-
A Study on the Actual Conditions of Maintenance and
Improvement Scheme in Lightning Protection Systems
2006 2
-
A Study on the Actual Conditions of Maintenance and
Improvement Scheme in Lightning Protection Systems
2006 2
-
2006 2
:
:
:
-
- i -
,
.
.
.
, ()
. (LPS)
KS C IEC 61024-1
. ESE , ESE
, IEC 61024-1 NFPA 780
. ESE
, .
.
. ,
.
-
- ii -
ABSTRACT
Lightning is responsible for deaths and injuries of living
beings,
serious disturbances in power systems and public services
like
information and communication equipments. Recently, the
computerized electronic equipments are increasingly used in
wide
fields of industry and business. Thus there is a strong need for
the
precise, effective protection of humans and electronic
circuits
against lightning. In this study, the actual status of
construction,
maintenance and inspection of the existing external
lightning
protection systems were examined by on-the-spot surveys.
Unfortunately, most of newly constructed external lightning
protection systems(LPSs) are not designed and installed in
accordance with KSC IEC standard 61024-1. The early streamer
emission(ESE) lightning rods is applied as an air termination
system.
The ESE lightning rods and non-ordinary lightning rods offer
no
advantages relative to ordinary lightning rods and is not
recognized
in standards of IEC 61024-1 and NFPA 780. Thus, the zone of
protection afforded by any configuration of ESE lightning rods
is
badly determined and shall be reconsidered to be adequately
protected. A few of down-conductors and ground-termination
systems are badly constructed. The proper maintenance and
inspections of external LPSs are actually not accomplished.
Consequently, it is requested that an annual visual inspection
be
made and the external LPS be thoroughly inspected periodically
by
qualified experts of authorities.
-
- iii -
Abstract
1 1
1.1 1
1.2 2
2 4
2.1 4
2.2 8
3 1 4
3.1 14
3.2 16
3.3 17
3.4 21
3.4.1 21
3.4.2 22
3.4.3 24
3.4.4 30
3.4.5 31
-
- iv -
4 37
4.1 39
4.1.1 39
4.1.2 41
4.2 46
4.3 47
4.3.1 47
4.3.2 47
4.3.3 49
4.3.4 50
4.3.5 51
4.3.6 51
4.4 52
4.4.1 52
4.4.2 53
5 5 4
5.1 54
5.2 58
5.3 67
6 7 1
7 3
-
- v -
2.1 4
2.2 6
2.3 7
2.4 8
2.5 9
2.6 10
2.7 11
2.8 12
3.1 16
3.2 20
3.3 21
3.4 25
3.5 27
3.6 29
3.7 30
3.8 32
3.9 33
3.10 34
3.11 B 36
4.1 40
4.2 KS C IEC 61024 45
5.1 55
5.2 58
5.3 60
5.4 62
5.5 63
-
- vi -
5.6 64
5.7 65
5.8 67
5.9 68
5.10
69
2.1 10
2.2 13
3.1 18
3.2 19
3.3 23
3.4 26
3.5 31
4.1 37
4.2 38
4.3 38
4.4 KSC IEC 61024-1 41
4.5 KSC 9609 KSC IEC 61024-1 45
4.6 49
-
- 1 -
1
1 . 1
, .
,
.
2
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
-
- 2 -
.
KS C IEC 61024-1
.
,
.
1 . 2
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
. KS C IEC 61024-1
-
- 3 -
,
.
.
,
.
, .
.
-
- 4 -
2
2. 1
,
(lightning discharges) . ,
. 2.1
.
( a ) ( b ) ( c )
[km
]
0
5
10
15
20
(a) .
(b) , ,
.
(c) .
2.1
Fig. 2.1 Shapes of thundercloud changes and types of
lightning
discharges
-
- 5 -
(cloud-to-ground lightning discharges)
(intracloud lightning discharges),
(intercloud lightning discharges),
(cloud-to-air lightning discharges)
.
,
,
, 4
.
(-) : 2.2 (1a), (1b)
(-)
. (+) : 2.2 (2a), (2b)
(+)
.
. (+) : 2.2
(3a), (3b) (+)
. (-) : 2.2 (4a),
(4b) (-)
.
2.2 (a)
(-) .
-
- 6 -
.
(-)
, (+) .
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -----
+ + + + + + + + +
1a 2 3 4
4b3b2b1b
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - -
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
----
----
++++
++++
----
++++
++++r
r r
l
l
l
l
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
- - - - - -
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
----
----
++++
++++
----
++++
++++r
r r
l
l
l
l
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
v
vv
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - -
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
v
vv
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -- - - - - -
- - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
v
a a a
l:, r:, v:
2.2
Fig. 2.2 Classification of lightning cloud-to-ground strokes
. 2.4
230 m
1 cm
300 /sec
. m
, .
m
,
-
- 7 -
. 1/3, 2.3
.
, .
,
,
.
.
2.3
Fig. 2.3 Development of the stepped leader and return strokes in
the
negative lightning
-
- 8 -
2.4
Fig. 2.4 Formative process of leader conduction channel by
lightning
return strokes
2. 2
,
.
()
(-)
(flash) , 0.012
sec. ,
(stroke) 34
.
(streak-camera)
2.5 .
-
- 9 -
,
.
2msec
30 msec
60 sec
2msec
30 msec
60 sec
40 msec
3K
m
60 sec
70 sec
1 msec
20 msec
3km
(a)
(b)
2.5
Fig. 2.5 Luminous features of a lightning flash
(return stroke)
. 2.6 ,
2.1 .
-
- 10 -
2.1
Table 2.1 Electrical properties of the stepped leaders
[m/s] (126)105 (15)105
[C/m] 10-3 10-1 10-2 10-1
[A] 102 105
[] 30[50]125 27300
(a)
(b)
2.6
Fig. 2.6 Photographs of lightning discharges
-
- 11 -
(preliminary breakdown) ,
,
. ,
. (stepped leader) 2.7
50 m 3090 ( 50
)
.
1.5105 m/s 3 km
20
.
_____
_
_
: 1.5 x 105 m/sec
: 50
++
: 50 m
_
_
_
_
_
+
+
++
++
++
+
+++
++
+
2.7
Fig. 2.7 Propagation process of a stepped leader
,
-
- 12 -
.
2.8
. (striking
distance)
,
.
2.8
Fig. 2.8 Propagation and adhesive process of a lightning return
stroke
,
. ,
1/31/10 ,
10100 . 1
,
1 .
-
- 13 -
2.2 , [ ] .
2.2
Table 2.2 Data for various physical parameters of a lightning
return
stroke
[kA/] 1[10]80 0.01[0.63]100
[] 1[2]30 0.1[32]104
[m/s] (2[5]14)107 (1.3[4.5]23)107
[] [40]250 1[50]104
[kA] [24] 2[24]150
1
. 1
( ms)
(dart leader) 2, 3
. (multiple cloud-to-ground lightning
return strokes) , 6070% 2
, 1 .
(dart leader) ,
2106
m/s ,
(branch) .
4080 , 100
, 100
.
-
- 14 -
3
3. 1
,
.
2
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
-
- 15 -
,
. ,
.
KS C IEC 61024-1
,
. KS C IEC 61024-1
3.1 .
60 m
,
. , ,
,
.
IEC/TC 81(/)
,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
-
- 16 -
109
6
5
7
8
11 12
13
4
3
1
2
l
, ,
, , (bonding bar),
, TV, , ,
, , ,
, @
3.1
Fig. 3.1 A schematic diagram of a lightning protection system of
a
structure using a lightning rod
3. 2
.
, , ,
.
(panic) , , ,
-
- 17 -
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, .
4 4.1
, KS C IEC61024-1
.
( 1 )
, , ,
,
60 m .
( 2)
,
,
60 m , ,
, ,
4
3. 3
,
-
- 18 -
.
. ,
, .
3.1
Table 3.1 Classification of structures
, ,
.
.
.
, ,
,
()
. .
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
- 19 -
- Ng Ae
- Nc
Nc Nd
.
Nd Nc . Nd > Nc
E1- Nc/ Nd
, 3.2 .
3.2
Table 3.2 LPS efficiencies corresponding with protection
levels
(E)
0.9 8
0.9 5
0.9 0
0.8 0
.
3.2 . E E'
.
- .
- .
-
.
-
- 20 -
No
Yes
Yes
-
- (Ng)
-
EEc
- Ae
Nd = NgAe
-
Nc
E
.
E
.
E c=1-N cN d
No
NdNc
EEc
3.2
Fig. 3.2 A flowchart for selection of LPS
-
- 21 -
3. 4
(lightning protection
system: LPS) ,
.
3.4.1
,
,
(external lightning protection system)
.
3.3
Fig. 3.3 Components of an external LPS
-
- 22 -
,
,
3
. ,
.
3.3 ,
.
(air-termination system)
, , , ,
, , , , ,
. (down
conductor)
,
.
(ground termination system)
.
,
.
, ,
, .
3.4.2
.
-
- 23 -
(protection level) , , , 4 ,
, .
, , ,
, , , ,
.
3.3 ,
.
3.3 ,
Table 3.3 Relationship between lightning current, protection
level
and LPS efficiency
[kA] [m]
0.98 2.9 20
0.95 5.4 30
0.90 10.1 45
0.80 15.7 60
(1)
(2)
, ,
, ,
, ,
-
- 24 -
, , ,
,
3.4.3
,
.
0.1 m
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
(1)
. (rods),
(stretched wires), (meshed conductors) ,
,
, .
(2)
-
- 25 -
. ,
. , ,
,
.
R
h
3.4
Fig. 3.4 Protected space by a single rod
3.4
(protective angle method)
. KS C IEC 61024-1 3.4 a
,
. h IEC61024-1 3.4
-
- 26 -
R .
1/2
.
.
3.4
Table 3.4 Protected space and protection efficiency of
air-termination system according to the protection levels
h( m )
R ( m )
20 30 4 5 60
( m )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0. 9 8 20 25 * * * 5
0. 9 5 30 35 25 * * 1 0
0. 9 0 4 5 4 5 35 25 * 1 0
0. 8 0 60 5 5 4 5 35 25 20
* , , h
, R .
-
- 27 -
hh
(a)
20m
30m
45m
60m
55
45
35
25
(b)
3.5
Fig. 3.5 Protected space by a vertical rod
-
- 28 -
,
. (rolling sphere method)
3.6
.
.
,
.
KS C IEC 61024-1
.
, R
.
. 3.4 KS
C IEC 61024-1
.
-
- 29 -
R
R
R
R
3.6
Fig. 3.6 Design of an LPS air-termination according to the
rolling
sphere method
3.7
IEC .
,
.
.
a) .
-
-
- 1/10
b)
.
c) 3.4 .
-
- 30 -
d) 2
.
.
e) .
L[m]
L[m]
5 10 15 20
L[m]
L :
L[m]
L[m]
3.7
Fig. 3.7 Mesh width according to the protection level
3.4.4
.
. ,
.
,
-
- 31 -
.
(a)
.
(b) KS C IEC 61024-1 3.5
.
3.5
Table 3.5 Distance between down conductors
according to the protection level
[m]
10
15
20
25
3.4.5
(ground termination system)
.
. KS C IEC 61024-1
.
, , ,
.
-
- 32 -
1
. A
B .
( 1 ) A
4
5
3
2
1
1 : .
2 : ( ).
3 : .
4 : .
5 :
3.8
Fig 3.8 Example of grounding electrode connected to down
conductor
A .
-
- 33 -
. A
3.8 .
.
A
3.9 .
, 2
. l1 ,
0.5l1 ,
3.10 .
. 10
.
3.9
Fig 3.9 Minimum length of grounding electrodes according to
the
protection levels
0
20
40
60
80
100
I
II
IIIIV
1(m
)
(m)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30000
-
- 34 -
3.10
Fig 3.10 Installation methods of grounding electrodes for
lightning
protection
( 0.35m2 )
0.5 m
0.5 1 ()
1
( 2) B
B (), (
) .
. B
(
) , ,
.
B
r , A
l1
r l1 ( 3. 1 )
-
- 35 -
. l1 , , -
3.9 . l1 r
. lh
lv .
lhl1r ( 3. 2)
lv(l1r) / 2 ( 3. 3)
,
, . B
3.11 ,
0.5 m ,
1 m .
,
,
.
B
.
.
.
-
- 36 -
3.11 B
Fig. 3.11 Examples of type B arrangement of grounding
electrode systems
-
- 37 -
4
KS C IEC 61024-1
60 m
(LPS) .
.
4.1 4.3 .
4.1
Table 4.1 Standards for lightning protections according to the
Architect
Act
55 87 20
20 ()
87 2 20
.
1. 60(
45) ,
2. 25 cm ,
3
3. 20 cm,
1.5m , 1.5
. , , ,
,
.
4. 12 mm
,
5. 30 mm2,
50 30 mm2 ,
6. 50 m , 1
3 m
-
- 38 -
4.2
Table 4.2 Standards for lightning protections according to the
industry
safety health act
,
357 ( )
. ,
3.2 mm ,
5 .
1
.
1. 45
2. 10
3. 30mm2
4. (gauge)
1.5 m
1 2 ()
10
.
4.3
Table 4.3 standards for lightning protections according to the
dangerous
thing safety management act
, 28
4]
.
7. [] 10 (6
) (KS C IEC 61024)
. ) . ,
.
-
- 39 -
,
.
.
4 . 1
4.1.1
KS C IEC 61024-1 (designers of
lightning protection systems) (LPS)
, 11
.
,
(electromagnetic compatibility : EMC)
.
.
.
,
-
- 40 -
.
.
1. A KS C IEC 61024-1-1 : B KS C IEC 61024-1-2
2.
4.1
Fig. 4.1 Flowchart for design of lightning protection
systems
-
- 41 -
4.1.2
KS C IEC 61024-1 60 m
1
.
KS C IEC 61024-1 (KS C 9609)
. KS C 9609()
.
4.4 KS C IEC 61024-1
Table 4.4 Main contents in KS C IEC 61024-1
K S C IE C 61 024 - 1 () KS C 9609
[ ]
,
.
,
.
[ ]
,
()
.
2.
2.1
2.2.1
.
-
- ( )
-
3.
3.1
3.1.1
-
3.1.2
-
2.2.2
.
-
-
-
3.1.1
3.1.2
-
- 42 -
2.2.2
.
R(m)
L(m)
20 30 45 60
( )
( )
( )
( )
I 20 25 * * * 5
II 30 35 25 * * 10
III 45 45 35 25 * 15
IV 60 55 45 35 25 20
* .
3.1
3.1.1
: 60(
)
3.3
: 45
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.3
.
, 25
1 .
(m)
I 10
II 15
III 20
IV 25
2.2.5 " " ( )
(a) .
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.1.3
(1)
.
(a) 2 . ,
50
1 .
(b)
50m .
(2)
.
(9)
, ,
2.5m 0.3m
.
-
- 43 -
2.3
2.3.1
.
.
() IEC
.
2.3.3
2
.
2.3.3.1 A
, ,
( 0.35 )
2 .
,
.
10
.
2.3.3.2 B
,
.
2.3.3.5 (B )
.
3.1.4
(1) 1
.
(2) 1.4mm
0.35()
, 3mm 0.35
()
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
(3)
.
3m
3m .
(4) 10
.
(5)
20 .
3.1.6 , RC, SRC
(3)
5
.
2.4.1 (, , ) .
3.1.3 (6) , .
I~IV
(CU) 35 16 50
(AI)
70 25 -
(Fe) 50 50 80
2.5.1 .2.5.2 ( ) 5 . [ : ]
* .
3.1.3 (4) , , , .(a) 30, 50 .3.1.1 (4) ( ), () 12mm .
-
- 44 -
km
1
0.5
20
60
km
I 0.1
II 0.075
III~IV 0.05
3.2 (=) , "d" "s" . ds s=ki(kc/km)l [m], ki : ( 8)kc : ( )km : (
9)l :
km
ki 3.3 .
3.1.3 (12) , 1.5m .(13) 1.5m , , , , .(14) , , , , , , , (12)
(13) .
3.2.2 (4) 2m .
3.3 (7) 3m , 2.5m .
4.2
4.2.1
a) ?
b)
?
.
c)
?
4.2.3
.
.
4.
4.1
,
.
4.2
.
4.3 3
.
,
-
- 45 -
60m 45m 30m 20m
KS C 9609
60 33,929 60 19,085 60 8,482 60 3,769
KS C IEC
61024-125 2,459 35 3,119 45 2,827 55 2,653
92.76% 83.66% 66.7% 32%
4.2 KS C IEC 61024-1 KSC 9609
Fig. 4.2 Comparison of the protected space in KSC IEC 61024-1 to
that
in KSC 6909
4.5 KSC 9609 KSC IEC 61024-1
Table 4.5 Comparison of the protected spaces determined by KSC
9609
and KS C IEC 61024-1 standards
-
- 46 -
4 . 2
2
2 1
.
KS C IEC 61024-1
,
.
KS C IEC 61024-1
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
-
- 47 -
4 . 3
4.3.1
.
1)
2)
,
3)
KS C IEC
61024-1 ,
. ()
,
.
4.3.2
.
-
- 1)2)
-
-
-
- 48 -
.
-
-
.
-
-
- ,
-
- (Type)
-
.
1 1 .
, 2 6
.
1-4
.
.
-
- 49 -
4.6
Table 4.6 Inspection periods of lightning protection systems
2 6
4 12
6 12
.
,
.
4.3.3
KS C IEC 61024-1
.
.
- ,
.
- .
,
-
- 50 -
,
, ,
4.3.4
.
- ,
-
,
.
,
.
-
- 51 -
4.3.5
.
.
.
.
-
-
-
-
,
.
-
4.3.6
KS C IEC 61024-1
.
.
,
()
-
- 52 -
.
4 . 4
.
.
.
KS C IEC 61024-1
.
.
KS C IEC 61024-1
.
.
4.4.1
.
-
-
-
- 53 -
-
.
.
.
-
-
-
-
- (SPD)
-
4.4.2
.
.
.
73
,
.
.
-
- 54 -
5
5 . 1
,
,
.
,
,
3 .
,
.
(a)
-
- 55 -
(b)
(c)
5.1
Fig. 5.1 Various types of LPS
-
- 56 -
5.1
.
,
,
. 5.2
.
5.1
.
, ,
.
(a)
-
- 57 -
(b)
(c)
-
- 58 -
(d)
5.2
Fig. 5.2 Photographs of external LPS composed of stretched
wires
5 . 2
, ,
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, ,
.
.
, .
KS C IEC 61024-1 , ,
. KS C IEC 61024-1
(ESE),
.
-
- 59 -
5.3 , ,
. 5.3 (a) KS C IEC 61024-1
. 5.3 (b) (c)
.
80 % .
(a)
-
- 60 -
(b) (ESE)
(c)
5.3
Fig. 5.3 Various types of air-termination systems
-
- 61 -
,
.
0.1 m ,
, 1.5 m . 5.4
. 5.4 (a)
TV 1.5 m
, 5.4 (b)
1.5 m
.
.
-
- 62 -
(a)
(b)
5.4
Fig. 5.4 Examples of air-termination rods installed on the roof
of
structures
-
- 63 -
5.5
. 5.5 (a)
, 5.5 (b)
. KS C IEC 61024-1
,
.
(a) (b)
5.5
Fig. 5.5 Example of unsuitable installations of air-termination
rods and
down-conductors
-
- 64 -
5.6
.
25 cm
. 5.6
,
.
5.6
Fig. 5.6 Example of unsuitable installation of air-termination
systems
5.7
. 5.7 (a) (ESE)
-
- 65 -
,
.
,
. 5.7 (b) 5.7 (b)
.
(a) (b)
5.7
Fig. 5.7 Examples of unsuitable installations of lightning rods
and
down-conductors
5.8
. 5.8 (a)
-
- 66 -
, 5.8
(b)
. 5.8 (a) (b)
.
(a) (ESE)
-
- 67 -
(b)
5.8
Fig. 5.8 Examples of recently installed air-termination
systems
5 . 3
.
. KS C
IEC 61024-1
.
, ,
, .
-
- 68 -
5.9
Fig. 5.9 Separately constructed LPS grounding terminal box
5.9 5.1 (b)
.
5.9 1 m 3
.
,
.
,
.
-
- 69 -
(a) (b)
5.10
Fig. 5.10 LPS grounding terminal box connected to steel
reinforce
flamework
5.10 5.1 (c)
.
5.10
. 2
5.10 (a)
, 5.10 (b)
. ,
-
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,
.
,
.
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6
,
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(1) KS C IEC 61024-1
.
(2)
.
,
.
(3) KS C IEC 61024-1
,
.
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3 , ,
, ,
KS C IEC 61024-1
.
-
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.
,
, 13
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.
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[1] , ,
, pp. 1218, 2001
[2] , " ",
pp. 11-37, 7698, 2004
[3] , " ",
pp. 3744, 2002
[4] , " 1", , pp. 465-476, 2001
[5] KS C IEC 61024 , pp. 94
97, 2004
[6] ,
, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 35, 2003
[7] , ,
, Vol.17, No.6, pp. 1620, 2003
[8] ,
, pp. 443445, 2001
[9] , ,
, Vol.17, No.4, pp. 3637, 2003
[10]
[11] ,
pp. 45, 2002
[12] ,
, pp. 27, 2004
[14] , , ,
, Vol.52, No.4, pp. 4748, 2003
-
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2005
1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5
4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.4
4.4.1 4.4.2 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3
4.4 KSC IEC 61024-1 4.5 KSC 9609 KSC IEC 61024-1 4.6 2.1 2.2 2.3
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 B
4.1 4.2 KS C IEC 61024 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 1 1
1.1 1 1.2 22 4 2.1 4 2.2 83 14 3.1 14 3.2 16 3.3 17 3.4 21 3.4.1 21
3.4.2 22 3.4.3 24 3.4.4 30 3.4.5 314 37 4.1 39 4.1.1 39 4.1.2 41
4.2 46 4.3 47 4.3.1 47 4.3.2 47 4.3.3 49 4.3.4 50 4.3.5 51 4.3.6 51
4.4 52 4.4.1 52 4.4.2 535 54 5.1 54 5.2 58 5.3 676 71 73 2.1 10 2.2
13 3.1 18 3.2 19 3.3 23 3.4 26 3.5 31 4.1 37 4.2 38 4.3 38 4.4 KSC
IEC 61024-1 41 4.5 KSC 9609 KSC IEC 61024-1 45 4.6 49 2.1 4 2.2 6
2.3 7 2.4 8 2.5 9 2.6 10 2.7 11 2.8 12 3.1 16 3.2 20 3.3 21 3.4 25
3.5 27 3.6 29 3.7 30 3.8 32 3.9 33 3.10 34 3.11 B 36 4.1 40 4.2 KS
C IEC 61024 45 5.1 55 5.2 58 5.3 60 5.4 62 5.5 63 5.6 64 5.7 65 5.8
67 5.9 68 5.10 69
