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Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover Daehwan Kim, David Orrego, Neal Hengge, Eduardo Ximenes and Michael Ladisch Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University AIChE Paper 422641, November 10, 2015 Salt Lake City, UT

Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

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Page 1: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover

Daehwan Kim, David Orrego, Neal Hengge, Eduardo Ximenes and Michael Ladisch

Laboratory of Renewable Resources EngineeringDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Purdue University

AIChE Paper 422641, November 10, 2015Salt Lake City, UT

Page 2: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

AcknowledgementsPurdue University                                           

Colleges of Agriculture and EngineeringUSDA Hatch 10677 10646

Indiana Corn Marketing Council

US Department of EnergyCooperative Agreement GO18103,GO17059‐16649, 0012846, DE‐SC0000997

Embrapa:  Dr. Cristiane Farinas

Page 3: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Outline

Cellulose Ethanol in a Corn to Ethanol Plant

Corn Fractionation 

Enzyme Liquefaction of Pericarp and Cornstover

Achieving high solids

Conclusions

Page 4: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Corn

Milling Cooking

Water Enzymes

Ferment

CO2

Distillation / Dehydration

Ethanol

DG

DDGS

BacksetPretreat

Hydrolyze

Enzymes

Dry Grind Process with Cellulose Conversion

Kim et al, Bioresource Technology, 99(12) 2008

Page 5: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Corn

Cooking

Water Enzymes

Ferment

CO2

Distillation / Dehydration

Ethanol

DG

DDGS

Backset

Pericarp Hydrolyze

Enzymes

Dry Grind Process with Kernel Fractionation

Change a core assumption

Page 6: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Corn Kernel

Component % of totalby weight

Tip cap 0.9

Pericarp (Cellulose& Hemicellulose) 5.3

Endosperm (Starch) 81.9

Germ (Oil) 11.9

Total 100

Gulati et al., 1996

Pericarp

Page 7: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Fractionation of Corn Kernel(Gives Identifiable Starch, Oil, Pericarp Fractions)

OilSugars Protein

Starch

Pericarp 0

50

100

150

200

0 4 8 12Time (h)

Corn + EnzymeControl

Starch, g/L

Added Enzyme enables 85% starch release from kernel in 12 hrsAnd separatrion of oil (germ) and pericarp components of the kernel

Separated by density & size

Page 8: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

8

Pericarp Composition 

Dry weight basis composition (%)

Corn pericarp

As is After Extraction

Cellulose 25.7 42.6

Xylan 15.5 25.8

Arabinan 8.2 13.7

Acetate 1.8 3.0

Lignin 4.5 7.4

Ash 0.1 0.1

Extractives 39.7 ‐

Total 95.5 92.6

Page 9: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

9

Activity (IU/mL)

Enzyme component Pectinase Cellulase

Endo‐glucanase 577 1142

Xylanase 947 943

β‐glucosidase 176 3

β‐xylosidase 35 10

Multifect (Pectinase) and Spezyme CP (Cellulase)

Activity = 1 µmol reducing sugar or p‐nitrophenol / min at 50 , pH 4.8, (Dien et al., 2008)

Enzymes for Pericarp Liquefaction 

Page 10: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Long cellulose chains in pericarp contribute to high viscosity slurries.

Viscosity may be reduced by through the use of a cellulolytic enzyme. The action of endoglucanase catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose specifically at the internal locations of the chain.

Kumar, Wyman  et al., 2004, 2008

Possible Enzyme Mechanism

Page 11: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Enzyme Inhibitors

phenols

Ximenes et al., 2011.  Kim et al, Ko et al, Mhlongo et al., 2015

Lignin derived inhibitors could interfere with Liquefaction

Page 12: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Tannic acid is a major inhibitor

0

20

40

60

80

100

Inhi

bitio

n (%

)

Filter Paper hydrolysis (FPase activity)

Carboxymethyl Cellulose hydrolysis(CMCase activity)

Tannic acid

Cinnamicacid Ferulic

acid

ρ‐Coumaricacid Sinapic

acid

Vanillin

Syringaldehyde

4‐Hydroxy‐benzoic acidGallic 

acidXimenes et al, 2010, 2011

Inhibition occurs at the mg level

Page 13: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Endoglucanases are more resistant to inhibitors

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

% Rem

aining

 Cellulase Activities 

in Spe

zyme CP

 

Ratio of Phenolic Compounds to Cellulase Protein (mg phenolics/mg protein)

FPAase, CMCase: 48 hCBH: 48 h

beta G: 6 h

beta G: 24 h

beta G: 48 h

(A)

Inhibitors from hardwood, Kim et al, 2011, 2015Enzyme Spezyme CP

Endo

Beta ‐ G

Page 14: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

High solids needed (Goal is 300 g/L) 

Fiber Loading  g / L

0.0

50.0

100.0

0 200 400

Ethanol g / L

Min. concentration  for efficient distillation

Wet Pericarp + Germ

Fed batch addition to enzyme solution, pH 4.8

Time, hrs 0 12 hrs6

Page 15: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

15

BufferpH 4.8

Inputs

t=0 (h) Enzyme

t=012369 12

Pericarp

Liquefied pericarp

12 to 72 hrs 50 290 rpm60 hrs

Laboratory Experiment

2 g2 g2 g2 g2 g

2 g3 g

50 290 rpm12 hrs

Page 16: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Mass Balance on Pericarp 

100 units Pericarp

25.7 units Glucan

23.7 units Xylan/Arabinan

28.6 units Glucose

26.9 units Xylose

14.6 units EtOH

13.8 units EtOH

Stoichiometric:  Glucan to Glucose = 1.111;  Xylan to Xylose = 1.136;  Sugar to ethanol = 0.511

Maximum of 28.4 lbs of ethanol from 100 lbs of pericarp, as is.If extracted pericarp is used, yield per unit weight is 1.7x higher.

Assume both hexoses and pentoses ferment to ethanol

Page 17: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Mass Balance (Maximum Yields Possible)

1 Ton Corn (Dry basis)

1648 lb Starch

106 lb Pericarp

840 lb EtOH

30 lb EtOH870 lb EtOH

1 Bu Corn 3.1 gal EtOH

42.2 Bu 130 gal

Theoretical Maximum

With other sources of fiber in the kernel, increase in ethanol yields of 6%

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18

• 20 g/L of glucoses, minimal inhibitors

• 1 g/L of inoculation (S. cerevisiae), 28 , 200 rpm, for 48h, 50 mM sodium 

citrate buffer pH 4.8

Sugars from pericarp are readily fermented

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 24

Ethano

l (g/L)

Glucose (g

/L)

Fermentation time (h)

Glucose EtOH

Page 19: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Corn Stover

Corn kernels Corn stover: lignocellulose

Leaves, stalks, cobs (without kernel)

Page 20: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

20

Pericarp vs. Corn Stover Composition

Dry weigh basis composition (%)

Corn pericarp Corn stover

Raw, untreated Extractive free Raw, untreated

Glucan 25.7 42.6 37.0

Xylan 15.5 25.8 22.7

Arabinan 8.2 13.7 ‐

Acetate 1.8 3.0 ‐

Lignin 4.5 7.4 18.6

Ash 0.1 0.1 7.5

Extractives 39.7 ‐ 11.1

Total 95.5 92.6 96.9

Page 21: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

Opportunity for Biology + Engineering21

Upstream Engineering and Process Biology Bioreactor scale‐upEngineering robust operations based on living systemsMicrobial and biochemical catalyst productionUnderstanding (re‐discovering) how to manage low carbon 

footprint,  biomass feedstocks

Pictures of corn stover at 22% weight of solids /  volume of waterWet corn stover pretreated , 190C water         liquefied

Page 22: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

22Liquefaction of Pretreated  Lignocelluloses

Shear stress vs shear rate data  for corn stover at different solid concentrations results in data for apparent viscosity (µa) of a non‐newtonian fluid.

The impeller speed (N) is determined for the µa  found to keep a turbulent regime (Re >104) that maximize enzyme‐solid contact. 

2Having N and µa needed to reach a turbulent regime is possible to calculate the torque (M) required.  

M and N is used to calculate the power required by the impeller to maintain a turbulent regime.

Saville et al, 2015, Schell et al, 2010, Pimenova & Hanley, 2004

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23

Slurries have shear thinning properties

Log η = c + A log ϒ.  A24h = ‐0.660, A48 h = ‐0.692

Cunha et al., 2014

Sugar cane bagasse

Page 24: Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover · Enzymatic liquefaction of pericarp and corn stover ... Inhibitors from hardwood, ... 25.7 units Glucan

24ConclusionsCellulose ethanol production in corn to ethanol plants is possible and beginning to occur

Enzyme‐assisted processing may be used to achieve mixable / pumpable slurries

Mixtures of cellulase / hemicellulaase usedEffect of phenol inhibition must be considered

High solids loadings needed but materials handling (viscosities) must be addressed

Shear thinning fluidsPower requirements for mixing