Environmentalism and Economic development: Between the Tree, Livelihood and the Future

7/28/2019 Environmentalism and Economic development: Between the Tree, Livelihood and the Future

1/21

9

Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm ibn Kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt4

Ektwkkb tck ^rkk, J`vkj`clln ibn tck Outurk

Ey

Qtkpckb E Ajirg

Alpyr`hct 5696

Ijj r`hcts rkskrvkn. Bl pirt lo tc`s puejàit`lb miy ek rkprlnuakn, stlrkn `b i rktr`kvijsystkm lr tribsm`ttkn, `b iby olrm lr ey iby mkibs, kjkatrlbà, mkacibàij, pcltlalpy`bh,

rkalrn`bh lr ltckrw`sk, w`tclut pr`lr pkrm`ss`lb.


2/21

5

Iestriat4

^ck nkeitk lvkr clw tck wlrjn `s hl`bh tl kbn purplrtkn ey rkj`h`lus nlatr`bks lo ijj oi`tcs

symmktràijjy prksumk slmk niy, blt gblwb, blt nktkrm`bkn, t prleiejy wlujn cippkb.

^crluhc ledkat`vk kbv`rlbmkbtij j`tkriay, rkskirac ibn leskrvit`lbs, tck Xlrjn cis ekkb

kbj`hctkbkn lb tck invkrsk kookats lo cumib iat`lbs orlm tck pist, lb-hl`bh (ibn ò blt

ackagkn) `b tck outurk, clw nkhrinit`lb lo tck biturij kbv`rlbmkbt `btkr ijì kvkbtuijjy

aiusk i aj`mità acibhk.

^ck biturij kbv`rlbmkbt ibn `ts `bkst`miejk albst`tukbts sclujn ek kookat`vkjy prltkatkn ibn

ittkmpts civk ekkb mink lvkr t`mk, tc`s pipkr wlujn kxim`bk rkjit`vk ittkmpts.

^c`s pipkr olausks lb B`hkrì is i aisk stuny ibn n`saussks clw pkrakpt`lb lo kalblmà

nkvkjlpmkbt `btkrpjiys w`tc tck `nkij`sm lo kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm ibn nktkrm`bk jkhij

`bstrumkbts ibn `mpjkmkbtit`lb.


3/21

1

@btrlnuat`lb

^ck nkeitk lvkr clw tck wlrjn `s hl`bh tl kbn purplrtkn ey rkj`h`lus nlatr`bks lo ijj oi`tcs

symmktràijjy prksumk slmk niy, blt gblwb, blt nktkrm`bkn, `t prleiejy wlujn cippkb.

^crluhc ledkat`vk kbv`rlbmkbtij j`tkriay, rkskirac ibn leskrvit`lbs, tck Xlrjn cis ekkb

kbj`hctkbkn lb tck invkrsk kookats lo cumib iat`lbs orlm tck pist, lb-hl`bh (ibn ò blt

ackagkn) `b tck outurk, clw nkhrinit`lb lo tck biturij kbv`rlbmkbt `btkrijìkvkbtuijjy aiusk

i aj`mità acibhk.

^ck kbv`rlbmkbt `s ijj lo tck e`ltà oiatlrs (lrhib`sms tckmskjvks, tck`r olln ibn tck`r

`btkriat`lb) ibn ie`ltà oiatlrs (subj`hct, sl`j, i`r, witkr, aj`mitk, ibn pljjut`lb) tcit iat lb ib

lrhib`sm, plpujit`lb, lr kaljlhàij almmub`ty ibn `bojukbak `ts surv`vij ibn nkvkjlpmkbt.9

@btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw almpr`sks lo tclsk suestibt`vk, prlaknurij, ibn `bst`tut`lbij

rujks lo `btkrbit`lbij jiw wcàc civk is tck`r pr`miry ledkat`vk tck prltkat`lb lo tck

kbv`rlbmkbt.5 Lvkr tck rkakbt ykirs tck olaus lo `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw tlwirns tck

prltkat`lb lo tck kbv`rlbmkbt civk kmibitkn orlm tck `barkis`bh rkij`sit`lb tcit `ssuk lo

aj`mitk acibhk `s i ub`vkrsij lbk.

^ck Kirtcs aj`mitk wcàc `s tck ivkrihk wkitckr ibn biturk lo `ts virìt`lbs tcit wk

kxpkr`kbak lvkr t`mk cis acibhkn miby t`mks `b rksplbsk tl biturij aiusks.1

Acibhks `b rksplbsk tl biturij aiusks civk ekkb ittrèutkn tl wcit `s tkrmkn tck hrkkbclusk

kookat. ^ck hrkkbclusk kookat `s tck biturij prlakss lo tck itmlspckrk jktt`bh b slmk kbkrhy

orlm tck sub (ujtriv`ljkt ibn v`sèjk j`hct) ibn stlpp`bh `t ek`bh tribsm`ttkn eiag lut `btl

spiak (`borirkn rinìt`lb lr ckit) mig`bh tck kirtc wirm kbluhc olr jòk. > Cumib iat`lbs

lvkr t`mk civk pjiykn nktkrm`bitk rljks `b tck biturij prlakss is mib-mink hrkkbclusk hisks

`barkisks imlbhst ltckr tc`bhs civk blt ekkb prlplrt`lbitk biturij rksluraks ivi`jiejk tl

oia`j`titk tck biturij prlakss. Ckmm`bh bltkn tcit, aj`mitk acibhk nuk tl tck `barkisk `b mib-

mink hrkkbclusk hisks prldkatkn lutalmk `s hjleij wirm`bh7 kv`nkbakn tcrluhc tck

almpir`slb lo i w`nk ribhk lo c`stlràij ibn rkakbt rkalrns ibn leskrvit`lb suac is

tkmpkriturk rkalrns7 cis miby vir`kn `mpiats suac is `barkisks lr nkarkisks `b ri`boijj.;

9 ck Imkràib Ckr`tihk Qa`kbak Nàt`lbiry Alpyr`hct 566; ey Cluhctlb Mòoj`b Almpiby. Vuej`sckn eyCluhctlb Mòoj`b Almpiby5Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.9;, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

1Mkt Looàk Aj`mitk Acibhk Hu`nk, ivi`jiejk it cttp4//www.mktlooàk.hlv.ug/aj`mitkacibhk/>Mkt Looàk Aj`mitk Acibhk Hu`nk, ivi`jiejk it cttp4//www.mktlooàk.hlv.ug/aj`mitkacibhk/;Nkee`k Ckmm`bh (Nr), Aj`mitk Acibhktck kv`nkbak ibn tck mpiats, Mkt Looàk Aj`mitk Acibhk Hu`nk, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.mktlooàk.hlv.ug/aj`mitkacibhk/hu`nk/gkyoiats/Aj`mitk%56acibhk%56-%56tck%56kv`nkbak%56ibn%56tck%56`mpiats%56tribsar pt.pno
http://www.eref-trade.hmco.com/http://www.eref-trade.hmco.com/


4/21

>

^ck miby vir`kn `mpiats lo aj`mitk acibhk viry orlm rkh`lb ibn skatlr tl ibltckr rkh`lb

ibn skatlr hjleijjy clwkvkr tcksk `mpiats skvkrijjy nriw i pirijjkj hjleij wirm`bh `ssuk tck

`btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty str`vks tl innrkss. ^ck rkalhb`skn `mpiats lo aj`mitk acibhk lb tck

rkh`lb ibn skatlr B`hkrì oijjs `btl `bajunks7 witkr strkss ibn nrluhct r`sg7 arlp y`kjn

rknuat`lb r`sg7 ibn cumib ckijtc r`sg.? Ckmm`bh ourtckr bltkn tcit tl m`t`hitk aj`mitk

acibhk koolrts sclujn ek mink tl rknuak hrkkbclusk hisks `b tck itmlspckrk ibn rknuak lur

albtrèut`lbs lo hrkkbclusk hisks `b tck itmlspckrk.8

Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm

_ir`lus pkrspkat`vks lo kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm lvkr t`mk ekkb aitkhlr`skn is spkaìj `btkrksts

mlvkmkbts prlpihit`bh n`vkrsk kbv`rlbmkbtij ledkat`vks. Qtlbk bltkn tcit tck

kbv`rlbmkbtij mlvkmkbt albs`sts lo i w`nk ribhk lo `bnkpkbnkbt hrlups w`tc

ubnkrstibniejy viry`bh i`ms, tiatàs, ibn almpktkba`ks ibn tcit tck stibnirns lo suaakss irk

lotkb cirn tl nko`bk, ibn wckb nko`bkn, cirn tl prlvk lbk wiy lr tck ltckr.3 Qtlbk ourtckr

bltkn tcit kbv`rlbmkbtij`st civk mink oir mlrk r`hct aijjs tcib wrlbh ibn tcit ib `mplrtibt

pirt lo tck kbv`rlbmkbtij`sts witacnlh oubat`lb `s slubn`bh ijirms `.k. iaakbtuit`bh c`hc

mihb`tunk kvkbts, kvkb ò lo jlw prleie`j`ty.0 Clwkvkr, LU`lrnib leskrvkn tcit tck mlrij

rkjit`lbsc`p ektwkkb sclrt-tkrm skjo`scbkss ibn kbj`hctkbkn jlbhkr-tkrm almmub`ty `btkrkst

nr`vks r`hct it tck ckirt lo kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm.96

Mlnkrb kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm aib ek v`kwkn orlm tck kalakbtrà lr tkacblakbtrà mlnk.99

Kbv`rlbmkbtij prlpihibni w`tc`b tck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty albs`st `btkr ijì`btr`bsà

pkrakpt`lbs lo kalakbtr`st lr tkacblakbtr`st wcàc ledkat`vkjy irk `btr`bsà tl tck olrmujit`lb

lo `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw. Kalakbtr`sm `s albakrbkn w`tc tck kbns ibn tck prlpkr

g`bn lo mkibs wckrkis tkacblakbtr`sm olausks mlrk lb mkibspkr sk, pirtàujirjy tck

ut`j`sit`lb lo mibihkrìj pr`ba`pjks.95

?Mkt Looàk Aj`mitk Acibhk Hu`nk, Kookats lb tck nkvkjlp`bh wlrjn, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.mktlooàk.hlv.ug/aj`mitkacibhk/hu`nk/kookats/skaur`ty.ctmj

8Nkee`k Ckmm`bh (Nr), Aj`mitk Acibhktck kv`nkbak ibn tck mpiats, Mkt Looàk Aj`mitk Acibhk Hu`nk, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.mktlooàk.hlv.ug/aj`mitkacibhk/hu`nk/gkyoiats/Aj`mitk%56acibhk%56-%56tck%56kv`nkbak%56ibn%56tck%56`mpiats%56tribsar pt.pno3Acr`stlpckr N. Qtlbk, @s Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm Nkin


5/21

;

Clwkvkr, kiac `nkljlhy oivlurs akrti`b kjkmkbts lo eltc mlnks, nkpkbn`bh uplb tck

`bst`tut`lbij sktt`bhs, tck `ssuk it cibn, ibn tck acibh`bh sla`l kalblmà stitus.91^ck hjleij

wirm`bh `ssuk auts iarlss n`vkrsk ledkat`vks lo kbv`rlbmkbtij`st mlvkmkbts tlwirns

prltkat`bh tck kbv`rlbmkbt. G`ss ibn Qckjtlb bltkn tcit tck hjleij wirm`bh `ssuk kxkmpjò`ks

tck pr`ba`pjk tcit ijj iat`v`ty `b tck e`lspckrk `s `btkrrkjitkn ibn `btkrnkpkbnkbt. 9>

Mlnkrb kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm `b B`hkrì `nkbtò`ks w`tc tck `ssuk lo hjleij wirm`bh is i rksujt `b

aj`mitk acibhk, clwkvkr, `s ykt tl nko`bk `ts alursk nriw`bh orlm k`tckr lo tcksk `nkljlh`ks

imlbhst ltckrs nuk tl tck `bst`tut`lbij sktt`bhs ibn sla`l kalblmà stitus is scijj ek

n`salvkrkn ourtckr lb.

@btkrbit`lbij ibn Bit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw prlv`s`lbs

@btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw cis kvljvk tcrluhc tck ykirs innrkss`bh vir`lus `btkrbit`lbij

kbv`rlbmkbtij `ssuks suac is wcij`bh, clwkvkr tckrk cis ekkb i ck`hctkbkn ipprliac

tlwirns innrkss`bh tck aj`mitk acibhk `ssuk. ^ck 9035 wlrjn Acirtkr olr Biturk skt olrtc

pr`ba`pjks lo albskrvit`lb ey wcàc ijj cumib albnuat iookat`bh biturk `s tl ek hu`nkn ibn

dunhkn.9; ^ck Acirtkr kmpcis`sks tck prltkat`lb lo biturk is ib kbn b `tskjo, clwkvkr tck

Acirtkr `s blt e`bn`bh9?ibn mlrk lr jkss `btkrprktkn lb tck prkm`sk lo kalakbtr`sm.

^ck 9005 Aj`mitk Acibhk Albvkbt`lb rkalhb`skn tck almmlb eut nòokrkbtìtkn

rksplbsè`j`t`ks ibn pr`lr`t`ks, ledkat`vks ibn a`raumstibaks lo ijj pirt`ks almm`ttkn ubnkr `ts

Irtàjk >(9).98 ^ck Albvkbt`lb kbalmpisskn mlnij`t`ks orlm tck vir`lus `nkljlh`ks lo

kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm. Qibns bltkn tcit tck pr`ba`pjk nkvkjlpkn orlm tck ippjàit`lb lo kqu`ty b

hkbkrij `btkrbit`lbij jiw, ibn tcit tck spkaìj bkkns lo nkvkjlp`bh alubtr`ks must ek tigkb

`btl iaalubt `b tck nkvkjlpmkbt ibn `btkrprktit`lb lo rujks lo `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij

jiw.93

91^.LU`lrnib, Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm, p.5, 5bnKn`t`lb, ( Jlbnlb4 V`lb J`m`tkn, 9039)9>Ijkxibnrk G`ss ibn N`bic Qckjtlb, Hu`nk tl @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.989-985, (Jk`nkb/Elstlb4 Mirt`bus B`dcloo

Vuej`sckrs, 5668)9;Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.>;, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

9?@e`n. Qibns, p.>;98Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.1?5, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

93Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.53;, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)


6/21

?

^wl kjkmkbts lo tck pr`ba`pjk irk, tck almmlb rksplbsè`j`ty lo stitks olr tck prltkat`lb lo

tck kbv`rlbmkbt, lr pirts lo `t, it tck bit`lbij, rkh`lbij ibn hjleij jkvkjs7 ibn tck bkkn tl tigk

iaalubt lo nòokr`bh a`raumstibaks, pirtàujirjy `b rkjit`lb tl kiac Qtitks albtrèut`lb tl tck

arkit`lb lo i pirtàujir kbv`rlbmkbtij prlejkm ibn `ts ie`j`ty tl prkvkbt, rknuak ibn albtrlj

tck tcrkit.90B`hkrìs albtrèut`lb tl tck hjleij wirm`bh `ssuk aib ek issksskn tig`bh `btl

iaalubt lo `ts jkvkj lo `bnustrìj`zit`lb, biturij olrkst mibihkmkbt ibn pljjut`lb is i rksujt lo

his ojir`bh `btkr ijì`b l`j kxpjlrit`lb.

@t `s pkrt`bkbt tl bltk tcit tck Aj`mitk Acibhk Albvkbt`lb iagblwjknhkn tcit acibhk `b tck

Kirtcs aj`mitk ibn `ts invkrsk kookats irk i almmlb albakrb lo ijj mibg`bn. 56 Ckbak

oljjlw`bh tck almmlb rksplbsè`j`ty ar`tkrì B`hkrì `s lej`hitknpr`mi oia`ktlwirns tck

prltkat`lb lo tck trkks lo `ts biturij olrkst. ^ck aijj olr nkvkjlpmkbt `s nktkrm`bibt `b tck

ie`j`ty tl kookat`vkjy `mpjkmkbt pljà`ks i`mkn it prkvkbt`bh, rknua`bh lr albtrljj`bh

iat`v`t`ks wcàc albtrèutk i tcrkit tl tck kbv`rlbmkbt.

^wl albskqukbaks lo tck ippjàit`lb lo tck pr`ba`pjk irk7 `t kbt`tjks, lr miy rkqu`rk, ijj

albakrbkn Qtitks tl pirtà`pitk `b `btkrbit`lbij rksplbsk mkisurks i`mkn it innrkss`bh

kbv`rlbmkbtij prlejkms7 ibn `t jkins tl ib kbv`rlbmkbtij stibnirns wcàc `mplsk nòokr`bh

lej`hit`lbs lb stitk.59@b ltckr wlrns, Qibns bltkn tcit nòokrkbtìtkn rksplbsè`j`ty rksujts `b

nòokrkbt jkhij lej`hit`lbs, w`tc nòokrkbt tkacb`quks ivi`jiejk tl ippjy `t suac is hriak

pkr`lns nkjiy`bh `mpjkmkbtit`lb, ibn jkss str`bhkbt almm`tmkbts.55

It tck `btkrbit`lbij jkvkj tck kookat`vkbkss lo kbv`rlbmkbtij quij`ty mibihkmkbt `s j`m`tkn

ekaiusk lo plwkrouj slvkrk`hbty irhumkbts wcàc prkajunk `btkrbit`lbij `bvkst`hit`lb lo

mittkrs lo bit`lbij `btkrkst.51 Qtitks irk tck pr`miry suedkats lo `btkrbit`lbij jiw is stitks

arkitk, inlpt ibn `mpjkmkbt `btkrbit`lbij jkhij pr`ba`pjks ibn rujks, kstiej`sc `bst`tut`lbij

lrhib`sit`lbs, ibn pkrm`t tck pirtà`pit`lb lo ltckr iatlrs `b tck `btkrbit`lbij prlakss. 5>

Qibns bltkn tcit tck `ssuk lo blb-almpjìbak aib `bajunk i oi`jurk tl h`vk kookat tl

suestibt`vk blrms7 lr tl oujo`j prlaknurij rkqu`rkmkbt7 lr tl oujo`j ib `btkrbit`lbij

90Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.53?, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

56Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.538, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)59Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.53?, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)55Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.533, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)51^.LU`lrnib, Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm, p.5;, 5bnKn`t`lb, ( Jlbnlb4 V`lb J`m`tkn, 9039)5>@e`n. Qibns, p.89


7/21

8

lej`hit`lb.5; Blb-almpjìbak mlrk lotkb tcib blt `s is i rksujt lo jiag lo inkquitk o`bibaìj

rksluraks, tkacbljlhàij invibakmkbt ibn spkaìj`st cumib rksluraks.

Ukalhb`s`bh tck rljk lo olrksts `b rknua`bh hrkkbclusk his km`ss`lbs `btl tck itmlspckrk,

Qkymlur bltkn tcit tck bkkn cis irlsk olr tck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty tl innrkss olrkst-

rkjitkn km`ss`lbs tl kbcibak acibaks lo gkkp`bh hjleij wirm`bh ekjlw tck twl nkhrkk

tcrkscljn.5? @btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij pljày mig`bh pkrti`b`bh tl jlss lo trkks ibn tck

`ssuk lo hjleij wirm`bh `s olauskn lb rkmknìj `bstrumkbts irk i`mkn it albtrljj`bh ibn

scir`bh rksplbsè`j`t`ks tcrluhc trink.

@b tck U`l nkajirit`lb, tck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty ihrkkn tcit kbv`rlbmkbtij stibnirns,

mibihkmkbt ledkat`vks ibn pr`lr`t`ks sclujn rkojkat tck kbv`rlbmkbtij ibn nkvkjlpmkbtij

albtkxt tl wcàc tcky ippjy.58 Qibns c`hcj`hctkn tcit imlbhst mujt`jitkrij kbv`rlbmkbtij

ihrkkmkbts kvkr albnuatkn tck Gyltl Vrltlalj bkhltìt`lbs wkrk imlbh tck mlst nòoàujt

ibn almpjkx nuk tl tck kalblmà ibn nkvkjlpmkbtij nka`s`lbs.53

Bit`lb Qtitks w`tc scirkn almm`tmkbts tlwirns tck prltkat`lb lo tck kbv`rlbmkbt ipprliac

ib `ssuk tcit `s lo albakrb eiskn lb oir rkiac`bh oiatlrs ekylbn tck pr`mi oia`k

kbv`rlbmkbtij ihkbni `b `btkrbit`lbij jiwmig`bh. Xckrk `ssuks suac is nkolrkstit`lb ibn

albskrvit`lb lo biturij olrkst ir`sk, `rrkspkat`vk lo tck pkrt`bkbt ub`vkrsij `ssuk lo aj`mitk

acibhk, ejlag`bh alubtr`ks j`gk Eriz`j w`tc i oir mlrk bkkn tl prltkat `ts nkpjkt`bh biturij

olrkst ibn @bnlbksì w`tc i oir mlrk o`bibaìj nkpkbnkbak lb pjibtit`lb wlujn albs`nkr

imlbhst ltckr tc`bhs olrk`hb rkvkbuk ibn nkvkjlpmkbtij bkkns ekolrk aj`mitk acibhk.

Lb tck rkh`lbij jkvkj tck Ioràib Albvkbt`lb50nko`bkn i albskrvit`lb irki is iby prltkatkn

biturij rkslurak irki, wcàc `bajunks i rkskrvk.16^ck Albvkbt`lb prlv`nks tcit Qtitks scijj

kbsurk tcit albskrvit`lb ibn mibihkmkbt lo biturij rksluraks irk trkitkn is ib `btkhrij pirt

lo bit`lbij ibn/lr rkh`lbij nkvkjlpmkbt pjibs. 19 ^ck Ioràib Acirtkr prlv`nks tcit ijj

5;Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.985, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

5?Niv`n Igibi, Clw Olrksts Aib J`m`t Aj`mitk Acibhk, qultkn rkmirgs lo Oribaks Qkymlur , N`rkatlr Hkbkrij lo tck Akbtrk olr

@btkrbit`lbij Olrkstry Ukskirac (A@OLU), Aj`mitk Acibhk Mknì pirtbkrsc`p, 9;.95.60, ivi`jiejk itcttp4//www.aj`mitkmknìpirtbkrsc`p.lrh/rkplrt`bh/stlr`ks/clw-olrksts-aib-j`m`t-aj`mitk-acibhk/58Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.533, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

53Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.186, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

50Ioràib Albvkbt`lb Lb ^ck Albskrvit`lb Lo Biturk Ibn Biturij Uksluraks, inlptkn lb 9;.60.90?3, kbtkrkn btl olrak 9?.6?.90?016Irtàjk @@@ lo tck Ioràib Albvkbt`lb Lb ck Albskrvit`lb Lo Biturk Ibn Biturij Uksluraks, 90?019Irtàjk S@_ (9) lo tck Ioràib Albvkbt`lb Lb ck Albskrvit`lb Lo Biturk Ibn Biturij Uksluraks, 90?0


8/21

3

pklpjks scijj civk tck r`hct tl i hkbkrijjy sit`soiatlry kbv`rlbmkbt oivluriejk tl tck`r

nkvkjlpmkbt.15G`ss ibn Qckjtlb bltkn tcit tck Ioràib Almm`ss`lb `b QKUIA v. B`hkrì,

aisk 9;;/0?, Latlekr 58, 5669, kstiej`sckn tck prltkat`lb prlv`nkn `b Irtàjk 5>.11

Qtitks `mpjkmkbt tck`r `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij lej`hit`lbs ey inlpt`bh bit`lbij

`mpjkmkbt`bh mkisurks7 ey kbsur`bh tcit bit`lbij mkisurks irk almpj`kn w`tc ey tclsk

suedkat tl tck`r dur`snàt`lb ibn albtrlj7 ibn ey oujo`jj`bh lej`hit`lbs tl tck rkjkvibt

`btkrbit`lbij lrhib`sit`lbs, suac is rkplrt`bh mkisurks tigkb tl h`vk kookat tl `btkrbit`lbij

lej`hit`lbs.1> @t `s kstiej`sckn `b tck B`hkrìb Albst`tut`lb1; tcit ò iby ltckr jiw `s

`balbs`stkbt w`tc `ts prlv`s`lbs tcit jiw tl tck kxtkbt lo `ts `balbs`stkbay scijj ek vl`n. 1? ^ck

nkhrkk lo `ts `balbs`stkbay alujn ek mkisurkn `b tkrms lo albstruat`lb lr wlrn`bh lo suac

jiws is almpirkn tl albstruat`lb lr wlrn`bh lo tck prlv`s`lbs lo tck albst`tut`lb.

^ck Albst`tut`lb prlv`nks tcit tck Qtitk scijj prltkat ibn `mprlvk tck kbv`rlbmkbt ibn

siokhuirn tck witkr, i`r ibn jibn, olrkst ibn w`jn jòk lo B`hkrì. 18 ^c`s prlv`s`lb nlksbt

rkojkat inlpt`lb lo vir`lus `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiws wcàc civk kvljvkn lvkr t`mk.

Biturij olrkst4 ^rkks is slurak lo j`vkj`clln lr is pr`miry iatlrs `b hjleij kbv`rlbmkbt

^ck aurrkbt nko`b`t`lb lo olrkst uskn olr rkplrt`bh ibn iaalubt`bh purplsks ubnkr tck 9008

Gyltl Vrltlalj `s struaturijjy eiskn almpr`s`bh4

i m`b`mum irki lo jibn lo 6.6; ckatirks w`tc trkk arlwb alvkr (lr kqu`vijkbtstlag`bh jkvkj) lo mlrk tcib 96% w`tc trkks w`tc pltkbtìj tl rkiac i m`b`mum ck`hct

lo 5 mktrks it mitur`ty `b s`tu

@t `bajunks (`) ylubh stibns lo biturij rkhkbkrit`lb7 (``) ijj pjibtit`lbs civk tl rkiac iarlwb nkbs`ty lo 96-16% lr trkk ck`hct lo 5-1 mktrks7 (```) irkis blrmijjy olrm`bh

pirt lo tck olrkst irki wcàc irk tkmplrir`jy ubstlagkn is i rksujt lo cumib

`btkrvkbt`lb suac is cirvkst`bh lr biturij aiusks eut wcàc irk kxpkatkn tl rkvkrt tl

olrkst.13

15Irtàjk 5>, lo tck Ioràib Acirtkr lb Cumib ibn Vklpjks U`hcts, 903911Ijkxibnrk G`ss ibn N`bic Qckjtlb, Hu`nk tl @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.513, (Jk`nkb/Elstlb4 Mirt`bus B`dcloo Vuej`sckrs,

5668)1>@e`n. Qibns, p.98>1; ck Albst`tut`lb lo tck Oknkrij Ukpuejà lo B`hkrì, 90001?Aciptkr 9, Virt 9, Qkat`lb 9(1) lo tck Albst`tut`lb lo tck Oknkrij Ukpuejà lo B`hkrì, 900018Aciptkr @@, Qkat`lb 56 lo tck Albst`tut`lb lo tck Oknkrij Ukpuejà lo B`hkrì, 9000

13Qkib Ainmib, Nko`b`bh Olrksts ubnkr Gyltl Vrltlalj4 i wiy olrwirn, [b`tkn Bit`lbs Orimkwlrg Albvkbt`lb lb Aj`mitk Acibhk,Latlekr 5663, ivi`jiejk it cttp4//uboaaa.`bt/o`jks/mktclns\sa`kbak/rknn/ippjàit`lb/pno/skibainmib9\95blv63.pno


9/21

0

Ainmib bltkn tcit tc`s nko`b`t`lb migks bl n`st`bat`lb ektwkkb, imlbh ltckr tc`bhs, pjibtkn

arlps lo mlblaujturk pkrkbbìj wllny pjibts ibn almpjkx e`ln`vkrsk biturij olrkst.10

Clwkvkr, prlplskn nko`b`t`lb lo biturij olrkst stitks tcit i biturij olrkst `s i tkrrkstrìj

kalsystkm hkbkritkn ibn mi`bti`bkn pr`mir`jy tcrluhc biturij kaljlhàij ibn kvljut`lbiry

prlakss, wc`jk i pjibtit`lb `s i arlp lo trkks pjibtkn ibn rkhujirjy cirvkstkn ey cumibs.>6

^ck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty civk jlbhkn rkalhb`skn tkrr`tlrìj slvkrk`hbty lo Qtitks wcàc

albs`st lo `ts biturij olrkst ibn `ts rksluraks imlbhst ltckr tc`bhs. Clwkvkr, tck hriv`ty lo

hjleij aj`mitk acibhk kxakkns j`m`tit`lbs lo tck jkhij `bstrumkbts ibn `bst`tut`lb w`tc`b Qtitk

tkrr`tlrìj slvkrk`hbty tl tck w`nkr almpjkx`t`ks lo tck jiwmig`bh prlakss w`tc`b tck

`btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty.

Biturij olrkst irk ib ksskbtìj pirt lo tck hjleij airelb ayajk, ibn civk pjiykn, ibn albt`buk

tl pjiy, i midlr rljk `b mlnujit`bh tck strkbhtc lo tck hrkkbclusk kookat.>9 Ckbak, tck

`btràitk eijibak `b tck hrkkbclusk kookat lo tck `mmknìtk biturij surrlubn`bhs lo tck

slvkrk`hb tkrr`tlry lo B`hkrì iookats tck almpjkx hjleij kbv`rlbmkbtij systkm `btkrbit`lbij

kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw str`vks tl prltkat tcrluhc rkhujit`lbs, pljà`ks ibn `bstrumkbts.

^rkks olrm i s`hbòàibt okiturk lo iby biturij olrkst ibn irk v`tij tl rkpjkb`sc`bh tck

itmlspckrk ibn albtrèut`bh tl ejlag`bh ckit orlm tck sub.>5 ^rkks irk biturij albsumkrs lo

airelb n`lx`nk nkstruat`lb lo trkks blt lbjy rkmlvks tcksk airelb s`bgs, eut trkk eurb`bh

ibn nkalmpls`t`lb pump `btl tck itmlspckrk kvkb mlrk airelb n`lx`nk, ijlbh w`tc

mktcibk.>1 Irtàjk 9(3) lo tck 9008 Gyltl Vrltlalj nko`bks i s`bg is iby prlakss, iat`v`ty

lr mkacib`sms wcàc rkmlvks i hrkkbclusk his lr prkaurslr lo i hrkkbclusk his orlm tck

itmlspckrk.>> ^c`s `bsujit`lb prlakss `s ib btràitk n`mkbs`lb `b tck nkjàitk eijibak lo

10Qkib Ainmib, Nko`b`bh Olrksts ubnkr Gyltl Vrltlalj4 i wiy olrwirn, [b`tkn Bit`lbs Orimkwlrg Albvkbt`lb lb Aj`mitk Acibhk,

Latlekr 5663, ivi`jiejk it cttp4//uboaaa.`bt/o`jks/mktclns\sa`kbak/rknn/ippjàit`lb/pno/skibainmib9\95blv63.pno

>6Qkib Ainmib, Nko`b`bh Olrksts ubnkr Gyltl Vrltlalj4 i wiy olrwirn, [b`tkn Bit`lbs Orimkwlrg Albvkbt`lb lb Aj`mitk Acibhk,


>9Qkib Ainmib, Nko`b`bh Olrksts ubnkr Gyltl Vrltlalj4 i wiy olrwirn, [b`tkn Bit`lbs Orimkwlrg Albvkbt`lb lb Aj`mitk Acibhk,


>5Nkolrkstit`lb ibn Nkskrtòàit`lb, Olrkst cljlaiust, Bit`lbij Hklhripcà Qla`kty, 900?-5660,

cttp4//www.bit`lbijhklhripcà.alm/kyk/nkolrkstit`lb/kookat.ctmj>1Nkolrkstit`lb ibn Nkskrtòàit`lb, Olrkst cljlaiust, Bit`lbij Hklhripcà Qla`kty, 900?-5660,cttp4//www.bit`lbijhklhripcà.alm/kyk/nkolrkstit`lb/kookat.ctmj

>>Vc`jppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.1?6, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)


10/21

96

Kirtcs hisks, ib `meijibak nuk tl tck jlss lo trkks wlujn rksujt `b invkrsk albskqukbaks lo

aj`mitk acibhk.>;

^ck jlss lo trkks suac is alali, rueekr, l`j pijm, `b B`hkrì laaur tcrluhc tck prlakss lo

ajkir`bh i biturij olrkst olr ihràujturij usk7 kxakss`vk jlhh`bh7 ibn olr almmkraìj

kxpjl`tit`lb. @t `s pkrt`bkbt tl bltk tcit `b B`hkrì blt lbk lo tcksk prlakssks `s i stibnijlbk

prlakss w`tc invkrsk kookat lo nkolrkstit`lb eut i alme`bit`lb lo tcksk prlakssks

s`mujtibklusjy lr skqukbtìjjy.

Alali `s aujt`vitkn skislbijjy ibn mi`bjy kxplrtkn tl hkbkritk olrk`hb rkvkbuk. Alali

cirvkst `s suedkat tl wkitckr albn`t`lbs ibn ackmàij suppjy tl oirmkrs. Alali trkks irk

mlblaujturk spka`ks wcàc tigk ektwkkb 1-; ykirs wckb pjibtkn tl hrlw ibn ek rkiny olr

cirvkst`bh.

^ck @huleizuwi Olrkst Ukskrvk>?`s ràc `b e`ln`vkrs`ty, oubat`lbij kalsystkms, `bn`v`nuij

ibn almmubij oirmjibns lo ihrirìb pklpjk lo surrlubn`bh almmub`t`ks wcl nkpkbn lb tck

olrkst olr mkibs lo sustkbibak, olln, oukj wlln ibn mknà`bij ckres.>8Ukalhb`skn biturij

olrksts w`tc`b tck tkrr`tlrìj slvkrk`hbty lo B`hkrì scirk s`m`jir albst`tukbts ibn kxkra`sk

s`m`jir oubat`lbs, clwkvkr, viry`bh `b tck mujtàujturij albtkxt lo surrlubn`bh almmub`t`ks.

Lvkr 1,;66 ckatirks lo @huleizuwi Olrkst Ukskrvk wis iaqu`rkn ey Màckj`b lb Miy 50,

5668 ibn i ykir jitkr stirtkn pjibt`bh rueekr trkks.>3 Uueekr trkks prlv`nk tck mi`b

almmkraìj slurak olr tck rueekr `bnustry ut`j`zkn ey bit`lbij ibn tribsbit`lbij

allpkrit`lbs. Vjibt`bh lo rueekr trkks prlv`nks i jlbh tkrm mkibs lo kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt

olr surrlubn`bh almmub`t`ks ibn tck bit`lb is i wcljk. Clwkvkr, tck sclrt tkrm p`toijjs

`bajunk cubhkr, mijbutr`t`lb, n`skisks, plvkrty, i`r ibn witkr pljjut`lb, sl`j krls`lb, slaìj

n`sjlait`lb, `barkisk `b slaìj vàks, ijtkrit`lb lo ihk-ljn trin`t`lbij priatàks, jiag lo oukj

wlln ibn eusc mkit.>0

>;Dlakjyb Qtlag ibn Ibny Ulackb, ^ck Aclàk4 Nllmsniy lr Irelr Niy, cttp4//www.umàc.knu/~hs5?;/sla`kty/nkolrkstit`lb.ctm>? ck @huleizuwi Olrkst Ukskrvk s jlaitkn b Knl stitk>8Nkolrkstit`lb, B`hkrì4 Màckj`bs rueekr pjibtit`lbs nkstrlykn wlmkbs j`vkj`cllns, Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, XUM's eujjkt`b B

9>6, Mirac 5660, cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/eujjkt`b/9>6/B`hkrì.ctmj>3B`hkrì4 Màckj`bs rueekr pjibtit`lbs nkstrlykn wlmkbs j`vkj`cllns,XUM's eujjkt`b B 9>6, Mirac 5660,cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/eujjkt`b/9>6/B`hkrì.ctmj

>0B`hkrì4 Màckj`bs rueekr pjibtit`lbs nkstrlykn wlmkbs j`vkj`cllns, XUM's eujjkt`b B 9>6, Mirac 5660,cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/eujjkt`b/9>6/B`hkrì.ctmj
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Schul/LLM/International%20Environmental%20Law/Coursework/WRM's%20bulletin%20N%C2%BA%20140,%20March%202009http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Schul/LLM/International%20Environmental%20Law/Coursework/WRM's%20bulletin%20N%C2%BA%20140,%20March%202009http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/viewpoint.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/viewpoint.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/viewpoint.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/viewpoint.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/viewpoint.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/viewpoint.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Schul/LLM/International%20Environmental%20Law/Coursework/WRM's%20bulletin%20N%C2%BA%20140,%20March%202009http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Schul/LLM/International%20Environmental%20Law/Coursework/WRM's%20bulletin%20N%C2%BA%20140,%20March%202009


11/21

99

L`j pijm `s `bn`hkblus tl tck B`hkrìb alistij pji`b, civ`bh m`hritkn `bjibn is i stipjk

arlp.;6 @b B`hkrì, prlnuat`lb `s leti`bkn orlm ib irki lo tcrkk m`jj`lb ckatirks lo l`j pijm,

imlbh wcàc tckrk irk slmk 1?6,666 ckatirks lo `bnustrìj pjibtit`lbs.;9 Vrlnuat`lb lo l`j

pijm almks orlm n`spkrskn smijjcljnkrs sprkin lvkr ib kst`mitkn irki lo 9.?; m`jj`lb

ckatirks, wcl cirvkst skm`-w`jn pjibts ibn usk mibuij prlakss`bh tkacb`quks.;5

@b rkakbt t`mks jirhk saijk l`j pijm (Kjik`s hu`bkkbs`s) pjibtit`lbs almplskn lo spkaìjjy

skjkatkn ibn ajlbkn vir`kt`ks lo pijm trkks, civk ekkb mlstjy i`mkn it tck prlnuat`lb lo l`j

(wcàc `s kxtriatkn orlm tck ojkscy pirt lo tck pijm oru`t) ibn gkrbkj l`j (wcàc `s leti`bkn

orlm tck but).;1Kstiej`sc`bh pjibtit`lbs `bvljvk tck autt`bh ibn ajkir`bh lo kx`st`bh vir`kn

spka`ks lo trkks ibn rkpjibt`bh mlblaujturk spka`k olr almmkraìj kxpjl`tit`lb. Qibns

kstiej`sckn tcit kbv`rlbmkbtij nimihk `bajunks nimihk tl biturij rksluraks ibn prlpkrty

wcàc olrms pirt lo tck aujturij ckr`tihk.;>

Aujt`vit`lb lo `bnustrìj pjibtit`lbs cis `ts bkhit`vk `mpiats lb tck `bn`hkblus pklpjk

bltiejy, tck ipprlprìt`lb lo jirhk irkis lo jibn wcàc civk c`tckrtl ekkb `b tck plsskss`lb lo

`bn`hkbks lo `mmknìtk almmub`t`ks ibn civk prlv`nkn tck`r j`vkj`cllns. ;;L`j pijm

mlblaujturks irk ijsl isslaìtkn w`tc sl`j krls`lb4 olrkst ajkiribak jkivks tck sl`js eirk ibn

kxplskn tl ckivy trlpàij ri`bstlrms.;? ^lnirl ibn Qm`tc bltkn tcit nkolrkstit`lb `s i oiatlr

`b tck ayajk lo rurij plvkrty ibn kbv`rlbmkbtij nkstruat`lb.;8

Olrkst mibihkmkbt `btkr ijìwis nks`hbitkn is inn`t`lbij kj`hèjk Jibn-usk, Jibn-usk

Acibhk ibn Olrkstry (J[J[AO) iat`v`ty ubnkr Irtàjk 1(>) lo tck Gyltl Vrltlalj.;3

M`b`str`ks lo kbv`rlbmkbt ibn ltckr kbv`rlbmkbtij `bst`tut`lbs orlm oknkrij tl jlaij

;6Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ck E`ttkr Oru`t lo L`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn Nkolrkstit`lb, Acip.1 ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst

Mlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk it cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno;9Uàirnl Airrkrk, L`j Vijm4 ck Kxpibs`lb lo Ibltckr Nkstruat`vk Mlblaujturk, `b Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ck E`ttkr Oru`t loL`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn Nkolrkstit`lb, ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno;5Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ckE`ttkr Oru`t lo L`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn Nkolrkstit`lb, Aciptkr 1, ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkstMlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk it cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno;1Uàirnl Airrkrk, L`j Vijm4 ck Kxpibs`lb lo Ibltckr Nkstruat`vk Mlblaujturk, `b Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ck E`ttkr Oru`t lo

L`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn Nkolrkstit`lb, ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk itcttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno;>Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.38?, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661);;Uàirnl Airrkrk, L`j Vijm4 ck Kxpibs`lb lo Ibltckr Nkstruat`vk Mlblaujturk, `b Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ck E`ttkr Oru`t loL`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn Nkolrkstit`lb, ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno;?@e`n Airrkrk;8Màcikj V. lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, p.>81, 3tckn`t`lb, (Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)

;3Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.139, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)


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95

hlvkrbmkbts `b B`hkrì rkalhb`sk, clwkvkr, inlpt`bh ibn `mpjkmkbt`bh kbv`rlbmkbtij

quij`ty mibihkmkbt pljà`ks cis ekkb oir orlm kookat`vk. It Mirrigksc,;0`t wis irtàujitkn

tcit tck `mpjkmkbtit`lb lo J[J[AO iat`v`t`ks must albtrèutk tl e`ln`vkrs`ty albskrvit`lb

ibn susti`biejk usk lo biturij rksluraks.?6 ^ck Lml Olrkst Ukskrvk wcàc `s jlaitkn `b tck

Qlutc wkst lo B`hkrì wis jkhijjy albst`tutkn is i olrkst rkskrvk ey Lrnkr Bl. 96 lo 905;

(imkbnkn `b 90;5), cis ekkb kxpjl`tkn ey tck Qtitk hlvkrbmkbts Olrkstry Vjibtit`lb Vrldkat,

ey airry`bh lut kxakss`vk jlhh`bh iat`v`t`ks ibn kstiej`scmkbt lo mlblaujturk trkk

pjibtit`lbs.?9 Qtitk `bst`tut`lbs tisgkn w`tc tck rksplbsè`j`ty lo prltkat`bh tck kbv`rlbmkbt

tcrluhc albtrèut`lb tl e`ln`vkrs`ty albskrvit`lb ibn susti`biejk usk lo biturij rksluraks

kmeirg lb iat`v`t`ks i`mkn it leti`b`bh olrk`hb rkvkbuk ickin lo tck `ssuk lo kbv`rlbmkbtij

prltkat`lb.

Orlm ib kbv`rlbmkbtij`st pkrspkat`vk, tck ledkat`vks lo `btkjjkatuij hrlwtc, aujturij ibn

kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt i rueekr pjibtit`lb wlujn iac`kvk nlks blt kxausk tck nkstruat`lb lo

i biturij olrkst rkskrvk wcàc prlv`nks airelb s`bgs ekbkoàìj tl eltc tck `mmknìtk

kbv`rlbmkbt ibn tck hjleij kbv`rlbmkbt. Clwkvkr, tck lpplrtub`ty alsts ir`s`bh orlm tck

prkskrvit`lb lo ri`b olrksts w`jj `bvljvk tck jlss lo ib `mplrtibt slurak lo nlmkstà oukj,

olrhlbk olrk`hb-kxacibhk kirb`bhs orlm t`mekr, alali, rueekr, l`j pijm ibn jlss lo i

tkmplriry sljut`lb tl tck prlejkm lo jibn sclrtihks ibn plpujit`lb prkssurks.?5

Kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt

Vipkr, airnelirns, airtlbs, eihs, kxplrt piagih`bh, ourb`turk ibn eu`jn`bh mitkrìjs irk slmk

lo tck almmlbjy rkalhb`skn almmkraìj vijuks lo trkks w`tc`b tck biturij olrkst.

Kxpjl`tit`lb lo tck biturij olrksts olr biturij rksluraks tl leti`b tcksk kbn prlnuats imlbhst

ltckrs, lvkr t`mk civk `mmkbskjy albtrèutkn tl tck nkvkjlpmkbt lo Qtitks ibn tck

invibakmkbt lo mib tcrluhc hkbkrit`lbs.

^lnirl ibn Qm`tc pl`btkn lut tcit tck bkw kalblmà v`kw lo nkvkjlpmkbt `s tcit lo i

mujt`n`mkbs`lbij prlakss `bvljv`bh midlr acibhks `b slaìj struaturks, plpujir itt`tunks, ibn

bit`lbij `bst`tut`lbs, is wkjj is tck iaakjkrit`lb lo kalblmà hrlwtc, tck rknuat`lb lo

;0Nka`s`lb 99/AV.8, Viri.9?6Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.139, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

?9[zlmi N. Ac`mi, B`hkrì4 ^rkk pjibtit`lbs it tck kxpkbsk lo olrksts ibn olrkst pklpjks j`vkj`cllns, Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbts

eujjkt`b b Bl. 96;, Ipr`j 566?, ivi`jiejk it cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/eujjkt`b/96;/B@hkrì.ctmj

?5Màcikj V. lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, p.>30, 3tckn`t`lb, (Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)


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`bkquij`ty ibn tck krinàit`lb lo plvkrty.?1^c`s v`kw lo nkvkjlpmkbt ippj`ks tl ijj sla`kt`ks

ibn lbhl`bh mkisurks lo i`mkn it iac`kv`bh kookat`vk nkvkjlpmkbt. ^lnirl ibn Qm`tc

c`hcj`hctkn tcit lbk lo tck alrk vijuks tl kookat`vk nkvkjlpmkbt `s tck ie`j`ty tl mkkt eisà

bkkns.?>

^ck ivkrihk B`hkrìb skks tck ivi`jie`j`ty ibn iaakssè`j`ty lo eisà imkb`t`ks suac is ajkib

witkr, kjkatrà`ty, mknàij airk tl bimk i okw, is nkvkjlpmkbt ibn ò tl iac`kvk tcit `bvljvks

autt`bh slmk trkks lr ajkir`bh i olrkst tcit r`hct sclujn ek ubier`nhkn. Ourtckrmlrk,

`barkis`bh tck ivi`jie`j`ty ibn w`nkb`bh tck n`strèut`lb lo eisà jòk-susti`b`bh hllns suac is

olln, sckjtkr, ckijtc, ibn prltkat`lb wis rkalhb`skn ey ^lnirl ibn Qm`tc is lbk lo tck

ledkat`vks lo nkvkjlpmkbt.?;

^ck r`hct tl nkvkjlpmkbt wis ioo`rmkn olr tck o`rst t`mk `b Vr`ba`pjk 1 lo tck U`l

Nkajirit`lb wcàc kstiej`sckn tcit tl kqu`tiejy mkkt nkvkjlpmkbt ibn kbv`rlbmkbtij bkkns

lo prkskbt ibn outurk hkbkrit`lbs tck r`hct tl nkvkjlpmkbt must ek oujo`jjkn.??Clwkvkr,

Qibns bltkn tcit tck prlv`s`lbs lo Vr`ba`pjk > lo tck U`l Nkajirit`lb aib ek nknuakn tl

pkrm`t, lr rkqu`rk tck ittiacmkbt lo kbv`rlbmkbtij albn`t`lbij`tys tl ijj nkvkjlpmkbt

jkbn`bh ey Qtitks ibn mujt`jitkrij nkvkjlpmkbt eibgs, ibn tck `btkhrit`lb lo kbv`rlbmkbtij

albs`nkrit`lbs `btl ijj kalblmà ibn ltckr nkvkjlpmkbt.?8

^lnirl ibn Qm`tc bltkn tcit tck tkrm susti`bie`j`ty rkokrs tl mkkt`bh tck bkkns lo tck

prkskbt hkbkrit`lb w`tclut almprlm`s`bh tck bkkns lo outurk hkbkrit`lbs, ibn pl`btkn lut

tcit kbv`rlbmkbtij`st civk uskn susti`bie`j`ty `b ib ittkmpt tl ajiròy tck nks`rkn eijibak

ektwkkb kalblmà hrlwtc ibn kbv`rlbmkbtij prkskrvit`lb.?3Clwkvkr Qibns bltkn tcit ^ck

Xlrjn Acirtkr olr Biturk `bajunks rujks hlvkrb`bh tck usk lo biturij rksluraks wcàc prk -

nitk tck albakpt lo susti`biejk nkvkjlpmkbt.?0

?1Màcikj V. lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, p.98, 3tckn`t`lb, (Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)?>Màcikj V. lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, p.59, 3tckn`t`lb, (Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)

?;Màcikj V. lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, p.51, 3tckn`t`lb, (Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)

??Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo@btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.;;, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)?8@e`n. Qibns, p.;;?3Màcikj V. lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, p.>?>, 3tckn`t`lb, (Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)

?0@e`n. Qibns, p.>?


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9>

@bnustrìj Vjibtit`lbs irk purplrtkn tl pjiy i gky rljk `b tck kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt w`tc`b `ts

rkh`lb ibn ekylbn is tcky prlv`nk ivkbuk olr sg`jjkn ibn ubsg`jjkn kmpjlymkbt, tri`b`bh ibn

knuait`lbij lpplrtub`t`ks, jlaij ibn olrk`hb rkvkbuk a`raujit`lb, `boristruaturij nkvkjlpmkbt

wcàc sp`rijjy albtrèutk tl mkkt`bh tck ledkat`vks lo kookat`vk nkvkjlpmkbt. Ourtckrmlrk, `b

i e`n tl kirb olrk`hb rkvkbuk biturij olrksts irk albvkrtkn tl pjibtit`lbs ey tribsbit`lbij al-

lpkrit`lbs suac is prkv`lusjy mkbt`lbkn Màckj`b rueekr pjibtit`lb it @huleizuwi Olrkst

Ukskrvk, tcksk mlbl-spkaòà trkk pjibtit`lbs nl blt almpkbsitk tck jlss lo miby spka`ks lo

trkks `b e`l-n`vkrsk biturij olrksts86.

@b B`hkrì, ittkmpts tl `mpjkmkbt jirhk-saijk pjibtit`lbs civk rksujtkn `b almpjktk oi`jurks

suac is, tck 90?6s Arlss U`vkr Qtitk prldkat ibn tck Kurlpkib [b`lb-oubnkn L`j pijm ekjt

rurij nkvkjlpmkbt prlhrimmk `b tck 9006s wcàc `bajunkn tck pjibtit`lb lo ?,8;6 ckatirks

lo l`j pijm w`tc`b ib irki tcluhct tl ek lbk lo tck jirhkst rkmbibts lo trlpàij olrkst `b

B`hkrì.89 ^cksk ittkmpts lo tck pist tl kmeirg `b nkvkjlpmkbtij prldkats it tck kxpkbsk lo

jls`bh `ts biturij olrksts civk ekkb pllrjy mibihkn c`hcj`hct`bh tck pkrakpt`lb tcit

susti`biejk nkvkjlpmkbt `s suedkat`vk tl mirgkt olraks.

@b ltckr wlrns, tck oubat`lb lo trkks `b `ts biturij olrksts suac is prlv`n`bh airelb s`bgs v`tij

tl kbsur`bh i outurk hkbkrit`lb `s sueduhitkn tl tck almmkraìj bkkns lo tck prkskbt

hkbkrit`lb. Albojàts lvkr tck iaakss tl kbv`rlbmkbtij rksluraks ibn skrvàks inlpt

jibhuihks wcàc irk blt kxpjà`tjy kbv`rlbmkbtij7 Mirt`bkz-Ij`kr ourtckr bltkn tcit, ubt`j

rkakbtjy iatlrs lo suac albojàts rirkjy siw tckmskjvks is kbv`rlbmkbtij`st is tck`r albakrb

wis w`tc j`vkj`clln.85

Ourtckrmlrk, tkacblakbtrà kbv`rlbmkbtij`st w`tc`b tck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty purplrt

tcklr`ks ajlskjy ij`hbkn tl e`ln`vkrs`ty albskrvit`lb ibn susti`biejk usk lo biturij rksluraks

`mpjkmkbtit`lb iat`v`t`ks.

Qibns bltkn tcit ^ck Xlrjn Acirtkr olr Biturk `bajunks jibhuihk lb kbv`rlbmkbtij `mpiat

isskssmkbt ibn n`st`bhu`scks ektwkkb tcrkk iat`v`t`ks `b tck j`hct lo suac isskssmkbts4 (9)

iat`v`t`ks wcàc irk j`gkjy tl aiusk `rrkvkrsèjk nimihk tl biturk (wcàc sclujn ek ivl`nkn)7

86D.Mirt`bkz-Ij`kr, ^ck Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm Lo ck Vllr, I Ukplrt olr [BU@QN olr tck XQQN, [b`vkrs`ty lo X`tswitkrsribn, 16.63.5665,

cttp4//www.raink.lrh/skaa`lbks/alm`s`lbks/alm`s`lbks/nkalj/dij`kr.VNO89Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ck E`ttkr Oru`t lo L`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn Nkolrkstit`lb, Aciptkr 1, ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst

Mlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk it cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno85D.Mirt`bkz-Ij`kr, ^ck Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm Lo ck Vllr, I Ukplrt olr [BU@QN olr tck XQQN, [b`vkrs`ty lo X`tswitkrsribn, 16.63.5665,cttp4//www.raink.lrh/skaa`lbks/alm`s`lbks/alm`s`lbks/nkalj/dij`kr.VNO


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9;

(5) iat`v`t`ks wcàc irk j`gkjy tl plsk i s`hbòàibt r`sg tl biturk (wcàc sclujn ek prkaknkn

ey ib kxciust`vk kxim`bit`lb)7 ibn (1) iat`v`t`ks wcàc miy n`sture biturk (wcàc sclujn ek

prkaknkn ey ib isskssmkbt lo tck`r albskqukbaks).81Qibns ourtckr bltkn tcit tck ipprliac `s

blw erlinjy rkojkatkn `b `btkrbit`lbij priatàk.8>

Kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt olr alubtr`ks w`tc oir jkss kalblmà rksluraks tcib tcit lo oir mlrk

`bnustrìj`skn ibn kalblmà plwkr alubtr`ks `s i pkrt`bkbt oiatlr `b inlpt`bh nka`s`vk

mkisurks tlwirns tck tcrkit lo hjleij wirm`bh. Ukvkbuk nkr`vkn orlm kalblmàijjy

plwkrouj alubtr`ks w`tc c`hc albsumkr nkmibn t`jts tck saijk lo rkislb`bh w`tc rkhirns tl

hlvkrbmkbt pljà`ks ibn `mpjkmkbtit`lb lo `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw prlv`s`lbs.

Olrk`hb rkvkbuk hkbkritkn orlm tck kxplrt lo alali, rueekr ibn l`j pijm irk aijaujitkn is i

slurak tl wcàc tck kxpibs`lb lo jlaij `bnustry `s nkpkbnkbt. Lb tck ltckr cibn, jlaij

ut`j`zit`lb trkk prlnuats suac is t`mekr `b `boristruaturij nkvkjlpmkbt ibn `bnustrìj hrlwtc7

lr ihràujturij nkvkjlpmkbt is ib lutalmk lo ajkir`bh7 irk `mplrtibt tl tck jlbh tkrm

kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt lo B`hkrì.

@b j`hct lo leskrvit`lbs lo tck rkij`stà wlrg`bh albn`t`lbs lo einjy pi`n okw ibn oir ektwkkb

dles hkbkritkn ey tck kstiej`scmkbt lr kxpibs`lb lo pjibtit`lbs, tck c`hc nkolrkstit`lb ritks

lo biturij olrksts ibn `ts invkrsk kookats lb aj`mitk acibhk, nkvkjlpmkbt `s qukst`lbiejk.8;

@mpjkmkbtit lb lo jkhij prlv`s`lbs

^ck ieskbak lo ib @btkrbit`lbij hlvkrbmkbt ibn tck rkalhb`t`lb lo Qtitks slvkrk`hbty iss`hbs

tl `bn`v`nuij Qtitks tck rksplbsè`j`ty lo kbscr`b`bh @btkrbit`lbij Jiw `btl Bit`lbij Jiw.

@btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw rkalhb`sks tcit nkspl`jkrs lo tck biturij olrkst `btkr ijì irk

w`tc`b tck Qtitk slvkrk`hb tkrr`tlry ckbak `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij pljà`ks ibn rkhujit`lbs

must ek pljàkn it bit`lbij jkvkjs.

Ukmlvij ub`ts (UM[s) wcàc `s i aitkhlry lo km`ss`lbs rknuat`lb arkn`ts (rkmlvij ey s`bgs)

must ek vkrò`kn ey tck kxpkrt rkv`kw tkims kstiej`sckn ey tck Vrltlalj tl ek ivi`jiejk olr

arkn`t ihi`bst ib Ibbkx 9 pirtys km`ss`lb rknuat`lb almm`tmkbt ubnkr Irtàjk 1(9) lo tck

81Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.>?, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)8>@e`n. Qibns, p.>?8;Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ck E`ttkr Oru`t lo L`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn Nkolrkstit`lb, Aciptkr 1, ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkstMlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk it cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno


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Gyltl Vrltlalj.8?Is prkv`lusjy bltkn, Qtitks kstiej`sc `bst`tut`lbij lrhib`sit`lbs, ibn pkrm`t

tck pirtà`pit`lb lo ltckr iatlrs `b tck `btkrbit`lbij prlakss88, oubn`bh `s i v`tij rkstràt`lb `b

tck kookat`vkbkss lo kxpkrt rkv`kw tkims `b ubnkrtig`bh suac tisgs. Qibns bltkn tcit ib

inm`ss`lb lo rksplbsè`j`ty w`tc o`bibaìj albskqukbaks `s rkojkatkn `b Irtàjk >(>) lo tck

9005 Aj`mitk Acibhk Albvkbt`lb ibn Irtàjk 5(1) lo tck 9008 Gyltl Vrltlalj.83

Blbhlvkrbmkbtij lrhib`sit`lbs (BHLs) pjiy gky oubat`lbs it tck bit`lbij ibn `btkrbit`lbij

jkvkj `b ri`s`bh iwirkbkss lb `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij `ssuk ibn `mpjkmkbt`bh

`btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw. BHLs ubnkrtigk `bnkpkbnkbt rkskirac lo `btkrbit`lbij

kbv`rlbmkbtij `ssuks ibn rkplrt iat`lbs tigkb it bit`lbij jkvkj tl kbsurk `btkrbit`lbij jiw

almpjìbak. BHLs aib tigk jkhij iat`lb lb bit`lbij ibn `btkrbit`lbij dur`snàt`lbs lr

tcrluhc mkkt`bhs ibn mknìt`lb rksljvk `ssuks. X`tc`b tck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty kookat`vk

ibn kbv`rlbmkbtijjy rksplbsèjk hlvkrbmkbts inlpt pljà`ks lr jkh`sjit`lbs `mpjkmkbtkn

tcrluhc nlmkstà jkhij `bstrumkbts tl supplrt tck alursk(s) lo BHLs wcàc nl blt rkmlvk

tck bkutrij`ty lo suacBHLs clwkvkr skrvks is pls`t`vk iac`kvkmkbt lo tcit BHL lb `ts

alursk. ^ck prkskbak ibn iat`v`t`ks lo `btkrbit`lbijjy rkalhb`skn BHLs strkbhtckbs tck

rksplbsk lo Qtitks ibn tck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty tl ib kbv`rlbmkbtij `ssuk.

@b B`hkrì, invlaiay tlwirns bit`lbij ibn `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij `ssuks i`mkn it

prltkat`bh tck biturij olrksts ey bit`lbij BHLs hlks ekylbn tck ksskbtìj nkhrkk lo

pirtbkrsc`p w`tc hlvkrbmkbt tl kbiejk suaakssouj iac`kvkmkbts lb `ts alursk. BHLs irk

mlrk lotkb tcib blt c`hcjy plj`tà`skn lr jiag inkquitk rksluraks ibn tkacbljlhy tl albnuat

`bnkpkbnkbt rkskirac ibn aljjkat vìejk niti. Bltiejk BHLs `b B`hkrì irk lotkb ioo`jìtkn

w`tc `btkrbit`lbij BHLs ib kximpjk `s Kbv`rlbmkbtij U`hcts Iat`lb (KUI) olubnkn tl nkij

w`tc kbv`rlbmkbtij cumib r`hcts `ssuks `b B`hkrì, `s ioo`jìtkn w`tc Or`kbns lo tck Kirtc.

KUI ibn ltckr BHLs suac is BHL Alij`t`lb olr Kbv`rlbmkbt (BHLAK) ibn AJKKB

Olubnit`lb mlrk lr jkss albs`stkbtjy kmeirg lo kbv`rlbmkbtij alursks w`tc ubnkrj`bk sla`l-

plj`tàij `nkljlh`ks pkrt`bkbt tl tck Qtitk, tckrkolrk ij`kbit`bh `ts alursks orlm tcit lo tck

`btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij almmub`ty invlait`bh ledkat`vk ub`vkrsij kbv`rlbmkbtij `ssuks

suac is aj`mitk acibhk.

8?Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.139, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

88@e`n Qibns83Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, p.066-069, 5bnKn`t`lb, (Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)


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Albajus`lb

@t `s kst`mitkn tcit nkolrkstit`lb ijlbk iaalubts olr rluhcjy 5;% lo AL5 km`ss`lbs

wlrjnw`nk.80 Qtibnirn kalblmà tcklry pl`bts tl tck bkkn tl `btkrbij`zk kxtkrbij`t`ks tl

er`bh tck alst lo kxplrt`bh lo biturij rksluraks ajlskr tl tck rkij slaìj alsts7 lb tck ltckr

cibn, kaljlhàij kalblmàs kmpcis`zks tck jiag lo plj`tàij ibn mirgkt plwkr lo tclsk

suookr`bh tck kxtkrbij`t`ks.36 LU`lrnib c`hcj`hctkn Cirn`bs ekj`ko tcit tck `bkv`tie`j`ty lo

hjleij nkstruat`lb prknktkrm`bks tck aclàk tcit cumib`ty must migk tl kbsurk `ts surv`vij. 39

It tc`s pl`bt i rktrlspkat`vk kxim`bit`lb lo tck v`tij rljk lo tck trkks olubn `b biturij olrkst

is biturij albsumkrs lo airelb n`lx`nk `btkrjlagkn `b tck `btràitk eijibak lo Kirtcs hisks `b

tck aj`mitk acibhk prlakss, c`hcj`hcts tck bkkn tl blw innrkss tck kookat`vk prltkat`lb lo

biturij olrkst ekylbn tck almmlb rksplbsè`j`ty pr`ba`pjk.

Alubtr`ks j`gk B`hkrì w`tc oir jkss kalblmà rksluraks, tkacbljlhy ibn plj`tàij ajlut wlujn

blt ek olrkrubbkrs `b sktt`bh ihkbnis lr aijj`bh olr i albokrkbak clwkvkr, is i rksujt lo

plssèjk olrk`hb rkvkbuk ibn/lr albakss`lbs wlujn tkbn tl supplrt lr ek `bojukbakn tl

supplrt jkin Qtitks ijtcluhc blt bkakssir`jy is almm`ttkn.

B`hkrì j`gk mlst alubtr`ks w`tc`b tck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty almpj`ks w`tc i w`nk ribhk

lo `btkrbit`lbij jiws `bajun`bh `btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij jiw ibn iat`vkjy pirtà`pitks `b

tck `btkrbit`lbij jiw mig`bh prlakss. Clwkvkr, `barkis`bh kalblmà almpkt`t`lb, olrk`hb

rkvkbuk nr`vk tl oia`j`titk kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt `btkr ijì albtrèutk tl tck pkrakpt`lb lo

`btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij `ssuks ibn tl tck oi`jurks `b nriot`bh pljà`ks lr rkhujit`lbs ibn

kookat`vkjy `mpjkmkbt`bh `btkrbit`lbij jiw.

@btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij pljà`ks ibn rkhujit`lb c`hcj`hct tck bkkn tl rkstri`b orlm

iat`v`t`ks w`tc nktr`mkbtij kookats tl tck biturij kbv`rlbmkbt tlwirns tck hlij lo m`t`hit`bh

tck invkrsk kookat lo hjleij wirm`bh ibn kstiej`scks tck rkqu`rkmkbt tcit iat`v`t`ks must

albtrèutk tl e`ln`vkrs`ty albskrvit`lb ibn susti`biejk usk lo biturij rksluraks, clwkvkr,

`btkrbit`lbij kbv`rlbmkbtij pljà`ks civk blt ekkb kookat`vk `b ackag`bh tck mirgkt olraks

`barkis`bh tck albsumkr nkmibn olr biturij rksluraks.

80Màcikj V. lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, p.>30, 3tckn`t`lb, (Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)

36D.Mirt`bkz-Ij`kr, ^ck Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm Lo ck Vllr, I Ukplrt olr [BU@QN olr tck XQQN, [b`vkrs`ty lo X`tswitkrsribn, 16.63.5665,

cttp4//www.raink.lrh/skaa`lbks/alm`s`lbks/alm`s`lbks/nkalj/dij`kr.VNO39^.LU`lrnib, Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm, p.53, 5bnKn`t`lb, ( Jlbnlb4 V`lb J`m`tkn, 9039)


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Airrkrk bltkn tcit tck rkij rkislbs olr tck kstiej`scmkbt `bnustrìj pjibtit`lbs tl kxpibn

aujt`vit`lb lo mlblaujturks civk bltc`bh tl nl bk`tckr w`tc k`tckr `mprlv`bh j`v`bh stibnirns

blr w`tc kbv`rlbmkbtij prltkat`lb eut tck mutuij ekbko`t lo jlaij kj`tks ibn tribsbit`lbij

almpib`ks.35 O`biba`krs wcl irk v`tij `b tck `btkrbit`lbij almmub`ty ijsl ekbko`t n`rkatjy

ibn `bn`rkatjy orlm tck kxpjl`tit`lb ibn nkhrinit`lb lo tck biturij olrksts lo B`hkrì. Is i

rksujt lo tck `mplrtibt rljks tck ri`b olrkst pjiy `b jkss nkvkjlpkn alubtr`ks nlmkstà

kalblm`ks, tck truk alsts lo prkskrv`bh ijj rkmi`b`bh olrksts miy ek kxtrilrn`bir`jy c`hc.31

^ck pkrakpt`lbs lo kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt irk almpjkx w`tc`b alubtr`ks nkpkbnkbt lo olrk`hb

rkvkbuk tl iac`kvk `ts nkvkjlpmkbtij hlijs wcàc `btkrpjiys w`tc jkss innrksskn invlaiay

olr tck prltkat`lb lo tck kbv`rlbmkbt `rrkspkat`vk lo tck `nkij`sm lo kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm

ipprliackn. ^ck eisà bkkn olr imkb`t`ks suac is ajkib witkr, kjkatrà`ty, mknàij airk tl

bimk i okw kbv`s`lbkn is lbjy plssèjk tcrluhc kalblmà nkvkjlpmkbt wlujn nktkrm`bk

nriot`bh bit`lbij jkhij `bstrumkbts, `mpjkmkbt`bh `btkrbit`lbij pljà`ks ibn rkhujit`lbs, ib

kstiej`sc`bh `bst`tut`lbs tl kookat`vkjy innrkss kbv`rlbmkbtij `ssuks lo biturij olrksts w`tc`b

tck tkrr`tlrìj slvkrk`hbty lo B`hkrì.

35Uàirnl Airrkrk, L`j Vijm4 ck Kxpibs`lb lo Ibltckr Nkstruat`vk Mlblaujturk, b Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ck E`ttkr Oru`t lo

L`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn Nkolrkstit`lb, ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno31Màcikj V. lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, p.>30, 3tckn`t`lb, (Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)


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Eèj`lhripcy

9. Vc`j`ppk Qibns, Vr`ba`pjks lo @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw, 5bnKn`t`lb,(Aimer`nhk4 Aimer`nhk [b`vkrs`ty Vrkss, 5661)

5. ^.LU`lrnib, Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm, 5bnKn`t`lb, ( Jlbnlb4 V`lb J`m`tkn, 9039)1. Ijkxibnrk G`ss ibn N`bic Qckjtlb, Hu`nk tl @btkrbit`lbij Kbv`rlbmkbtij Jiw,

p.989-985, (Jk`nkb/Elstlb4 Mirt`bus B`dcloo Vuej`sckrs, 5668)

>. Màcikj V. ^lnirl ibn Qtkpckb A. Qm`tc Kalblmà Nkvkjlpmkbt, 3tckn`t`lb,(Jlbnlb4 Inn`slb-Xksjky, 5661)

;. Nkee`k Ckmm`bh (Nr), Aj`mitk Acibhktck kv`nkbak ibn tck `mpiats, MktLooàk Aj`mitk Acibhk Hu`nk, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.mktlooàk.hlv.ug/aj`mitkacibhk/hu`nk/gkyoiats/Aj`mitk%56acibhk%56-

%56tck%56kv`nkbak%56ibn%56tck%56`mpiats%56tribsar`pt.pno

?. D.Mirt`bkz-Ij`kr, ^ck Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm Lo ^ck Vllr, I Ukplrt olr [BU@QN olrtck XQQN, [b`vkrs`ty lo X`tswitkrsribn, 16.63.5665, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.raink.lrh/skaa`lbks/alm`s`lbks/alm`s`lbks/nkalj/dij`kr.VNO

8. ^ck Imkràib Ckr`tihk Qa`kbak Nàt`lbiry Alpyr`hct 566; ey Cluhctlb Mòoj`bAlmpiby. Vuej`sckn eyCluhctlb Mòoj`b Almpiby

3. Nkolrkstit`lb ibn Nkskrtòàit`lb, Olrkst cljlaiust, Bit`lbij Hklhripcà Qla`kty,900?-5660, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.bit`lbijhklhripcà.alm/kyk/nkolrkstit`lb/kookat.ctmj

0. Dlakjyb Qtlag ibn Ibny Ulackb, ^ck Aclàk4 Nllmsniy lr Irelr Niy, ivi`jiejkitcttp4//www.umàc.knu/~hs5?;/sla`kty/nkolrkstit`lb.ctm

96.Uàirnl Airrkrk, L`j Vijm4 ^ck Kxpibs`lb lo Ibltckr Nkstruat`vk Mlblaujturk,`b Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, ^ck E`ttkr Oru`t lo L`j Vijm4 N`splsskss`lb ibn

Nkolrkstit`lb, ([ruhuiy4 Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, 5669), ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/pjibtit`lbs/mitkrìj/L`jVijm.pno

99.Nkolrkstit`lb, B`hkrì4 Màckj`bs rueekr pjibtit`lbs nkstrlykn wlmkbsj`vkj`cllns, Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbt, XUM's eujjkt`b B 9>6, Mirac 5660,

ivi`jiejk itcttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/eujjkt`b/9>6/B`hkrì.ctmj
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/guide/keyfacts/Climate%20change%20-%20the%20evidence%20and%20the%20impacts%20transcript.pdfhttp://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/guide/keyfacts/Climate%20change%20-%20the%20evidence%20and%20the%20impacts%20transcript.pdfhttp://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/guide/keyfacts/Climate%20change%20-%20the%20evidence%20and%20the%20impacts%20transcript.pdfhttp://www.rcade.org/secciones/comisiones/comisiones/decol/jalier.PDFhttp://www.eref-trade.hmco.com/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/eye/deforestation/effect.htmlhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/eye/deforestation/effect.htmlhttp://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/deforestation.htmhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/viewpoint.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/Nigeria.htmlhttp://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/140/viewpoint.htmlhttp://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/deforestation.htmhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/eye/deforestation/effect.htmlhttp://www.eref-trade.hmco.com/http://www.rcade.org/secciones/comisiones/comisiones/decol/jalier.PDFhttp://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/guide/keyfacts/Climate%20change%20-%20the%20evidence%20and%20the%20impacts%20transcript.pdfhttp://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/guide/keyfacts/Climate%20change%20-%20the%20evidence%20and%20the%20impacts%20transcript.pdf


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95.D.Mirt`bkz-Ij`kr, ^ck Kbv`rlbmkbtij`sm Lo ^ck Vllr, I Ukplrt olr [BU@QN olrtck XQQN, [b`vkrs`ty lo X`tswitkrsribn, 16.63.5665, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.raink.lrh/skaa`lbks/alm`s`lbks/alm`s`lbks/nkalj/dij`kr.VNO

91.Mkt Looàk Aj`mitk Acibhk Hu`nk, ivi`jiejk itcttp4//www.mktlooàk.hlv.ug/aj`mitkacibhk/

9>.Mkt Looàk Aj`mitk Acibhk Hu`nk, Ko okats lb tck nkvkjlp`bh wlrj n, ivi`jiejk itcttp4//www.mktlooàk.hlv.ug/aj`mitkacibhk/hu`nk/kookats/skaur`ty.ctmj

9;.[zlmi N. Ac`mi, B` hkrì4 rkk pjibtit`lbs it tck kxpkbsk lo o lrksts ibn olrkstpklpjks j`vkj`cllns, Xlrjn Ui`bolrkst Mlvkmkbts eujjkt`b b Bl. 96;, Ipr`j 566?,

ivi`jiejk itcttp4//www.wrm.lrh.uy/eujjkt`b/96;/B@hkrì.ctmj

9?.Qkib Ainmib, Nko`b`bh Olrksts ubnkr Gyltl Vrltlalj4 i wiy olrwirn, [b`tknBit`lbs Orimkwlrg Albvkbt`lb lb Aj`mitk Acibhk, Latlekr 5663, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//uboaaa.`bt/o`jks/mktclns\sa`kbak/rknn/ippjàit`lb/pno/skibainmib9\95blv63.p

no

98.^ck Albst`tut`lb lo tck Oknkrij Ukpuejà lo B`hkrì, 9000

93.Ioràib Albvkbt`lb Lb ^ck Albskrvit`lb Lo Biturk Ibn Biturij Uksluraks, inlptknlb 9;.60.90?3, kbtkrkn `btl olrak 9?.6?.90?0

90.Niv`n Igibi, Clw Olrksts Aib J`m` t Aj`mitk Acibhk, qultkn rkmirgs lo OribaksQkymlur , N`rkatlr Hkbkrij lo tck Akbtrk olr @btkrbit`lbij Olrkstry Ukskirac

(A@OLU), Aj`mitk Acibhk Mknì pirtbkrsc`p, 9;.95.60, ivi`jiejk it

cttp4//www.aj`mitkmknìpirtbkrsc`p.lrh/rkplrt`bh/stlr`ks/clw-olrksts-aib-j`m`t-

aj`mitk-acibhk/

56.Acr`stlpckr N. Qtlbk, @ s Kbv`rlbmkbtij` sm Nkin


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Documents

Environmentalism and Economic development: Between the Tree, Livelihood and the Future