EPBD and Part L - NHS Wales

EPBD and Part LAnthony SlaterBRE Environment

Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

• Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and Council published 4 January 2003

• Directive lays down requirements for:(a) a methodology for calculation of the integrated energy

performance of buildings (Article 3);(b) minimum requirements for the energy performance of new

buildings and consideration of renewables (Articles 4 and 5);(c) minimum requirements for the energy performance of large

existing buildings subject to major renovation (Articles 4 and 6);

Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

• Directive also lays down requirements for:(d) energy certification of buildings at sale or lease and display of

certificate in public buildings (Article 7);(e) regular inspection of boilers (Article 8) and of air-conditioning

systems (Article 9) in buildings and in addition an assessment of the heating installation in which the boilers are more than 15 years old.

(f) Certification of buildings and inspection of plant to be carried out in an independent manner by qualified and / or accredited experts (Article 10)

EPBD – Annex

• General framework for calculation of energy performance– Envelope, including airtightness– Heating and hot water services– Air-conditioning– Ventilation– Lighting– Outdoor climate– Solar gains and protection– Indoor climate– Renewables, chp and daylighting

Background: policy

• White Paper ‘Our Energy Future - Creating a Low Carbon Economy’. February 2003

• ‘Energy Efficiency : The Government’s Plan for Action’published by DEFRA in April 2004

3.16 - Start immediately on the next major revision of Building Regulations - aim to bring into effect in 2005.(2 years ahead of previous schedule)

Part L changes – transitional arrangements

Part L (2006) came into force 6 April 2006• Applies to all new workTransitional arrangements – Part L (2002) applies if:• Work started before 6 April 2006 with building notice, full

plans, initial notice or amendment notice• Where full plans not required, contract before 6 April 2006,

work started before 1 October 2006• Full plans deposited and approved before 6 April 2006 and

work started before 1 April 2007• Plans certificate and initial notice to Local Authority before

6 April 2006 and work started before 1 April 2007

Principal changes to Part L

• Move to a whole building approach based on energy/carbon targets (no elemental approach for new buildings)

• Aim to reduce energy requirements by around 25%– implies significant improvements in insulation and heating system

efficiency– provides incentive for low and zero carbon technologies, especially with

fuels other than gas

• Extends coverage of measures installed in existing buildings

• Implements EPBD articles 3 – 6 • Simplified Approved Documents rely on second tier

documents

Structure of Part L

• ADL1A – new dwellings• ADL1B – work in existing dwellings

• ADL2A – new buildings that are not dwellings• ADL2B – work in existing buildings that are not dwellings

Part L Requirement

L1 Reasonable provision shall be made for the conservation of fuel and power in buildings by ─

a) limiting ─i heat losses through the fabric of the building;ii excessive solar gains; andiii heat gains and losses from pipes, ducts and vessels used for space heating, space cooling and hot water storage;

b) providing energy efficient and properly commissioned fixed building services with effective controls;

c) providing to the owner sufficient information about the building and its building services so that the building can be operated and maintained in such a manner as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances.

Regulation 17 – EPBD Articles 3, 4, 5

17A.(1) The Secretary of State shall approve a methodology of calculation of the energy performance of buildings.(2) The methodology shall comply with the requirements of the Directive.

17B. The Secretary of State shall approve minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings in the form of target CO2 emission rates, which shall be based upon the methodology approved pursuant to regulation 17A.

17C. Any new building shall meet the target CO2 emission rate for the building.

Regulation 17 – EPBD Article 6

17D.—(1) This regulation applies to a building with a total useful floor area over 1,000m2 where the proposed building work includes—– an extension; or– the initial provision of any fixed building services; or– an increase to the installed capacity of any fixed building services.

(2) Where this regulation applies, such work, if any, shall be carried out as is necessary to ensure that the building complies with the requirements of Part L of Schedule 1.(3) This regulation shall not require anything to be done that is not technically, functionally and economically feasible.

The compliance route for new buildings

• Meet carbon target• Meet the worst acceptable standards• Control of summer overheating• Quality of construction and commissioning• Provisions for energy efficient operation

New dwellings – ADL1A

• New dwellings• Mixed use if commercial part could revert to domestic use

– Direct access from one part to another

• Mixed use – ADL1A for self-contained dwelling part, ADL2A for commercial part

• “rooms for residential purposes” – student accommodation etc – ADL2A

• Non-dwelling areas – heated common areas – ADL2A

The compliance route for new dwellings – ADL1A

• Meet carbon target– Dwelling Emissions Rate (DER) ≤ Target Emissions Rate (TER)– Information for Energy Performance Certificate

• Meet the worst acceptable standards– Envelope insulation– Air permeability– Efficiency of building services

• Control of summer overheating• Quality of construction and commissioning

– As built performance consistent with DER– Pressure tests, commissioning etc

• Provisions for energy efficient operation– Provision of information (part of home information pack)

Work in existing dwellings – ADL1B

• Extensions• Material change of use• Material alteration• Controlled items

– Provision of controlled fittings e.g. replacement windows– Extension of controlled services e.g. replacement boiler– Provision or renovation of thermal elements e.g. flat roof

• Mixed use – non-dwelling areas ADL2B

New buildings other than dwellings – ADL2A

• New buildings other than dwellings• First fit out (if deferred)• Extensions > 100m2 and > 25% of existing building

The compliance route for new buildings other than dwellings – ADL2A

• Meet the carbon target– Based on a whole building energy calculation

• Meet the worst acceptable standards– Envelope insulation– Air permeability– Efficiency of building services

• Control of summer overheating• Quality of construction & commissioning• Provision of information

Carbon emissions

• Calculate carbon emissions from notional building– 2002 elemental standards

• Calculate carbon emissions target (TER)– Improvement factor + renewables benchmark

• Calculate predicted carbon emissions from actual building (BER)– Same occupancy as notional building

• Preliminary calculation of BER at design stage• Final calculation of BER as built

The compliance test for Part L

Notional withImprovement %

= Target

2002 Elemental standards

Fabric & plant

CalculationTool

Inputdata

StandardActivity

Schedule

Proposed

ProposedFabric & plant

Buildinggeometry

Is P>T? OKN

Revisedesign

Y

Whole building carbon improvement

0.100.20Air conditioned

0.100.20Heated and mechanically ventilated

0.100.15Heated and naturally ventilated (including buildings with low levels of heating)

LZC benchmark

Improvement factor

Servicing strategy

TER = Cnotional x (1-improvement factor) x (1-LZC benchmark)

For air conditioned building:TER = Cnotional x (1-0.20) x (1-0.10) = 0.72 Cnotional

CO2 emission factors – kgCO2/kWh

0.018Waste heat0.568Grid displaced electricity 0.422Grid supplied electricity 0.025Biomass0.187Dual-fuel (mineral + wood)0.392Smokeless fuel (inc coke)0.317Anthracite0.291Coal0.265Oil0.025Biogas0.234LPG0.194Natural gas

Enhanced management and control features

• Reduce building CO2 emissions by adjustment factor

0.025Power factor correction – whole building power factor >0.95

0.010Power factor correction – whole building power factor >0.90

0.050Automatic monitoring and targeting with alarms

Adjustment factor

Feature

HeatHeatPumpPump

Natural temperature at >1 metre below Natural temperature at >1 metre below surface is a constant +10 C. Plenty of heat surface is a constant +10 C. Plenty of heat energy energy –– but at too low a temperaturebut at too low a temperaturelow grade low grade heatheat

useful useful heatheat

HeatHeatPumpPump



HeatHeatPumpPump



Low and zero carbon systems

Worst acceptable standards

• Poorest acceptable U-values– e.g. walls: average 0.35, element 0.45

• Air permeability– 10m3/m2h at test pressure 50Pa

• Building services systems– e.g. heating system seasonal efficiency 80.8%– cooling system cop 2.25

• Building that only meets worst acceptable standards will not satisfy carbon emissions target (TER)

Summer overheating

• Areas without active comfort cooling systems– Assume no overheating in cooled areas

• Show that space will not overheat– CIBSE design summer year– Show no need to retrofit air conditioning

• Potential carbon impact of retrofit mechanical cooling – Include in energy calculation for actual building (but not notional building)

Quality of construction & commissioning

• Thermal bridging• Airtightness

– Air leakage test

Regulation 20B – Airtightness testing

20B.—(1) This regulation applies to the erection of a building.(2) Where this regulation applies, the person carrying out the

work shall, for the purpose of ensuring compliance with Regulation 17C and paragraph L1(a)(i) of Schedule 1—

a) ensure that, in such circumstances as are approved by the Secretary of State, appropriate air pressure testing is carried out in accordance with a procedure approved by the Secretary of State; and

b) give a copy of the results of the testing to the local authority.

Regulation 20B – Airtightness testing

• All buildings > 500m2

• Competent person – ATTMA member: see www.attma.org• Testing must conform to the standard procedure set out in

ATTMA TS1 (2005) and BS:EN 13829 (2001)

• Airtightness as surrogate for building quality

Quality of construction & commissioning

• Thermal bridging• Airtightness

– Air leakage test– Competent person: Membership of ATTMA

• Air leakage of ductwork– Leakage test– Competent person: HVCA Specialist Ductwork Group

• Inspection and commissioning of building services systems– CIBSE, BSRIA Commissioning Codes– Competent person: Membership CSA

Regulation 20C – Commissioning

20C.— (1) This regulation applies to building work in relation to which paragraph L1(b) of Schedule 1 imposes a requirement.

(2) Where this regulation applies the person carrying out the work shall, for the purpose of ensuring compliance with paragraph L1(b) of Schedule 1, provide to the local authority a notice confirming that all fixed building services have been properly commissioned in accordance with a procedure approved by the Secretary of State.

(3) The notice shall be given to the local authority not later than the date on which the notice required by regulation 15(4), or regulation 16A(3) is given.

Provision of information

• Building log-book• Energy performance certificate• Energy meters

– Account for end-use of 90% of annual energy consumption– Automatic meter reading and data collection buildings >1,000m2

Work in existing buildings - ADL2B

• Extensions – Small extensions (<100m2 and <25% existing)– Conservatories > 30m2

• Material change of use• Material alteration• Controlled items

– Provision or extension of a controlled service or fitting– Provision or renovation of a thermal element

• Consequential improvements– Cost effective– Energy survey

• Historic buildings

Approved Document L2B – extensions

• Large extensions– If more than 100 m² floor area and more than 25% existing useful area

treat as new build - meet ADL2A

• Conservatories (> 30 m²) – Effective thermal separation between conservatory and rest of building,

and U-values in conservatory no worse than minimum standard for replacement elements of an existing building

ADL2B – change of use and material alteration

• Newly constructed elements – as new elements in extension. Avoidance of thermal bridging.

• Replaced elements can have a slight lower standard

• Retained elements can have lower standard


• Given standards for new or replacement controlled items• Thermal elements:

– U-values

Regulation 4A – Renovation of “thermal elements”

4A.—(1) Where a person intends to carry out work in an existing building which involves the renovation of a thermal element reasonable provision shall be made to improve the energy efficiency of the thermal element.

(2) Where a person intends to carry out work in an existing building which involves the replacement of a thermal element, any new thermal element must be reasonably energy efficient.


(3) In this regulation-"thermal element" means-

a wall;a floor; ora roof,

which separates the internal conditioned space from the external environment, and in each case includes all parts of the element between the surface bounding the internal conditioned space and the external environment;


"renovation" means the provision of a new physical layer in the element or the replacement of an existing layer, but excludes paint work.

Renovation of “thermal elements”

• Where renovation works apply to more than 25% of the surface area of the element then upgrade U-value

• Technically, functionally feasible• Simple payback 15 years or less• Upgrade retained thermal elements with poor U-value


• Given standards for new or replacement controlled items• Thermal elements:

– U-values

• Controlled fittings:– Windows, rooflights, doors

• Controlled services: – Heating and hot water systems– Air conditioning– Lighting + controls

• Guidance for small extensions

Regulation 17 – EPBD Article 6

17D.—(1) This regulation applies to a building with a total useful floor area over 1,000m2 where the proposed building work includes—– an extension; or– the initial provision of any fixed building services; or– an increase to the installed capacity of any fixed building services.

(2) Where this regulation applies, such work, if any, shall be carried out as is necessary to ensure that the building complies with the requirements of Part L of Schedule 1.

(3) This regulation shall not require anything to be done that is not technically, functionally and economically feasible.

Consequential improvements

• Works additional to the principal works• To improve the energy efficiency of the whole building• Measures achieving simple payback <15 years will be

economically feasible

Consequential improvements – extensions

• Adopt measures value not less than 10% of value of principal works

• Report signed by suitably qualified person– Chartered quantity surveyor

Consequential improvements – extensions

• Upgrade heating systems >15yrs old (replace plant or improve controls)

• Upgrade cooling systems >15yrs old (replace plant or improve controls)

• Upgrade air-handling systems >15yrs old (replace plant or improve controls)

• Upgrade lighting of >100m2 with efficacy < 40 lamp-lumens/circuit watt

• Upgrade thermal elements with poor U-values• Install LZC system with simple payback ≤7 years• Install energy metering

Consequential improvements – new services

• Provision of new service• Increase in capacity of heating or cooling plant

– Improve parts of the building served by the new or improved building service– Make improvements as for extensions (10% threshold)

Consequential improvements – new services

• Increase in capacity of heating plant– Upgrade poor thermal elements– Replace windows or doors with U-value <3.3W/m2K

• Increase in capacity of cooling plant– Upgrade poor thermal elements– Reduce solar load and hence cooling load– Upgrade lighting with efficacy < 40 lamp-lumens/circuit watt

• All technically, functionally and economically feasible improvements (No 10% threshold)

Consequential improvements

• Upgrade thermal elements when more than 25% of surface area is affected

• Upgrade retained elements when U-value exceeds threshold

Provide Information

• Update building logbook• If no logbook – prepare new logbook

Improving compliance

• Simple checklists in Approved Documents• Simplified technical guidance in Approved Documents –

second tier documents• Rules for compliance part of National Calculation

Methodology – not open to interpretation• Competent persons schemes for self certification reduces

burden on Building Control Bodies

Summary of Changes to Part L

• A radical new approach

• New buildings meet carbon target for compliance

• Consequential improvements in large existing buildings

• The focus is on the key policy objective (CO2 emissions)

• Maximum design flexibility

• Increased emphasis on ensuring standards met in practice

• More building work covered by Part L (e.g. thermal elements)

EPBD Article 7 - Energy Performance Certificates

• Supply Energy Performance certificates ≤ 10 years old when buildings are constructed, sold or rented out.– Include recommendations for cost-effective improvement of energy

performance

• Buildings >1000 m2 occupied by public organisations and visited by large numbers of the public must display certificate prominently.

• Possible implementation:-– New build – Information from Part L compliance– Sales and new tenancies - new systems required.– New regulatory system for display of energy performance

certificates in large public buildings

EPBD Article 10 - Certification and inspection

• To be “carried out in an independent manner by qualified and / or accredited experts … …”.

• New qualification systems required for building energy surveyors and plant energy performance inspectors.

• Industry has reported with recommendations – keen to have Government approval schemes.

DIAG EPBD Article 7/10 Advisory Group

• Recommendations– Formal framework of nationally recognised qualifications

• Different qualifications for different cases – dwellings / other buildings, – new build / existing buildings

• Development of National Occupational Standards• Vocationally Related Qualifications or National Vocational

Qualifications– Authorised competent persons schemes

• Commercially competing schemes• Development of Technical Standards

– Phased implementation by 2009

− See www.diag.org.uk for report

Energy rating definitions

• New Building Design Rating– a calculation of building energy performance carried out as part of building

control submission– used to show compliance with Part L energy performance requirements– rating base line to be the equivalent ‘notional building’

• New Building Asset Rating– a calculation of intrinsic energy performance “as-built”

• Existing Building Asset Rating– provided to prospective purchaser or tenant– based on the intrinsic energy performance of the building

• Operational Rating– used for public display/disclosure purposes– based on actual building performance/energy management– derived from metered energy data and floor area

Building certification – EPBD Article 7

• Implementation – New buildings - information through Part L but form of certificate

not yet determined– Existing dwellings for sale - through Home Information Pack– Other cases still to be decided

• EPBD Article 15 gives possible additional 3 years for implementation of Articles 7, 8 and 9 if lack of qualified and / or accredited experts

• Implementation by January 2009 latest

The home energy report

• Home energy report (HER) as part of Home Information Pack.

• This report is produced using a RDSAP calculation.

• The Energy Certificate produced will then show exactly how energy efficient the property is currently

• Recommend any improvements which could be made.

Non-domestic Buildings – Operational Ratings

• Expected to be based on measured in-use consumption data

• Includes intrinsic performance, plus effect of:− Actual plant performance

− Actual occupancy, location, etc

− Actual management practices by occupants at the time

• Also needs comparison with benchmarks

• Used to establish scope for improvement

• Must recommend improvement measures

Source: Bill Bordass/Europrosper

EPBD and Part L – Key issuesAnthony SlaterBRE Environment