En.wikipedia.org-Cinema of Turkey

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en.wikipedia.org https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey

Cinema of Turkey

Cinema of Turkey

Number of screens 2,093 (2012)[1]

• Per capita 3.0 per 100,000 (2011)[2]

Main distributors United International Pictures 34.8%Warner Bros. 21.9%

Tiglon 18.9%[3]

Produced feature films (2012) [4]

Total 61

Number of admissions (2012)[4]

Total 43,935,763

• Per capita 0.6 (2012)[5]

National films 20,487,220 (47.0%)

Gross Box Office (2012)[1]

Total $234 million

National films $109 million (46.6%)

Cinema of

Turkey

A-Z of Turkish films

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List of Turkish films

1910s

19141915 1916 1917 1918 1919

1920s

1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929

1930s

1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939

1940s

1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949

1950s

1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959

1960s

1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969

1970s

1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979

1980s

1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1990s

1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999

2000s

2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009

2010s

2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015

Part of a series on the

Culture of Turkey

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of_Turkish_films_of_1960&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_films_of_the_1960shttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1959&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1958&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1957&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1956&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1955&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1954&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1953&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1952&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1951&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1950&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_films_of_the_1950shttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1949&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1948&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1947&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1946&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1945&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1944&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1943&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1942&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1941&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1940&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_films_of_the_1940shttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1939&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1938&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1937&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1934&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1933&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1931&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_films_of_the_1930shttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1929&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1928&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1926&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1925&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1924&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1923&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1922&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1921&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_the_1920s&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1919&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1918&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1917&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1916&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1915&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_1914&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkish_films_of_the_1910s&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_films


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History

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Turkey portal

Turkish cinema or Yeşilçam refers to the Turkish film art and industry. It is an important part of Turkish culture,

and has flourished over the years, delivering entertainment to audiences in Turkey, expatriates across Europe,

more recently prospering in the Arab world and in rare cases, the United States. The first movie exhibited in the

Ottoman Empire was the Lumiere Brothers' L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat released on December 29,1895. The first Turkish-made film was a documentary directed by Fuat Uzkınay completed in 1914 (shown

November 14, 1914) entitled Ayastefanos'taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı (Demolition of the Russian Monument at SaStefano). The first narrative film was released later in 1917. Turkey's first sound film was shown in 1931.

Contents

[hide]

History[edit]

Overview[edit]

In terms of film production, Turkey shared the same fate with many of the national cinemas of the 20th century.

Film production wasn't continuous until around the 1950s and the film market in general was run by a few major

import companies that struggled for domination in the most population-dense and profitable cities such as Istanbul

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and Izmir. Film theatres rarely ever screened any locally produced films and the majority of the programs

consisted of films of the stronger western film industries, especially those of the USA, France, Italy and Germany.

Attempts at film production came primarily from multinational studios, which could rely on their comprehensive

distribution networks together with their own theatre chains thus guaranteeing them a return on their investment.

Between the years 1896–1945, the number of locally produced films did not even reach 50 films in total, equal toless than a single year's annual film production. Domestically produced films, constituted of only a small fraction of

the total number of films screened in Turkey prior to the 1950s.

This would rapidly change after World War II. With a total of 49 films produced in 1952, this single year equaled agreater output produced in Turkey than all previous years. During the 60's, Turkey became the fifth biggest film

producer world wide and annual film production reached the 300 film benchmark just at the beginning of the 70's.Compared to other national cinemas, the achievements of the Turkish film industry after 1950 are still remarkable.

However, the impact of TV and Video as the new popular media and political turmoil in the 70's (often hand in

hand with deep economic crises) caused a sharp drop in ticket sales, resulting in a steady decline starting around

1980 and continuing until the mid-90's. The number of annual ticket sales decreased from a peak of 90 million

tickets in 1966[6] to 56 million tickets in 1984 and only 11 million in 1990. [7] Accordingly the number of film theatre

declined from approximately 2000 theatres in 1966[6] to 854 in 1984 and 290 in 1990.[8] During the 1990s the

average number of films produced per year remained between 10-15; usually half of them not even making it intothe theatres.

Since 1995 the situation has improved. After the year 2000, annual ticket sales rose to 20 million and since 1995,the number of theatres steadily increased to approximately 500 theatres country-wide. Currently Turkish films

attract audiences of millions of viewers and routinely top the blockbuster lists; often surpassing foreign films at the

box office. However, it is difficult to speak about the existence of an industry, since most films are rather individual

projects of directors who otherwise earn their living in Television, Advertising or Theatre. The distribution of these

films are mainly handled by multinational corporations such as Warner Bros and United International Pictures.

Pre-1950s[edit]

Most of the Turkish films produced before 1950 were projects initiated by import companies owned by local

families, most notably İpek Film, a daughter company of the İpek Merchandise, an import company that alreadyexisted in the 19th century as can be seen in their adverts published in Ottoman literary journals such as Servet-i

Fünun. Another important company in the early era of Turkish cinema was Kemal Film, a company whose

continuous presence as a leading import company has been often overseen for a few local films it produced

during the 1920s. (It is interesting to note that the founders of Kemal Film bought their first film camera on loan

from the Ipek Merchandise). Both companies would be the strongest film distributors until the 1950s and the only

companies that were financially sound enough to produce films themselves, with low risks for financial failure asthey already were in possession of a distribution-system and theatre chains that guaranteed a return-of-

investment.

However, the notable developments of these companies must be seen as necessary adaptations to the

technological progress of the western film industries whose films they were importing. One example here being

the establishment of the Marmara Dubbing Studio in the early 1930s, when the silent era came to an end in theWest and sound-films became the standard, prompting the import-dependent companies to adjust themselves to

the new technological requirements.

The big distributors in Istanbul, led by İpek Film and Kemal Film gradually expanded their distribution-system

throughout the rest of the country during the 1930s, leading to the so-called "regional system" (Bölge İşletmeleri)

which consisted of seven distribution areas with their headquarters being established in the most significant cities

in those regions: Istanbul (Marmara Region), İzmir (Aegaean Region), Ankara (Middle Anatolian Region), Samsun(Black Sea Region), Adana (Mediterranean Region), Erzurum (East Anatolian Region) and Diyarbakır (South East

Anatolian Region).[9] The Regional System became much more important after the 1950s, when local film

production dramatically increased and local films surpassed import-films in both ticket-sales and revenues. This

system became the financial fundament of Yeşilçam (often referred to as "Turkish Hollywood), which was the

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heart of Turkish film production between the years 1955–1975. After 1965, a so-called "Combined-System"

(Kombine Sistem) led by a trust of some regional leaders is said to have taken control on almost everything

regarding production.[9] A leading figure of the trust was producer Türker İnanoğlu who is still active in the media

business today, now running Ulusal Film, Turkey's largest TV production company.

The first film showing in Turkey was held in the Yıldız Palace, Istanbul in 1896. Public shows by SigmundWeinberg in the Beyoğlu and Şehzadebaşı districts followed in 1897. Weinberg was already a prominent figure at

that time, especially known as the a representative of foreign companies such as Pathé for whom he sold

gramophones before he got into the film business. In some sources he is also mentioned as a photographer, agaias a result of being one of the representatives of foreign companies such as Kodak-Goldmann.

The first Turkish movie, " Ayastefanos′taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı ", a documentary produced by Fuat Uzkınay in

1914,[10] depicted the destruction of the Russian monument in Ayastefanos by the public. The first thematic

Turkish films were "The Marriage of Himmet Aga" (1916–1918), started by Weinberg and completed by Uzkinay,"The Paw " (1917) and "The Spy" (1917), both by Sedat Simavi. The army-affiliated Central Cinema Directorate, a

semi-military national defense society, and the Disabled Veterans Society were the producing organizations of that

period.

In 1922 a major documentary film, "Independence, the İzmir Victory", was made about the first war of

Independence. The same year, the first private movie studio, Kemal Film, commenced operations. From 1923 to1939, Muhsin Ertugrul was the only film director in the country. He directed 29 films during this period, generally

incorporating adaptions of plays, operettas, fiction and foreign films. The influence of the theater dating back to

Uzkinay, Simavi, Ahmet Fehim and Karagozoglu is very strong in Muhsin Ertugrul's work.

The years between 1939 and 1950 were a period of transition for Turkish cinema, during which it was greatly

influenced by the theater as well as by World War II . While there were only two film companies in 1939, thenumber increased to four between 1946 and 1950. After 1949, Turkish cinema was able to develop as a separate

art, with a more professional caliber of talents.

The Yeşilçam era[edit]

Yeşilçam ("Green Pine") is a metonym for the Turkish film industry, similar to Hollywood in the United States.

Yeşilçam is named after Yeşilçam Street in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul where many actors, directors, crew

members and studios were based.

Yeşilçam experienced its heyday from the 1950s to the 1970s, when it produced 250 to 350 films annually. After

the 1970s, Yeşilçam suffered due to the spread of television in Turkey. However, Yeşilçam has seen a revival sinc2002, having produced critically acclaimed movies such as Uzak (Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival), 2003),

Babam ve Oğlum and Propaganda.

Between 1950 and 1966 more than fifty movie directors practiced film arts in Turkey. Ömer Lütfi Akad stronglyinfluenced the period, but Osman Fahir Seden, Atıf Yılmaz, and Memduh Ün made the most films. The film Susuz

Yaz (Dry Summer), made by Metin Erksan, won the Golden Bear Award at the Berlin Film Festival in 1964.

The number of cinemagoers and the number of films made record a constant increase, especially after 1958. In

the 1960s the programs of the theater departments in the Language, History and Geography faculties of Ankara

University and Istanbul University included cinema courses, as did the Press and Publications High School of

Ankara University. A cinema branch was also established in the Art History Department of the State Fine Arts

Academy.

The Union of Turkish Film Producers and the State Film Archives both date from the 1960s. The State Film

Archives became the Turkish Film Archives in 1969. During the same period, the Cinema-TV Institute wasfounded and annexed to the State Academy of Fine Arts . The Turkish State Archives also became part of this

organization. In 1962, the Cinema-TV Institute became a department of Mimar Sinan University. Well-known

directors of the 1960–1970 period include Metin Erksan, Atıf Yılmaz, Memduh Ün, Halit Refiğ, Duygu Sağıroğlu,Remzi Aydın Jöntürk and Nevzat Pesen. In 1970, the numbers of cinemas and cinemagoers rose spectacularly. In

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nevzat_Pesen&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remzi_Ayd%C4%B1n_J%C3%B6nt%C3%BCrkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duygu_Sa%C4%9F%C4%B1ro%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halit_Refi%C4%9Fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar_Sinan_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Academy_of_Fine_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Fine_Arts_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metin_Erksanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susuz_Yazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memduh_%C3%9Cnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C4%B1f_Y%C4%B1lmazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Fahir_Sedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mer_L%C3%BCtfi_Akadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Father_and_My_Sonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Cannes_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heydayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Fluhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operettahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_directorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhsin_Ertugrulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_studiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence,_the_%C4%B0zmir_Victory&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedat_Simavihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spy_(1917_film)&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayastefanoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuat_Uzk%C4%B1nayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Fluhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Weinberg&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulusal_Film&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrker_%C4%B0nano%C4%9Fluhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kombine_Sistem&action=edit&redlink=1


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2,424 cinemas, films were viewed by a record number of 247 million viewers.

In 1970, approximately 220 films were made and this figure reached 300 in 1972. Turkish cinema gave birth to its

legendary stars at this period, notable examples being Kemal Sunal, Kadir İnanır , Türkan Şoray and Şener Şen. After this period however, the cinema began to lose its audiences, due to nationwide TV broadcasts. After 1970, a

new and young generation of directors emerged, but they had to cope with an increased demand for video films

after 1980.

Decline of Yeşilçam and the post-Yeşilçam era[edit]

Increased production costs and difficulties in the import of raw materials brought about a decrease in the number

of films made in the 1970s, but the quality of films improved.[citation needed ] However, the fall of cinema's popularity

continued. In the early nineties, there were barely two or three movies released for a year. During this period, mos

of the seventies' stars had either moved to TV, or were trying to rebuild the Yeşilçam's former glory. Some of the

notable examples of this era are Eşkıya (English: The Bandit ) and Züğürt Ağa (English: The Agha), both starring

Şener Şen. Both movies were critically and commercially acclaimed.

However, the rise of Yesilçam didn't take place until the release of Vizontele. The film was directed, written, and

starred by Yılmaz Erdoğan, who was praised by his long-running sit-com Bir Demet Tiyatro, and his dedication to

theatre. The movie starred the cast of his usual plays, most notably Demet Akbağ, Altan Erkekli, and Cem Yılmaz.This movie's huge commercial success (watched by 2.5 million viewers, which earned the movie the most viewed

film for its day) brought attention to the industry. A few years later, Cem Yılmaz released his own film, G.O.R.A.,which he both wrote and starred in. This, and Vizontele's sequel Vizontele Tuuba broke Vizontele' s records, by

achieving 3.5, and 3 million viewers respectively.

Since then larger-budgeted films produced, notable examples include Kurtlar Vadisi: Irak (English: Valley of the

Wolves: Iraq), continuing the story of the controversial series Kurtlar Vadisi , (reached 4 million viewers and still

holds the record), Babam ve Oğlum (English: My Father and My Son), Cem Yılmaz's second movie Hokkabaz

(English: The Magician) .

There has been a rise in more experimental films in the 2000s. Notably the 2005 feature Türev was filmed without

a prewritten script and even featured candid shots of the actors. Anlat Istanbul (Istanbul Tales), an ensemble piece

divided into five "mini films" got a strong reception.

Production numbers also soared in the second half of the 2000s, with 40 films in 2007, and top 4 box office hits in2007 claimed by Turkish films, as the film industry became profitable again with improving technical quality

corresponding with commercial films' production costs increasing.[11]

Legal issues[edit]

Although the need for a Cinema Law has been very often raised throughout the history of the Turkish Republic,until 1986 no specific law or regulation has been developed. While films have been usually treated as goods and

were in that regard subject to laws regarding taxation, content-wise they were controlled by commissions that

have been often criticized for being mechanism of censorship.

In the 1930s some members of the parliament raised the issue whether films would have a bad impact on

children. This was a popular theme at that time, not just in Turkey, but also in the USA for example. (See: Payne

Foundation Studies) Later on in the 1960s, a debate around the so-called Baykam-Law became quite famous for

the tension it created amongst the parliamentarians and the stakeholders in the industry. In 1977 and 1978 some

further discussions for a cinema law have been held, but without any result.

In 1986, finally, a cinema law, though highly criticised by members of the industry and the cinema intelligentsia of that time, has been passed by the parliament and is since then the fundamental legislative document regarding

cinema issues in Turkey.

Laws and regulations[edit]

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payne_Foundation_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Taleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magician_(2006_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Father_and_My_Sonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtlar_Vadisihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtlar_Vadisi:_Irakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizontele_Tuubahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.O.R.A.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cem_Y%C4%B1lmazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Erkeklihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demet_Akba%C4%9Fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1lmaz_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizontelehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eener_%C5%9Eenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fk%C4%B1yahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C3%A7amhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eener_%C5%9Eenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkan_%C5%9Eorayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadir_%C4%B0nan%C4%B1rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Sunal


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On January 23, 1986, a new cinema law aimed to ensure support for those working in cinema and music. A

reorganization of the film industry began in 1987 to address problems and assure its development. The Ministry of Culture established the "Professional Union of Owners of Turkish Works of Cinema" the same year.

The "Copyrights and General Directorate of Cinema" was founded in 1989 as well as a "Support Fund for the

Cinema and Musical Arts". This fund is used to provide financial support to the film sector.

Rating systems and censorship[edit]

One of the most interesting studies on the issue of film censorship in Turkey is Alim Şerif Onaran's Sinematografi Hürriyet (Cinematic Freedom), published in 1968 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but written in 1963 and being

the first study in Turkey which received a PhD for a topic related to film. This study is still the most important -if not

only- study on the film evaluation methods applied in Turkey before the 1950s. Onaran himself being active as amember of the Film Rating Commission in his younger years, was a true expert on the topic and his research

includes also examples of the late Ottoman Period. Ironically, Onaran became one of the most important

intellectuals on film in Turkey, owing his wealth of knowledge on early world film history to the years he spent

watching the films he was enrolled to evaluate as a committee member.

A very interesting example on the level of absurdity that censorship could reach is mentioned in Çetin Yetkin's

book Siyasal Iktidar Sanata Karşı (Political Regime vs Art), published in 1970. It tells the story of a film which wasclassified as "inappropriate for export" because the Evaluation Committee decided that the film contains

"communist propaganda". The film-owner, who applied to the committee for being granted an export-certificate

was surprised to see the decision because he mentioned on his application form that his intention was to sell a

copy of the film to a distributor in the Soviet Union, the world's leading communist country at that time.[12]

Important figures[edit]

[edit]

Actors and actresses[edit]

[edit]

Notable films[edit]

Classics[edit]

Modern era films[edit]

Cult films[edit]

Commercial successes[edit]

List of Turkish films[edit]

Further information: List of Turkish films

Major events[edit]

Festivals[edit]

Adana Film Festival - Another important film festival held annually in the city of Adana. Its top award is the

Golden Boll received in the past by such prominent figures as Yılmaz Güney, who himself grew up in

Adana.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1lmaz_G%C3%BCneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Boll&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=20https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_filmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=18https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=17https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=16https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=14https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=9https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alim_%C5%9Eerif_Onaran&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music


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Ankara Flying Broom Women's Film Festival - (Turkish: Uçan Süpürge) (Flying Broom) is Turkey's only

festival devoted to Feminism and Gender-Issues. The festival is held on an annual basis in Ankara. Thefestival aims to support young women in making their debut-films and organizes workshops on scriptwriting

and film-making.

International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival - The most prestigious and popular festival in Turkey.

Each year participiants are rewarded with the Golden Orange for outstanding performances in categories

such as best film, best director, and best actor/actress.

Istanbul International Film Festival - First held in 1982, this annual film festival is one of the most importantintellectual events in Turkey, often causing many cineastes living outside of Istanbul to go there for vacation

to see the most precious examples of world film history presented there.

Major international awards[edit]

Golden Bear in 14th Berlin International Film Festival: Dry Summer

Golden Leopard in 1979 Locarno International Film Festival: The Herd

Jury Grand Prix in 33rd Berlin International Film Festival: A Season in Hakkari

Palme d'Or in 1982 Cannes Film Festival: Yol

Golden Goblet Award for Best Feature Film in 1999 Shanghai International Film Festival: Propaganda

Grand Prix in 2003 Cannes Film Festival: Uzak

Golden Bear in 54th Berlin International Film Festival: Head-On

Golden Shell in 2008 San Sebastián International Film Festival: Pandora's Box

Golden Bear in 60th Berlin International Film Festival: Honey

Grand Prix in 2011 Cannes Film Festival: Once Upon a Time in Anatolia

Golden Goblet Award for Best Feature Film in 2011 Shanghai International Film Festival: Hayde Bre

Grand Prix des Amériques in 2012 Montreal World Film Festival: Where the Fire Burns

Golden George in 2013 Moscow International Film Festival: Particle

Palme d'Or in 2014 Cannes Film Festival: Winter Sleep

Special Jury Prize in 71st Venice International Film Festival: Sivas

Cinema-related organizations[edit]

Film schools[edit]

Izmir University of Economics Cinema and Digital Media Department, Izmir

Anadolu University Cinema and Television Department, Eskişehir

Ankara University Faculty of Communication, Department of Radio, Television and Film, Ankara

Bahçeşehir University Faculty of Communication, Department of Film and Television, İstanbul

Beykent University Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Cinema and TV, Istanbul

Bilkent University Communication and Design Department, Ankara

Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Film Design, İzmir

Ege University Radio-TV-Cinema Department, İzmir

Galatasaray University Faculty of Communication, Radio-TV-Cinema Department, İstanbul

Hacettepe University Faculty of Communication, Department of Radio-Television and Cinema, Ankara

Istanbul Bilgi University Faculty of Communication, Film&TV Department, Istanbul

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Bilgi_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacettepe_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ege_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokuz_Eyl%C3%BCl_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilkent_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beykent_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A7e%C5%9Fehir_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmir_University_of_Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=23https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Venice_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Jury_Prize_(Venice_Film_Festival)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Sleep_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Cannes_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Orhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Moscow_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_George&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Fire_Burnshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2012_Montreal_World_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_des_Am%C3%A9riques_(film_award)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayde_Brehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Shanghai_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Goblet_Award_for_Best_Feature_Filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Anatoliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Cannes_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_(2010_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Berlin_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(2008_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Shellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-On_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Berlin_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Cannes_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Shanghai_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Goblet_Award_for_Best_Feature_Filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Cannes_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Orhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Season_in_Hakkarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Berlin_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_Grand_Prixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herd_(1978_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979_Locarno_International_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Summerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Berlin_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_International_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Orangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Antalya_Golden_Orange_Film_Festivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Flying_Broom_Women%27s_Film_Festival


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Istanbul University Faculty of Communications, Department of Radio-Television and Cinema, Istanbul

Kadir Has University Radio-TV-Cinema Department, İstanbul

Marmara University Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Cinema and Television, Istanbul

Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Cinema and Television, Istanbul

Yeditepe University Faculty of Communication, Radio-TV, Cinema Studies, Istanbul

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Cinema and Television, Çanakkale

Unions, foundations, professional organisations[edit]

FILM YON — Film Directors' Union

FIYAB — Film Producers' Professional Association

Istanbul Chamber of Commerce, Film Makers' Professional Committee of Film Producers, Importers,

Cinema Owners and Video Distributors.

SESAM — Professional Union of Film Producers, Importers, Cinema-owners

SINE-SEN — Turkey Cinema Worker's Union

SODER — Cinema Actors' Association

ASSOCIATION OF FILM COMMISSIONS - is dedicated and determined to make the unmatched historical,

natural and cultural wealth of Turkey a go-to location for the international filmindustry and it plays the firstcontact role for foreign producers

Mardin Film Office - is a not-to-profit organization aims to promote Mardin locally and internationally as a

filming location and to contribute development of sustainable cinema culture in Mardin.

See also[edit]

Film portal

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to: a b "Market Study - Turkey" (PDF). German Films. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

2. Jump up ^ "Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 5

November 2013.

3. Jump up ^ "Table 6: Share of Top 3 distributors (Excel)" . UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 5November 2013.

4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Box-Office". General Directorate of Cinema. Retrieved 12 November 2013.

5. Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2012/2013" (PDF). Union Internationale des Cinémas. Retrieved 10 November

2013.

6. ^ Jump up to: a b Özön, Nijat (1966) Türk Sineması Kronolojisi 1896–1966 . Istanbul: Bilgi Yayınları.

7. Jump up ^ T.C. Devlet Istatistik Enstitüsü Eğlence İstatistikleri.

8. Jump up ^ T.C. Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü Eğlence İstatistikleri.

9. ^ Jump up to: a b Abisel, Nilgün (1987) "Yerli Yapımcılık Üzerine Notlar", Türk Sineması Üzerine Yazılar , Ankara: İmge Yayınları.

10. Jump up ^ http://www.sinematurk.com/film/1915-ayastefanostaki-rus-abidesinin-yikilisi/

http://www.sinematurk.com/film/1915-ayastefanostaki-rus-abidesinin-yikilisi/http://www.unic-cinemas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/UNIC_AnnualReport_12_13_EN.pdfhttp://www.sinema.gov.tr/English/box-office.htmlhttp://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspxhttp://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5542http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudyTurkeyNov2013.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Chamber_of_Commercehttp://www.fiyab.org.tr/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Onsekiz_Mart_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeditepe_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar_Sinan_University_of_Fine_Artshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadir_Has_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_University


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11. Jump up ^ Basutçu, Mehmet (May 2008), "Turkey. Consolidation", Cahiers du cinéma (Special issue 2008:

World Cinema Atlas): 97, ISSN 0008-011X

12. Jump up ^ Yetkin, Çetin (1970) Siyasal İktidar Sanata Karşı, Ankara: Bilgi Yayınları.

External links[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Savaş Arslan: Cinema in Turkey: A New Critical History , Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-537006-5

Gönül Dönmez-Colin: Turkish Cinema: Identity, Distance and Belonging , Reaktion Books, 2008, ISBN 1-86189-370-1

Ekkehard Ellinger ; Kerem Kayi: Turkish cinema 1970–2007 : a bibliography and analysis, Frankfurt am

Main [etc.]: Peter Lang, 2008, ISBN 978-3-631-56654-1

[show]

Links to related articles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631566541https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861893701https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195370065https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=28https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=27https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-011Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahiers_du_cin%C3%A9ma

Documents

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