ly be fo re , bu t w el lafter Vitruvius. I have in mind a particular case, that of Trajanic architecture, which wasdominated by the personality of Apollodorus from Damascus. More then 30 years ago R. Bianchi-

3

B an di ne ll i m ad e t he a ss es sm en t t ha t s om e o f t he s ol ut io ns a do pt ed i n t he c as e o f Tr aj an 's f or umi n Ro me, suc h as th e arc hed c ol on na de, we re prom pt ed to t he g re at arc hi te ct by mo num en tsf rom hi s own na ti ve t own , Dam asc us, suc h a s t he v ia r ec ta and th e sa nc tuar y o f Zeus , wh ic h

4d is pl ay ed s im il ar c ol on na de s w it h a rc he s . A lt ho ug h t hi s p ar ti cu la r e le me nt i s m is si ng f ro mr e ce n t r e co n s t r u ct i o n s , t h e r e a r e e n o u g h o t h e r f e a t u r e s i n t h i s f o r u mw h i ch p o i n t t o a H e l l e n i s t i cmodel. For instance the faade of b a si li c a U l p ia , w h ich do es n ot h a v e a p r o p er w a l l f a ci n g t h e

5f o ru m , r ec a ll s a G re e k stoa, w i t h a s i mp le co l o n n ade o p e n e d t o w ar ds t h e p i az z a ( Fi g . 1) .

A CASE OF HELLENISTIC INFLUENCEO N RO M AN A RC H IT E CT U RE .MI L I TARY H E AD QU ART E R S AN D C I V I L I AN FO RU MS

A C A SE O F HEL L EN I STI C I NF L UENC EO N RO MA N A RC HI TE CT U RE .M I L I TA RY H EA DQUA RTER S A N D C IV I L I AN F O RUM S

Alexandru Diaconesculexandru Diaconescu

Keywords : Hellenistic influence, military headquarters, forum, architecture

1 BOTHIUS/WARD-PERKINS1970;cf.WARD-PERKINS1993;GROS1996a;VONHESBERG2005.2 W I L S O N J O N E S 2 0 0 0 .3 BIANCHI-BANDINELLI 1969, 238.4 More details aboutthese monuments atSEGAL 1997, 1013 and110115.5 P A C K E R 1 9 9 7 .

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS, XVIII, 2008, p. 5773


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A predecessor of the Trajanic basilica in Rome is the Augustan forum basilica fromEphesos (which was called stoa in the Greek version of the building inscription and basilica in

the Latin one). In fact this is a mixture between the traditional stoa with two rows of columns6a n d a b a si l ic a w i th t h re e n av e s ( Fi g . 2/ 1 ) . Th e m os t i n te re s ti n g fe a tu re o f th e agora from

6 GROS 1996b, 111116.

F i g . 1 . Tr a j a n' s f o r u m i n R o m e , w i t ho u t H a d r ia n i c a d di t i o ns .

0 30 m

N

A BC

D E

F

Fig. 2/1. The Augustan forum-agora of Ephesus

Alexandru Diaconescu58 2


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Ephesus is the bouleuterion, the prytaneumand the Sebasteion (temple of Rome and

Augustus), all integrated in the basilica. Thisnew formula was later reproduced b y the

f o ru m b a si l ic a o f A u gu s ta R a ur i ca , i n i ti a ll y a r ep li ca o f b a si l ic a U lp i a f r om R om e , w h ic hw a s r e s to r e d t o wa r ds t h e mi ddl e o f t hese co nd c ent ur y A .D. a nd p rovi de d wi th a circular curia and a simple colonnade

7t ow a rd s t he p i az z a ( Fi g . 2/ 2 ) . Th e curia-odeion o f th e se co nd p ha se i s of c le arHellenistic inspiration.

Back to Trajan's forum in Rome, it

should be noted that this monumentale n se m bl e h ad a s t ro n g im p ac t o n p ro vi n ci a la r ch it e ct ur e . F or i n s ta n ce t h e ba s i li ca w i t hd oub le a ps es, d om in at ed b y t he curia,r e p la ci n g o n t he a x i s o f s y mme t r y t h e y a rdwith the famous column, is well illustrated

8b y t h e la t e Tr a ja n ic f o ru m o f L on d on ( Fi g .3 /2 ) a nd t he Ha dr ia ni c f or um o f S il ch es te r( h er e F ig . 3/ 1 ), wh i ch wa s p r ec e d ed b y a

9p o ss i bl y s i mi l ar t i mb e r o n e o f F la v ia n d a te .The Hellenistic origin of the plan

dr a wn by A p o ll o do ru s , es p e ci al l y t h e cr o s s-h al l p ro vi de d w it h t wo ap se s a nd t hr eerooms opposite to the piazza, becomeso bv i ou s i f w e l oo k a t t h e p l an o f t h e p a l ace

10f ro m Pe ll a ( Ma ce do ni a, 3 rd c en tu r y B .C .)( Fi g . 4 an d 1 1 ) . T h e ba c k si d e of t h ereception department, androon, with threeh u g e b a n q u e t r o o m s , p r e c e d e d b y a m o n u m e n t a l c o l o n n a d e , i s t h e t r u ep re d ec e ss o r o f t he c r os s -h a ll , basilica, ofR o man i n t e gr a t e d f o r u ms . A l t h ou g h t h ereconstruction of this part of the building isf a r f r o m be i n g cer t a i n, s o me a u th o r s p la ci n g on the substructure in front of the colonnade

Fig. 2 / 2 . T h e fo r u m o f A ug u s t a R a u r ic a .

Fig. 3/1. Early Antonine Romano-British forumof Silchester.

0 2 0 m

0 50 m

7 G R OS 1 9 9 6 a , 2 5 8 26 0 w i t h e a r l i e r l i t e ra t u re , a n d F i g. 3 0 7 3 08 .8 M A R S D E N 1 9 8 7 .9

F U L F OR D / T I MB Y 2 0 0 0 . T h e n e w e x c av a t i on s , t h a t i d e n ti f i e d t h e t i m be r s t r u ct u r e s , we r e l im i t e d t o t h ea r e a o f t h e b a s il i c a s o t h a t w e c a n n ot b e c e r t ai n t h a t t h e p l an o f t h e t i m be r b u i l di n g m a t ch e s t h e o n e o f th e s t o n eb u i l di n g , s u c h a s i n t h e c a se o f S a r m i ze g e t u sa ( s e e b e l ow F i g. 5 6 ) .

10 HOEPFNER 1996, 2636, Abb. 2425.

A case ofHellenistic influence on Ro m a n a r c h it e c t u re 593


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a s i mp le r ow o f s t at u e - bas e s , th e i mpo r t a nce g i ve n o f th e p l ace i n f ro n t o f t h e ma i n ro o m i sb e yo n d a n y d o ub t . T h is s pa c e wa s pr ov i de d a t b o th e nd s wi t h t w o a p se s , exedrae , whichp r ob a bl y s e rv e d a s c u l t p l ac e s. T h is s p e c if i c a r ch i te c tu r al s h a pe , c a l le d e x ed ra d u pl e x , wasp e r p et u a te d by o t h e r H e l le n i s ti c p a l a ce s, f o r i n s t an ce t h e p a l a zz o de l l e co l o n ne a t Pt o le ma i s,

11a nd w as a d op te d f or t he f o ru m o f Au gu st us i n Ro me . Ye t, t h is f ir st i mp er ia l fo ru m i s no t a

N

0 50 m

F i g. 3 / 2 . E a r ly A n t o ni n eRomano-British forumof London

11 SCHMIDT-COLINET 1996.

N

11 m

22 m

0 10 m

Fig. 4. The early Hellenistic palacea t P el l a , M a c ed o n i a.

Backside of main yardwith colonnade ( f u l l pl a n a t F ig . 1 1 ) .



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proper link, an intermediary, because the similarities between the Hellenistic palace in Pellaa n d Tr a j a n' s f o ru m i n R ome p o i nt t o a di r ect co n n ect i o n .

2 . Tr a j a n ic m i l i t a r y h e a d qu a r t e r s a nd p r o vi n c i a l f or u m s :bu i ld i ng s w i t h f u l ly i n t e g ra t ed p l an

S t a rt i n g f r o m t h i s e x a mpl e I w o u ld l i k e t o di s cu ss i n t h e p r e se n t p a p e r t h e ca s e o f a n o t he r Tr a j a ni c cr e a ti o n , r e l at e d i n so me e x t e nt t o th e f or u m i n Ro me . I t i s t h e s o ca l l e d

12 T I E NN E , P I S O , D I A C O NE S C U 2 0 0 4 , 9 1 9 4 .13 M . K a n d le r i n Z A B E H L I CK I - S CH F F EN E G G ER 1 9 7 9 , f i g . 5 .14 RABOLD/SOMMER1998, 2425.

1

2 3

Fig. 5. Trajanic block-forums: 1. Sarmizegetusa. 2. Burnum. 3. Lopodunum.

fo r u m- p r i nci p i a , a bu i l di n g us e d bo t h f o r mi l i ta r y h e a dqu a r te r s a n d ci v i li a n p u bl ic s q u a re s , w h i ch Iw ou ld c al l bl oc k- fo ru m. A good example isp ro vi de d b y t he Tr aj an ic f o ru m o f S ar mi ze ge tu sa

12( Fi g. 5/ 1) , whi ch ha s a ty pi ca l p lan , a ll th ec o mp o ne n ts be i ng so l id l y i n te g ra t ed i n a c o he re n t

building. The composition is very simple, perfectly s ym m et ri c, w it h a c en tr al p ia zz a, d o mi na te d b y a cross-hall, basilica, w h i ch co mmun i ca te s w i t h a r o w of rooms in the back, the central position being heldh er e b y t he curia. No Capitolium, o r a ny b ui ld in g r e se mbl i ng a cl a s si ca l t emp l e , ca n be det e ct ed h e re .T hi s se ve re p la n ha s go od p ar al le ls a t B ur nu m i n

13D al ma ti a ( Fi g. 5 /2 ) a nd L op od un um i n Ge rm an ia 14S up e ri o r ( Fi g . 5 / 3) . It i s o b vi o us th a t b y t h e t i me s of

Tr a j a n a s t a n da r d p l a n ci r cu la t e d a mo n g a r ch it e ct s i nt h e E ur o pe a n b o rd e r p r ov i nc e s. I t w a s u se d n o t o n ly

0 1 0 m



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f or t he n e wl y f ou nd ed t ow ns b u t a ls o f or m il it ar y c om po un ds , wh ic h s ta rt ed t o b e bu il t i nstone in the same period.

T h e p l a n wa s s o p o p u la r t h a t e v e n t emp o r ar y t i mbe r bu i l din g s w e re e r e cte d a cco rdi n g t o it . In t he cen t e r o f th e st o n e f o r u m o f Sa r mi ze g e t us a F re n ch -R o ma ni a n e x cav a t io n s

d is co ve re d a n ea rl ie r t im be r o ne , wh ic h wa s d em ol is he d o nl y w he n t he s t on e f or um w asc o mp l et e d ( Fi g . 6 /1 ) . B ot h t i mb e r a n d s t on e f o ru m h a ve b a si c al l y t h e sa m e p la n . T h e on l y

0 5 m

N

d if fe re nc es re ga rd t he r ow o f tabernae i n t he t im be r b ui ld in g, r ep la ce d b y g al le ri es(cryptoporticus) i n t h e ca s e o f th e s t o ne o n e . T h e t i mbe r f o r u m h a s a p o r t ico o n t h e so u t h si de ,i n f r o n t o f t h e ba s il i ca , w hi l e t h e s to n e o n e h as a s i mi la r p o r t ico o n t h e n o r th s i de , f a cin g t h ee n t r an ce . To w a rds s o u t h, be h i n d bo t h bu i ldi n g s, t h e r e w a s a f o o d ma r ke t , macellum, whichdo e s n o t r e g a r dt h e p r e s e n t s t u dy .

A very similar plan had the early Antonine headquarter buildings, also built in timber,f ro m t he a ux il ia ry f or t a t G il u , in n or th D ac ia ( Fi g. 6 /2 ), e xc av at ed a d ec ad e ea rl ie r b y a

15R om a ni a n t e am . Un d er Tr a ja n t h e f o rt w a s o c cu p ie d b y a n i n fa n tr y u n it , c oh I B ri ta nn ic a ,w h ic h w as r ep l ac e d i n A D 1 1 8 by a c a va l ry t r oo p, a l a S i li a na , b ro u gh t f r om Pa n no n ia o n th eoccasion of the Sarmatic wars that followed the death of Trajan. On the occasion the fort wasc on si de ra bl y e nl ar ge d, a nd t he H Q b ui ld in g wa s de mo li sh ed a nd r ep la ce d b y a l ar ge r o ne .D u e t o l o ca l co ndi t i o ns t h e e x ca va t o r s co ul d n o t i n v e st i g a te t h e e a s t e rn p a r t o f t h e co mp l e x,s o t h a t t h e ba s il i ca w i t h t h e a rs e n al , armamentarium, a n d t h e ce n t ra l p i a z za w i t h p o rt i co e s, a r e

15 ISAC/DIACONESCU/OPREANU 1983.

F ig . 6 / 1 . T im b e r s t r u ct u r e s. T h e fi r s t f o r u m o f Sa r m i ze g e t u sa .



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mi s s in g f r o m t h e p r e se n t p l a n . Ye t , s e v e ra l e v a l ua t i o n t re n ch es ma k e ce r t ai n a t l e a s t t h e ma i n

dimensions of the buildings and some essential features. The Trajanic HQ (Fig. 6/2A) had 5rooms on the backside, three main ones and two smaller side rooms, which were not necessary accessible from the basilica. The central room, which was housing the shrine of the troop, wass l i g ht l y bi g g e r t h e n t h e o t h e r o n e s . T h e p l a n o f t he H adr i a ni c HQ ( Fi g . 6/ 2B ) r e t ai n s t h ep a tt e rn o f t h e t hr ee m a in r o o ms , b y a dd in g t wo c or ri do rs b et we en t he m a nd t he s id e r oo ms , a featurerecallingtheforumatSarmizegetusa.

3 . T h e o r i g i ns o f t h e s t r o n g l y i n t e gr a t e d b u i l d in g s . T h e c u r r en t e x p l a n a ti o n

According to the traditional theory, in provinces with little architectural background,16s u ch a s Br i t a in o r D a ci a, mi li t a r y bu i l di n g s p r ov i de d t h e mo de l f o r ci v i li a n p u bl ic p l ace s . In

t h e ca se o f R o ma n Br i t ai n , M a rt i n M i l le t t r i g h tf u l l y q u e s ti o n e d t h i s p oi n t o f v i e w, s h o w in g t h a t i t w a s n ot t h e Fl a v i an h e a dqu a r te r bu i l di n g p l an , bu t t h e Tr a j a ni c f o r um o f L o n do n , t h atw a s e mu l at e d u n de r H a dr ia n a t S i l che s t e r, C ae r w e n t a n d e l s e wh e r e , s o t h a t t h e o r i g in of t he

17s o ca l le d B ri t is h fo r um s i s by n o me a ns m il i ta r y b u t c i vi l ia n .A similar opinion on the origin of military headquarter buildings in general was

e a rl i er e x pr es s ed b y R ud o lp h F el l ma n n, wh o d r ew t h e c o nc l us i on th a t A ug u st a n Ju l ioC l a udi a n h e a dq ua r t e r bu i l din g s do n ot h a v e a mi l i ta r y o r i g in , beca u se t he y do no t r e p ro du ce

18t h e ce n tr a l st r uc t ur e s of a m a rc h in g c am p . Th u s th e Ne r on i an t e mp o ra r y c a mp a t M as a da

0 5 m

N

0 5 m

N

A B

F ig . 6 / 2 . T im b e r s t r u ct u r e s. HQ b u i l di n g s o f t h e a u x i l ia r y f o r t a t G i l u .A. Trajanic HQ of coh. I Britannica. B. Early Hadrianic HQ of ala Siliana.

16 A g o o d s u m m a r y a t E U Z E N N A T 1 9 9 4 .17 MILLETT1990, 72, 7778, 91.18 F E L M AN N 1 9 8 3 , 2 3 .



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( bu i lt i n AD 72) , w e l l p r e se r v e d i n t he de se r t , ma t ch es a lmo s t e n t i re l y t h e de s cr ip t i o n o f a 19m a rc h in g c am p m a de b y H yg i nu s . I n t he c e n tr al a r ea ( Fi g . 7 .) o n e ca n e as i ly d i st i ng u is h t he

vi a p ri nc ip al is , with praetorium , th e co mm an de r' s re si de nc e, p re ce de d b y t heauguratorium and the tribunal. T he sp ac e a ro un d i t s ho ul d h av e b ee n t he forum,

me n t io n e d by H y gi n u s i n a n obs cu re p a s sa g e , con n e cte d t o h e al t a r s o f t h e g o ds an d t o t h e20v er y c en te r o f th e ca mp , th e pl ac e ca ll ed groma . A cco r di n g to t h e s a me a u t h or t h e

F ig . 7 . C en t r a l a r e a o f R om a n s ie g e c am p a t M a s ad a . T h e au t h o r' s p oi n t o f v i ew.

19 F E L M A N N 1 9 8 3 , 2 2 2 3 a n d A b b . 2 9 .

20 M y u n d e rs t a n di n g o f t h e a n c i e nt t e x t s l e d t o t h e i n t e rp r e ti n g o f t h e c e n t r al r u i n s o f M a s ad a a s p r e s en t e d i nF ig . 7 . I t d i ff e re s s li g ht l y t o th e o ne p r op o se d b y R . Fe l lm a nn , w ho p l ac e s th e f or u m b e hi n d t h e praetorium,a l t h ou g h h e q u o t e s a t p a g e 9 a p a s s ag e i n S u d a s L e x ic o n ( I , 3 5 1 ) , w h ic h m a k e s a c l e a r r e l at i o n b e t we e n groma and

forum. Or t he groma w a s p l a ce d i n f ro n t o f t he praetorium. He was also aware of another passage in Hyginus, Delimitibus constituendis , 1 2 , w he r e t he s a m e co n n e ct i o n wa s c l ea r l y m a d e . Af t e r s t a t in g t h a t i n a c o l on y t h e f o ru mm u s t b e p l a ce d i n t h e c en t r e s o t h a t f r o m a l l c or n e r s o f th e t o wn p e o pl e s h o u ld e a s i ly r e a c h th e c e n t ra l p l ac e , h eadds: " S i c e t i n c a s t ri s g r o m a p o n i t ur i n t e t ra n t e m , q u a v e l u t a d f o r u m c o n v en i a t u r = The same in the case of forts,where the groma i s p u t i n t h e c e n t ra l c r o s sr o a ds , s o t h a t a n y b od y c a n g e t t o t h e f o r u m.

B a c k t o th e t e x t o f V i tr u v i us ( De munitionibus castrorum) , i t g oe s: [1 1] Aris institutis in fori partis imae,a u g u ra t o r i um p a r t e d e x t ra p ra e t o ri i a d v i a m p r i n ci p a l e m a d s i g na b i m u s, ut du x in e o a u g u ri u m r e c te c a pe r e p o s s it ;

parte laeva tribunal statuitur, ut augurio accepto insuper ascendat et exercitum felici auspicio adloquatur. [12] Inintroitu praetorii partis mediae ad viam principalem gromae locus appellatur [...].

I understand this passage as follows: [ 1 1 ] O n c e t h e a l t a rs a re p la c e d i n t h e lo w e r p a r t o f th e forum, we willcollocate the auguratorium t o t he r i gh t o f t he praetorium, ad j ac e nt t o v i a p r in c i pa l is , s o th a t t h e c om m a n d er

c o u ld c o r re c t l y t a k e f r o m h e r e t h e augurium; t o t h e l e f t s i d e ( o f t h e praetorium) t h e tribunal is to be placed, so thato n c e t h e [ r i t u a l o f ] augurium i s a c c e pt e d ( b y t h e g o d s ) , t h e c o m m an d e r c a n e a s i l y a s c e nd [ o n t h e tribunal] a n dt h e go o d n e w s (felix auspicium) i s t h u s c o m m un i c a te d t o t h e tr o o p [ 1 2 ] To w a rd s v i a p r i n ci p a l i s , the central partof the entrance to the praetorium is calledthe place of the groma [...].



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quaestorium , de t e cta bl e a t M a s ada t o o , w a s p l a c e d b e h i n d t h e

21praetorium .O n t he ot he r h an d, t he

praetorium-principia c om pl ex i n t hece n t er o f th e A u gu s t an f or t r es s a tHaltern (Fig. 8), with its yardss u rr o un d ed b y p o rt i co e s, e c h oe s t he

22c i vi l ia n b u il d in g s o f t he t i m e . Th epraetorium is no more than a rich villa

(Fig. 8 a b, 2), a n d t h e he a dq ua r t e rbu i l di n g co n s i s t s o f a n o p e n e dco u r ty a r d w i t h pe r i st y l e , ha v i ng o n

t he n or th -w es t s id e a r ow o f ro om s23( of fi ce s) a nd a d ou bl e po rt ic o ( Fi g. 8a b , 1 ). A c on si de ra bl e n um be r o f houses with atrium and peristyle(Fig. 8 b, 37) , s o me v e r y r i ch , a n da ni n du st r i a l co mp o un d (fabrica, nr. 8),g i ve a c i vi l ia n a s pe c t t o t h e c e nt r ala r e a o f t hi s f or t r es s , wh i ch h o u s edl eg io na ry a nd a ux il ia r y t ro op s a t t he

same time.T he c o n te mp or ar y f or um o f the fortified town at Waldgirmes, alsoin G e r ma n i a l i b e ra , provides the bestparallel to the plan of the military

24h ea dq ua rt er b ui ld in g ( Fi g. 9 / 1) . I tw as al so bu il t i n t im be r o n a s to nefoundation, and was probably a s i n g le bl o ck bu il di n g, w i t h a ce n t ra l

y ard , s ur ro un de d b y p or ti co es on

0 50m50 m

1

2

Fig. 8 a. So called pricipia-praetorium c o mp l ex a t H a lt e rn .

21 [18] Q u a e st o r i um d i c i t ur q u o d a li q u a n do q u a e st o r es i b i p ed a t u ra m a c c e p er i n t ; qu o d e st s u pr a p ra e t o r iu m i nrigore portae quae cohortibus decimis ibi tendentibus decimana est appellata.

[ 1 8 ] T h e q a e s t o r i u m i s c a l l e d s o b e c a u s e o n c e h e r e q u a e s t o r e s w e r e s h e l t e r e d ; i t i s p l a c e d a b o v e t h epraetorium i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e g a t e , w h i c h i s c a l l e d d e c i m a n a , b e c a u s e o f t h e d e c i m a e ( t e n t h ) c o h o r t e s

w h i c h w e r e s h e l t e r e d t h e r e .22 V O N S C H NU R B E IN 2 0 0 3 , 9 5 9 6 , w i th e a r l i e r l i t e ra t u re , a n d F i g. 2 , 2 .23 V O N S C H NU R B E IN 2 0 0 3 , Fi g . 2 , 1 .24 V O N S C H N U R B E I N 2 0 0 3 , 1 0 2 , A b b . 7 .

t h re e si d es a nd w i th a t w o n a ve s ba s il i ca a t t h e e n d. T h is f ea t ur e i s in d ee d a b a si l ic a a n d n o t a p l a i n dou bl e p or t i co, s i n ce i t h a s w a ll s o n a l l s ide s a n d a s i n g le r o w o f co l u mn s i n t h e middl e .I n s t e ad o f e i g h t r o o ms an d a ce n t ra l p a s s ag e , s u ch a s i n H a lt e r n , t he f o r u m o f Wa l dg ir me s w a sp r ov i de d w i t h o n l y t h r ee r o o ms a cr os s t h e ba s i li ca . Th i s p a t t er n ca n be t r a ce d f o r w a rd i n t i me



10/17

F i g . 9/ 2 . F l av i a n f o r um a t Ve r u l a mi u m

(St. Albans).

0 5 10 mN

F i g. 9 / 1. A u g u st a n t i m b e r f o r u m o f Wa l d g ir m e s .

N

25 WACHER1974, 207210, Fig. 53.26 Forthe relation tabuarium curia see BALTY 1991, 151161.

Fig. 8 b . C e n tr a l a r e a o f H a l te r n

25

t o th e F l a vi a n s t o n e f o r u m a t Ve r u la mi u m ( F ig . 9/ 2) , t h e ce n t ra l r o o m be i n g o bv i ou s l y t h ecuria, a nd t h e o t he r t w o p r ob a bl y s o me o f fi c es , am o n gs t w h i c h o n e m us t h a v e b e en t h et a b u l a r i u m ( a r ch i v e ) ( cf . a s i mi l a r ca s e i n t h e A u g u s t a n f o r u m a t Po mp e i i , w h e r e t h e t h r e ei n de p e n de n t r o o ms o p p o s i t e t o t h e C a p i t o l i u m, w e r e i n t e r p r e t e d by J e a n B a l t y a s c u r i a ,t a b u l a r i u m a n d s o me o f f i ce . I n R o me , t h e t a b u l a r i u m and c u r i a I u l i a w e r e a l s o r e l a t e d, a n d

26i n t e g ra t e d i n t h e s a m e b u il d i n g c o m p le x . T h e m a in d i f f e r en c e b e t w ee n t h e m i l i t ar y s t r u ct u r e f r o m H a l t e r n a n d t h e ci v i l i a n o n e f r o m W a l dg i r me s i s t h e ce n t r a l p a s s a g e o f t h e

1

23

4

8

7f7e7d

7a 7b 7c

VI A PR I NCI PA LI S

VI A Q VI NTA NA



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f i r s t be i n g r e p l a ce d i n t h e s e co n d ca s eb y a m o n u m e n t a l r o o m , c u r i a ,do mi n a t i n g t h e ba s i l i ca .

A similar pattern can be seen at

t he c on tem po rar y f oru m, b ui lt i n27s to ne , at Iu va nu m, i n It al y ( Fi g. 9 / 3) .Although its plan is not complete it iso bv io us t h at t hi s f or um c on si st ed o f a r ec t an g ul a r p i az z a w i th p o r ti c oe s a n d a ba s i li ca o n t h e back s i de. Th i s h a ll i sp ro vi de d o n bo th s ho rt s id es w it h a r oo m, p r ob ab ly t he tribunal and the

Augusteum. The basilica is dominated

b y a m on um en ta l curia, t h e on l y r o omon the backside of the hall.T he t wo f or um s a t Wa ld gi rm es

a nd Iu va nu m a re g oo d a na lo gi es t o l at erb loc k- fo rum s, a nd yet t he y a re no t a perfect match. The curia is somehow i s o l a t e d , r e s e m b l i n g t h e a l m o s tindependent bouleuterion fromEphesos,

27 B L AN C K 1 9 7 0 , 3 3 4 3 35 a n d A b b. 8 1 .28 V O N G E R K EN , K I R S CH E N 1 9 2 8 , an d V O N H E S B ER G 1 99 5 , 1 7 , A bb . 1 0.29 Forthe functions of the Greek gymnasiumsee GAUTHIER1995.

Fig. 9/3. Augustan forum of Iuvanum.

m en ti on ed a bo ve . I n t he c as e o f b ot h t im be r a nd s to ne f or um s a nd h ea dq ua rt er b ui ld in gs , o f l at e

Fl av ia n e ar ly A nt on in e t im es , o n t he b ac k s id e o f t he b as il ic a t he re i s a c om pl et e row o f r oo ms ,consisting of three main pieces in the center, two corridors and other one-two rooms in thec orn ers . In a dd iti on t o t hat , a t b ot h e nd s o f t he b asi li ca t he re a re t wo tribunalia, one used for

judgments and speeches, the other probably as Augusteum.

4 . T h e o r i gi n s o f th e s t r o ng l y i nt e g r a te d b u i l d in g . A n e w p o i n t of v i e w

What is then the true origin of this particular kind of forum, which I prefer to call blockf o ru m , o r i nt e gr at e d f o ru m? A s a m at te r o f f ac t i t h as n o d ire ct p re de ce ss or s, n ot o nl y a mo ng m il it ar y h ea dq ua rt er b ui ld in gs b ut a ls o a mo ng c iv il ia n f or um s o f e ar li er d at e ( i. e. Au gu st an ), s o

t h a t n o o n e c a n d r a w a c l e a r e v o l u t i o n l i n e f r o m o n e t o t h e o t h e r . I n e x c h a n g e , a p e r f e c t m a t c h f o rt he t im be r a nd s to ne f or um s o f S ar mi ze ge tu sa i s t he l at e He ll en is ti c g ym na si um f ro m Mi le tu s28(Fig. 10/12) . It is a block-building, with a perfect symmetric plan, provided with a

monumental entrance, propylon, a c en tr al c ou rt -y ar d l im it ed b y a s im pl e D or ic p or ti co o n t hr ees i d e s a n d b y a o n e n a v e b a s i l i c a w i t h a I o n i c f a c a d e o n t h e f o u r t h s i d e . T h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e c e n t r a lroom was also provided with two Ionic columns. This feature (cf. Fig. 10/2) recalls theco mbi na t io n be tw ee n Tu s ca n p o rt i co a n d I on i c basilica o f t h e Tr a ja n ic f o ru m o f S ar miz e ge t us a,and t he f ac ad e of t he curia, w it h I on ic p il la rs . A g ym na si um a nd a f or um h ad s im il ar f un ct io ns ,

29b ei ng u lt im at el y re un io n s pa ce s , s o t ha t t he p er fe ct m at ch o f t he p la ns i s n ot a t a ll s ur pr is in g. In

A case ofHellenistic influence on Ro m a n a r c h i te c t u re 6711


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Fig. 10/2. Late Hellenistic gymnasium at Miletus (restoration).

N

0 10 20 m

F ig . 1 0/ 1 . L a t e H e l le n i s ti c g ym n a s i um a t M i le t u s .

f ac t, t he A ug us ta n f or um s o f Wa ld gi rm es a nd Iu va nu m r es em bl e l es s t he Tr aj an ic f or um s a ndH Q b ui ld in gs t he n t he g ym na si um f ro m M il et us . It l oo ks l ik e F la vi an a nd Tr aj an ic a rc hi te ct s

foundtheirinspirationdirectlyinHellenisticbuildings.T h e gy mn a si u m f r o m M i l et u s is t h e e n d o f a l o n g ev o l u ti o n ch a i n f r o m l a t e C l a s si ca l

( e ar l y f o ur t h c e nt u r y B C ) t o l at e He l le n is t ic ( se c on d c e nt u ry B C ). S ev e ra l ge n er a ti o ns o f



13/17

Gre e k a r ch it e ct s co nce n t ra t e d t h e i r e f f o rt s i no rd er t o cr ea te a v er y s im pl e, e ss en ti al a ndco mp l et e l y r a t i o n a l i z e d, a r ch i t e ct u r a l f o r m.T h e f i r s t s t e p i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e

30

Po m p e i on f r o m A t he n s ( F ig . 1 1/ 1 ) , w h ic hi s t h e e a r li e r bl o ck bu i l din g w i th i n t er n a lc o ur t ya rd , su rr o un d ed b y a c o lo n na d e(peristylum) . It was bui lt a ro und 4 00 B. C.outside the Dipylon gate to be the meetingplace of young Athenians ( efeboi), who werein charge of guarding this double gate. In thea pp rox . 4 2 1 8 m re ct an gu la r y ard t he y w o u ld a l s o co n gr e g at e t o p r e p ar e t h e g r ea t

festivals such as the Panathenian feast and theEleusian Mysteries. The main purpose of theporticoes, which represented an architecturali n n ov a t i on , th a t l a t e r w e re t o h a v e a br i l li a n tcareer in antique architecture, was to shelterall kind of informal reunions of the teenagers.O n t h e n o r t h- e a s t a n d n o r t h- w e st s i de s o f t h eb ui ld in g si x b an qu et r oo ms we re p la ce d.T he y c on ta in ed a t ot al of 66 ba nq ue t b ed s

(klinee-s). The common meal was essentialf o r ma i n ta i n i ng t h e s o l i da r i t y w i t h in a s o ci alg r ou p a n d t h e e s pr i t d e c o r ps. The buildingh a d a m o nu m en t al e n tr a nc e w it h a propylono f f ou r D or ic c ol um ns . It w as no t p la ce d i nt h e mi ddl e o f th e s o ut h e r n w a l l , bu t n e a r t h es o u t h - e a s t c o r n e r . T h u s , d e s p i t e t h erectangular peristylium, the building has littlec o h e r e n c e a n d a l m o s t n o s y m m e t r y a t a l l .

S uc h qu a li t ie s w e re m et b y t h e l a teC l a ss i ca l e a r l y H e l le n i s ti c p a l a ce (basileia)31a t A ig ai ( Ve rg in a) , M ac ed on ia ( Fi g. 1 1 /2 ) .

I t c o ns i st e d o f a p r iv a te q u ar t er, oekos, an d o f a larger public o ne, androon, which wasi nt en de d f or b an qu et s a nd m ee ti ng s. T hi ss ec to r p rovi de s a f irs t e xam pl e of a b loc k b u il d in g d es i gn e d a f te r a c e nt r al a xi s , wh i chc re at es a t he at ri ca l ef fe ct b y m ea ns o f th e

s u cce ss i o n o f f a a de s. I n f r on t t h e re w a s a

30 T R AV L O S 1 97 1 , 4 7 7 a n d F i g. 6 0 2 ; H O E F NE R 1 9 9 6 , 6 a n d A b b . 2 .31 H O E F N E R 1 9 9 6 , 9 1 7 a n d A b b . 5 1 2 .

0 3 0 m

N

OEKOS

ANDROON

4 1 ,5 m

Fig. 11/1. Late classical Pompeion in Athens.

F i g. 1 1 / 2. E a r l y H e l le n i s t ic p a la c e

f r o m A i g a i , Ma c e d on i a .



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monumental propylon a n d a co l o n na de r u nn i n g a l o ng t h e w h o le f a a de. I n s i de , t h e s q ua r ey a rd m e as u re d 4 1 4 1 m ( s li g ht l y b i gg e r t h en t h e f o ru m p i az z a f r om S ar m iz e ge t us a ) a n d w a ss u rr o un d ed b y a m o nu m en t al D or i c peristylum. I t i s m or e l ik e ly t h at t h is i n te r na l s pa c e wa sn o t u s ed a s a g a rd e n f o r l e is u re , b ut a s a p i az z a f o r m i li t ar y p a ra d es a nd o t he r o f fi c ia l me e ti n gs .

T h e r o om s ar o un d t h is y a rd s h el t er ed 2 8 7 b an q ue t b e ds , f or a r ou n d 5 0 0 gu e st s . T h e th re eh u g e r o o ms o n t h e w e s t s i de h a d e a ch 30 klinee- s an d t he y m ea su re d 1 7 m i n wi dt h, s o th att h e y n e e d e d a s p e c i a l r o o f i n g .

T h e n e x t s t e p i n t h e e v o lu t i o n o f He l l e ni s t i c p a la ce s , t ow a rds p e r f e ct l y s y mmet r i calbl o ck bu i l di n g s wi t h s cr ee n f a a de s , i s r e p re s e n te d by t h e r oy a l androon a t Pe l la , a l re a dy m ent io ne d a bove . It w as p art o f a l ar ger c om ple x a nd sh are d t he m ain , re pre se nt at iv ee n tr a nc e , w it h a no t he r p u bl i c b ui l di n g, c o n si s ti n g ma i nl y o f a h u ge p i az z a s u rr ou n de d b y a

peristylum ( F ig . 12) . T h e n e w a r ch it e ct ur a l v is i o n i s i ll u s tr a t e d by t h e s p e ci a l t re a t men t o f t h eb a ck s i de , w i th a m a in a s se m bl y r o om , f l an k ed b y t w o s m al l er r o om s a n d p r ec e de d b y a h a ll .

32

T h i s o n e re p r es e n t s a de v e lo p me nt o f t he s i mp l e p or t i co i n t o a mo n u me n t a l s t r uct u r e.

33,35 m

47,61 m

0 10 m

Fig . 12. Palace complex in Pella. Fig. 13. The g ymnasium f rom Priene.

32

W I E G AN D / S CH R A D ER 1 9 0 4 , A b b . 2 7 1 , a n d V O N H E S B ER G 1 9 9 5 , 1 6 , wi t h no t e 37 o n e ar l i e rreferences, andAbb. 16.33 D E L RO M E 1 9 61 , 1 3 8 , Fi g . 3 2 , a n d V O N H E S B ER G 1 99 5 , 1 6 , w it h n o t e 3 9 f or e a r l ie r r e f e re n c e s , an d

Abb. 7.

S i mi l ar f e at u re s d is p la y t h e gy m na s iu m f r om P ri e ne ( b e gi n ni n g o f th e 2 n d c e nt u ry B . C . ) ( F ig . 13) . H e re t h e mo n u me n t a l col o n n ade i n f r o nt o f t h e ma i n ro o m, ephebeum, isc le ar ly s ep ar at ed f ro m t he peristylum, s u r ro u n din g t h e y a rd. Th e o n l y e l e men t a v o idi n g t h ep e r f ect s y mmet r y o f p l an i s t he e n t ra n ce p la ce d t o t h e s i de beca u s e o f t h e p o s i ti o n o f t h ebu i l di n g i n t h e s t r ee t g r i d o f Pr i en e .

T h e r e qu e st f o r s y mm e tr y w a s a l so f o ll o we d b y t h e c o nt e mp o ra r y d e si g ne r s o f t h e33g y mn a s i u mf r o mD e l o s ( s o ca l l e dPalestre du lac , Fi g . 1 4/ 1 ) . I n t h is c a se t h e c en t ra l r oo m i n

t h e ba ck o f t h e ya r d h a s a s e mi ci r cu la r a p s e , i n s ha p e of a schola, the rounded bank reunions



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a n d d i sc u ss i on s . Fa r m o re c o mp l ex , a n d i n de e d m o nu m en t al , w a s t h e g y mn a si u m f r om34Cy re ne ( Fi g. 14 /2 ) , l at er r es to re d a s Caesareion. It c on si st ed o f a re ct an gu la r p ia zz a w it h

p o r t ico e s o n a l l si de s a n d p r ov i de d w i t h t wo mo n u men t a l e nt r a n ce s p r ece de d by co l u mns o nt h e s o u th a n d w e s t s i de . To t h e n o r t h t h er e i s t h e u s ua l r o w o f r o o ms, w i t h t h e ce nt r a l o n ef l an k ed b y c o rr i do r s. L a t e r t h is p a r t w a s r ep l ac e d b y a h u ge b a s i li c a.

As mentioned above the final stage in the evolution of this strongly integrated

b u il d in g i s r ea c he d b y t h e g ym n as i um f r om M il e tu s , d at e d i n 2 n d c e nt u ry B . C. I n t h i s c as e i tworth repeating that the similarities with the forums in Sarmizegetusa are striking:- a m o n u m e n t a l propylon a t t h e e n t r a n ce ,- a s i n g l e n a v e ba s i l i ca w i t h a I o n i c f a a de ,- a bi g h a l l i n t he mi ddl e o f t h e ro w o f r o o ms si t u a te d o n t h e ba cks i de o f t h e bas i l i ca .

*

Despite the astonishing resemblance, the distance in time between the twomonuments recalls for prudence before drawing any conclusion. On the other hand, since lateF l av i a n e a r l y A n t o ni n e bl o ck- f o r ums mi l i ta r y h e a dqu a r te r s h a v e n o di r ect p r e de ce s so ri n e it he r c iv il ia n o r m il it ar y a rc hi te ct ur e, o ne c an no t r ej ec t t he e xp la na ti on t ha t s om eGraeculus, w o r ki n g f o r t h e i mp e ri a l h o u se , ca me t o t h e i de a o f r e u si n g a n a n ci en t H e l le n i st i cb u il d in g p l an f o r a c o nt e mp o ra r y R o ma n b u il d in g . I t w a s p e rf e c tl y f u nc t io n al an d d i d n o tl a ck s y mmet r y, e l eg a n ce e v e n . I t a l s o o f f e re d t h e op p o r tu n i t y o f di sp l a y in g a s u cces s i o n o f r i ch l y de co r a t e df a ca de s w h i ch p l e a s e dt h e R o ma n s a l o t .

Alexandru DiaconescuUniversity Babe-Bolyai

Cluj-Napoca, RO

[email protected]

and

Fig. 14. Middle Hellenistic gymnasiums. 1. Delos. 2. Cyrene, first phase.

34 STUCCHI 1975, 124 sqq, Fig. 105, and VON HESBERG 1995, 14, note 17, Abb. 9.



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ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

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provinciales du monde romain (Bruxelles 1991).

BALTY 1994J.CH. BALTY, Le centre civique dans les villes romaines et ses espaces politiques et administratifs. In Laciudad en el mundo romano, vol. 1. Ponencies Ponencias (Tarraco 1994), 91107.

B L A N C K 1 9 7 0H. BLANCK, Funde und Grabungen in Mittelitalien 19591969. Arch. Anz. 5, 1970, 275346.

BOTIUS/WARD-PERKINS 1970A. BOTHIUS, J.-B. WARD-PERKINS, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (New-Haven andLondon 1970).

BRANDS 1996G. BRANDS, Halle, Propylon und Peristyl -Elemnte Hellenistischer Palastfassaden in Makrdonien. InBasileia. Die Palste der Hellenistischen Knige. Internationales Symposion in Berlin (Mainz am

Rhein 1996), 6275.BIANCHI-BANDINELLI 1969R. BIANCHI-BANDINELLI, Rome. Le centre du pouvoir (Paris 1969).

C A R P E N T E R 1 9 7 1J.R. CARPENTER, The Propylon in Greek and Hellenistic Architecture (Ann Arbor 1971).

DELROME 1961J. DELORME, La palestre du Lac, in Exploration archologique de Delos. Les palestres (Paris 1961),

77153.TIENNE/PISO/DIACONESCU2004

R. TIENNE, I. PISO, AL. DIACONESCU, Les fouilles du forum vetus de Sarmizegetusa. Rapportgnral. Acta Mus. Napocensis 3940/I, 2004, 59154.

EUZENNAT 1994M. EUZENNAT, Principia militaires et forums civils. In L a c i ut a t e n el m n r om = La c i ud a d e n elmundo romano. Actes XIV Congrs Internacional d'Arqueologia Clssica, Tarragona, 5. 11.9.1993.

Vol. 1: Ponncies = Ponencias (Tarraco 1994), 197203.F E L L M A N N 1 9 8 3

R. FELLMANN, Principia-Stabsgebude (Stuttgart 1983).F U L F OR D / T IM B Y 2 0 0 0

M. FULFORD, J. TIMBY, Late Iron Age and Roman Silchester: Excavations on the Site of the Forum-Basilica, 1977,198086 (BritanniaMonographs nt. 15)(London 2000).

G A UT H I E R 1 9 9 5P H . G AU T H I ER , N o te s s u r l e r l e d u g y m na s e d a n s l e s c it s h e l l n i s t iq u e s , i n St a n d bi l d u n d

Burgerbild im Hellenismus (Mnchen 1995), 211.V O N G E R K AN / K I R SC H E N 1 9 2 8

A. VON GERKAN, F. KRISCHEN, Thermen und Palestern, Milet. I (Berlin 1928).GROS 1996a

P. G R OS , L ' A rc h i t ec t u re r o m a in e d u d b u t d u I I I e s i c le a v. J . - C. l a f i n d u Ha u t E m p i re , I . L e sMonuments publiques (Paris 1996).

GROS 1996bP. GROS, Les nouveaux espaces civiques du dbut de l'Empire en Asie Mineure: les exemples d'Ephese,Iasos et Aphrodisias [Aphrodisias Papers 3] (Ann Arbor 1996), 111120.

V O N H E S B ER G 19 9 5H . V ON H E S B ER G, D a s g r i e c hi s c h e G ym n a s io n i m 2 . J h . v. C h r. In St a nd b il d u n d B ur g e rb i ld i mHellenismus (Mnchen 1995), 1327.

V O N H E S B ER G 20 0 5H . V O N H E S B ER G, R m i s c h e B a uk u n s t ( M n c h e n 2 0 0 5) .



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H O EP F NE R 1 9 96W. HOEPFNER, Zum Typus der Basileia und der kniglichen Andrones, in Basileia. Die Palste derhellenistischen Knige (Internationales Symposion in Berlin,1992), (Mainz amRhein 1996), 143.

I S A C /D I A CO N E S CU / O P R EA N U 1 9 8 3D . I S AC , A L. D I AC O NE S CU , C . H. O P RE A NU , P ri n ci pi a c a st r ul u i d e l a G i l u . Ac t a Mu s .

Napocensis, 20, 1983, 85101.M A R S D E N 1 9 8 7P. MARSDEN, The Roman Forum Site at London (London 1987).

M I L L E T T 1 9 9 0M. MILLETT, The Romanisation of Britain. An Essay in Archaeological Interpretation, (Cambridge1990).

P A C K E R 1 9 9 7J.E. PACKER, The Forum of Trajan in Rome: A Study of the Monuments, vol II I I , ( B e r k e l ey 1 9 9 7 ).

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