Chapter 8

LEADERSHIP

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Learning Objectives

1. Differentiate between leadership and management.

2. Describe how leaders are able to influence and empower team members.

3. Identify important leadership characteristics and behaviors.

4. Describe participative leadership, authoritarian leadership, the Leadership Grid, and situational leadership.

5. Describe transformational and charismatic leadership.

6. Explain the leadership role of mentoring and coaching.

7. Identify the skills that contribute to leadership.

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1. The Link Between Leadership And Management

Leadership is the ability to inspire confidence and support among the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals

Leadership is one of the basic functions of management. Managers must be leaders, but leaders must also be good managers.

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2. The Leadership Use Of Power And Authority

Power: The ability or potential to influence decisions and control resources.

Authority: The formal right to get people to do things or the formal right to control resources.

Sources of Power

Subordinate Power (power

exerted upward)

Referent Power (based on loyalty

to leader)

Expert Power (based on job knowledge)

Coercive Power (control over punishments)

Reward Power (control of

valuable rewards) Legitimate Power

(authentic right)

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Influence Tactics Used by Leaders

1. Leading by example 2. Leading by values 3. Assertiveness 4. Rationalilty (appealing to

logic and reason) 5. Ingratiation 6. Exchange of favors 7. Coalition formation

(strength in numbers) 8. Joking and kidding

So which influence tactic should a leader choose?

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3. Characteristics, Traits and Behaviours of Effective Leaders

a. Characteristics and Traits of Effective Leaders

1. Driven, high achievers, passionate

2. Possess a strong desire to control others

3. Self-confident combined with humility

4. Trustworthy and honest

5. Good intellectual ability, knowledge, and technical competence

6. Sense of humor

7. Emotional intelligence

8. Leadership efficacy

b. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders

Is adaptable to the situation

Establishes a direction for and demands high standards of performance from group members

Is visible and maintains a social presence

Provides emotional support to group members

Gives frequent feedback and accepts feedback

Plays the role of servant leader

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4. Leadership Styles

Leadership style: The typical pattern of behaviour that a leader uses to influence his or her employees to achieve organizational goals.

Two basic leadership styles: Participative Leaders are one who shares decision

making with group members: consultative, consensus, or democratic leaders

Autocratic Leaders retain most of the authority for themselves.

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The Leadership Continuum

Amount of Authority Held by the Leader

Amount of Authority Held by Group Members

Autocratic Style

Participative Style

Free-Rein Style

Consultative Consensus Democratic

Leadership Grid Leadership Styles

Leadership Grid®: A visual representation of different combinations of a leader’s degree of concern for task-related issues.

Seven combinations of concern for results and people: 9,9 Sound: Ideal Grid

position is sound leader who contributes and commits.

OPP Opportunistic: leader exploits and manipulates.

Situational Leadership®II Matches leadership style to level of commitment and competence of group

members on given task.

Leadership depends on supporting and directing behaviors, with four styles:

S1—Directing S2—Coaching

S3—Supporting S4—Delegating

Delegating style is best for self-reliant achiever

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5. Transformational And Charismatic Leadership

a. Transformational Leadership

A transformational leader helps organization and people make positive changes

Transformations take place in one or more of three ways:

i. Awareness of value of rewards

ii. Gets people to look beyond self-interest

iii. Gets people to focus on self-fulfillment

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Charisma: The ability to lead or influence others based on personal charm, magnetism, inspiration, and emotion.

Qualities of Charismatic Leader:

i. Possess a vision (exciting image of future)

ii. Masterful communication style

iii. Inspires trust

iv. Energy and action orientation

v. Inspiring leadership (emotionally arouses people)

b. Charismatic Leadership

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How to Develop Charisma

1. Use visioning

2. Make frequent use of metaphors

3. Inspire trust and confidence.

4. Be energetic and goal oriented

5. Smile frequently

6. Make people you meet feel important.

7. Have an effective handshake.

8. Stand up straight and use nonverbal signs of self-confidence.

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6. The Leader as Mentor and Coach

A mentor is a more experienced person who develops a protégé’s abilities through tutoring, coaching, guidance, and emotional support.

Coaching focuses more on performance.

Mentor is trusted counselor and guide.

Helping protégé solve problems is an important part of mentoring.

Shadowing is directly observing work activities of mentor.

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7. Leadership Skills

1. Technical and interpersonal

2. Sizing up situations

3. Exerting influence

4. Motivating team members

5. Resolving conflict

6. Solving problems

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Homework for group presentation

Prepare for a 15 minute group presentation on Case Problem 10-A: “Michelle Rhee Makes Waves in D.C.”, page 385:

Describe shortly the case problem

Answer all questions in the case problem

Email your files to the lecturer