EOI Review Pictures

Biology EOI next week!

• Illustrates that the amount of available energy _______ at each succeeding trophic level.

Pyramid of Energy

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

0.1% Consumers

1% Consumers

10%

Consumers

100% Producers

Parasites, scavengers, and

decomposers feed at each

level.

decreases

1

• Shows that population sizes ________ at each higher trophic level.

Pyramid of Numbers

Fox (1)

Birds (25)

Grasshoppers

(250)

Grasses

(3000)

decreases

2

• The total weight of living matter at each trophic level. It represents the total weight of living material available at each trophic level.

Pyramid of Biomass

1 kilogram of human tissue

10 kilograms of beef

100 kilograms of grain

3

The nitrogen cycleNitrogen in the atmosphere

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the

nodules on roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria

Some excess nitrogen evaporates from soil.

Nitrogen compounds

released into soils and acted

upon by soil bacteria

Released to the atmosphere

Assimilated by plants

Urine from animals

Dead plant matter

Decomposing organisms

Decomposers—bacteria and fungi—break down tissues and wastes and nitrogen-

containing compounds are released.

Converted to other nitrogen compounds

by soil bacteria

4

Chihuahuan raven Honey mesquite (pods eaten by beetles)

Pronghorn antelope

Gambel quail

JackrabbitDesert tortoise

Prickly pear cactus

Long-tail weasel

Coyote (top carnivore)

Roadrunner

Kangaroo rat (seed eater)

ants

Texas horned lizard

Red spotted toad Mexican

whiptail lizard

Mojave rattlesnake

Food Web5

Precipitation

Evaporation

Runoff

Groundwater

TranspirationEvaporationCondensation

Oceans

Water Cycle

6

• Two hydrogen atoms can

combine with each other

by sharing their electrons.

Covalent bondCovalent bond

• Each atom becomes stable

by _______ its electron with the other atom.

Hydrogen molecule

sharing

7

• a mixture in which one or more substances (______) are distributed evenly in another substance (______).

SolutionSolution

• Sugar molecules in a powdered drink mix dissolve easily

in water.

solutessolvent

8

The results of diffusion

• When a cell is in _________

___________ with its environment, materials move into and out of the cell at equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration

inside or outside the cell.

Material moving out of cell equals material moving into cell

dynamic equilibrium

9

• Who chose to use the _________ in his experiments for several reasons?

• Garden pea plants reproduce sexually, which means that they produce male and female sex cells, called ________.gametes

garden pea

Mendel10

The rule of dominanceThe rule of dominance

• An uppercase letter is used for the dominant allele and a lowercase letter for the recessive allele.

• The dominant allele is always written first…rule of ?

T T

T

T

t t

t

tAll tall plants

F1

Tall plant Short plant

11

• A Punnett square for this cross is two boxes tall and two boxes wide because each parent can produce two kinds of gametes for this trait.

Monohybrid crossesMonohybrid crosses

Heterozygous tall parent

T t

T t

T t

T

t

Heterozygous tall parent

T t

T

t

TT Tt

Tt tt

12

• four boxes on each side for a total of 16 boxes.

Dihybrid crossDihybrid crossGametes from RrYy parent

RY Ry rY ry

Gam

etes

fro

m R

rYy

pare

nt

RY

Ry

rY

ry

RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy

RRYy RRYy RrYy Rryy

RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy

RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

13

• This pattern of reproduction, involving the production and subsequent fusion of haploid sex cells, is called

________________.

Sperm Cell

Egg Cell

Haploid gametes(n=23)

Fertilization

Diploid zygote(2n=46)

Multicellulardiploid adults

(2n=46)

meiosismeiosis

sexual reproduction

14

The two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell are called this. Each has genes for the same traits.

Homologous Chromosome

a A

Terminal Axial

InflatedD

Constrictedd

Tall

T

Short

t

15

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Eukarya

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Lynx

Lynx rufus

Lynx canadensis

Bobcat Lynx

16

CladisticsCladistics

Theropods

Allosaurus

Sinornis

Velociraptor

Archaeopteryx

Robin

Light bones 3-toed foot; wishbone

Down feathers

Feathers withshaft, veins,and barbs

Flight feathers;arms as long

as legs

17

Life History PatternsLife History Patterns• Biologists study the factor that determines population

growth—an organism’s reproductive pattern, also called its ???

Rapid growth Slow growthUnpredictable environment Stable environment

Small body size Large body size

Mature rapidly Mature slowly

Reproduce early Reproduce late

Short life span Long-lived

Ex: Bacteria Ex: human, tree

18

• Limiting factors, such as availability of food, disease, predators, or lack of space, will cause population growth to slow.

• Under these pressures, the population may stabilize in an S-shaped growth curve.

• The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely is its ???

carrying capacity

19

• The graph of a growing population starts out slowly, then begins to resemble a J-shaped curve.

Population Growth of Houseflies

Pop

ula

tion

siz

e

One year

• Illustrates _______________ population growth, meaning that as a population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate.

exponential

20

Active transport

• A) Process that requires energy in which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient

• B)

21

Endocytosis

• A) Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell’s plasma membrane

• B)

22

Exocytosis

• A) Active transport process by which materials are expelled from a cell

• B)

23

Facilitated diffusion

• A) Passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins in the plasma membrane

• B)

24

Hypertonic solution

• A) In cells, solution which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell…more water inside and less water outside…water leaves the cell, causing the cell to shrink

25

Hypotonic solution

• A) In cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell…more water outside and less water inside…water enters the cell, causing the cell to swell

26

Isotonic solution

• A) In cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell.

27

Osmosis

• A) Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

• B)

28

Passive transport

• A) Movement of particles across a cell membrane by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no energy to move the particles

• B)

29

Anaphase

• A) 3rd phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules

• B)

30

Cell cycle

• A) Continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell

• B)

31

Centriole

• A) In animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase

• B)

32

Centromere

• A) Cell structure that joins 2 sister chromatids of a chromosome

• B)

33

Chromatin

• A) Long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes

• B)

34

Chromosome

• A) Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells

• B)

35

Cytokinesis

• A) Cell process following mitosis or meiosis in which the cell’s cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells.

• B)

36

Metaphase

• A) 2nd phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber.

• B)

37

Mitosis

• A) Period of nuclear cell division in which 2 daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.

• B)

38

Prophase

• A) 1st and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes.

• B)

39

Sister chromatid

• A) Identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere.

• B)Sister

chromatids

40

Spindle

• A) Cell structures composed of microtubules; forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids.

• B)

41

Telophase

• A) Final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence.

• B)

42

Gene

• A) Segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle.

• B)

43

• Incomplete Dominance• appearance of a 3rd

phenotype.

• Example: A homozygous red-flowered plant (RR) is crossed with a homozygous white-flowered plant (R’R’), all of the F1 generation offspring will have PINK flowers (RR’).

RR’ RR’

RR’ RR’

R R

R’

R’

44

• Codominance • Expression of both

alleles

• Example: Black (BB) rooster crossed with a white (WW) hen = checkered (BW) black and white. (Incomplete dominance would have been gray!)

45

• Traits controlled by more than 2 alleles have this…

• multiple alleles

• Example: Pigeons have 3 alleles that control feather color.

• BA = ash red • B = blue • b = chocolate

46

• The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans are ___ ____________and determine the sex of the offspring.

XX = female

XY = male

47

sex chromosomes

• Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes

• sex-linked traits

48

• Polygenic inheritance

• pattern of a trait that is controlled by 2 or more genes.

• Example: eye color, skin color, height (AaBbCc…)

49

• Pedigree• graphic of genetic inheritance

= Male

= Female

= affected Male

= affected Female

= Mating

= Parents

= Siblings

= known heterozygous “carriers”

= Death

50

________ on HMS Beagle________ on HMS BeagleDarwin51

• ____________, an adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings.

• Because of this, organisms are not easily found by predators and they survive to reproduce.

camouflage

52

• Structural features with a common evolutionary origin are called ____________________.

• can be similar in arrangement, in function, or in both.

Whale forelimb

Crocodileforelimb

Birdwing

homologous structures

53

• The body parts of organisms that DO NOT have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function are called ___________________.analogous structures

54

• such as pelvic bones in the baleen whale, are evidence of evolution because they show ________ change over time.

structural

Vestigial structures

55

• _________________ is a natural selection that favors average individuals in a population.

Selection for average size spiders

Normal variation

Stabilizing selection

56

• _________________ occurs when natural selection favors one of the

extreme variations of a trait.

Normal variation

Selection for longer beaks

Directional selection

57

• In ________________, individuals with either extreme of a trait’s variation are selected for.

Selection for light limpets

Normal variation

Selection for dark limpets

disruptive selection

58

Light-Dependent ReactionsLight-Dependent Reactions Sun

Chlorophyll passes energy down through the electron transport

chain.

for the use in light-independent reactions

bonds P to ADPforming

ATPoxygenreleased

splitsH2O

H+

NADP+

NADPH

Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.

Energized electrons provide energy that

• At each step along the transport chain, the electrons lose energy…this energy may be used to make ATP or to hum hydrogen ions into the thylakoid disc. (2)

• Electrons are re-energized in a 2nd photosystem and passed down a 2nd electron transport chain.

59

GlycolysisGlycolysis• A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell

that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound.

• The source of energy for the first step comes from the conversion of 2 molecules of ATP to 2 molecules of ADP. (1)

Glucose

2ATP2ADP

2PGAL

4ADP + 4P

2NAD+

2NADH + 2H+

4ATP

2 Pyruvic acid

60

• The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell when the ________________________.

Adenosine

Adenosine

P P P

P

P

P P

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Forming and Breaking Down ATPForming and Breaking Down ATP61

bonds are broken down

1. Make Observations

2. Identify a Problem

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Results/Data

6. Conclusions/Findings

This is the SCIENTIFIC METHOD…6

steps…you should really learn it

62

_____________ Datainformation expressed in numbers

25 students

20 eggs

15 g.

137.2 Km.

8ml.

63

Quantitative