EOH3202 Occupational Health Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin 14 April 2013 PJJ Bac Sc. Human Resource Dev 1 st Semester Mid Sem Meeting Emilia Zainal Abidin

Emilia Zainal Abidin

EOH3202 Occupational Health

Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin

14 April 2013

PJJ Bac Sc. Human Resource Dev 1st Semester Mid Sem Meeting


OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

PHYSICAL AGENTSnoise, vibration, radiation,defective illumination,temperature extremes

CHEMICAL AGENTSdusts, gases, vapors,fumes, mists, etc.

LACK OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLESexhaustive physical exertions, excessive standing, improper motions, lifting heavy load, job monotony, etc.

BIOLOGICAL AGENTSviruses, bacteria, fungi,parasites, insects, etc.

PSYCHOLOGICALStress, boredom, burnout


Your Recent Mid-Semester Examination Chapter 1 to 11 from module 2 hours examination 50 objectives 5 out of 8 short answer questions How well did you do? Jom kita tengok!!! Comments or feedback to improve the type of

questions a._____________________________________________ b._____________________________________________ c._____________________________________________


Our Coming Final Exam in December Chapter 12 to 22 X hours? XX objectives? XX short answer questions? Any requests?

Questions on Individual Assignment 1?


1. Describe the 4 objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Malaysia.2. Compare and describe the differences between the Occupational Safety and Health

Act 1994 and the Factory and Machinery Act 1967.3. Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations 2000

requires workers being exposed to solvents to undergo medical surveillance at regular intervals. True/False

4. What are the main functions of Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Malaysia?

5. Please explain particle size fractions of dust. 6. Please explain the aerodynamic behavior of particles in airstream and particle

deposition in human lung system.7. Explain the noise regulation being used in Malaysia.8. Please describe the steps to control dust exposure in a construction site. 9. Please explain the roles of professionals in the field of occupational health.10. Define the term ergonomic hazard.11. List four acts that are enforced by the Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia.12. Define radiation. Discuss two types of radiation by giving appropriate examples.13. Alpha radiation cannot travel far through air. How far does it go? What material will

absorb alpha radiation? State two safety precautions for handling radioactive sources.

14. Discuss how Malaysian workers are compensated for occupational injuries. 15. Explain 3 major incidents which occurred globally and in Malaysia that lead to the

establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.


Questions on Individual Assignment 2?1. Identify the impact of sickness absence to the employee and employer. 2. Explain the mechanism by which organophosphate poisoning occurs. Include 2

diagrams to describe normal muscle function and muscle function with neurotoxic agent.

3. Give the steps in control and management of pesticide exposure in a paddy farming agricultural setting.

4. Pesticides are categorised into different groups. Explain the classification of pesticides.

5. Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations 2000 requires workers being exposed to pesticides to undergo medical surveillance at regular intervals. True/False

6. Using the hierarchy of control concept, explain how a safety and health manager could manage psychosocial hazard related at the workplace.

7. Give examples of personal protective equipment suitable to protect workers from exposure to chemicals in a chemical manufacturing factory.

8. Why personal protective equipment is considered as a “last resort” for use in the hierarchy of control to protect workers from hazardous substances?

9. List the effects of chronic pesticide poisoning. Describe briefly each type of effect. 10. Define occupational stress and list common occupational stressors. List the

diseases associated with occupational stress and as a manager of human resource, please describe the management of occupational stress.


Cont.11. Describe the group of workers at risk for biological hazard exposure.

Elaborate on the classification of infective microorganism by risk group. 12. Describe 2 models to explain the cause of occupational stress.13. Define and describe Material Safety Data Sheet or Chemical Safety Data

Sheet. 14. Describe the different work compensation scheme available in Malaysia

for private employees, civil servants and foreign workers. 15. Define biological monitoring. Describe the role of biological monitoring

and describe how biological monitoring is done.16. Please define what sexual harassment is and please describe the

different forms of sexual harassment that might occur at the workplace.17. What are the potential hazards of working underwater?18. What should be included in Medical Emergency Response Plan? What are

the elements of Emergency Response Plan?19. What is the required number of first aider in a workplace? What is the

content of a First Aid Box?20. What is the definition of risk communication and what are the 3 goals of

risk communication?


What to focus on? Chapter 12: Chemical hazards – Pesticides Based on chapter in module

Classification of pesticides – use?, toxicity, chemical prop.,

Occupational exposures of pesticides Toxic effects from exposure Neurotoxic effect – acetyl cholinesterase

function diagram ?? How to control and manage pesticide use in the

workplace

10

Handling pesticide with bare hands

Wear short pants and short sleeves without proper PPE

Agricultural workers Farmers

11

No boots and poor work practices

Apply most of the protection but without proper mask


Exposure to: organophosphates - malathion, parathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, sarin

May result in: build-up of acetylcholine cholinesterase inhibition constant firing of electrical messages potential symptoms of: DUMBELSS-Diarrhoea -Urination-Miosis/Muscle weekness-Excitation of skeleton muscles of CNS-Lacrimation-Sweating-Salivation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA




What to focus on? Chapter 13: Bio hazard management Based on lecture notes

What is biohazard? - A substance derived from an organism, that poses a threat to (primarily) human health.

Divided into: Body fluids pathogen – Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa,

Parasites Animal – insects, birds Recombinant DNA – genetic engineering, cloning Nano-technology

Classification of infective microorganism by risk group?

References are made to the relative hazards of infective microorganisms by WHO Risk Groups 1, 2, 3 & 4.


What to focus on? Chapter 14: Occupational Psychosocial

Hazards Based on chapter in module and lecture

Scope of occupational psychosocial hazards Work-related stress Workplace violence Bullying All types of harassment Work-life imbalance

Type of psychosocial hazards Questionnaires

Psychosocial hazards

Examples from Leka et al. 2003

Job content Lack of variety or short work cycles, fragmented or meaningless work, under use of skills, high uncertainty, continuous exp to people through work

Workload and work pace

Work overload or underload, machine pacing, high level of time pressure, continually subject to deadlines

Work schedule Shift work, night shifts, inflexible work schedules, unpredictable hours and long or unsociable hours

Control Low participation in decision making, lack of control over workload

Environment and equipment

Inadequate equipment, poor environmental conditions such as lack of space, poor lighting, noise

Organisational culture and function

Poor communication, low level of support for problem solving and personal development, lack of definition of organisational objectives

Interpersonal relationship at work

Social or physical isolation, poor relationships with superiors, interpersonal conflict, lack of support, bullying and harassment

Role in organisation

Role ambiguity, role conflict and responsibility of people

Career development

Career stagnation and uncertainty, under promotion or over promotion, poor pay, job insecurity, low social value to work

Home-work interface

Conflicting demands of work and home, low support at home, dual career problems


Work environment

Conceptual Frame Work of Stress

ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECT

1. Physiological 2. Psychological

3. Behavioral

OUTCOMES OF STRESS

OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS

OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS

FAMILY & SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC

STRESSORS

FAMILY & SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC

STRESSORS

SUPPORTSUPPORT

PERCEIVED STRESS

MODYFYINGVARIABLES MODYFYINGVARIABLES

Work load

Time and System Management

Work environment

Organizational relationship

FinancialFamily Conflict

Health status

Home environment

Coping mechanism

Personality

Knowledge Skill Social Interaction

Training

Emotional support





What to focus on? Chapter 15: Prevention and Control principles Based on module

Roles of occupational hygienists Prevention and control according to the

hierarchy of control


What to focus on? Chapter 16: Workers’ compensation Based on the module and half of lecture Work compensation scheme in Malaysia

Private – SOCSO Civil servants – Ex Gratia Scheme Foreign workers – Insurance Self-employed – None

SKIM INSURANS BENCANA PEKERJAANBencana pada seseorang

pekerja sendiri disebabkan oleh

kemalangan atau suatu penyakit khidmat terbit daripada dan dalam

masa menjalankan pekerjaan dalam sesuatu

perusahaan.

SKIM PENCEN ILAT

Skim ini memberi perlindungan 24 jam kepada pekerja terhadap keilatan atau kematian akibat sebarang sebab yang tidak berkaitan dengan pekerjaan.

SKIM FAEDAH PERKESO

SKIM PERKESO


Faedah yang disediakan SKIM INSURANS BENCANA PEKERJAAN Faedah Perubatan Faedah Hilangupaya Sementara Faedah Hilangupaya Kekal Elaun Layanan Sentiasa Faedah Orang Tanggungan Faedah Pengurusan Mayat Faedah Pemulihan Faedah Pendidikan SKIM PENCEN ILAT Pencen Ilat Bantuan Ilat Elaun Layanan Sentiasa Pencen Penakat Faedah Pengurusan Mayat Faedah Pemulihan Faedah Pendidikan


What to focus on? Chapter 17: Biological monitoring Based on the module

What is biological monitoring Biological monitoring is the measurement of a

substance or its metabolite in biological material in order to provide a quantitative estimate of its uptake into the body by all routes of exposures

What are the objectives of biological monitoring? To ensure that current or past exposure of worker is

not harmful to his/her health by detecting potential excessive exposure before overt adverse health effects occur


Exposure

Internal dose

Adverseeffects

Ambient monitoring

Biological monitoring Biological effect monitoring

*Adapted from Cassarett & Doull’s Toxicology 5th Edition, ed. Klassen CD pp995. McGraw Hill, 1995

Exposure, absorption and effects*


What to focus on? Chapter 18: Stress and Violence and the workplace Based on the module and lecture

Definition Scope and characteristics Any action, incident or behaviour that departs from

reasonable conduct in which a person is assaulted, threatened, harmed, injured in the course of, or as a direct result 1 of, his or her work. Internal workplace violence

is that which takes place between workers, including managers and supervisors.

External workplace violence is that which takes place between workers (and managers and

supervisors) and any other person present at the workplace.


What to focus on? Chapter 19: Cause and effect of sick leave Based on the module and lecture

What is sick leave? The benefit of sick leave

Human right Protect the worker Cost of losing an employee is greater than the cost

of providing sick days to retain existing employees

Emilia Zainal AbidinSources: WHO (2010). WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and Supporting Literature and Practices.


Example: Tools for tackling short term absence• Rigorous notification procedure• Return to work interviews• Should all short term absences be counted?• Medical evidence?• Withholding sick pay• Employee health initiatives


Example: Tools for tackling long term absence• Keep in touch• Early intervention 4-6 weeks• Consider temporary adjustments• Be proactive in asking for medical advice

• Preferably Occupational Health Practitioner


What to focus on? Chapter 20: Water and Air Decompression Based on the module and lecture

Gas laws – Boyle and Henry Hyperbaric work environment The effects of hyperbaric work environments Decompression sickness and other symptoms

Boyle’s Law The mechanical responses to changes in

pressure are in accordance with Boyle's Law, which states that a volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure to which it is subjected, temperature remaining constant.

Henry’s Law The amount of gas in solution is proportional

to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution

As the pressure of the gas above a solution increases, the amount of that gas dissolved in the solution increases

Reverse is also true, as the pressure of the gas above a solution decreases, the amount of gas dissolved in the solution decreases and forms a “bubble” of gas within the solution

Henry’s Law Illustration

Low pressure equilibriumLow concentration

Double the pressure equilibriumDouble the concentration

How does the increased pressure at depth affect gas in the body?

The increased pressure of each gas component at depth means that more of each gas will dissolve into the blood and body tissues, a physical effect predicted by Henry's Law

Inhaled gases are in close contact with blood entering the lungs

Hence, the greater the partial pressure of any inhaled gas, the more that gas will diffuse into the blood.


What to focus on? Chapter 21: Emergency Response Plan and First Aid Based on the module ERP should include

Procedures Emergency medical equipment Internal and external contact and support Management of injury and triage Evacuation plan Training to those involved Local facilities Give knowledge to all workers

Elements of ERP – evacuation plan, area custodian/damage control team, fire brigade, emergency medical facility

What is in First Aid Box?


What to focus on? Chapter 22: Risk Communication Based on module

Definition of risk communication Primary goals of risk communication Risk communication strategies Principles of risk communication


Thank you.Any questions?

Documents

EOH3202 Occupational Health Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin 14 April 2013 PJJ Bac Sc. Human Resource Dev 1 st Semester Mid Sem Meeting Emilia Zainal Abidin