Environmental Tutorial

Environmental Tutorial Start

Greenhouse Effect

Overpopulation

Ozone Depletion

Acid Rain

Deforestation

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Hunter/Gathering Societies

For much of human history, the population of humans was quite small. Humans relied on hunting prey and gathering plants as a means of survival. The small groups of people would follow the migration patterns of various animals and picked plants along the way. Since they rarely stayed in a single area for long periods of time and food was often unreliable, family groups were small. Imagine if today, the billions of people on Earth still followed the idea of hunting and gathering instead of modern agriculture.

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Agriculture

Since the development of agriculture thousands of years ago, the human population has greatly increased. Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. This has led to a large increase in the human population as food became more reliable. Currently there are over 7 billion people on Earth.

Some would argue that because of the large number of resources that humans consume, the Earth is now overpopulated. Overpopulation is considered the most serious environmental concern our world faces. More people leads to more crime. More use of resources. More war. More pollution.

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Overpopulation

In the graph above, you can see the estimated world population up to the year 2025. As long as the birth rates around the world exceed the death rates, the human population will continue to increase. Improvements in agriculture, health care, and sanitation has lead to the world population increase. The last time the human population dropped was around 1350, when an estimated 50% of Europe died as a result of bacteria that was carried by fleas.

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Overpopulation

In the graph above, you can see the estimated world population up to the year 2025. As long as the birth rates around the world exceed the death rates, the human population will continue to increase. Improvements in agriculture, health care, and sanitation has lead to the world population increase. The last time the human population dropped was around 1350, when an estimated 50% of Europe died as a result of bacteria that was carried by fleas.

Many environmental problems, such as rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate change, and pollution, were increased by the growing human population.

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The Greenhouse Effect

The Earth and moon are about the same distance from the sun. But the Earth is much warmer. The reason is simple. The Earth has an atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere traps heat to warm the planet. The trapping of heat is known as the greenhouse effect.

average temp = 57°F Average temp = -10°F

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg

The Greenhouse Effect

A greenhouse is a glass building used to grow plants year round, even in cold areas. Since glass traps heat, the glass acts like an atmosphere. That’s why science named this warming process on Earth the “greenhouse effect.” The atmosphere acts like a glass building surrounding the Earth. The heat that is trapped by this natural process warms the planet. That is very good. So why is the greenhouse effect often mentioned as a problem created by humans?

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Naturally, the greenhouse effect is very good. As mentioned, this process warms the Earth. However, as a result of human actions, the greenhouse effect is out of balance. As technology has progressed, so has our need for energy. That means the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).

The Man-Made Greenhouse EffectBack Home

When cars, factories, and other man-made devices burn fossil fuels, they release air pollution. A major pollutant released is carbon dioxide (CO2). And this is how the greenhouse effect is out of balance. For centuries, CO2 has been accumulating in the atmosphere. This extra CO2 is trapping excess amounts of heat. The extra heat is causing the Earth’s climate to change. The man-made greenhouse effect is sometimes called global warming.

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Climate Change (Global Warming)

Why is Earth much warmer than the moon?

Since the Earth has an atmosphere, heat is trapped. Because air pollutants such as CO2 are accumulating in the atmosphere, the atmosphere is getting thicker. This means that extra heat is trapped. The fear is this could alter climate patterns around the world. This makes agriculture very difficult since climate affects how plants grow. If agriculture was disrupted, how would that affect the human population?

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Earth is much closer to the sun

Earth has been struck by numerous meteors

Earth has an atmosphere

The human population would increase.

The human population would decrease.

The human population would remain unchanged.correct

correct

Choose “allow content” for the YouTube video to play

Climate Change Solutions

There is no one easy solution to climate change. Since our society demands so much energy, fossils fuels are the best way to provide the energy because of the lower cost. However, there are steps that everyone can take to help reduce the use of fossil fuels in their lives. The following steps help reduce the usage of fossil fuels.

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There is no one easy solution to global warming. Since our society demands so much energy, fossils fuels are the best way to provide the energy because of the lower cost. However, there are steps that everyone can take to help reduce the use of fossil fuels in their lives. The following steps help reduce the usage of fossil fuels.

Recycling helps to save natural resources.

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Recycling helps to save natural resources.Using energy efficient products at home reduces pollution.

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Buy products with the “Energy Star” label. They require less energy to operate.

Incandescent light bulbs get hot, which is wasted energy. Stop using them. Fluorescent light bulbs waste less

energy and last longer. Buy them.



Recycling helps to save natural resources.Using energy efficient products at home reduces pollution. Turn up the air conditioning a few degrees in the summer. Or simply open the windows.

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78°F (or warmer) is recommended in the summer to save electricity. Every little bit helps.



Recycling helps to save natural resources.Using energy efficient products at home reduces pollution. Turn up the air conditioning a few degrees in the summer. Or simply open the windows.Turning off electronic products when not in use.

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Don’t be lazy. Turn off that computer when not in use.



Recycling helps to save natural resources.Using energy efficient products at home reduces pollution. Turn up the air conditioning a few degrees in the summer. Or simply open the windows.Turning off electronic products when not in use.Carpooling. Walking short distances. Biking longer distances.

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The Ozone Layer

High up in the stratosphere is an area called the ozone layer. The ozone layer protects life on the surface of the Earth because the ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Since the UV radiation is absorbed high in the sky, the UV never reaches the ground where people, plants, and other animals live. This is good.

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The Ozone Layer

High up in the stratosphere is an area called the ozone layer. The ozone layer protects life on the surface of the Earth because the ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Since the UV radiation is absorbed high in the sky, the UV never reaches the ground where people, plants, and other animals live. This is good.

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Did you know? Before the ozone layer existed, all life on Earth lived under water.

Ozone layer prevents UV radiation from striking the Earth’s surface

Human activity of course. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) are man-made chemicals used in refrigerators, aerosols, and solvents. These CFC’s are released into the air and drift up to the ozone layer.

HomeBack So what’s the problem?UV

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CFC CFC CFC CFCCFCCFC

Sadly, CFC molecules react with ozone molecules. As a result, the ozone molecules are broken apart and thus can no longer absorb as much UV radiation. This allows more UV radiation to reach the surface.

Ozone layer prevents UV radiation from striking the Earth’s surfaceThinner ozone layer blocks less UV radiation

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Effects of UV radiation

UV radiation is a known mutagen, which means it causes DNA mutations. Due to this fact, UV radiation is harmful to all life on Earth, not just humans. The following is a partial list of problems caused by excess UV radiation from the sun.

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UV radiation breaks apart DNA molecules



Skin cancer around the world has greatly increased.

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Skin cancer around the world has greatly increased.Crops do not grow as well. Keep in mind the world population is increasing.

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Skin cancer around the world has greatly increased.Crops do not grow as well. Keep in mind the world population is increasing.Cataracts and other eye problems are rising.

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Skin cancer around the world has greatly increased.Crops do not grow as well. Keep in mind the world population is increasing.Cataracts and other eye problems are rising.Destruction of plankton, which is the basis of ocean food webs.

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How to lessen your exposure?

Sunburn is the most obvious sign of too much sun. Too much sun triggers the growth of cancerous cells. There are easy steps you can take to help reduce your exposure to the sun.

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Proper clothing like hats, long sleeves, and sunglasses help to block UV radiation.

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Proper clothing like hats, long sleeves, and sunglasses help to block UV radiation.Use a sunscreen of at least SPF-30 when you plan to spend some time outside.

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Stop the CFC Madness

In the mid-1980’s, scientists were shocked to discover a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. Luckily Antarctica is uninhabited by people, but around the rest of the world the ozone layer was getting thinner also. So more UV radiation was striking the surface of Earth. Nations around the world saw this as a problem, and took action.

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Antarctica

Stop the CFC Madness

In the mid-1980’s, scientists were shocked to discover a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. Luckily Antarctica is uninhabited by people, but around the rest of the world the ozone layer was getting thinner also. So more UV radiation was striking the surface of Earth. Nations around the world saw this as a problem, and took action.

Over 150 nations signed the Montreal Protocol and agreed to reduce the use of CFCs. The Montreal protocol is considered one of the most successful treaties in history.

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Ozone Outlook

Since CFC’s can stay harmful for about 100 years, the pollution we released in the 1970’s will be in the atmosphere for some time. But since the Montreal Protocol, CFC usage has been greatly reduced. This has allowed the ozone layer to naturally repair itself, but the final recovery of the ozone layer is expected to take several lifetimes. But we are on the right track.

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Acid Rain

What goes up….must come down. We’ve all heard this expression and it is very fitting concerning this next topic, acid rain. Normally, rainfall is life sustaining as rain provides much needed water. But what if the rain water is polluted?

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Acid Rain

What goes up….must come down. We’ve all heard this expression and it is very fitting concerning this next topic, acid rain. Normally, rainfall is life sustaining as rain provides much needed water. But what if the rain water is polluted?

Examine the pH scale above. Notice that chemicals less than 7 are considered acids. Naturally, rain water is slightly acidic (pH of 5.6) due to chemicals commonly found in the air. These chemicals get washed down with the rain and cause rain to be slightly acidic. This is natural. So what is acid rain?

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What goes up?

Once again, humans and fossil fuels are the cause of this problem. When fossil fuels are burned in cars and factories, they release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the air. Keep in mind that millions of cars and thousands of factories are releasing these pollutants every day.

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Must come down…

Now that the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are in the air, they combine with water in the air to form two acids…sulfuric acid and nitric acid. When it eventually rains, these acids will fall down and run into rivers, lakes, and streams. So even though rain is naturally acidic, these chemicals make rain super acidic (pH of 3-4).

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Nitric acidsulfuric acid

As rivers, lakes, and streams collect more acids, the water becomes more deadly. The acidic water has been blamed for frog deformities and can be deadly to fish, frogs, and other aquatic life.

Back HomeDamages from acid rain


The sulfur and nitrogen in acid rain is harmful to human lungs and can lead to asthma or bronchitis.




The acids in the soil can be absorbed through the roots of plants and trees and harm their growth.




The acids in the soil can be absorbed through the roots of plants and trees and harm their growth.

Acids can peel paint or wear down stone statues.


Since the burning of fossil fuels is the cause of acid rain, the obvious solution is to reduce the use of fossil fuels. While this may be easier said than done, there are alternative energies that are less polluting. Many government programs exist to help consumers go solar at home. Encourage your parents to look into this great alternative.

Acid Rain SolutionsBack Home

Since the burning of fossil fuels is the cause of acid rain, the obvious solution is to reduce the use of fossil fuels. While this may be easier said than done, there are alternative energies that are less polluting. Many government programs exist to help consumers go solar at home. Encourage your parents to look into this great alternative.

Saving electricity at home reduces the amount of fossil fuels that are burned. Please help by turning off electronics when they aren’t being used. Here are a few more ideas to try at home. Be sure to share them with your folks.

Acid Rain SolutionsBack Home

Turn off the TV when not in use

Avoid staring inside the fridge for long amounts of time

Wash full laundry loads

Open the blinds during the day and turn off the lights

Dry wet clothes outside on a laundry lineChange the furnace filter once a year

Deforestation

As stated earlier, human overpopulation is the cause for many problems. Another such problem is called deforestation. Like the name implies, this is the clearing of forested land. Once cleared, the cleared land is often used to build housing or is converted into farmland to grow crops. As cities expand further and further into once wilderness areas, the animals living in these areas will be displaced. The plant-life is obviously destroyed as the land is cleared.

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Deforestation

As stated earlier, human overpopulation is the cause for many problems. Another such problem is called deforestation. Like the name implies, this is the clearing of forested land. Once cleared, the cleared land is often used to build housing or is converted into farmland to grow crops. As cities expand further and further into once wilderness areas, the animals living in these areas will be displaced. The plant-life is obviously destroyed as the land is cleared.

Around the world, there is a high demand for wood products. Wood is used as fuel, building supplies, and paper. So in order to meet the demand around the world, trees are cut down and sold as lumber.

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Lumber for building

Paper rolls

Many poor nations still burn wood to cook and heat their homes

Why is deforestation harmful?

Hopefully this is obvious. By destroying the habitats of wildlife this causes extinctions. Lets not forget that the vast majority of drugs used to treat illness come from chemicals found in plants and animals. So by causing the extinction of wildlife, we are losing an important tool to help fight disease.

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As humans move into areas that were once wilderness, animal attacks are on the rise.

Why is deforestation harmful?Back Home


As humans move into areas that were once wilderness, animal attacks are on the rise.Food chains and food webs become out of balance. Examine the food web above.

What would probably happen to these organisms if the trees were destroyed and cut down?

Why is deforestation harmful?Back Home

They would continue to survive just fine correctThe rest may go extinct since

there are no producers left

How to help prevent Deforestation?

I’m sure you know some ways to help reduce the use of wood products. Recycle…recycle…recycle!

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When possible, look into purchasing 2nd hand furniture. Often, older furniture is even built to better standards and will last longer.

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Try and go paperless at home. Sign up for e-bills. Remove your name from “junk mail” distributors.

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Speak out to your local and federal representatives. They can help to create new laws to protect the environment.

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Speak out to your local and federal representatives. They can help to create new laws to protect the environment.

Support various environmental action groups such as GreenPeace or the Sierra Club.

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Conclusion

So it is clear that many environmental problems exist today. It is also clear the human activity is the leading cause. Humans are releasing the pollution that causes the ozone problem, acid rain, and global warming. Human actions are behind deforestation. So now is the time to act.

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Conclusion

So it is clear that many environmental problems exist today. It is also clear the human activity is the leading cause. Humans are releasing the pollution that causes the ozone problem, acid rain, and global warming. Human actions are behind deforestation. So now is the time to act.

It starts with local action and changes at home. Spread the word to your family members about ways to help lessen the impact that humans have on the environment. Education is the key to reversing this trend and it starts with you.

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Quick Quiz #1

Which is not a fossil fuel?

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Coal Wood

Natural gas Oil

Correct

Quick Quiz #2

Which climate altering gas is released from the burning of fossil fuels?

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Nitrogen oxide CFC’s

Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide

Correct

Quick Quiz #3

Which man-made molecule is responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer?

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Nitrogen oxide CFC’s

Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide

Correct

Quick Quiz #4

What is happening as a result of the thinning of the ozone layer?

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Rivers and lakes are more acidic

The Earth is warming

Forests are being cleared

More UV radiation is striking Earth

Correct

Quick Quiz #5

What is considered to be the most serious environmental threat?

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Global warming Ozone layer destruction

Acid rain Overpopulation

Correct

Quick Quiz #6

The pollutants that lead to acid rain come from which?

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Increase in Earth’s temperature

Fossil fuel burning

The use of aerosol can sprays

Extra amounts of UV radiation

Correct

Quick Quiz #7

Which is an immediate threat to the habitat of living organisms?

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Deforestation Greenhouse effect

Acid rain Ozone depletion

Correct

Quick Quiz #8

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are related to which problem?

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Ozone destruction Deforestation

Acid rain Global warming

Correct

Quick Quiz #9

Recycling and saving resources is a way to help which?

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Ozone destruction

Greenhouse effect

Acid Rain All of these

Correct

Quick Quiz #10

The Montreal Protocol helped to reduce the amount of which?

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Carbon dioxide in the air

Acids released into lakes

Wood cutting

CFCs used In industry

Correct

Be sure to turn in your worksheet when finished.

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Climate Change


The Earth and the moon are about the same distance to the sun. In fact, as the moon revolves around the Earth sometimes it is even closer.

Earth is much closer to the sun Error

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Climate Change


It is true that Earth has been struck by a countless number of meteors, but so has the moon. You can see the craters left behind in this picture of the moon. So if meteor impacts made the Earth warm, then the moon should be warm also. But the moon is not warm.

Try Again

Earth has been struck by numerous meteors Try again

Moon craters Earth crater

Climate Change

If agriculture was disrupted, how would that affect the human population?

Think about this. People need food. If our ability to make food was disrupted, humans would have more trouble feeding ourselves.

The human population would increase.

Error

Try Again

Climate Change

If agriculture was disrupted, how would that affect the human population?

Think about this. People need food. If our ability to make food was disrupted, humans would have more trouble feeding ourselves.

Error

Try Again

The human population would remain unchanged.

Food chains and food webs become out of balance. Examine the food web above. What would probably happen to these organisms if the trees were destroyed and cut down?

If the trees are gone, the herbivores would slowly starve. If the herbivores starve and die, then the carnivores would have nothing to eat.

Error

Why is deforestation harmful?

They would continue to survive just fine

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Quick Quiz #1


CoalError

Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are organic compounds found in the Earth’s crust. They are created from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), fossil fuels meet around 82% of U.S. energy demand.

Try Again

Quick Quiz #1


Natural gasError

Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are organic compounds found in the Earth’s crust. They are created from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), fossil fuels meet around 82% of U.S. energy demand. Try Again

Quick Quiz #1


Oil Error

Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are organic compounds found in the Earth’s crust. They are created from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), fossil fuels meet around 82% of U.S. energy demand. Try Again

Quick Quiz #2


Nitrogen oxideError

Try Again

Nitrogen oxides are in the air, and when they combine with water they create nitric acid. When it eventually rains, nitric acids will fall down and run into rivers, lakes, and streams. Nitrogen oxides create acid rain.

Quick Quiz #2

Try Again

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) are man-made chemicals used in refrigerators, aerosols, and solvents. CFC’s are released into the air and drift up to the ozone layer. CFC molecules react with ozone molecules and causes them to broke apart. This allows more UV radiation to reach the surface.

Thinner ozone layer

UVUV

Thicker ozone layer


CFC’s Error

Quick Quiz #2


Sulfur dioxide Error

Try Again

Sulfur dioxides are in the air, and when they combine with water they create sulfuric acid. When it eventually rains, sulfuric acids will fall down and run into rivers, lakes, and streams. Sulfur dioxides create acid rain.

Quick Quiz #3


Nitrogen oxideError

Nitrogen oxides are in the air, and when they combine with water they create nitric acid. When it eventually rains, nitric acids will fall down and run into rivers, lakes, and streams. Nitrogen oxides create acid rain.

Try Again

Quick Quiz #3


Carbon dioxideError

When cars, factories, and other man-made devices burn fossil fuels, they release carbon dioxide (CO2). For centuries, CO2 has been accumulating in the atmosphere. This extra CO2 is trapping excess amounts of heat. The extra heat is causing climate change… not destroying the ozone layer.

Try Again

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Quick Quiz #3


Sulfur dioxide Error

Try Again

Sulfur dioxides are in the air, and when they combine with water they create sulfuric acid. When it eventually rains, sulfuric acids will fall down and run into rivers, lakes, and streams. Sulfur dioxides create acid rain.

Quick Quiz #4


Rivers and lakes are more acidic

Try Again

Rivers and lakes are becoming more acidic due to acid rain, not the thinning ozone layer. Burning fossil fuels puts a lot of pollution into the air. Some of that pollution is acidic and falls back to Earth in the rain.

Error

Quick Quiz #4


Forests are being cleared

Try Again

Forests are being cleared because there is a large need for wood products. More and more forests are being cut down to make farmland and for building materials. Deforestation is not related to the thinning ozone layer.

Error

Quick Quiz #4


The Earth is warming

Try Again

The Earth’s climate is changing due to the extra CO2 being trapped in the atmosphere. The CO2 traps heat near the Earth’s surface where it cannot escape into outer space.

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Quick Quiz #5


Global warming

Try Again

Global warming and climate change is bad… very bad. But think what is causing climate change? The overall actions of humans is causing climate change and global warming. So there is a better answer.

Error

Quick Quiz #5


Acid rain

Try Again

Acid rain is bad… very bad. But think what is causing acid rain? The overall actions of humans is causing acid rain. So there is a better answer.

Error

Quick Quiz #5


Ozone layer destruction

Try Again

Ozone destruction is bad… very bad. But think what is causing ozone destruction? The overall actions of humans is causing ozone destruction. So there is a better answer.

Error

Quick Quiz #6


Increase in Earth’s temperature

Try Again

The temperature of the Earth is not a pollutant. The Earth’s temperature is increasing due to the burning of fossils fuels. Fossils fuel burning produces electricity, but it also releases a lot of CO2 into the air.

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Quick Quiz #6


The use of aerosol can sprays

Try Again

Aerosol cans release CFC’s, which can thin and destroy the ozone layer. Aerosol cans and CFCs do not cause acid rain.

Error

Thinner ozone layer

UVUV

Thicker ozone layer

Quick Quiz #6


Extra amounts of UV radiation

Try Again

Extra UV radiation will reach the Earth’s surface when the ozone layer becomes thinner as you can see in the city on the right. The thinning ozone layer is caused by CFC molecules, not acid rain.

Error

Thinner ozone layer

UVUV

Thicker ozone layer

Quick Quiz #7


Acid rain

Try Again

This is not a bad answer because acid rain is a threat to habitats. But acid rain takes time. One of the choices destroys habitats immediately.

Error

Quick Quiz #7


Greenhouse effect

Try Again

The greenhouse effect naturally keeps Earth warm. That is good. The greenhouse effect is only a problem when humans put too much CO2 into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. This process takes time and does not destroy habitats immediately.

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Quick Quiz #7


Ozone depletion

Try Again

Extra UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface when the ozone layer becomes thinner can destroy habitats but it takes time. It is not an immediate process.

Error

Thinner ozone layer

UVUV

Thicker ozone layer

Quick Quiz #8

Ozone destruction

Try Again

Error

The ozone layer is destroyed by man-made chemicals called CFC, which are used in aerosol cans, refrigerators, and solvents. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are not destroying the ozone layer.

Thinner ozone layer

UVUV

Thicker ozone layer


Quick Quiz #8


Deforestation

Try Again

Forests are being cleared because there is a large need for wood products. More and more forests are being cut down to make farmland and for building materials. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are not causing deforestation.

Error

Quick Quiz #8


Global warming

Try Again

The Earth’s climate is changing due to the extra CO2 being trapped in the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. The CO2 traps heat near the Earth’s surface where it cannot escape into outer space. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides do not cause this.

Error

CO2

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Quick Quiz #9


Ozone destruction

Try Again

It is true that recycling and saving resources can prevent ozone layer destruction, but there is a better choice.

Error

Go Green! Fluorescent light bulbs help to save energy.

Quick Quiz #9


Acid Rain

Try Again

It is true that recycling and saving resources can prevent acid rain, but there is a better choice.

Error


Quick Quiz #9


Greenhouse effect

Try Again

It is true that recycling and saving resources can prevent the greenhouse effect, but there is a better choice.

Error


Quick Quiz #10


Wood cutting

Hint: The Montreal Protocol has helped the ozone layer rebuild itself and become thicker. Therefore, the Montreal Protocol must ban the use of the chemicals that destroy the ozone layer. What are those chemicals called?

Error

Thinner ozone layer

UV

Try Again

Quick Quiz #10


Acids released into lakes

Error


Thinner ozone layer

UV

Try Again

Quick Quiz #10


Carbon dioxide in the air

Error


Thinner ozone layer

UV

Try Again

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Environmental Tutorial