Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition 2010[1]

8/18/2019 Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition 2010[1]

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ENZYMES

IN

FARM

ANIMAL

NUTRITION

,2ND EDITION

This page intentionally left blank

ENZYMES

IN FARM ANIMAL

NUTRITION, 2ND EDITION

Edited by

Michael R. Bedford AB Vista Feed Ingredients

Woodstock Court MarlboroughWiltshire SN8 4ANUK

and

Gar G. !ar"rid#eanisco Ani!al Nutrition

"# Bo$ %%%Marlborough


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Wiltshire SN8 &'NUK

$ABI i% a "radi &a'e of $AB I&"er&a"io&al

CABI Head Office CABI North American OfficeNosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts AvenueWain!ford 7th "oorO#fordshire O$%& 8'( Cam)rid!e* MA &+%,-./ .0A

1e2 344 &6%4-% 8,+%%% 1e2 3% %7 ,-5 4&5"a#2 344 &6%4-% 8,,5&8 "a#2 3% %7 ,54 875(mai2 ca)i9ca)i:or! (mai2 ca)inao9ca)i:or!We)site2 www:ca)i:or!

; CAB Internationa +&%&: A ri!hts reserved: No


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$o&"e&"%

$o&"ri(*"or%

+ii

!reface

i

-. I&"rod*c"io& $*rre&" Mar/e" a&d E0ec"edDe+elo0'e&"%

-

A( Barletta

2. 1la&a%e% a&d $ell*la%e% a% Feed Addi"i+e%

-2M( "alohei!o) * ( "iironen and *(Veh!aan+er,

. Ma&&a&a%e, Al0ha)Galac"o%ida%e a&d !ec"i&a%e

34M(-( *ackson

4.

S"arch) a&d !ro"ei&)de#radi E&5'e%Bioche'i%"r, E&5'olo# a&d $harac"eri%"ic%Rele+a&" "o A&i'al Feed U%e

63M(F( Isaksen) A(*( Co.ieson and K(M( Kragh

3. !h"a%e% Bioche'i%"r, E&5'olo# a&d$harac"eri%"ic% Rele+a&" "o A&i'al Feed U%e

78/( 0reiner and U( Koniet1n2

8. E9ec" of Di#e%"i+e Trac" $o&di"io&%, Feed!roce%%i a&d Iredie&"% o& Re%0o&%e "oNS! E&5'e%

-27

B( S3ihus

:. !h"a"e a&d !h"a%e


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-8;"(( Selle) V( /a3indran) A(*( Co.ieson and M(/( Bed5ord

6. De+elo0'e&"% i& E&5'e U%a#e i& R*'i&a&"%

2;8K(A( Beauche!in and 6( oltshausen

v

vi Contents

7. O"her E&5'e A00lica"io&% Rele+a&" "o "he A&i'alFeed I&d*%"r

2- A( "7ron and 0(0( "artridge

-;. Ther'o%"a(ili" of Feed E&5'e% a&d "heir !rac"icalA00lica"io& i& "he Feed Mill

247C( 0ilbert and 0( Coone2

--. A&al%i% of E&5'e%, !ri&ci0le% a&d !ro(le'%De+elo0'e&"% i& E&5'e A&al%i%

28;N( Sheehan

-2.


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A&drea Barle""a* anisco Ani!al Nutrition) "# Bo$ %%%) Mar lborough)

Wiltshire SN8 &'N) UK(?are&

A.

Bea*che'i&*

6ethbridge

/esearch

Centre)

Agriculture

and AgriFood Canada) 6ethbridge) Alberta) Canada 9&* 4B&(

Michael R. Bedford* AB Vista Feed Ingredients) Woods

tock

Court)Marlborough) Wiltshire SN8 4AN) UK(Gre# $oo&e* anisco Ani!al Nutrition) :;;8 S( 8th Street ) St 6ouis)

M#


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vii

viii Contributors

Alea&dre !Cro&* anisco Ani!al Nutrition) "# Bo$ %%%) Marlborough)Wiltshire SN8 &'N) UK(

@ari !iiro&e&* AB -n12!es #2) 92kki!,entie &) ;:;; /aa!,ki)

Finland(el'*r*#* Ra+i&dra&*

Institute

o5

Food)

Nutrition

and

u!an

ealth)Masse2 Uni3ersit2) "ri3ate Bag &&:::) "al!erston Nor th) Ne. ealand(

Gordo& D. Ro%e&* oloAnal2sis Ser3ices 6td()


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1here

have

)een

considera)e

deveo


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ix

x Preface

function and di!estive


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$rea"i al*e "hro*#h I&&o+a"io&

"eed en?ymes he< meet consumer demand for safe* hi!h Euaity and aorda)efood: 0ince the ate %-8&s* feed en?ymes have


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2 A. Barletta

he< )rea= down antinutritiona factors e:!: fi)re*

(n?ymes are cate!ori?ed accordin! to the su)strates they act u


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$ar(ohdra%e%

Car)ohydrases )rea= down car)ohydrates into sim


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accordin! to the eves of resistant starch* starch !ranue si?e* starch com


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+ A. Barletta

it is common


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itter was aso a common


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has increased over time*


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Dri+er% for De'a&d

"eed en?ymes im


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ietnam:

Ta(le -.-. orld )eat )ar&ets )illion t$ 20002003 4A5 2001 2003b$.

20062003"ro7t

20062003"ro7t

200020032000

2008

esti)ate$ forecast$ 9$ 9$

Bovine )eat -0.0 -,.1 -+.3 -,.1 0.* 6.,Poultry )eat --.- 30.1 3*.8 3+.8 1.1 +2.2Pi# )eat 31.1 33.6 10*.3 10-.1 2.1 1-.,5vine )eat 11.+ 1+.0 1+.2 1+.2 0., 2+.-!eat 'roduction 2**.+

28+.+

262.1

26,.-

1.2

22.+total$

Introduction% Current !ar&et and Ex'ected (evelo')ents

8

Word feed voumes have risen from Gust over %& miion t

in +&&& toe#ceed 7&& miion t in +&&8: o)a out


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Because en?ymes im


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The Re#*la"or E&+iro&'e&" *ali", Ef=cac a&d Safe"

Most of the maGor feed mar=ets have a re!uatory a


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an estimated 7& of the mar=et: 1here are many other


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(n?ymes can )e added to feed in one of two ways: One o


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10 A. Barletta

+&5&: Meat


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safey and economicay )e added to onfarm fora!e to im


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I&"rod*c"io&

1he current !o)a feed en?yme mar=et si?e is estimated

to

)e

a)out.055&J&& miion*


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en?ymes* thus )ein! a)e to reach the coon* where they wor= asU


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Ceuose is the most a)undant )io


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Fi#. 2.-. @ce)atic 'resentation of cellulose structure courtesy of te @ (e'art)ent of Ener#y "eno)e Pro#ra)s "eno)e !ana#e)ent Infor)ation @yste) "!I@$ available attt'%#eno)ics.ener#y.#ov$.

?ylanases and Cellulases as 4eed Additives

1,

Acetobacter $2linu! is a hi!hy crystaine ceuose* whereas mode su)stratesderived from )eached commercia wood


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used: 1his


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1he main chain of #yan is com


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"i!ure +:+ shows a schematic re

Ara)ino#yans and mi#edin=ed !ucans are


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e#tensive research in many a


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sou)e in water Chesson* %--56: Aso* heat treatment* such as aminarinase (C

,:+:%:,-6hydroyses aminarin*


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of

@ 〈68 )arre* whereas cans HB and HC have a Gey ro

structurehtt


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famiy % entries are isted in the CAy data)ase htt


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Ce7B and Ce45AL Haa=ana et al(* +&&46 and 9her!oascus aurantiacusCe7A* Ce5AL Hon! et al(* +&&,a*)6:

$ell*la%e%

Fungal cellulases and βglucanases

Ony imited hydroysis or reduction of viscosity* rather than com

(C,:+:%:-%6* endo!ucanases (C ,:+:%:46 and !ucosidases orceo)iases (C,:+:%:+%6L the atter are usuay incuded in the ceuase com


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ceo)iohydroases fodin! to a sandwich with the e#tended oo


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ur)ri!!en et al:* %--%L /arsson et al(* +&&+6L 9richoder!a


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TCC 210- @CA


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Le@affre @afi/y) "P "L "lucanase

9( longibrachiatu! C


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However* !enome seEuence annotation su!!ests ei!ht ceuase !enes infamiies H 5* and 7* and four !enes for e#o%*,!ucanases in famiyH 5 e et al(* +&&76:

Other fun!a ceuases used in feed incude endo!ucanases derived from

u!icola insolens* 9alaro!2ces e!ersonii and "enicilliu! 5u

niculosu!1a)e +:%6: ( insolens


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(II6* of which (I and (II were active on aminarin and therefore weredetermined as )eon!in! to cass (C ,:+:%: McCarthy et al(* +&&,6: 1he4&:7 ='a !ucanase had o


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on CMC /arsson et al(* +&&+6: A !ene la!&6 for a !ucanase aminarinase6of the famiy H % (C ,:+:%:6 has )een found in 9( reesei in e#


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han! and >ynd* +&&46: Most of the characteri?ed Bacillus !ucanases)eon! to the famiy H %* and have hi!h %*,%*4!ucanase activity (C,:+:%:7,6 e#hi)itin! a strict su)strate s


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structure of this )acteria %*,%*4!ucanase and that of the cosey reatedB( !acerans have )een soved* and they )ear some simiarity with the fun!aCe7@(I endo!ucanases /eite et al(* %--,L Hahn et al(* %--5L /eywe!tet al(* %--76:

Anaero)ic )acteria ivin! in the di!estive tract of ruminant

s


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severa hemiceuases is needed Cou!han et al(* %--,6: 1he sidechainceavin! UaccessoryD en?ymes remove the su)stituent !rou


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acidic as com


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!eneticay modified strains: 1he we=nown )acteria e#


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two commercia )a=in!


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maGor #yanase activity in at east some of the first!eneration recom)inantfeed #yanase


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H %% and one H 56* nine from A( 5u!igatus four H %&* three H %%and two H 76 and nine from A( or21ae !enome four H %&* four H %%and one H 76 e et al(* +&&76: ecom)inant A( niger #yanaseA reAn#A


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fitration 'Vsterhft et al(* %--76* su!!estin! that at east two dierent#yanases are aso


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shown to efficienty )rea= down #yan su)strates "urniss et al(* +&&56:However* the s


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**

their activity: $yII in et al(* %---6:

E&5'e !rod*c"io&

$ell fac"orie%


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Introduction

"eed en?ymes* i=e other industria en?ymes* are currenty


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1en! et al(* +&&76:roduction hosts can )e divided into two cate!ories )ased mainy on

re!uatory as


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e#


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al(* +&&76: 1herefore* for ma#ima e#


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detection of the si!na of the !ene of interest in )oth en?yme assays and 0'0A( anaysis: 1he use of such strain )ac=!round aso acceerates straindeveo


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isoate Ma* as aready su!!ested )y eary =aryoty


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s


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et al(* +&&46:If a


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One of the maGor tar!ets for the feed a


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+0 !. Paloei)o et al(

that their s


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Fi#. 2.8. !icrosco'ic i)a#e of endos'er)ic and aleurone 7eat cell 7alls before a$ andafter b$ treat)ent 7it a 9richoder!a xylanase#lucanase 're'aration.


+1


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s


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en?yme


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[man* : and raham* H: %-876 Anaysis of tota and insou)e mi#edin=ed %,6*%46

'!ucans in )arey and oats: *ournal o5 Agricultural and Food Che!istr2 ,5*7&4J7&-:

AM"( +&&-6 >ist of en?ymes Octo)er +&&-L AM"(@&-@&8L htt


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(#:M:*

'avies*

:P:

et


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al( +&&&6 1he $ Uthermosta)ii?in!D domains of #yanases are car)ohydrate)indin!modues2 structure and )iochemistry of the Clostridiu! ther!ocellu! $) domain:Bioche!istr2 ,-* 5&%,J5&+%:

++ !. Paloei)o et al(

Cherry* P:: and "idantsef* A:>: +&&,6 'irected evoution of industria en?ymes2

an

u


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#yanase en?yme com


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as

a

feed

additive

f or

chic=ens

forfattenin!* chic=ens reared for ayin!* tur=eys for fattenin!* tur=eys reared for)reedin! and


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>:M:

%---6

Homoo!ous

#yanases

from

Clostridiu!

ther!ocellu!2

evidence

for)ifunctiona

activity*

syner!ism

)etween

#yanase

cataytic

modues

and

the

:* 'ean* :* 'rener* 0:* 'unnCoeman*

N:0:*

+- !. Paloei)o et al(

oede!e)uur*

":*

Houfe=*

1:':*

(n!and*

:P:*

/ey*

A:0:*

Meerman*

H:P:*

Mitche*

1:*Mitchinson* C:* Oivares* H:A:* 1eunissen* :P:M:* Yao* P : and Ward* M: +&&,6

1ranscri


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+&&86

roteomics

anaysis

of

Uova)ioS

(#ceD*

a

secreted


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Hon!*

P:*

1ama=i*

H:*

Yamamoto*

/:

and

/uma!ai*

H:

+&&,)6

Conin!

of

a

!ene

encodin!thermosta)e ceo)iohydroase from 9her!oascus aurantiacus and its e#eeuwen*

M:P:":*

Wood*

1:M:

and

ora!en*

A::P:

%--,6urification and characteri?ation of three endo%*46#yanases and one #yosidase from


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As+ergillus a.a!ori: *ournal o5 Biotechnolog2 +7* ,4-J,5:/uhs*

/: *

>iec=fedt*

(:*

0amues*

:P:*

/ovacs*

W:*

Meyer*

W:*

etrini*

O:

et al: %--6Moecuar

evidence

that

the

ase#ua

industria

fun!us 9richoder!a rees

ei is a conaderivative

of

the

ascomycete 2+ocrea ecorina: "roceedings o5 the Natio

nal Acade!2 o5 Sciences USA -,* 7755J77&:

/u=arni*

N:*

0hendye*

A:

and

ao*

M:

%---6

Moecuar

and

)iotechnoo!i

ca

asesa!e*

:

and

Bussey*

H:

+&&6

Ce

wa

assem)y

in Saccharo!

2ces cere3isiae:Microbiolog2 and Molecular Biolog2 /e3ie.s 7&* ,%7J,4,:

>evasseur*

A:*

Asther*

M:

and

ecord*

(:

+&&56

Overin* P:* Ndovu* >:M:* 0in!h* 0: and iay* B: %---6 urification and )iochemica characteristics

of '#yanase from a thermoinder* M:B:* Mattinen* M:>:* /onttei* M:* >inde)er!* :* 0t]h)er!* P:* 'ra=en)er!* 1: et al:

%--56 Identification of functionay im


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)y car)on sources and metas: *ournal o5 Bacteriolog2 7,* +-J+78:MZntyZ* A:>:* aoheimo* M: and 0uominen* : %--86 Industria mutants and recom)inant

strains of 9richoder!a reesei: In2 Harman* :(: and /u)ice=* C:: eds6 9richoder!a and0liocladiu!E -n12!es) Biological Control and Co!!ercial A++lications:

1ayor and"rancis* >ondon* :

and

Nevaainen*/:M:H:

%--+6

(ectroie)*

W:

+&&&6

1he

thermosta)ii?in!

domain

of

themoduar

#yanase

$ynA

of 9her!otoga !ariti!a re


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Moers*

/: *

Ceus*

I:*

BriGs*

/:*

Courtin*

C:M:

and

'ecour*

P:A:

+&&56

(ndo#yanase

su)strateseectivity

determines

de!radation

of

wheat

watere#tracta)e

and

waterune#tracta)eara)ino#yan: Carboh2drate /esearch ,4&* %,%-J%,+7:

Moers*

/:*

Bour!ois*

1:*

om)outs*

0:*

Bein*

1:*

an

Cam:

and

1aimisto*

/:

%--46

On

the

safety

of 9richoder!a

reesei: *ournal o5 Biotechnolog2 ,7* %-,J+&&:Niehaus* ":* Bertodo* C:* /Zher* M: and Antrani=ian* : %---6 (#tremo


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e* H:P:* de Winde* P:H: * Archer* ':B:* 'yer* :0:* Hofmann* :* 0chaa


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0chamey*

M:*

0in!h*

A:

and

Ward*

O::

+&&46

'eveo


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ceuosic ethano: Nature /e3ie.s 0enetics -* 4,,J44,:0toner* M::* 'ae* ':A:* uafetti* :P:* Bec=er* 1:* Mannin!* M:C:* Caruo*

P:

and

Wan!*

P :

+&&76

Codon

oeuven* Be!ium*


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eith*

B:*

Her?)er!*

C:*

0tec=e*

0:*

"eesche*

P:*

Maurer*

/:H:*

(hrenreich*

: et al( +&&46

1he com


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Mannans

occur

in

the

forms

of

!ucomannan*

!aactomannan* !uco!aactomannan and !ucuronomannans in nonstarch


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the coee e#tract dry wei!ht and mannans are a)undant* ma=in! the e#tracthi!hy viscous: Addition of mannanase faciitates


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mannan content of a ar!e num)er of soy)ean mea sam


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a:siao et al. 200-$.

Mode of ac"io&

1he mode of action of mannanase in mono!astric animas iscom


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demonstrated to stimuate the innate immune system* resutin! inmacro


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raded eves of mannanase were added to mai?eJsoy)ean meaty


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In the a)sence of !uar !um* mannanase im


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a!annanase 7as eiter added $ or not added $ to te feed ata rate of 100 )illion units t 1.be!eans in colu)ns 7itout a co))on su'erscri't differsi#nificantly " O0.0,$.

Ta(le .4. Te effect of )annanase at #raded levels onbroiler cic& 'erfor)ance to 21 days in diets containin# 19#uar #u) fro) (as&iran et al. 200+$.

!annanase ! t 1$a B #$ 4CR # # 1$

0 *+-., 1.**-b

100 *+-.3 1.*0+c

200 *+6.1 1.231d

*00 *+,., 1.26-d

B body 7ei#tF 4CR feed conversion rate.a! N 10- en/y)e activity units.bd!eans 7itout a co))on su'erscri't differ si#nificantly" O0.0,$.

the

first

e#


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-0 !.E. ;ac&son

Ta(le .3. Effect of infectiona )annanase en/y)eb and )edicationc on broiler cic&'erfor)ance fro) 6 to 21 days of a#e fro) ;ac&son et al. 200*a$.

Lesion score

day 1+$d

Infection En/y)e

!edication

"ain #$ 4CR # # 1$

!ortality 9$

''er

Lo7er

P ,+0e 1.++-# 0.00f 0.00# 0.00#

P P ,+6e 1.+2+# 1.86f 0.00# 0.00#

P +23 1.80+e 3.86e 1.*6e 1.,-e

P P +30# 1.,*-f *.8,ef 1.1-f 1.++e

P P ,22f 1.++8# 0.63f 1.0*f 0.66f

4CR feed conversion rate.a5rally inoculated 7it a )ixed solution 7it a''roxi)ately 80000 oocysts of -i!eria acer3ulina and12,0 oocysts of -i!eria !a$i!a 'er bird on day 8. 5n days 11 12 and 1* birds 7ere #iven brotcultures of Clostridiu! +er5ringens containin# a''roxi)ately 1., Q 106 cfu 'er bird.b!annanase 7as eiter added $ or not added $ to te feed at a rate of 100 )illion units t 1.c@alino)ycin @ALF -0 # t 1$ 'lus bacitracin )etylene disalicylate B!(F ,0 # t 1$.d''er intestine -( acer3ulinaF lo7er intestine -( !a$i!a.e!eans 7itin colu)ns not sarin# co))on su'erscri'ts are si#nificantly different " O0.0,$.

-ects on intestinal !or+holog2 and 5unction

1he eect of mannanase on intestina function and mor


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en?yme addition: 1he authors commented that reduced !o)et ce num)ersmay )e e#


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b!annanase 7as eiter added $ or not added $ to te feed at a rate of 100 )illion units t 1.c@alino)ycin @ALF -0 # t 1$ and bacitracin )etylene disalicylate B!(F ,0 # t 1$.d''er intestine -( acer3ulinaF lo7er intestine -( !a$i!a.ei!eans 7itin colu)ns not sarin# co))on su'erscri'ts are si#nificantly different" O0.0,$.

authors s


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In addition* the consistency of carcasses or


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!annanase 〈"alactosidase and Pectinase

-*

)ut at 7& days of a!e a si!nificant en?yme j soy)ean mea source interaction

was o)served: Mannanase si!nificanty increased ive wei!ht )ya


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Ta(le

.7.

Effect of )annanase on tur&ey to) 'erfor)ancea fro) 5detalla et al . 2002$.

Body 7ei#t 4CR # # 1@B! 9 'rotein$ En/y)eb day 12-$ 012- days$

+6 1+.31 2.80++6 P 1,.0* 2.-**

++ 1+.+0 2.83+

++ P 1+.88 2.-3,

Avera#e 1+.-- 2.8+3

Avera#e P 1+.30 2.--+

" value for en/y)e 0.001 0.001" value for @B! Q en/y)e 0.068 0.2+1

@B! soybean )ealF 4CR feed conversion rate.aT7o ex'eri)ents 'ooled eac ex'eri)ent 7it 18 birds 'er 'en seven 'ens 'er treat)ent.b!annanase 7as eiter added $ or not added $ to te feed at a rate of 100 )illion units t 1.

-+ !.E. ;ac&son

with

mannanase

and

su!!est

that

these

eects

may

)e

ar!er

when

ower


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+&&,)6 re


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%&:57 to 7:4& " &:&&%6 at * %+ and %8 wee=s of a!e* resayin! hens are e#


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:i# 81.+3 68.02 60.2* 8+.8,

(ifference 9$ 1.*6 0.31 0.32 0.00-n12!eb

80.8, 6-.21 83.2* 8+.00

P 80.6- 6-.31 60.*0 8,.,0

(ifference 9$ 0.11 0.80 1.08 1.,0P statistics

!E level 0.031 0.001 0.001 0.366

En/y)e 0.66, 0.008 0.001 0.001!E ⋅ en/y)e 0.+23 0.**1 0.,+0 0.,88

aLo7 !E level is 100 &cal 1 lo7er tan i# !E level.b!annanase 7as eiter added $ or not added $ to te feed at a rate of 100)illion units t 1.

" &:&56 with the owest amino acid density tested &:7& ysine6: 1his su!!eststhat mannanase may )e instrumenta in im


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with resuts


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&:%6 to ,:& " &:&6* as we as a ar!e 86 im


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A ar!e num)er of studies have )een re


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〈aactosidase is a !ycoside hydroase en?yme that hydroyses the termina〈'!aactose moiety from !aactoside oi!osaccharides*

!yco


112/474

ener!y contri)ution is imited: (ary studies to determine the M( of common


113/474

@ucrose -6

@tacyose +,Raf finose 12

Another


114/474

on the a


115/474

A series of )roier e#


116/474

res


117/474

S*''ar

A


118/474

are most


119/474

anima s


120/474

acid and crude


121/474


122/474


123/474

varyin! in cacium eves* ya et al( +&&&a6 re


124/474

with #yanase* !ucanase* ceuase* mannanase and !aactanase en?ymes* tono )enefit at a when


125/474


83

Refere&ce%

Adi)moradi* M: and Mehri* M: +&&76 (ects of mannanase on )roier:*

A=avanichan*

O:

and

Chen!*

1:/:

%--&6

(ect

of

oi!osaccharide

free

0BM

on

true

meta)oi?a)e

ener!y

and

fi)er

di!estion

in

adut

roosters:

"oultr2 Science -* 787J7-,:

Couch* P::* Ba=ashi* Y:/:* "er!uson* 1:M:* 0mith (:B: and re!er* C:: %-76 1he eect of


126/474

'as=iran*

M:*

1eeter*

::*

"od!e*

':

and

Hsiao*

H:.:

+&&46

An

evauation

of

endo'mannanase Hemice6 eects on )roier


127/474

Pac=son* M:(: and Mathis* :": +&&6 (conomics of mannanase HemiceQfeed en?yme6 in

tur=ey hens under varyin! ener!y eves: "oultr2 Science 85 0u: and Mathis* :": +&&4a6 (ects of

:

+&&4c6

(ect

of

mannanase

HemiceQ6

in

commercia

)roiers

with

two

cacium

and:

and

Mathis*

:":

+&&56

(ect

of mannanase HemiceQ6 on


128/474


61

Pac=son* M:(:* reenwood* M:W:* 0te: et al:

+&&%)6

〈aactosidase

en?yme

su


129/474


130/474

ODuinn*

::*

"under)ur=e*

':W:*

"under)ur=e*

C:>:

and

Pames*

:>:

+&&+6

InFuence

of dietary sui* ':* iao* $:* han!* >: and uo* >: +&&+6 (ect of dietary su:A:* Carter* 0:':* 0enne* B:W: and 0hriver* P:A: +&&+6 (ects of

mannanase additionto cornJsoy)ean mea diets on !rowth


131/474


132/474

hemiceuase: "oultr2 Science 87* 7%,J7%8: 1or=i* M: and Che!eni* A: +&&76 (vauation of dietary re:

and

0aarnio*

P:

%-576

aactomannans

in

soy)ean

hus: *

ournal o5 the A!erican Che!ical Societ2 7-* &55J&57:

Wi!!ins* H:0: %-846 Nutritiona vaue of su!ars and reated com


133/474

of soy)ean mea* soy


134/474

materias and insects: However* in order to satisfy consumer <reference forUve!etarianD anima


135/474

0tarch consists of two


136/474


137/474

even when the amount of resistant starch com


138/474

rotein consists of


139/474

1he


140/474


141/474

was re


142/474


143/474

there were dierences )etween


144/474

1he com


145/474

that the vast maGority of endo!enous nitro!en is recovered )y the terminaieum* and even more on a totatract )asis _ 8&6* athou!h the authorsconcede that nitro!en recovered in the ar!e intestine is of imitedimmediatevaue to the anima: Nevertheess* it is


146/474


147/474

en?ymes2 structura anaysis of the residua amyo


148/474

(n!yst* H:N:* /in!man* 0:M: and Cummin!s* P:H: %--+6 Cassification and measurement of

3+ !.4. Isa&sen et al(

nutritionay im


149/474

soy)ean mea on !rowth andmana*

W:P:M:

+&&-6

'ietary


150/474

Science and 9echnolog2 %++* ,&,J,+&: 1ester*

:":*

/ar=aas*

P:

and

i*

$:

+&&46

0tarch

structure

and

di!esti)iity

en?ymeJsu)strate

reationshi


151/474


152/474


153/474


154/474

reduced to dierent de!rees at the su)strate concentration of the assay:

1o date* ony one a=aine


155/474

ne!ativey char!ed ceft into a favoura)e environment for the )indin! of


156/474

1his en?yme does not need any cofactor for en?ymatic activity: 1he


157/474

the ran!e of %5& miion Haefner et al(* +&&56: (ven if


158/474

di!esti)iity eter and Ba=er* +&&%6* others have found im


159/474

1he a)iity of a


160/474

Ac"i+i" 0ro=le a&d %"a(ili" of 0<

With the e#ce


161/474

lla and "ibson 1368$F yss

et al. 1333a$F "reiner etal. 2003$yss et al. 1333a$yss et al. 1333a$F Rodri#ue/ et al. 2000$

Ber&a et al. 1336$Tsen# et al. 2000$

Lassen et al. 2001$F lla and

@etu)adavan 200*$

uan etal. 2002$Ra#on etal. 2006$


162/474

:& reiner et al(* %--86* whereas that from A( niger %%15,A- showedma#imum


163/474

20

01.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

8.0

pH

Pytases

10,

(b)

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

01.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

8.0

pH

(c)

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

01.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

8.0

pH

A c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p

H 5 . 5 ( % )

A c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p H 3 . 5 ( %

)


164/474

Fi#. 3.-. a$ ': activity 'rofiles of 'ytases fro) rye $ "reiner et al( 1336$ As+ergillus niger 11T,*A3 $ "reiner et al( 2003$ and a !alaysian 7aste7ater bacteriu) $ "reiner and4arou& 2008$ usin# sodiu) 'ytate as a substrate at *8SC. Te activity at o'ti)al ': 7as ta&enas 1009. Buffers% ': 1.0*., #lycine:ClF ': *.,-.0 sodiu) acetate


165/474

activity


166/474

et al(* +&&7L reiner and "arou=* +&&7L Huan! et al(* +&&86: 1he )acteria


167/474

hi!her


168/474

fun!a or


169/474


170/474


171/474

terreus %%J+, ML Wyss et al(* %---a6* A( 5u!igatus %& ML asamontes et al(* %--7)L Wyss et al(* %---aL odri!ue? et al(* +&&&6* Sch.annio!2cescastellii ,8 ML 0e!ueiha et al(* +&&+6* Klebsiella aerogenes + ML 1am)e et al(* %--46* catDs tai


172/474

initiatin! 46 assen et al(* +&&%6:

1o )rin! some carification to )iochemica


173/474

to )e


174/474

Fi#. 3.2. Classification of 'ytases based on te carbon in te !2oinositol rin# of 'ytate at7ic de'os'orylation is initiated 'os'ate residue$.

112 R. "reiner and . oniet/ny

Fi#. 3.. !aDor 'ytate de#radation 'at7ays for te four classes of 'ytase fro) :aya&a7a et al( 1330F "reiner et al( 2000a 2001a 2002 2008ab 2003F


175/474


176/474


177/474

)een found in nature to date: 1hus* screenin! nature for


178/474

intraceuar


179/474

we deveo


180/474

to im


181/474

of -( coli


182/474

sta)e in aEueous soutions at 7&`C and in feed at


183/474

45 of its initia activity: >ast )ut not east* the 3 ma# vaues at


184/474

116 R. "reiner and . oniet/ny

of a


185/474

)ioefficacy of su


186/474

Andid*

1:A:*

eide*

P:

and

0and)er!*

A:0:

+&&46

Meta)oism

of

e#traceuar

inositohe#aei*

$::

and

Ba=er*

':H:

+&&,6

(fficacy

of

an -( coli


187/474

from Bacillus s


188/474

and

wheat


189/474

oovan* 0::* Meidin!er* ::* AGa=aiye* A:* Cottri* M:* Wieder=ehr* M::* Barney* ':P: et al:

+&&%6 i!s e#


190/474


191/474

nove* thermosta)e


192/474

tota ee* P:/:* /im* H:/:* Yu* P:H: and Oh* 1:/: %--8)6 Conin! of the

thermosta)e


193/474

ooch*

C:*

iarou!e*

C:*

Wyss*

M:

and

van

>oon

A:::M:+&&&6 (#chan!in! the active site )etween : et al: +&&+6

1he consensus conce


194/474

>indEvist*

Y:*

0chneider*

:

and

ih=o*

:

%--46

Crysta

structures

of

rat

acid

ei* $::* 0ethumadhavan* /: et al( +&&+60itedirected

muta!enesis

of As+ergillus niger N> ,%,5


195/474

12,

Nair* :C:* >aFamme* P: and 'uvnGa=* : %--%6 roduction of oon* A:::M:

%--7a6

Conin!

of

the

oon A:::M: %--7)6 ene conin!*


196/474

intestina :B:

+&&8a6

/inetics*

su)strate

s


197/474

asmussen* 0:/:* Pohansen* /:0: and 0rensen* M:B: +&&76 oynuceotides encodin!


198/474

Pytases

128

1am)e* 0:M:* /a=iG* :0:* /e=ar* 0:M: and are=h* >:P: %--46 1wo distinct moecuar forms

of eun!*

1:Y:

and

>im*

B:>:

+&&+6

Moecuar

conin!

and

the

)iochemicacharacteri?ation of two nove


199/474

de


200/474

Yan=e*

>:P:*

0ein!er*

B:>:

and

Chen!*

/:P:

%---6

hytase

activity

in

Seleno!onasru!inantiu!2 a : %--56 Com


201/474

8 E9ec" of Di#e%"i+e Trac"$o&di"io&%, Feed !roce%%ia&d Iredie&"% o& Re%0o&%e

"o NS!

E&5'e%

B. @=I:@

I&"rod*c"io&

Nonstarch


202/474

ar!e inFuence on the resuts* )ut which wi not )e deat with here:

1he to


203/474

al( +&&86 showed that* )etween


204/474

tem


205/474

dierent


206/474

Fi#. 8.-. Cu)ulative excretion rates for broiler cic&ens fed 7eat diets su''le)ented 7itoat ulls and 7itout su''le)entation. Bars indicate standard deviation n N +$. 4ro):etland and @vius 2001.$

acce


207/474


208/474

%--+6 showed that )irds ada


209/474

Fi#. 8.2.

(ry )atter 'ercenta#e #rey sMuares$ and content asteris&s$ in cro' of )ealfed20dayold broiler cic&ens at different ti)es after avin# ad access to feed for 1, )in.

0vihus et al( +&&+6* where 5& of the feed had


210/474

++& min )y 'Znic=e et al( %---6* whie others found retention time in the GeGunum and ieum to vary )etween %, and +& min 0hires et al(* %-87L vander /is et al(* %--&L utierre? de Aamo et al(* +&&-a*)6: 1his a


211/474

associated with a considera)e fermentation activity dominated )y actic acid


212/474

res


213/474

re


214/474


215/474

1*6 B. @vius

activity of the !ucanases and #yanases added to the diet*athou!h the


216/474

where surviva durin!


217/474

retention time throu!h increased voume of the !i??ard: However* the moreacidic conditions created in the !i??ard due to increased dietary structure woudreduce the activity of the en?ymes in the !i??ard and woud aso increase theris= of their inactivation* )oth throu!h ow


218/474

at a constant rate* imitin! access to feed wi therefore increase !astric retentiontime: 1his is in accordance with findin!s of a


219/474

the stomach: 1o concude* an avera!e


220/474

a


221/474

It is worth notin! that Mor!avi et al( +&&%6 concuded that N0ases wereony modesty susce


222/474


223/474


224/474


225/474

and thus enhance de!radation activity of added en?ymes: "or


226/474

for a on! retention time in the cro


227/474

ma=in! it difficut to ascri)e eects such as an increased starch anea et al(*%---L racia et al:* +&&,6 and@or


228/474

has )een shown that sou)e fi)res may aso have ne!ative eects throu!hstimuation of )acteria


229/474

b=alues are calculated for te 7eat fraction only.cAvera#e value for all batces tested.

or e#truded diets ranGes et al(* %--L 0cott et al(* +&&,* res


230/474

discussed )y Cowieson et al( +&&6: Aternativey* nutritive vaue may )ecom


231/474

1he !enera mechanisms have )een e#tensivey reviewed )y Adams %--%6

and >udi=huy?e et al( +&&,6* and wi )e ony )rieFy outined here: Watermoecues interact with the en?yme throu!h noncovaent van derWaas )onds*and may even contri)ute to conformationa sta)iity )y formin! a

mem)rane

around

the

en?yme

Adams*

%--%6:

As

tem


232/474


233/474

%--46 and 0iversides and Bedford %---6 o)served reduction in en?ymeactivity when the


234/474

fi)res does not increase with


235/474

1,0 B. @vius

at 85`C: As aready discussed* however* the window of time in the di!estivetract where conditions are suita)e for en?yme activity is short: 1hus* a


236/474

e#o!enous en?ymes* it is reasona)e to assume that even a modestim


237/474


238/474

Bayer*

:C:*

Hoover*

W:H:

and

Muir*

"::

%-786

'ietary

fi)er

and

mea

feedin!

inFuence

on)roier !rowth and cro< fermentation: "oultr2 Science 57* %45J%45-:

1,2 B. @vius

Bedford*

M::

+&&+6

1he

roe

of

car)ohydrases

in

feedstu

di!estion:

In2

McNa)*

P:M:

andBoorman*

/:N:

eds6 "oultr2 FeedstusE Su++l2) Co!+osition and Nut

riti3e Value:CABI u)ishin!* Wain!ford* ./*


239/474

of ow a


240/474


241/474


242/474

iamide*

M:P:

+&&-a6

Wheat

starch

di!estion

rate

in

)roier

chic=ens

is

aected

)ycutivar )ut not )y wheat cro< nitro!en fertiisation: British "oultr2 Science 5&* ,4%J,4-:

utierre?

de

Aamo*

A:*

erste!en*

M:W:A:*

den

Harto!*

>:A:*

ere?

de

Ayaa*

:

andiamide*

M:P:

+&&-)6

Wheat

starch

di!estion

rate

in

)roier

chic=ens

is

aected

)ycutivar )ut not )y wheat cro< nitro!en fertiisation: "oultr2 Science 88* %

J%75:Hetand*

H:

and

0vihus*

B:

+&&%6

(ect

of

oat

hus

on


243/474

In)orr*

P:

and

Bedford*

M::

%--46

0ta)iity

of

feed

en?ymes

to

steam


244/474

=inetic information to ar)ier*

M:

and

Nitsan*

:

%--56

(ect

of

a!e

and

e#o!enous

amyaseand


245/474

Mi==esen* >:>:* Nau!hton* :P:* Hedemann* M:0: and Pensen* B:B: +&&46 (ects of :* ode* >:M:* McAister* 1:A:* Iwaasa* A:': et

al: +&&%6 esistance of feed en?ymes to


246/474

ersia*

M:(:*

'ehority*

B:A

and

>i)urn*

M:0:

+&&+6

1he

eects

of

en?yme

su:

and

Banave*

':

%-876

1he

di!estion

of

wheat

starch in )roier chic=ens: Australian *ournal o5 Agricultural /esearch ,8* ,-J4-:0amarasin!he*

/:*

Messi=ommer*

:

and

Wen=*

C:

+&&&6

Activity

of

su


247/474


248/474

hysica and nutritiona eects of


249/474

ranGes* M::* 0i* ': +&&56 roa?arevic* N:* (dvardsen* ':H: and 0vihus* B: +&&86(ects of fi)re

content in


250/474

I&"rod*c"io&

A century a!o*


251/474

%--6: 1his was mainy in res


252/474

)etter scientific understandin! of the


253/474


254/474

Fi#. :.-. @ce)atic dia#ra) of te !#'ytate axis as 'ro'osed by Lott et al. 2000$.

Pytate and Pytase

1-*

from nine surveys are summari?ed in 1a)e 7:%: 1he maGority of in feedstusof


255/474

1he e#cretion of e#cess and undi!ested )y


256/474

1.3- 1.6-2.20$ -1.0 *0.0!ai/e 8+, 2.-2 2.*0

2.30$1.66 1.802.20$ 81.- 1*.0

@or#u) --+ *.+2 2.81 *.60$

2.-- 1.30*.2-$ 88.6 20.0

eat -38 *.08 2.30 +.03$

2.13 1.602.63$ 81.- +3.0

Canola )eal +26 3.82 6.83 11.,0$

-.+, +.008.86$ --.+ 21.0

Cottonseed )eal

*21 10.02 -.+0 11.*-$

8.82 +.33.11$ 88.1 1.0

@oybean )eal

-63 -.+3 ,.80 -.3+$

*.66 *.,++.,*$ ,3.3 28.0

Rice bran -*8 18.62 1*.+0 28.13$

1+.18 8.30 2+.20$

83., 2,.0

eat bran -2, 10.3- 6.02 1*.81$

6.*- 8.003.-0$ 8-.* +1.0

aei#ted )eans derived fro)


257/474

hytate e#traction from


258/474

is an interestin! a


259/474

de


260/474


261/474

Moreover* the


262/474


263/474

1he main sites of


264/474

e#am


265/474

of


266/474

an avera!e of +:&& ! non


267/474

mea* the su)seEuent eEuivaency of && "1. of an As+ergillus


268/474

studies: 1he i=eihood is that the Ca eEuivaence of


269/474

18*

Relea%e of 0ho%0hor*% a&d calci*'

0evera e#


270/474

standard and eevated incusion eves merit more accurate definitions:

K!ro"ei& E9ec"H of !h"a"e a&d !h"a%e

Officer and Batterham %--+a6 were


271/474

commercia entities for neary two decades* it is not acce


272/474

Pytate and Pytase

18,

increased avera!e AI' coefficients of %8 amino acids )y 4:7* from &:787 to

&:8+4*

over

%+,

o)servations

1a)e

7:,6:

Amon!

individua

amino

acids*


273/474

As'artic acidCystine"luta)ic acid"lycineProline@erineTyrosine!ean

88+88+88

12* total$

0.88+0.8-80.-8*0.6*60.8+-0.83+0.8,10.8630.868

0.6030.61+0.8210.68+0.8660.6*,0.60+0.6060.62+

+.,-.18.1+.*,.-,.28.12.++.8

aRavindran et al. 1333a 2000 2001 200- 2006$F Ruterfurd et al. 2002$F @elle et al. 200*b 2003b$.

18- P.:. @elle et al.


274/474

which ma=es the im


275/474

Pytate and Pytase

188

et

al:

%-8%6

investi!ated

the

eects

of

diets

containin!

watersou)e

orinsou)e soy


276/474

ar!ey undi!ested in the sma intestine* any increase in mucin secretion woude#acer)ate Fows of endo!enous amino acids derived from its


277/474

)e reduced si!nificanty throu!h the addition of increasin! eves of Na* witheves eEuivaent to those found in a &:+ Na diet )ein! sufficientto )rea= u<more than 5 of these com


278/474

Micro(ial 0h"a%e a'i&o acid di#e%"i(ili" a%%a% i& %i&e

Whie there is the


279/474

Nevertheess* in !enera micro)ia


280/474

trations* reative to dietary


281/474


282/474

It is noteworthy that chromic o#ide has )een used as the mar=er in


283/474

owan et al: %--+6 aso Gud!ed that there is a su)stantia microFora


284/474


285/474

of


286/474

soy)ean mea


287/474

increase the e#tent of


288/474

the


289/474

>eeson* %-84L >eeson* %--,6: Maty=a et al: %--&6 found that )eef taowreduced


290/474

re


291/474

others ta=e severa days to deveo


292/474

e#am


293/474


294/474

a)e to dissociate !ycininJ


295/474

Interestin!y* A!)ede et al: +&&-6 su)seEuenty determined the eects of "(l2cii


296/474

Feed 0roce%%i

In recent years increasin! attention is )ein!


297/474

of !i??ard function )y feedin! whoe or coarsey !round !rain in turnstimuatesthe deveo


298/474

this situation the ener!y matri# for #yanase shoud )e reduced )y around+&6 in the


299/474

done with care: In a recent study Cowieson* +&%&6* the remova of + soy oifrom a mai?e soy)ased )roier diet resuted in a si!nificantdecrease b,6 iniea amino acid di!esti)iity at day +%: Interestin!y* this eect wasnot o)served)y day 4+ chan!e from C to NC k a


300/474

caused )y the in!estion of diets with a ow fat density does not


301/474


302/474

Refere&ce%

A)eson* :H: %---6 A


303/474

and

oyster

she*

car)onate*

citrate*

and

citratemaate

forms

of

cacium

are

eEuay)ioavaia)e( Nutrition /esearch +4* +-,J,&%:

Ba)ouris* N:* "etcher* P: and >ennardPones* P:(: %-56 (ect of dierent foodson the acidity

of the !astric contents in ohan*

O::

and

0iha!*

:0:

+&&86

(ect

of

feed


304/474

acids

in

untreated*

heattreated

and

thermaammoniated

hi!htannin

!rain

sor!hum:South A5rican *ournal o5 Ani!al Science +&* ++,J++8:

Bryden*

W:>:

and

Buett*

P:A:

%-86

0e


305/474

Covasa*

M:

and

itter*

:C:

+&&&6

Ada:*

(ec=hout*

W:

and

BoucEue*

Ch::

%--46

1he


306/474

activity

in

ve!eta)e

feedstus:

Netherlands

*ournal

o5

Agricultural

Science 4+*,57J,-:

'ecuy:/:* Pohnson* :B: and 0tam


307/474


308/474


309/474

Pohnston* 0:>:* "ru!e* (:':* Bidner* 1:': and 0outhern* >:>: +&&-6 (ect of


310/474

!rowin! re!ion* !rowin! season and stora!e: Australian *ournal o5 Agricultural /esearch5,* %,%J%,(

/im*

/:I:

and

Bayey*

H:0:

%-8,6

Amino

acid

o#idation

)y

youn!


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in

soy)eans

and

soy

aawor*

::*

>ynch*

:B:*

Carey*

:P:*

ODeiy*

P:P:

and

ODConne*

M:/:

+&&56Measurements of the acid)indin! ca:P: %-7+6 1he eect of certain dietary factors on in 3i3o


312/474


313/474

MitGavia* 0:* de 0aint BanEuat* : and 'erache* : %-7,6 (ect de Dacide tanniEue sur a

scrtion !astriEue che? e rat: Nutrition and Metabolis! %5* %,J%7&:Moehn* 0:* Bertoo* :"::* enchar?* :B: and Ba* :O: +&&56 'eveo


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OD'e*

B:>:

and

de

Boand*

A:

%-76

Com


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soy)eans:

II:

Mechanism

of


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avindran*

:*

More*

:C:H:*

artrid!e*

::*

Hru)y*

M:

and

0ands*

P:0:

+&&6

InFuence

of an -( coliderived


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Caavaia)iity in )roiers: 9agung Sch.eine und 0eRgelern,hrung* .niversitat Hae*ermany:

0ee*

:H:

and

avindran*

:

+&&76

Micro)ia


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20+ P.:. @elle et al.

0mith*

1:N:*

esti*

:M:*

Ba=ai*

P:*

/i)urn*

P:

and

(dwards*

H:M:

+&&%6

1he

use

of

nearinfrared

reFectance

s


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-scherichia coli


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*ournal o5 Nutrition 4-* 4&%J4%&(han!*

:B:

and

/orne!ay*

(:1:

%---6

hytase

eects

on

iea

amino

acid

di!esti)iity

andnitro!en

)aance

in

finishin!


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and o


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)ut this is not aways the case: However* im


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(#o!enous en?ymes have the a)iity to increase en?ymic activity within therumina environment Mor!avi et al:* +&&&)L Coom)atto et al:* +&&,c6:Increased hydroytic ca


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+&&&6 or Waace et al( +&&%6:In addition to increasin! en?ymic activity in the rumina environment*

a


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(evelo')ents in En/y)e sa#e in Ru)inants

203

conditions of these studies have varied widey: 'ierent anima ty


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1hus* when viewed across a s


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Le7is et al. 1333$ )l en/y)e 'roduct 1 fora#e (!$b

Para)eter 0 0.8 1.0 1., 0 0.81.0 1., 0 1.2, 2.0, ,.0

(!I day 1$ 20.3 22.1 20.+ 22.1 20.- 21.220.8 2*.* 2+.+e 2-.2d 2-.2d 2-.-d

4C!(!I 1$c 1.21 1.** 1.+- 1.+1 1.12 1.081.1- 1.03 1.88 1.-+ 1.63 1.-2

*.,9 4 C! 2,.2d

23.,

e

23.8

e

*1.2

e

2*.1

22.-

2+.0

2,.*

+*.1e

+*.0e

+3.+d

+*.2e

day 1$!il& yield day 1$ 2-.+f 23.1# 26.8# *0.+# 2*.- 2*.0

2*.* 2,.2 *3.-e +0.6e +,.3d +1.2e

!il& fat 9$ *.-8d *.61e *.3+e *.6*e *.8, *.86*.3+ *.6- *.33d *.6*de +.00d *.8,e

!il& 'rotein 9$ *.1+d *.**e *.+2e *.*-e *.+0 *.+1*.+- *.** 2.3,d 2.68e 2.66e 2.6,e

(! dry )atterF (!I dry )atter inta&eF 4C! *.,9 fatcorrected )il&.aPolysaccaridase en/y)e 'roduct fro) 4inn4eeds Int. !arlborou# F activity units not #iven.bPolysaccaridase en/y)e 'roduct fro) 4inn4eeds Int. !arlborou# F te en/y)e 'roduct contained 1600 carboxy)etylcellulase units and 8*00xylanase units )l 1. Conditions of te en/y)e assays 7ere not #iven.c


328/474

Fi#. 6.-. Effects of addin# a fibrolytic en/y)e additive to alfalfa cubes fed to #ro7in# beef cattle Beauce)in et al. 133,$.

Conditions of te en/y)e assays 7ere not #iven.

Asteris&denotes treat)ent 7as different fro) control " O0.10$. (!I dry )atter inta&eF A(" avera#edaily #ain.

212 .A. Beauce)in and L. :oltsausen

finishin! catte fed hi!h!rain diets: ositive resuts have mainy)een re


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rations* A' was increased )y - and feed conversion efficiency )y %&1a)e 8:+6: In these hi!h!rain diets* it is not cear whether the res


330/474

(evelo')ents in En/y)e sa#e in Ru)inants

21*

feed in the rumen is short* as is the case for animas fed ad libitu!: 1his eectis demonstrated in the study re


331/474

A(4 +,.3 +6.8 +3.,

(!I dry )atter inta&eF 4C! fatcorrected )il&F (! dry )atterF


332/474

?e ac"i+i"ie% reJ*ired i& feed e&5'e addi"i+e%

Commercia en?yme


333/474

cuture in 3itro


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!ini)u) 0 0 0 0 0 *2.1

!axi)u) 1-1* 12330 2.31 6+.0 0.088 62.*

Mai1e silage!ean ++1 20+- 0.+* **.+ 0.00, 1+.*

!ini)u) 0 0 0 1.+8 0 2*.*

!axi)u) 1-1* 12330 1.38 6+.0 0.0-* -0.,


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de!radation* for #yanase the ty


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enhanced di!esti)iity* )ut res


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on a 'M )asis6* N'" di!esti)iity in the tota tract increased )y +L whenadded to a hi!hfora!e diet 44:5 )arey sia!e* %:& afafa hayand ,-:5concentrate on a 'M )asis6* there was no eect on N'" di!esti)iity: >ac= of eect of the en?yme in the hi!herfora!e diet may have reFected the hi!her

concentration of )arey sia!e in the ration* as this


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si!nificant eves of ce wahydroysin! en?ymes* and thus it can)e difficut to


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resutin!


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the dietary


341/474

hi!her

concentration

of


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dairy cows in eary actation is the )est way to assess whether an en?yme


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344/474

com


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is then


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Athou!h


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Fi#. 6.2. Effects of addin# en/y)e durin# in 3itro incubation of a total )ixed ration onde#radability 9$ of neutral deter#ent fibre


348/474


349/474


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#yanases:

In2

Bedford*

M::

and

artrid!e*

::

eds6

-n12!es

in

Far! Ani!alNutrition( CABI u)ishin!* Wain!ford* ./*


351/474


352/474

varia)iity and


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/incaid* :>:* ari=i:

Pr

+&&-6

Anevauation of e#o!enous en?ymes with amyoytic activity for dairy cows: *our nal o5 air2

Science -+* %&5&J%&5-:/nowton* /:": and Her)ein* P:H: +&&+6 hositte*

:C:+&&8a6 1he


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%---6 (ect of directfed fi)roytic en?ymes on the actationa iEuid*

on

mi=

:* ode* >:M:* Iwaasa* A:':* Yan!*W:: et al:

+&&&a6

0yner!y

)etween

rumina

fi)roytic

en?ymes

and

en?ymes

from

9richoder!alongibrachiatu!: *ournal o5 air2 Science 8,* %,%&J%,+%:Mor!avi* '::* New)od* C:P:* Beever* ':(: and Waace* :P: +&&&)6 0ta)iity andsta)ii?ation

of :B: +&&76 'iversity of


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NC

+&&%6 Nutrient /eJuire!ent o5 air2 Cattle* 7th edn: Nationa ese

arch

Counci*Nationa Academy ress* Washin!ton* 'C:

Nsere=o*

:>:*

Mor!avi*

'::*

Beauchemin*

/:A:

and

ode*

>:M:

+&&&a6

Inhi)ition

of ruminant feed en?yme :*

Mor!avi*

'::*

ode*

>:M:*

Beauchemin*

/:A:

and

McAister*

1:A:

+&&&)6(ects

of

fun!a

en?yme

:* irado* >:A:* 1ric^rico* P:M: and Carro* M:': +&&86(ects of ane#o!enous fi)roytic en?yme


356/474

+&&,6

(ect

of

method

of

a: et al:

+&&%6 (ects of an e#o!enous en?yme


357/474


358/474

fue sources* such as )iodiese and ethano* has created mutiand

)arey

in

(uro


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!round !rain then !oes throu!h a


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361/474

su)strates for )ioethano


362/474

more

concentrated

form:

As

a

Urue

of

thum)D*

many

fractions wi )econcentrated )y a factor of three versus the startin! !rain or !rain )end iGstraand Betranena* +&&-6:

>i=e other chemica constituents* the


363/474


364/474

com9$FA!E% si#nificant i)'rove)ents " O0.01$at 10 days 89$ and 21 days -9$F )ai/e

or7eat (("@ used at 109 level

Endo1+xylanaseF =endrell et al. 2003$

Body7ei#t #ain% si#nificant i)'rove)ents" O0.0,$ at ,- days in Zi# ener#y diets

,9$

and Zlo7 ener#y diets 129$F fe)ur brea&stren#t% si#nificant i)'rove)ents " O0.0,$ i

nbot dietsF )ai/e (("@ used at 109 level

Endo1+xylanaseF〈a)ylaseF subtilisin'rotease$F -'ytase

PYron et al(2003$

"igletsBody7ei#t #ain% i)'rove)ents " O0.06$ in )ai/e

(("@F #ain%feed ratio% i)'rove)ents" O0.06$ in bot )ai/e and sor#u) (("@Fdry )atter di#estibility% si#nificant i)'rove)en

ts" O0.0,$ in bot )ai/e and sor#u) (("@F

)ai/e or sor#u) (("@ used at *09 level

Endo1+xylanaseF〈a)ylaseF subtilisin'rotease$F endo1*+$#lucanase

-'ytase re?


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4eoli 2006$0ro.er8Gnisher +igsBody7ei#t #ain% no si#nificant i)'rove)entsF dry

)atter nitro#en and #ross ener#y di#estibility%si#nificant " O0.01$ i)'rove)ents in bot )ai

/eand sor#u) (("@F )ai/e or sor#u) (("@used at +09 level

Endo1+xylanaseF〈a)ylaseF subtilisin'rotease$F endo1*+$#lucanase

4eoli 2006$

Body7ei#t #ain and #ain%feed ratio% no si#nificant

i)'rove)entsF ileal and faecal di#estibility% nosi#nificant i)'rove)entsF 7eat (("@ at 2,

9or +09 level

Endo1+xylanase idyaratne et al. 2003$

Ileal 'rotein and a)ino acid di#estibility% si#nificant

" O0.0,$ i)'rove)ents +69$F faecal #rossener#y di#estibility% si#nificant " O0.0,$i)'rove)ents -9$F )ai/e (("@ used at 20

9level

Endo1+xylanaseF Plu)stead2003$

Body7ei#t #ain and #ain%feed% no si#nificanti)'rove)ents in four ex'eri)ents 7it fourdifferent co))ercial en/y)e 'roductsFex'eri)ents 1 and 2% )ai/e (("@ used at 1

,9levelF ex'eri)ent *% )ai/e (("@ used at +,

and-09 levelsF ex'eri)ent +% )ai/e (("@ used

at*09 level

1. !annanase2. "lucanase

cellulase and'rotease

*. Pro'rietary blendsno activity details$

+. Bacterial endo1+xylanase

;acela et al.2003$

Body7ei#t #ain and #ain%feed ratio% si#nificant" O0.0,$ i)'rove)ents by 6109 and 1+

1-9res'ectivelyF faecal dry )atter nitro#en andener#y di#estibility% so)e si#nificant " O0.0,$effects at + 7ee&s into te trial none at 6 7e

e&sF)ai/e (("@ used at -9 level

1. !annanase2. 1+!annanaseF〈1-#alactosidaseF 1+)annosidase

an# et al.2003$

A!E a''arent )etaboli/able ener#yF (("@ distillers dried #rains 7it solubles.

En/y)e A''lications and te Ani)al 4eed Industry

2*8

1he )enefits from the addition of e#o!enous en?ymes iustrate

d in 1a)e-:+ a


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focus shoud therefore )e on further studies in )oth


367/474

4u)onisins 4u)onisins B1 B2 B* Fusariu! 3erticilloides) Fusariu! +roli5eratu!

2*6 A. PYron and ".". Partrid#e

aFato#ins and Fusariu! to#ins: 1he other !rou< contains fun!i th

at


368/474

order to transform mycoto#ins into ess to#ic com


369/474

Fusariu! mycoto#ins was investi!ated )y Chen et al: +&&6: 1he studyreveaed that the mycoto#in deactivator M'(


370/474

De0h"i&i5a"io& of feed%"*9%

emova of


371/474

su!!estin! that non


372/474

hi!htem


373/474


374/474

a)ove6:

However*

the

iterature

contains

some

more

unusua en?ymea


375/474

En/y)e A''lications and te Ani)al 4eed Industry

2+*

0imiary*

en?ymatic

treatment

of

feathers


376/474


377/474

case* scientists did not transfer a microor!anism that was


378/474

57* %%4J%%-:Caine*

W::*

erte!en*

M:W:A:*

0auer*

W:C:*

1ammin!a*

0:

and

0chu?e*

H:

%--86

(ect

of :

+&&56

(vauation

of

the

efficacy

of

four

feed

additivesa!ainst

the

adverse

eects

of

1+

to#in

in

!rowin!

)roier

chic=ens: *ourn

al

o5

A++lied


379/474

"oultr2 /esearch %4* ++J+,%:('C +&&-6 Fer!entation -thanol HIndustrial and Fuel: (n?yme 'eveo


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Agricultural and Food Che!istr2 ,* %%8%J%%8,:He* :* Youn!* >:: and "ors)er!* C: %--+6 Micro)ia transformation of deo#ynivaeno

vomito#in6: A++lied -n3iron!ental Microbiolog2 58* ,857J,8,:Heider*

':

and

0chat?mayr*

:

+&&,6

A

new

a: P:*

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1::*

reston*

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and

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>::

%--56

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intact!ucosinoate

inta=e

from

ra


381/474

+%%J+%8:Neson*

1:0:*

0hieh*

1::*

Wod?ins=i*

:P:

and

Ware*

P:H:

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1he

avaia)iity

of


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ron*

A:

and

umstead*

:

+&&-6

Com)ination

of


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384/474

iGstra*

:1:

and

Betranena*

(:

+&&-6

aria)iity

of

Euaity

in

)iofue

co


385/474

Uhy!ienicD feed for ivestoc=: In res


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387/474

4&& mm in diameter )y + m on!* havin! on avera!e 48


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across the die: 1his tem

Documents

Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition 2010[1]