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EO 103 Foundations

EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

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Page 1: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

EO 103 Foundations

Page 2: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Matter: Anything that has mass and volume

Mass: Amount of matter in an object

Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects due to mass and gravity

Volume: Amount of space an object takes up

Density: Measurement of how much mass is contained in a given volume

Page 3: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Atoms: Smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of matter:Protons- particles in the nucleus with positive

chargeElectrons- particles orbiting around nucleus with

negative chargeNeutrons- particles in the nucleus with no

charge

Elements: Simplest form of a pure substance Compounds: Two or more elements chemically

combined to form a new substance

Page 4: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Sub-Atomic Particles

Part of Part of AtomAtom

ChargeCharge LocationLocation Mass/SizeMass/Size

ElectronElectron - negative- negative outside outside nucleusnucleus

.0006 amu.0006 amu(too little to (too little to count)count)

ProtonProton + positive+ positive inside inside nucleusnucleus

1 amu1 amu

NeutronNeutron no chargeno charge inside inside nucleusnucleus

1 amu1 amu

Page 5: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects
Page 6: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Atomic NumberAtomic Number– Equal to # protons = # electronsEqual to # protons = # electrons– Periodic Table is arranged by this Periodic Table is arranged by this

numbernumber

Symbol Symbol – ““Shorthand” for the element – Note Shorthand” for the element – Note

22ndnd letter is always lowercase letter is always lowercase

Atomic Mass NumberAtomic Mass Number – Total AVERAGE mass of Protons + Total AVERAGE mass of Protons +

Neutrons + ElectronsNeutrons + Electrons

17

Cl

35.5

Page 7: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Electrons are arranged in “Shells” around nucleus in predictable locations

Fill “seats” closest to nucleus first (concert – best seats)

“Seats” available Shell #1 2 electrons Shell #2 8 electrons Shell #3 8 electrons Shell #4 18 electrons Shell #5 32 electrons Shell #6 50 electrons

Ex. Carbon has 6 total electrons so…Two electrons on first energy level

Four electrons on second energy level

Question: Could we fit more electrons on the second energy level if there were more electrons in carbon??

Page 8: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

17

Cl

35.5

Total Mass of Nucleus36 - 17 = 18 neutrons

Element NameChlorine

Total # of protons and electrons (in a neutral atom)17 protons in nucleus17 electrons orbiting nucleus

Notice: electrons follow energy level rules from previous slide.

(Round Atomic Mass)

Page 9: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Atomic Mass – Fractions?Atomic Mass – Fractions?

Look at Chlorine (atomic number Look at Chlorine (atomic number 17)17)

Atomic mass of 35.5? I dont’ get Atomic mass of 35.5? I dont’ get it!it!

Where does the 35Where does the 35.5 .5 come from?come from?– 0.5 protons? 0.5 neutrons? 0.5 protons? 0.5 neutrons? No No

Atomic Mass = Atomic Mass = averageaverage number of number of protons and neutrons in natureprotons and neutrons in nature

Page 10: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

More PracticeMore Practice

Determine the name, number of Determine the name, number of protons, neutrons and electrons for protons, neutrons and electrons for each element shown and draw…each element shown and draw…

15

P

31

8

O

16

26

Fe

56

Page 11: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

IsotopesIsotopes

An isotope is a variation of an An isotope is a variation of an element (same protons) but can element (same protons) but can have diff. # of neutronshave diff. # of neutrons

Ex: carbon (atomic mass = Ex: carbon (atomic mass = 12.011)12.011)– Carbon (14) and carbon (12) exist in Carbon (14) and carbon (12) exist in

nature nature

Page 12: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

IonsIons Change in Change in electronselectrons which gives an which gives an

atom a atom a charge (+ or -)charge (+ or -) You can only add or subtract You can only add or subtract

electrons! electrons! (protons don’t change)(protons don’t change)

– Ex. Ex. Count the number of electrons below…Count the number of electrons below…

Carbon ion (-1 charge)7 electrons (-)6 protons (+)

Carbon ion (+1 charge)5 electrons (-)6 protons (+)

Neutral Carbon6 electrons (-)6 protons (+)

Page 13: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Valence ElectronsValence Electrons An electron on the outermost energy shell An electron on the outermost energy shell

of an atomof an atom Important to understand because this is a Important to understand because this is a

key factor in how atoms will key factor in how atoms will BONDBOND with with each othereach other

Octet rule – stable atom will have 8 Octet rule – stable atom will have 8 electrons in that outer shellelectrons in that outer shell

Practice – Valence # of Practice – Valence # of – Chlorine?Chlorine?– Neon?Neon?– Nitrogen?Nitrogen?– Oxygen?Oxygen?

Page 14: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

a diagram that represents the # of valence electrons in an atom of an element.

The amount of electrons is displayed by dots around the symbol of the element.

Ex.

http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson38.htm

Page 15: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Ionic- Two elements bond by transferring electrons to create ions that attract together (+ is attracted to - after an electron is transferred)

Covalent- Two elements bond by sharing electrons (strongest bond type)

Metallic- Two metals bond and form a “common electron cloud”. This is a cluster of shared electrons (weakest bond type)

Page 16: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTx_DWboEVs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wpDicW_MQQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D07lflbdmhg

Page 17: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Predicting BondsPredicting Bonds

Ionic Bond = metal to non-metalIonic Bond = metal to non-metal Covalent = non-metal to non-metalCovalent = non-metal to non-metal Metallic = metal to metalMetallic = metal to metal

Do you understand why? HINT: the numbers at the top of the table indicate the # of valence electrons for each column

Page 18: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Oxidation numbers are assigned to each element

They represent a predicted “charge” of an atom/ion when it bonds with another element.

(tells us if the atom would prefer give or take electrons, and how many).

They help us to predict what compounds will form when two elements get together.

Oxidation numbers are labeled like this: Na 1+

O 2-

Page 19: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

How to Use Oxidation How to Use Oxidation NumbersNumbers

Oxidation Number indicates the number of electrons lost, gained or shared when bonding with other atoms.

Ex. Na wants to lose an electron. If an electron is lost, it becomes a +1 charge

SO: oxidation number for Na = 1+

Ex. Cl wants to gain an electron. If an electron is gained, it becomes a -1 charge

SO: oxidation number for Cl = 1-

Page 20: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Oxidation NumbersOxidation Numbers

Each column going down the Each column going down the periodic table has elements with periodic table has elements with the same oxidation number.the same oxidation number.

Page 21: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

The oxidation numbers are at the top of each column as The oxidation numbers are at the top of each column as shown here:shown here:

1+ 2+ 3+ 4(+/-) 3- 2- 1- 0

Page 22: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Rules for using oxidation Rules for using oxidation numbers to create numbers to create

compoundscompounds1.1. Positive ions can only bond with negative ions and Positive ions can only bond with negative ions and

vice versavice versa2. The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a 2. The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a

compound must be compound must be zero zero (the key is to stay balanced)(the key is to stay balanced)

3. If the oxidation numbers are not equal to zero, then 3. If the oxidation numbers are not equal to zero, then you must add additional elements until they balance you must add additional elements until they balance at zero.at zero.

4. When writing a formula the symbol of the Positive 4. When writing a formula the symbol of the Positive (+) element is followed by the symbol of the (+) element is followed by the symbol of the negative (-) element. negative (-) element.

Page 23: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Examples of Forming Examples of Forming CompoundsCompounds

Ex. Na (+1) + Cl (-1) = NaClEx. Na (+1) + Cl (-1) = NaClAre these oxidation numbers already equal to zero? Are these oxidation numbers already equal to zero? If so, you don’t need to add any extra elements to combine them into a compound, so the If so, you don’t need to add any extra elements to combine them into a compound, so the answer is simply NaClanswer is simply NaCl

Ex. H (+1) + O (-2) = HEx. H (+1) + O (-2) = H22OOHow many +1 would you need to balance the -2 to zero?How many +1 would you need to balance the -2 to zero?Since you need 2 atoms of the 1+ to balance the 2- to zero the resulting compound would be Since you need 2 atoms of the 1+ to balance the 2- to zero the resulting compound would be HH22OO

In other words: to combine H with O, you MUST have 2 H to balance the oxidation In other words: to combine H with O, you MUST have 2 H to balance the oxidation numbers to zeronumbers to zero2+ and 2- = ZERO2+ and 2- = ZERO

Ex. Al (+3) + S (-2) = AlEx. Al (+3) + S (-2) = Al22SS33

This one is tricky…we are not even close to balancing + and - to zero.This one is tricky…we are not even close to balancing + and - to zero.

Because of this we must have more than one Al and more than one S in our final equation.Because of this we must have more than one Al and more than one S in our final equation.By using 2 Aluminums instead of just1 we would have 6+By using 2 Aluminums instead of just1 we would have 6+By using 3 sulfers instead of just 1 we would have 6-By using 3 sulfers instead of just 1 we would have 6-Since these are now equal to zero, we combine 2 Aluminums and 3 Sulfers to make AlSince these are now equal to zero, we combine 2 Aluminums and 3 Sulfers to make Al 22SS33

Page 24: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Physical Change: A change that can occur without changing the identity of the substance.

Ex. Solid, Liquid, Gas (Phase change)Plasma

Chemical Change: Process by which a substance becomes a new and different substance

Ex. Fire

Page 25: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

Chemical Reaction:Chemical Reaction: a process in a process in which the physical which the physical andand chemical chemical properties of the original properties of the original substance substance changechange as new as new substances with different physical substances with different physical and chemical properties are and chemical properties are formedformed

Page 26: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Chemical Reaction BasicsChemical Reaction Basics

H2 + O2 --> H2O

Reactants- substance that enters into a reaction

Products- substance that is produced by a chemical reaction

Reactants Products

Page 27: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Evidence of Chemical Evidence of Chemical ChangeChange

EPOCH is an acronym that stands for evidence EPOCH is an acronym that stands for evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred.that a chemical reaction has occurred.

– – Effervescence (bubbles and/or gives off Effervescence (bubbles and/or gives off gas)gas)

– – Precipitate (solid crystals form)Precipitate (solid crystals form) – – Odor (change of smell is detected)Odor (change of smell is detected) – – Color changeColor change – – Heat (reaction either heats up or cools Heat (reaction either heats up or cools

down)down)

Does sighting evidence of a chemical reaction mean Does sighting evidence of a chemical reaction mean that a chemical reaction has undoubtedly taken place?that a chemical reaction has undoubtedly taken place?

EE

PPOO

CCHH

Page 28: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Types of ReactionsTypes of ReactionsRomance Chemistry :)Romance Chemistry :)

Synthesis-Synthesis- Marriage/Dating Marriage/Dating

A + B = ABA + B = AB

Decomposition-Decomposition- Divorce/Breakup Divorce/Breakup

AB= A + BAB= A + B

Single-Replacement-Single-Replacement- Dance Cut In Dance Cut In

A + BC = AC + BA + BC = AC + B

Double-Replacement- Double-Replacement- Dancing couples Dancing couples switch partners.switch partners.

AB + CD = AC + BDAB + CD = AC + BD

Page 29: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Cartoon ChemistryCartoon Chemistry

This is an example of synthesis

Page 30: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Cartoon ChemistryCartoon Chemistry

This is an example of a decomposition

Page 31: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Cartoon ChemistryCartoon Chemistry

This is an example of a single replacement

Page 32: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Cartoon ChemistryCartoon Chemistry

This is an example of a double replacement

Page 33: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Reaction Types Review…Reaction Types Review…

Match each chemical reaction with one Match each chemical reaction with one of the reaction types on your chemical of the reaction types on your chemical cartoons. cartoons. – Zn + 2HCl Zn + 2HCl H H22 + ZnCl + ZnCl22– NN22 + 3H + 3H22 2NH 2NH33

– 2KI + Pb(NO2KI + Pb(NO33))22 2KNO 2KNO33 + PbI + PbI22

– 2MgCl 2MgCl Mg Mg22 + Cl + Cl22

Page 34: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

What goes in must come out. So we must balance equations to

conserve mass.

Page 35: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Rules:We can not add or subtract subscripts

from either side of the equationWe can only add coefficients to the front

of each compound Ex. 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O

H = 4 H = 4 O=2 O = 2

Before must match After

See “Balancing Act” worksheet for more examples…

Page 36: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Mixtures: Matter that consists of two or more substances mixed but not chemically combined

Solutions: Homogeneous Mixture in which one substance is dissolved into another

Solute = Substance that gets dissolved (ex. Kool-Aid powder)

Solvent = Substance that does the dissolving (ex. Water) Acid: Compound with a pH below 7 that tastes sour and

is a proton donor. Ex. Citrus foods

Base: Compound with a pH above 7 that tastes bitter and is a proton acceptor

Ex. Cleaning Products (soap)

Page 37: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

- Solutions can be acidic or basic

- Acids and Bases have unique properties when dissolved in water- Acids = sour taste- Bases = bitter taste

- Indicators are substances that change color when mixed with a solution, which helps to determine if a substance is an acid or a base. (pH paper, Litmus paper, cabbage juice)

Page 38: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Proton donors (H+) Acids contain hydrogen and produce

positive ions (H+) when dissolved in water

Acids = good electrolytes Examples of acids:

Lemon JuiceCitric AcidCarbonic AcidHCl

Page 39: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Proton acceptors Bases contain hydroxide ions (OH-)

when mixed with water. Bases = weak electrolytes Examples of bases:

AmmoniaSoapBleach (chlorine)

Page 40: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Combining Acids and BasesCombining Acids and Bases

-Mixing acids and bases is a balancing -Mixing acids and bases is a balancing act.act.

(like a teeter-totter)(like a teeter-totter)

Acid + Base = neutral (water and salt)Acid + Base = neutral (water and salt)

Page 41: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Combining Acids and BasesCombining Acids and Bases

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

Acid + Base = neutral (water and salt)Acid + Base = neutral (water and salt)

H+H+ + + OH-OH- HOH + Salt HOH + Salt

Acid Base waterAcid Base water

Ex. Ex. HHCl + NaCl + NaOHOH H H22O + O + NaClNaCl

Page 42: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Measuring Acids and BasesMeasuring Acids and Bases

pH scale- used to measure the acidity pH scale- used to measure the acidity of a solution.of a solution.

Measure pH with indicatorsMeasure pH with indicators pH scale goes from 0 – 14pH scale goes from 0 – 14 0 = very acidic0 = very acidic 14 = very basic14 = very basic 7 = neutral7 = neutral

Page 43: EO 103 Foundations Matter: Anything that has mass and volume Mass: Amount of matter in an object Weight: Measure of the force of attraction between objects

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases