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Energiekontor UK Ltd
Environmental Statement Volume 1:Written TextApril 2015
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
ES Volume 1
Chapter 1 Introduction
Energiekontor UK Ltd | April 2015
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1-1 The Applicant – Energiekontor UK Ltd ....................................................................................... 1-1 The Proposed Development ...................................................................................................... 1-2 Background to the Environmental Statement (ES) ................................................................. 1-2 Conformance with EIA Regulations .......................................................................................... 1-3 Structure of the Environmental Statement ............................................................................... 1-3 Scoping Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 1-4 Contact for Further Information ................................................................................................. 1-4
2 APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 2-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2-1 EIA Process .................................................................................................................................... 2-1 Approach to Technical Studies Undertaken ............................................................................ 2-2 Structure of ES Technical Chapters ........................................................................................... 2-2 Consultation ................................................................................................................................. 2-8
3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN EVOLUTION 3-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3-1 Regulatory and Policy Context .................................................................................................. 3-1 The Site and Its Surroundings ...................................................................................................... 3-3 Description of Proposed Development .................................................................................... 3-4 Access ........................................................................................................................................... 3-7 Wind Farm Operation .................................................................................................................. 3-7 Site Selection Methodology ....................................................................................................... 3-8 Design Evolution ......................................................................................................................... 3-11 Summary of Design Evolution ................................................................................................... 3-13
4 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY AND PROGRAMME 4-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4-1 Legislation and Policy Context .................................................................................................. 4-1 Planning Policy ............................................................................................................................. 4-1 Anticipated Construction Programme and Timescales ......................................................... 4-1 Construction Works ...................................................................................................................... 4-2 Pre-Construction Works ............................................................................................................... 4-3 Temporary Highway Works ......................................................................................................... 4-4 Construction Compound ........................................................................................................... 4-4 Site Access .................................................................................................................................... 4-4 Site Tracks ...................................................................................................................................... 4-4 Crane Hardstandings and Outrigger Pads .............................................................................. 4-5 Wind Turbine Foundations .......................................................................................................... 4-6 Wind Turbine Transformers .......................................................................................................... 4-8
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
ES Volume 1
Chapter 1 Introduction
Energiekontor UK Ltd | April 2015
Commissioning of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment ................................................... 4-10 Reinstatement and Removal of Temporary Works................................................................ 4-10
5 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANNING POLICY 5-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5-1 Planning Policy ............................................................................................................................. 5-1 Supplementary Planning Guidance ....................................................................................... 5-12 National Planning Policy and Guidance ................................................................................ 5-12 Renewable Energy Policy Framework .................................................................................... 5-20
6 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL 6-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ............................................................................................. 6-4 Assessment Methodology ........................................................................................................... 6-7 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................... 6-19 Landscape and Visual Effects ................................................................................................. 6-29 Mitigation and Enhancement .................................................................................................. 6-52 Residual Effects .......................................................................................................................... 6-52 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................................... 6-52 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 6-74
7 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY 7-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7-1 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................... 7-15 Key Impacts and Likely Significant Effects.............................................................................. 7-25 Mitigation and Enhancement .................................................................................................. 7-33 Residual Effects .......................................................................................................................... 7-34 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................................... 7-37 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 7-36 References .................................................................................................................................. 7-37 Glossary and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 7-37
8 ORNITHOLOGY 8-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 8-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ............................................................................................. 8-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria .............................................................. 8-3 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................... 8-11 Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts................................................................. 8-19 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................................... 8-34 Mitigation and Enhancement .................................................................................................. 8-37 Residual Effects .......................................................................................................................... 8-39 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 8-40 References .................................................................................................................................. 8-42
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
ES Volume 1
Chapter 1 Introduction
Energiekontor UK Ltd | April 2015
9 NON-AVIAN ECOLOGY 9-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 9-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ............................................................................................. 9-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria .............................................................. 9-2 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................... 9-12 Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts................................................................. 9-28 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................................... 9-42 Mitigation and Enhancement .................................................................................................. 9-48 Residual Effects .......................................................................................................................... 9-52 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 9-53
10 NOISE 10-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 10-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ........................................................................................... 10-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ............................................................ 10-2 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................... 10-7 Identification and Evaluation of Key Impacts ..................................................................... 10-10 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................................. 10-13 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................ 10-15 Residual Effects ........................................................................................................................ 10-16 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 10-16 References ................................................................................................................................ 10-17
11 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION 11-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ........................................................................................... 11-2 Consultation Undertaken to Date ........................................................................................... 11-3 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ............................................................ 11-3 Assumptions and limitations ..................................................................................................... 11-4 Routing and Baseline Conditions ............................................................................................. 11-5 Identification and Key Evaluation of Impacts ..................................................................... 11-11 Cumulative Effects and Interaction of Effects ..................................................................... 11-13 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................ 11-14 Residual Effects ........................................................................................................................ 11-15 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 11-15 References ................................................................................................................................ 11-16 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 11-16 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 11-17
12 GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY & HYDROGEOLOGY 12-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 12-1 Legislation and Policy Context ................................................................................................ 12-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ............................................................ 12-5 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................. 12-10 Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts............................................................... 12-27 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................................. 12-33 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................ 12-34 Residual Impacts ...................................................................................................................... 12-39
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ES Volume 1
Chapter 1 Introduction
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Summary ................................................................................................................................... 12-43
13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND TOURISM 13-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 13-1 Legislation and Policy Context and Guidance ..................................................................... 13-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ............................................................ 13-3 Baseline Assessment .................................................................................................................. 13-6 Predicted Effects ...................................................................................................................... 13-20 Cumulative ............................................................................................................................... 13-31 Mitigation and Enhancement Measures .............................................................................. 13-32 Summary and Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 13-32
14 INFRASTRUCTURE, AVIATION AND SAFETY 14-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 14-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ........................................................................................... 14-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ............................................................ 14-4 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................... 14-4 Identification and Key Evaluation of Impacts ....................................................................... 14-7 Cumulative Effects and Interaction of Effects ..................................................................... 14-11 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................ 14-12 Residual Effects ........................................................................................................................ 14-13 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 14-14 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 14-15
15 SHADOW FLICKER 15-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 15-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ........................................................................................... 15-2 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ............................................................ 15-5 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................. 15-11 Identification and Evaluation of Key Impacts ..................................................................... 15-11 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................ 15-13 Residual Effect .......................................................................................................................... 15-14 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 15-14 References ................................................................................................................................ 15-16
16 SUMMARY OF RESIDUAL EFFECTS 16-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 16-1 Summary of Residual Effects .................................................................................................... 16-1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 16-3
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 1: Introduction
April 2015
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm ES Volume 1 Chapter 1 Introduction
Energiekontor UK Ltd | April 2015
i
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1-1 The Applicant – Energiekontor UK Ltd ...................................................................................... 1-1 The Proposed Development ...................................................................................................... 1-2 Background to the Environmental Statement (ES) ................................................................. 1-2 Conformance with EIA Regulations .......................................................................................... 1-3 Structure of the Environmental Statement .............................................................................. 1-3 Scoping Exercise ......................................................................................................................... 1-4 Contact for Further Information ................................................................................................ 1-4
TABLES
Table 1.1: ES Contributors
FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Site Location
Appendices
Appendix 1.1: Scoping Report
Appendix 1.2: SKDC and NKDC Scoping Opinions
Appendix 1.3: Consultee responses on scoping
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm ES Volume 1 Chapter 1 Introduction
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1-1
1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
1.1 This Environmental Statement (ES) is submitted in support of a planning application by
Energiekontor UK Ltd (the “Applicant”) for ten wind turbines, each up to 110m in height
to blade tip and associated infrastructure (the “Proposed Development”) at Fulbeck
Airfield (the “Site”). The Site is wholly located within the County of Lincolnshire, however,
it straddles the administrative boundary of two local authorities, South Kesteven District
Council and North Kesteven District Council.
1.2 The Site has a countryside setting with a number of small settlements located nearby –
Stragglethorpe approximately 1.0km to the north east; Leadenham, Fulbeck and
Caythorpe approximately 4.0km to the east; Brandon 2km to the south; and
Beckingham, Sutton, Fenton and Stubton to the west. Access is provided to the strategic
highway network via the A17 road, located approximately 2.3km to the north of the Site.
1.3 This ES has been prepared on behalf of Energiekontor UK Limited and sets out the findings
of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Proposed Development that has
been carried out pursuant to the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact
Assessment) Regulations 2011 (“the EIA Regulations”). The EIA was coordinated by both
the Applicant and Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL).
1.4 The ES includes a description of the Proposed Development, the Site and its design;
summarises the findings of a comprehensive study of potential environmental impacts;
and, where adverse effects are identified, measures to avoid, reduce, or remedy such
effects are described. At the time of the assessment for the Proposed Development, the
ES considers the likely significant effects on the environment, identified in the EIA, during
the, construction, operational and decommissioning phases. In addition, any likely
cumulative significant effects of the cumulative impact have also been considered by
the ES.
The Applicant – Energiekontor UK Ltd
1.5 Energiekontor UK Limited was founded in 1999 as a subsidiary to the German based
company Energiekontor Group. Since 1990, the Energiekontor Group has developed
over 90 wind farms across Europe with a combined capacity of almost 700MW.
1.6 The Applicant has developed six wind farms in the UK and is in the process of
constructing a further wind farm elsewhere in Lincolnshire.
1.7 Energiekontor UK Ltd is a complete service company, managing its projects from the
initial site identification, through planning, finance, construction to operation and
management of its wind farms.
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The Proposed Development
1.8 The Proposed Development is described in detail in Chapter 3: Project Description. It
includes the following principal elements:
Installation of ten wind turbines, each up to 110m in height to blade tip;
turbine foundations and transformers;
hardstanding areas for erecting cranes at each turbine location;
site tracks;
underground cabling;
on-site substation; and
a temporary site entrance onto Stragglethorpe Lane.
1.9 The red line planning application boundary is known as the ‘EIA Planning Application
Boundary’, shown in Figure 1.1; the land edged blue is under the control of the applicant
for purposes of the planning application.
1.10 Planning permission is sought for 25 years of the operational phase of the wind farm.
After the expiration of this period, the turbines will be decommissioned and removed.
Any alternative course of action would require a fresh planning application to be
submitted.
1.11 In support of the planning application, the following documents have also been
submitted:
Planning Statement;
Design and Access Statement;
Statement of Community Involvement; and
Section 106 Heads of Terms.
Background to the Environmental Statement (ES)
1.12 The Proposed Development falls within Category 3 (i) of Schedule 2 of the EIA
Regulations and is defined as:
i) ‘Installations for the harnessing of wind power for energy production (wind farms)’.
1.13 The EIA is an important procedure aimed at ensuring that significant effects on the
environment, likely to be caused by a new development proposal, are taken into
account within the decision making process. Thus, this ES has been carried out pursuant
to the EIA Regulations and the National Planning Practice Guidance1.
1.14 Throughout each respective chapter of this ES, an overview of the methodology
adopted for each technical study is provided.
1 Department for Communities and Local Government, Environmental Impact Assessment, ID.4, Updated 6th March 2014
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Conformance with EIA Regulations
1.15 Schedule 4 of the EIA Regulations sets out information for inclusion within environmental
statements and the following points are examples of what is to be included:
a description of the development including, in particular: a description of the
physical characteristics of the whole development and the land-use requirements
during the construction and operation phases; a description of the main
characteristics of the production processes, for instance, nature and the quantity of
materials used; and an estimate, by type and quantity, of expected residues and
emissions (water, air and soli pollution, noise, vibration, light, heat, radiation etc.)
resulting from the operation of the proposed development;
an outline of the main alternatives studied by the applicant and an indication of the
main reasons for the applicant’s choice, taking into account the environmental
effects;
a description of the aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected by
the development, including, in particular, population, fauna, flora, soil, water, air,
climatic factors, material assets, including the architectural and archaeological
heritage, landscape and the inter-relationship between the above factors;
a description of the likely significant effects of the development on the environment
which should cover the direct effects and any indirect, secondary, cumulative, short,
medium and long term, permanent and temporary, positive and negative effects of
the development resulting from:
i) the existence of the development;
ii) the use of natural resources; and
iii) the emission of pollutants, the creation of nuisances and the elimination of waste,
and the description by the applicant of the forecasting methods used to assess
the effects on the environment;
a description of the measures envisaged to prevent, reduce and where possible off-
set any significant adverse effect on the environment;
a non-technical summary of the information provided above; and
an indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or lack of know-how)
encountered by the applicant in compiling the information.
Structure of the Environmental Statement
1.16 The ES for the Proposed Development is presented in four volumes, as follows:
Volume 1: Written text (this documentary)
Volume 2: Application Drawings, Visualisations and Figures;
Volume 3: Technical Appendices; and
Volume 4: Non-Technical Summary (NTS).
1.17 The suite of ES documents, prepared by the Applicant, has benefitted from the
assistance of expert contributions from the specialist organisations shown in Table 1.1:
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Table 1.1 ES Contributors
Technical Area Organisation
Planning Policy Context JLL
Landscape Character and Visual Amenity LDA Design
Cultural Heritage and Archaeology CGMS
Ornithology E3 Ecology
Ecology E3 Ecology
Noise Hoare Lea Acoustics
Highways and Transportation WSP
Geology, Hydrology and Geohydrology WSP
Shadow Flicker WSP
Scoping Exercise
1.18 Pursuant to the provisions of Section 13 of the EIA Regulations, in November 2013 the
Applicant submitted an EIA Scoping Report2 to both South Kesteven District Council,
herein referred to as SKDC (ref S13/3303/EIASP) and North Kesteven District Council herein
referred to as NKDC (ref 13/1445/EIASCO).
1.19 NKDC and SKDC both issued a Scoping Opinion3 on 2nd December 2013, and 30th
January 2014 respectively. These set out the topics to be addressed in the EIA and the
assessment methodologies to be employed. The comments of various statutory
consultees4, such as English Heritage and the National Trust, were also drawn to the
attention of the Applicant.
Contact for Further Information
1.20 A hard copy of this ES will be available for viewing during normal office hours at both
SKDC and NKDC. SKDC’s offices are Council Offices, St Peter’s Hill, Grantham,
Lincolnshire NG31 6PZ. NKDC’s offices are District Council Offices, Kesteven Street,
Sleaford, Lincolnshire NG34 7EF.
1.21 For additional copies, a charge of £15 will be made for a full electronic copy of the ES on
CD. Costs for paper copies are as follows:
Volume 1 – Written Text £100
Volume 2 – Application Drawings, Visualisations and Figures £400
Volume 3 – Technical Appendices £300
Volume 4 – Non-Technical Summary £20
2 The EIA Scoping Report is contained in Volume 3, Appendix 1.1.
3 The Scoping Opinion is contained in Volume 3, Appendix 1.2.
4 Appendix 1.3 provides details of which consultees provided comment in respect of the Scoping Report a summary of
the comments made and how those comments have been addressed within this ES.
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1.22 Sections of the ES will also be made available on the project website, shortly after
submission to the local planning authority. The address is
www.fulbeckairfieldwindfarm.co.uk.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 2: Approach to the Environmental
Impact Assessment
April 2015
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm ES Volume 1 Chapter 2 Approach to Environmental Assessment
Energiekontor UK Ltd | April 2015
CONTENTS
2 APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 2-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 2-1 EIA Process ............................................................................................................................. 2-1 Approach to Technical Studies Undertaken ..................................................................... 2-2 Structure of ES Technical Chapters ..................................................................................... 2-2 Consultation ........................................................................................................................... 2-8
TABLES
Table 2.1: Significance Matrix
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm ES Volume 1 Chapter 2 Approach to Environmental Assessment
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2-1
2 APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Introduction
2.1 This chapter of the Environmental Statement (ES) provides a detailed account of
the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) methodology used. The following key
information is included:
the approach taken to the assessment of the Proposed Development;
the consultant team, their individual responsibilities and how the EIA process, leading to
preparation of the ES has been co-ordinated;
the description of the EIA process;
the details of technical studies undertaken;
the approach to determining scale and significance of effects, and the basis upon
which predictions were made (e.g. professional knowledge and judgment, initial
studies, desktop exercises, preliminary survey work); and
what guidelines, methods and techniques have been used in the process of
determining significance of effects.
2.2 Subject specific methodology is outlined in each of the technical chapters;
Chapters 6 through to 15.
EIA Process
2.3 The purpose of the ES is to report on the assessments undertaken to identify the
likely significant environmental effects of the Proposed Development that are
predicted to occur during the complete development lifecycle. This, in turn,
provides the Local Planning Authority (LPA), in this case South Kesteven District
Council (SKDC) and North Kesteven District Council (NKDC) with the information it
requires to determine the application.
2.4 The main activities in the EIA process can be summarised as follows:
initial site selection and feasibility studies;
definition of the project to be assessed;
description of the ‘baseline’ environment (i.e. the conditions that are likely to prevail at
the commencement of the project);
definition of the scope of the assessment;
scoping and consultation with interested parties;
prediction of the likely effects of the Proposed Development;
evaluation of these effects in terms of their potential significance;
description of the nature and effectiveness of measures / design evolution which could
be adopted in order to mitigate significant adverse effects;
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2-2
identification of residual impacts;
submission of ES and publicity;
review of adequacy of environmental information by the LPA;
decision; and
post decision monitoring if required.
2.5 The information which is required to be submitted in the EIA process is presented in
this ES. The scoping, preparation and production of this ES has been conducted in
accordance with the latest Government Regulations and published good
practice guidance including:
Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2011;
Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) Planning Practice
Guidance ‘Environmental Impact Assessment’ (updated 06.03.14); and
Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (Institute of Environmental
Management and Assessment, 2004).
Approach to Technical Studies Undertaken
2.6 The EIA studies commenced at an early stage in the evolution of the application
proposal. At the outset, with the objective of avoiding or minimising potential
environmental impacts, the findings of these baseline environmental studies
played an important role in the design evolution of the Proposed Development
(further details are contained within Chapter 3: Project Description). These studies
defined the environmental sensitivities and constraints associated with the
Proposed Development, the Site, and its surroundings.
2.7 The technical EIA studies have been undertaken in accordance with relevant
guideline and procedures. The majority of this guidance is specific to various key
EIA issues and is, therefore, referenced within the individual assessment chapters.
2.8 The majority of assessments involved consultations with statutory and non-statutory
bodies, desk based research, site inspections and surveys, impact prediction and
input of mitigation to the design, where appropriate.
2.9 The content and conclusions of the ES, which includes a clear, reasoned
description of any potential adverse or beneficial impacts of the Proposed
Development, which are based on a comprehensive assessment undertaken with
all information available at the time of writing. Further details of the structure and
content of the ES Chapters is presented below.
Structure of ES Technical Chapters
2.10 Each technical ES chapter follows the sub-heading structure set out below where
possible to ensure that the final document is transparent, consistent and
accessible:
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Introduction and overview;
Legislation (where relevant), Policy and Guidance;
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria;
Baseline Conditions;
Identification and Evaluation of Key Impacts;
Cumulative Effects and Interaction of Effects;
Mitigation Measures;
Residual Effects; and
Summary.
2.11 Each chapter sub-heading is explained in further detail below.
Introduction and Overview
2.12 This will introduce the assessment discipline and explain its purpose in the context
of the Proposed Development, the nature of receptors to be considered, and
how the Proposed Development might cause changes to baseline conditions.
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
2.13 This section includes a brief summary of policies of relevance to the environmental
discipline and assessment. Where applicable, relevant legislation is summarised.
Assessment Methodology & Significance Criteria
2.14 This section provides an explanation of the methods used in undertaking the
assessment with reference to published standards, guidance and best practice.
2.15 The “application of significance” criteria used is discussed within this section.
Baseline Conditions
2.16 This section will include the following:
i) a description of the environment as it currently is and as it is expected to change if the
Proposed Development were not to proceed (i.e. ‘do-nothing’ scenario);
ii) the method (s) used to obtain this information are clearly identified; and
iii) baseline conditions will be set in context and that of the surroundings of the particular
subject area to be affected, so the effects of the proposed changes can be
predicted.
Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts
2.17 The EIA Regulations require consideration, throughout assessments, of all likely
significant environmental effects on: direct / indirect; secondary; cumulative;
positive / negative; short / medium / long-term; or permanent / temporary. In
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terms of how likely significant environmental effects arise, the following will need to
be considered:
direct effects are readily identified because of the physical connection between some
element of the Proposed Development and an affected receptor;
indirect effects require some additional pathway for the effect to arise, for example, a
listed building may not be directly impacted by any elements of a development, but, if
a proposed development changed the setting of the listed building there would be an
indirect effect;
secondary effects would typically require pathway connections, for example, an
effect on receptor population A could have a secondary effect on receptor
population B, if B was itself dependant on A in some way, as, for example, a food
source; and
cumulative effects arise when the receptors affected by a proposed development are
also affected by other developments resulting in the aggregation of environmental
effects or the interaction of impacts.
2.18 Likely significant environmental effects will be considered in terms of their
character – either beneficial (representing environmental gain) or adverse. There
may also be cases where it is appropriate to identify the occurrence of change,
but to note that the potential change is either neutral – and neither specifically
beneficial nor adverse – or, is a matter of personal opinion. The likelihood of the
effect occurring will also be considered, being unlikely, uncertain or likely to
occur.
2.19 Likely significant environmental effects will also be considered in terms of their
duration. Effects can typically be:
Temporary – these effects are likely to last for a period of a few days to a few months,
they will be related to a particular activity and will cease immediately or soon after the
activity ceases;
Short-term - this would normally be considered to be between a period of a few
months to a few years depending on the effect being discussed and the
environment’s ability to recover from an impact;
Long-term – this would typically be a period of between a few years and the life of the
Proposed Development; and
Permanent – this would typically mean an effect resulting in an irreversible change in
the environment.
Temporal and Spatial Scope
2.20 The temporal scope of the EIA will cover the period from commencement of the
first phase of development (construction), through to operational phase
(operation), up to the completion of operations and restoration of the Site
(decommissioning). For ease of reporting the temporal scope will generally be
considered in relation to the following key stages of the development:
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Construction – effects may arise from the construction activities themselves or from the
temporary occupation of land. The effects are often temporary and of limited
duration, although, there is the potential for construction activities to create
permanent change;
Operation – effects are typically permanent (subject to any future decommissioning),
though may also be related to operational emissions or effects that will stop if the
operation stops; and
Decommissioning – effects may arise from the decommission activities themselves or
from the temporary occupation of land. The effects would often be temporary and of
limited duration and additional permanent change (unless associated with restoration)
would normally be unlikely.
2.21 In its broadest sense, the spatial scope of an EIA is the area over which changes to
the environment may occur as a consequence of the development. In practice,
the EIA focuses on those areas where these changes may result in likely significant
effects on the environment.
2.22 The spatial scope varies between the environmental topics assessed. For example,
effects upon the landscape resource and visual effects are assessed within a
much larger zone from the site boundary when compared to ecology related
effects.
Assessment of Effects
2.23 There is much debate amongst practitioners and legal reviewers regarding pre
and post mitigation assessments of effects. One crucial point of discussion is
whether changes in design constitute mitigation or not. The approach taken here
is that the pre-mitigation assessment of effects takes account of scheme design
changes that relate to the number / location and scale of scheme elements and
it also takes account of the adoption of standard guidelines. The post-mitigation
assessment takes further account of specific / unusual controls on the method of
construction or operation – in most cases these should only relate to
circumstances where a potentially significant effect is being reduced.
Defining Levels of Effect and Significance
2.24 It is important that levels of effect and significance are clearly defined on the
basis on which effects are considered significant or not. The approach taken in
this ES emphasises the use of professional judgement within a structure that
combines receptor sensitivity (or importance) with magnitude of change arising
from the Proposed Development to define level of effect.
2.25 The EIA Regulations recognise that developments will affect environmental
elements to differing degrees and not all of these are of sufficient concern to
warrant detailed investigation or assessment through the EIA process. The EIA
Regulations identify those environmental resources that warrant investigation as
those that are ‘likely to be significantly affected by the development.’
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2.26 The EIA Regulations do not define significance and it is, therefore, necessary to
state how this will be defined for the Proposed Development. In certain
circumstances it is possible for disciplines to use quantitative assessment
methodology to predict impact / values that can be compared against published
thresholds or an indicative criteria. However, it is not always possible to use
quantitative measurements / values and such assessments rely on professional
judgement and past experience. This could be reference to the development
description, available information about potential changes that are expected to
be caused by the Proposed Development, and the receptors that may be
affected.
2.27 Professional judgement (in combination with any published guidance) is used to
assess the interaction of a receptor’s sensitivity to change, and the magnitude of
potential changes caused by the development to identify a level of effect. The
Assessment methodology and Significance Criteria section within each Chapter
provides an overview of how this assessment has been conducted for each
discipline. Table 2.1 provides a general example of how the level of effect is
categorised from the interaction of a receptor’s importance / sensitivity and the
magnitude of change.
Table 2.1: Significance Matrix
Magnitude of change
Se
nsi
tiv
ity
Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible
High Major Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Medium Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor
Low Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor Minor/
Negligible
2.28 Of course, in many cases, the divisions between categories of receptor sensitivity
and magnitude of change may not be as clearly delineated as shown in Table 2.1
and professional judgement is therefore applied. In certain cases a different
matrix may be considered appropriate by the discipline. If this is the case it will be
detailed within the Chapter.
2.29 As noted, the EIA Regulations guide the assessor to focus on effects that are likely
to be significant and, in its simplest form, the outcome of the assessment of a
given effect on a particular receptor would be that it is significant or not
significant. However, there may be instances where it is appropriate to further sub-
divide the category of ‘not significant’, regarding the level of effect, by use of the
category terms ‘slight’ and ‘negligible’. For example, the use of the category term
‘slight ‘could be used to acknowledge instances whereby there may be an
effect, albeit, an effect not likely to be significant - and this approach may better
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facilitate assessment of cumulative effects, where cumulatively, several slight
effects could be significant.
2.30 While in general, effects are categorised as – major, moderate, minor and
negligible (or no effect), specific technical assessments, such as Landscape and
Visual as noted, may deviate from this. However, details of any variation in
assessment methodology and definitions of how the terms are derived for each
topic (e.g. using relevant guidance) will be set out in the methodology and
definitions of that particular chapter.
2.31 Having identified the level of effect, those environmental effects considered to be
significant in terms of the EIA Regulations are then determined using professional
judgement in combination with any published guidance on significance
evaluation.
2.32 For some of the topics that are assessed in this ES there is published guidance
about significance evaluation. Where such topic-specific guidance exists (even in
draft) it will be used to inform the development of the significance evaluation
methodologies used. For other topics, a major level of effect is generally of most
importance to the decision-maker and these effects are considered significant in
terms of the EIA Regulations. Where the level of effect is moderate or less, these
are generally not significant in terms of the EIA Regulations. Moreover, depending
on the receptor being considered, it is possible that some potentially moderate
effects could be judged as significant in terms of the EIA Regulations, and where
this is judged to be the case, the rationale for this conclusion will be provided in
the technical assessments.
Mitigation Measures
2.33 The development of mitigation measures to avoid, reduce or compensate for any
significant adverse environmental effects of a project is an intrinsic part of the EIA
process. These measures can relate to site construction or the completed
development i.e. measures to be undertaken during the operation of the
development through appropriate site management or through the introduction
of specific design elements.
2.34 This section of the ES chapter describes the measures which would be
implemented to avoid or ameliorate potential adverse impacts and enhance the
potential beneficial impacts of the Proposed Development.
2.35 In many cases mitigation measures are inherent within the Development Proposal
(either through design or operation), whereby potentially significant adverse
impacts are avoided. Although, not all impacts can be avoided and there are
mitigation measures to reduce or compensate for these. In such instances, these
are proposed within the relevant technical chapter.
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Residual Effects
2.36 This section describes the remaining effects of the Proposed Development
assuming implementation of the proposed mitigation measures have been
adopted. The methods used to make these estimates are clearly described and
the methods for treatment of any residual effects are identified where
appropriate. It may be the case that in particular circumstances it is not
considered that there are any likely significant residual effects as these have been
‘designed out’. In such instances, this is explained within the relevant technical
chapter.
Summary
2.37 Provides a summary of the findings of the Chapter.
Consultation
2.38 A consultation exercise has been undertaken to inform the design of the Proposed
Development and to seek agreement on the likely impacts that result from the
Proposed Development as well as the scope of any assessment work required as
part of this EIA.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 3: Description of the Site, the
Proposed Development and Design
Evolution
April 2015
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CONTENTS
3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN EVOLUTION 3-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3-1 Regulatory and Policy Context ........................................................................................... 3-1 The Site and Its Surroundings ................................................................................................ 3-3 Description of Proposed Development .............................................................................. 3-4 Access .................................................................................................................................... 3-7 Wind Farm Operation ........................................................................................................... 3-7 Site Selection Methodology ................................................................................................. 3-8 Design Evolution .................................................................................................................. 3-11 Summary of Design Evolution ............................................................................................ 3-13
TABLES
Table 3.1: Proposed Wind Turbine Coordinates
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3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN
EVOLUTION
Introduction
3.1 This chapter provides an outline description of the Site, its surroundings and the Proposed
Development. It also describes the issues and constraints that have influenced the layout
of the Proposed Development and the evolution of the design.
3.2 Details of the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the Proposed
Development are also considered, further information can be found in Chapter 4
Construction Methodology and Programme.
3.3 The Proposed Development will consist of the construction, 25 year operation and
subsequent decommissioning of up to ten wind turbines, each up to 110m in height to
blade tip, including associated development.
Regulatory and Policy Context
3.4 The EIA Regulations require an ES to include an outline of the main alternatives studied by
the applicant and an indication of the main reason for their choice, taking into account
the environmental effects (Schedule 4, Part 1, clause 2).
National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)
3.5 When examining broad areas within which to pursue proposals, the NPPF acknowledges
that renewable energy developments can be located only where there are sufficient
renewable energy resources, where the particular technology would be economically
feasible and in areas where the environmental, economic and social impacts can be
addressed satisfactorily.
3.6 The NPPF provides further guidance on the consideration of alternatives, in particular in
relation to limiting potential impacts on biodiversity. Paragraph 118 of the NPPF indicates
that if significant harm resulting from a development cannot be avoided (through locating
on an alternative site with less harmful impacts), adequately mitigated, or, as a last resort,
compensated for, then planning permission should be refused.
3.7 Paragraph 97 sets out that to help increase the use and supply of renewable and low
carbon energy, local planning authorities should “recognise the responsibility on all
communities to contribute to energy generation from renewable or low carbon sources”.
National Planning Policy Statement EN-1
3.8 The Overarching National Policy Statement for Energy (EN-1) highlights at section 4.5 that,
as in any planning case, the relevance or otherwise to the decision-making process of the
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existence (or the alleged existence) of alternatives to the Proposed Development is in the
first instance a matter of law, detailed guidance on which falls outside the scope of EN-1.
From a policy perspective EN-1 does not contain any general requirement to consider
alternatives or to establish whether the proposed project represents the best option.
However:
Applicants are obliged to include in their ES, as a matter of fact, information about the
main alternatives they have studied. This should include an indication of the main
reasons for the applicant’s choice, taking into account the environmental, social and
economic effects and including, where relevant, technical and commercial feasibility;
In some circumstances there are specific legislative requirements, notably under the
Habitats Directive, where alternatives should be identified and considered by the
applicant; and
In some circumstances, the relevant energy NPSs may impose a policy requirement to
consider alternatives.
3.9 Section 4.5 of EN-1 sets out the principles of good design that should be applied to all
energy infrastructure.
National Planning Policy Statement EN-3
3.10 Section 2.7 of EN-3 highlights the key considerations that are likely to influence the siting of
an onshore wind farm. These are predicted wind speed, proximity of a site to dwellings, the
capacity of a site, electrical grid connection and access.
Alternatives Considered – The Need for Alternatives
3.11 National planning policy makes it clear that there is no requirement for renewable energy
developments to demonstrate an overall need for new renewable generation or a need
to be located in a specific location. The 2007 Energy White Paper, for example, states:
“Recognising the particular difficulties faced by renewables in securing
planning consent, the Government is also:
Underlining that applicants will no longer have to demonstrate either
the overall need for renewable energy or for their particular proposal
to be sited in a particular location.”
3.12 This policy has been reiterated in the National Policy Statements on energy infrastructure
EN-1 and EN-3. EN-1 at paragraph 4.4.1 – 4.4.3 states:
“From a policy perspective this NPS does not contain any general
requirement to consider alternatives or to establish whether the proposed
project represents the best option…the IPC should not reject an
application for development on one site simply because fewer adverse
impacts would result from developing similar infrastructure on another
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suitable site, and it should have regard as appropriate to the possibility
that all suitable sites for energy infrastructure of the type proposed may be
needed for future proposals…”
3.13 EN-3 at paragraph 2.5.36 states:
“As most renewable energy resources can only be developed where the
resource exists and where economically feasible, the IPC should not use a
sequential approach in the consideration of renewable energy projects for
example, by giving priority to the re-use of previously developed land for
renewable technology developments.”
3.14 The clear policy context is therefore that there is neither a requirement to justify the viability
of a wind energy proposal nor the need for it to be located in a particular location.
Nevertheless, this chapter describes the site identification process and design criteria. The
examination of alternatives in this ES is therefore restricted as appropriate to alternative
design solutions that were considered for the Site in terms of site layout/design/turbine
height and turbine numbers.
The Site and Its Surroundings
3.15 The Site is located on land at the former RAF Fulbeck. The wider site covers approximately
260ha and consists of the former airfield runways, tracks and buildings; agricultural land;
plantation and a go-kart track (Fulbeck Kart Track circuit). The red line planning
application boundary as shown on Figure 1.1 occupies a small proportion of this, limited to
an area of 33.2ha.
3.16 The Site is wholly located within the County of Lincolnshire, however, it straddles the
boundary of two local authorities, South Kesteven District Council (SKDC) and North
Kesteven District Council (NKDC). It has a countryside setting with a number of small
settlements located nearby – Stragglethorpe approximately 1.0km to the north east;
Leadenham, Fulbeck and Caythorpe approximately 4.0km to the east; Brandon 2km to
the south; and Beckingham, Sutton, Fenton and Stubton to the west. Access is provided to
the strategic highway network via the A17 road, located approximately 2.3km to the north
of the Site.
3.17 Hard-standings are present across the Site. These are mostly the former runways, taxi-ways
and parking locations associated with the former use of the Site as an RAF aerodrome. The
Site is currently under intensive arable cultivation and comprises large scale arable fields
with few hedgerows and limited woodland cover. Areas of plantation also exist alongside
parts of the extensive network of tracks and hard surfaced runways associated with the
previous aerodrome use.
3.18 By way of background, the airfield was initially opened in 1940 as a relief landing site for
the nearby RAF Cranwell before becoming fully operational in 1943. It was used during
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1943 and 1944 as a World War II troop carrier station for the United States Air Force, before
reverting to RAF use as a base for Bomber Command No. 189 Squadron from 1944
onwards. A memorial reading “In memory of all who flew from RAF Fulbeck, never to
return” is located at the existing entrance to the Site, commemorating its war time use.
3.19 More recently straw has been stored on the airfield site in varying quantities by Eco2 Lincs
Ltd operates a straw burning plant in Sleaford (the Sleaford Renewable Energy Plant). It is
understood that the airfield is currently closed to additional straw imports pending the
preparation and submission of a planning application for the storage of straw at the
airfield, whilst the straw currently on the airfield is to be removed over the course of the
next 24 months.
3.20 The topography of the Site is very flat and open at around 16m Above Ordnance Datum
(AOD), although there are some artificial banks around former runways. The eastern
boundary of the Site follows the line of a watercourse named Sandy Beck for much of its
length; elsewhere the land is drained by ditches.
3.21 The majority of the Site is designated by SKDC as a Site of Nature Conservation Importance
(SNCI) due to the historical presence of high diversity old grassland. It is understood that
this designation originates from the 1970’s and was made on the basis of local knowledge
and without consideration of any formal criteria. It is further understood that the
designation has not been reviewed against the new Local Wildlife Site criteria published in
2006. This is considered further in Chapter 9. There are no statutorily designated ecological
sites within 10km of the Site.
3.22 As described in Chapter 6 the Site has a different character to the wider landscape due to
the presence of straight runways and tracks associated with its former use, the field
pattern which is determined by the former airfield layout, and the absence of any field
hedges on some boundaries. These factors serve to give the Site a different character to
the surrounding arable farmland which extends in all directions.
3.23 There are no statutorily designated landscapes within 10km of the Site. Within the locality
the land use is predominantly arable farmland. The field pattern is simple with a mix of
medium and large sized arable and pasture fields bounded typically by hedgerows with
some hedgerow trees. The landscape in the surrounding area (particular north, south and
west) is mostly flat or very gently undulating, with dispersed settlements, farm
developments and individual properties. To the north-east, east and south-east of the Site
the landform rises near Navenby, Welbourn, Leadenham, Fulbeck, Caythorpe and Hough-
on-the-Hill, creating a distinctive ridge (Belvoir Ridge) to the east and south-east.
Occasional woodland blocks can be found in the landscape, with horizons generally
appearing vegetated and limiting the extent of more distant visibility. Power stations, pylon
lines and other infrastructure including the A1, A17 and the East Coast Main Line are man-
made elements in the wider landscape.
Description of Proposed Development
3.24 The Proposed Development is illustrated on Figures 3.1 – 3.15 and would consist of the
following principal components:
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ten turbines up to 110m in height (to blade tip);
associated turbine foundations and transformers,
hard-standing areas for erecting cranes at each turbine location,
a series of on-site tracks connecting each turbine,
underground cables linking the turbines to the substation,
an on-site substation, and
new temporary site access onto Stragglethorpe Lane.
3.25 In addition to the above infrastructure components, construction would involve the
installation of a temporary construction compound.
3.26 The Proposed Development would be time limited to 25 years from the first date of
electricity export to the grid network. The construction phase would last approximately ten
months and decommissioning would last approximately six months.
3.27 The Proposed Development would provide between 20MW and 25MW of installed
capacity, depending on the turbine model chosen. It is estimated that this installed
capacity could generate up to 55GWh of renewable electricity each year, again
depending on the turbine model chosen. It is also estimated that the candidate turbine
used for the purposes of assessment in this ES, the Senvion MM92 (2.05MW) model, could
operate with a capacity factor of approximately 30%. This compares favourably to the UK
average onshore capacity factor of 25.75% over the period 2009-2013.
3.28 The renewable electricity generated by the Propose Development could be equivalent to
powering the electricity needs of 13,120 homes on average each year1. This could save up
to 23,650 tonnes of CO2 each year2 of the operational life of the wind farm, which is
equivalent to total savings of up to 591,250 tonnes of CO2 over the 25 year lifetime of the
wind farm.
3.29 The planning application includes an allowance for micro-siting of the wind farm
infrastructure. If planning permission is granted, the Applicant will commission detailed
ground investigations and geotechnical surveys to determine the ground conditions. A
25m micro-siting allowance is sought for the wind turbines (with some restrictions in relation
to oversailing third party land and ecological buffers), whilst a 5m allowance is sought for
all other new elements of the Proposed Development.
3.30 The construction and decommissioning of the wind turbines, ancillary equipment and on-
site infrastructure are described in more detail in the following sections of this Chapter and
within Chapter 4: Construction Methodology and Programme. The principal elements
include:
1 Based on an average annual domestic electricity consumption figure of 4,192kWh as set
out in the DECC publication “Energy Consumption in the UK” (2014)
2 Based on DECC’s standard carbon dioxide savings figure of 430g/kWh
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Wind turbines – ten wind turbines, each up to 110m to blade tip and with a generating
capacity of between 2.0MW and 2.5MW (see Figure 3.2 for a typical wind turbine
elevation). The co-ordinates of the turbines are given in Table 3.1 below;
Turbine foundations – the foundations of the turbines could be either reinforced
concrete gravity structures or piled foundations. This would be dependent on the
ground and hydrological conditions at the turbine location which would also
determine the overall size of the support structure. Typical foundations for the size of
turbine proposed are shown on Figure 3.3;
Site access – it is proposed to create a new temporary site entrance onto
Stragglethorpe Lane for the delivery of wind turbine components. This would be
removed and the land reinstated to its former condition on completion of the
construction phase. The majority of construction traffic and all of the operational traffic
would utilise the existing site entrance onto Stragglethorpe Lane which would not
require any alteration. Further details are provided on Figures 3.1 and 11.6;
Site tracks – to provide access for construction and maintenance vehicles from the site
access to the substation and wind turbines. A large network of existing concrete tracks
already exist on the Site but where additional tracks are required they would be
constructed at the commencement of the construction phase and would remain until
the end of the decommissioning phase. They would have a 5.0m running width, with
local widening on corners and would be surfaced with coarse aggregate (see Figure
3.4 for typical track cross sections). Existing tracks may require localised re-surfacing
work subject to detailed survey;
(Temporary) Construction compounds/storage areas – this would make use of an
existing compound area associated with the Site’s historical use as shown on Figures
3.1 and 3.5;
Crane hardstandings and outrigger pads – to provide a level and firm base for the
cranes at the location of each turbine. Each would be a maximum of 45m x 25m and
surfaced with coarse aggregate (see Figure 3.6 for a typical crane hardstanding
layout);
Transformer housings – the transformers to step-up the voltage exported from each
turbine (690V to 33kV) would either be placed within the wind turbines themselves, or in
a small secure external transformer housing placed next to each wind turbine tower,
depending on the final turbine choice (see Figure 3.7 for a typical transformer housing);
High voltage and control cables – to form power and control circuits linking each
turbine to the on-site substation, cables would be placed in trenches (dimensions to be
determined by the ground conditions but typically 0.5m by 1m deep) routed alongside
the tracks (see Figure 3.8 for typical cable trench construction details);
Substation / switchgear housing building – A 15m long x 10m wide single storey
substation building will house the switchgear and control equipment, in addition to
acting as a secure storage space (see Figures 3.9 – 3.10 for a typical substation /
switchgear housing);
New or upgraded water crossing – the existing water crossing over the Sand Beck
within the Site may require upgrading or replacing to accommodate wind turbine
component delivery. This would be subject to detailed survey as part of the pre-
construction process and final details could be secured via a planning condition; and
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Ecology (Habitat) Management Plan – Habitat/ecological enhancement is proposed
and a habitat management plan would be undertaken in accordance with a
condition imposed upon the planning consent (see Figure 9.2).
Table 3.1 Proposed Wind Turbine Coordinates (subject to a 25m micro-siting
allowance)
Turbine Easting Northing
1 489,485 351,554
2 489,964 351,333
3 489,173 351,197
4 489,505 351,177
5 489,163 350,791
6 489,748 350,976
7 489,997 350,801
8 489,377 350,496
9 489,678 350,580
10 490,066 350,447
Access
3.31 A new temporary entrance would be constructed at the eastern boundary of the Site
onto Stragglethorpe Lane to allow the delivery of turbine components to the Site from the
public highway. This temporary access would be removed on completion of the
construction works and reinstated to its former condition in accordance with an approved
method statement.
3.32 The temporary site entrance has been designed to allow abnormal vehicles to access the
Site. Once abnormal vehicles deliver their load, they return as ‘normal’ vehicles with a size
typical of that of a standard Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGV).
3.33 The new temporary site entrance would be located approximately 40m south of the
principal existing access to the Site. This existing access would be used for all other
construction vehicles apart from loaded turbine component delivery vehicles.
3.34 The proposed access point has been designed to ensure that highway safety will not be
compromised. Further details are provided in Chapter 11.
Wind Farm Operation
Operational Timescales
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3.35 Following construction and commissioning, the Proposed Development would be
operational and generating electricity for a period of approximately 25 years, after which
it would be decommissioned and removed, or alternatively, a further planning application
could be made to extend the period of operation.
Maintenance
3.36 Wind farm maintenance would be carried out by the turbine supplier and later by suitably
qualified contractors who would visit the Site to carry out regular inspections and
maintenance activities. The following wind turbine maintenance would be carried out,
along with any other maintenance required by the supplier’s specifications:
initial trial and service;
routine and non-routine maintenance and servicing; and
blade inspection.
3.37 Routine maintenance and servicing would necessitate monthly visits to the Site by a
maintenance crew (if necessary), typically two persons in a small van or similar sized
vehicle. Maintenance staff would be able to park on the crane pad for each turbine and
would utilise the loading bay adjacent to the temporary construction compound for
maintenance visits to the substation.
3.38 Routine servicing would include the performance of tasks such as maintaining bolts to the
required torque, adjustment of blades and inspection of welds in the tower. In addition, oil
sampling and testing from the main gearbox would be required and oil and components
replaced at regular intervals.
3.39 In the event of any unexpected breakdowns on-site, such as the failure of a generator,
appropriate maintenance works would be carried out as soon as practicable. The
replacement of major components would require a crane and heavy transport vehicles.
3.40 On-going track maintenance would generally be undertaken in the summer months when
tracks are dry. Safe access for maintenance purposes would be maintained all year
round.
Site Selection Methodology
3.41 The overall approach to wind farm site selection is to identify areas of land where the siting
of a wind farm would result in minimal environmental effects, be free from overriding
technical constraint and be viable on an economic basis. This involves:
A review of the planning context for renewables in England and at the local
authority level;
A Geographical Information System (GIS) constraints analysis;
Analysis of Wind speed data;
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Proximity to potential electricity connection points; and
Suitable Site access and transportation.
Review of Planning Context
3.42 Information on the planning context for renewables in SKDC and NKDC was reviewed as
part of the site search exercise, focusing on the relevant Development Plans, national
policy and other relevant material considerations.
GIS Constraints Mapping
3.43 A GIS ‘sieve mapping’ exercise was carried out in order to further inform the search
process. This involved identifying and mapping constraints to wind farm development in
order to identify potential sites. The various constraints considered as part of the site
selection exercise for the Proposed Development included:
Radio and Microwave signal – using known constraints to identify areas which could be
affected by existing radio and microwave signals;
Aviation interests – including MoD Low Flying Areas, local licensed aerodromes and
visibility to radars, both military and civilian;
Landscape designations – including National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural
Beauty and local landscape designations;
Ecological designations – including Ramsar sites, Special Protection Areas, Special
Areas of Conservation and Sites of Special Scientific Interest;
Cultural heritage designations – including Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered
Battlefields, World Heritage Sites, listed buildings, Conservation Areas and Scheduled
Ancient Monuments;
Potential Grid Connection points - the capacity of the local grid network to accept the
likely output from a proposed wind farm is critical to the technical feasibility of a
development. The connection voltage and the distance from the wind farm can have
a significant effect on the commercial feasibility of a development proposal; and
The pattern of settlement – with buffers provided around residential properties.
Wind Speed Data
3.44 The predicted wind resource in any given location is an important consideration in
identifying potentially suitable wind farm sites. The electricity that can be generated by a
wind farm is directly affected by the wind speed. Wind speed increases with height above
ground level and the amount of electricity generated increases disproportionately with
increases in wind speed. This is turn affects the carbon emission savings and the
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commercial viability of a site. Potential wind farm sites are therefore reviewed in relation to
the NOABL wind speed database3.
Access Suitability
3.45 A desktop exercise was undertaken to ensure that appropriate access was available for
the transportation of wind turbine components.
Selection of the Site
3.46 Following a site search based on this methodology and criteria, the application Site was
selected due to a number of factors, including:
Previously developed land – the Site contains previously developed land
having been occupied by the former RAF Fulbeck. Significant opportunities
exist to re-use existing areas of hardstanding for a wind farm development,
reducing the amount of construction activity required to build a wind farm;
Energy capture – software modelling indicates that the Site offers a suitable
wind speed with few obstacles or areas of pronounced topography to
interrupt wind flow;
Environmental designations – the Site is sufficiently removed from any
important statutory wildlife designations which could have the potential to
constrain wind farm development;
Landscape – the Site is over 10km from any nationally or locally designated
landscapes;
Residential separation distances – the Site is able to provide 800m separation
distances from the nearest residential properties whilst having potential for a
high installed capacity;
Transport infrastructure – the Site benefits from suitable access to the strategic
highway network; and
Grid connection – the Applicant has consulted with the local Distribution
Network Operator and based on its initial assessment the existing substation at
Hawton, Newark-on-Trent would be suitable to accommodate the electricity
generated by the Proposed Development.
3 The NOABL wind speed database was created by the Department of Trade and Industry
and provides annual mean wind speeds on a kilometre grid square basis
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Design Evolution
3.47 The design process can take place over a number of months and the Proposed
Development has been progressively revised and refined during this time to take account
of the information arising from pre-application consultation and the findings of the EIA. As
a result, the design and EIA process has been highly iterative and all aspects of the final
design, including the location of the wind turbines, crane hardstandings, the site access,
layout of the access tracks, the locations of the substation and construction compound
have been influenced by various technical, environmental and planning considerations.
3.48 The design of the Proposed Development has been optimised to produce a project which
balances the use of land available with the overall impact of the development. This is
based mainly on the following technical, economic and environmental considerations:
Ground conditions and existing land use – existing access tracks have been re-used
wherever possible, whilst new tracks have been designed to follow existing field
boundaries or existing crop orientations to minimise disruption to existing land use;
A residential buffer / stand-off distance of at least 800m from off-site properties;
Distance between turbines and proximity to ‘obstructions’. To minimise the turbulent
interaction between turbines they should be spaced in a suitable manner to minimise
wind wake effects;
Environmental constraints – Figure 3.11 provides a snapshot of some of the desktop
analysis that helped in the design evolution. The assessment chapters of this ES discuss
these considerations and issues; and
Landscape and Visual Amenity – Chapter 6 of this ES covers this in depth. The design of
the Proposed Development seeks to match the turbines and the overall development
with the scale of the landscape. Computer modelling was used as a tool to aid design
and a 3D model/wireframes were generated for views from key locations around the
Site.
3.49 The position of the turbines, through the design, has been altered to account for the
proximity of constraints as these have been assessed. This has included the following
iterations which are shown on Figures 3.12 – 3.16.
3.50 First Iteration: Thirteen wind turbines of up to 126.5m in height to blade tip. Based on land
considered to be potentially available and the following environmental and technical
constraints:
Residential buffer of at least 800m between wind turbines and non-involved residential
properties;
Provisional buffer of 50m between turbine blade tips and areas of plantation to protect
bat species;
Buffer provided between wind turbines and public highways; of tip height plus 10%;
Buffer provided between wind turbines and public bridleways of 200m;
Buffer provided between wind turbines and public footpaths, of 46m;
Telecommunication links plotted and avoided; and
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Initial turbine ellipses used to position turbines.
3.51 Second Iteration: Ten wind turbines of up to 110m to blade tip with the same general
arrangement as the First Iteration. Turbines 1, 2 and 4 were omitted from the layout, whilst
the remaining turbines were reduced in height to 110m to blade tip. This iteration followed
initial consultations with stakeholders, in particular the MOD which revealed that the First
Iteration would affect six different military radars at nearby airfields, namely the Air Traffic
Control (ATC) and Precision Approach Radars (PAR) at RAF Waddington, RAF Cranwell
and RAF Coningsby.
3.52 Through consultation with the MOD it was established that the reduction in height from
126.5m to 110m would overcome the potential for effects on the ATC and PAR radars at
Cranwell and Coningsby. In addition, the omission of turbines 1, 2 and 4 would remove the
potential for effects on the PAR at Waddington, meaning the turbines would be visible
only to the ATC radar at Waddington for which a technical mitigation solution can be
proposed. Further details are set out in Chapter 14.
3.53 Third Iteration: Ten wind turbines based on the above constraints with the principal aim of
reviewing the turbine positions to achieve a wind farm design that is balanced, cohesive
in the landscape and appropriate in scale.
3.54 Consideration was given to designing a layout which is more of a cluster in nature whilst
being in proportion with, and not overwhelming, the scale of the landscape. In addition,
consideration was given to limiting the potential for visual stacking of turbine blades or
isolation of turbines, resulting in a layout which is fairly evenly spaced when viewed from all
directions. Consultation was carried out as part of this with the operator of one
telecommunication link that would be affected by the turbine layout which established
that mitigation would be available in the form of re-routing the link (as set out in Chapter
14).
3.55 Consideration was also given to the setting of heritage assets in the area, in particular
seeking to ensure that the Third Iteration would not adversely affect the hierarchy of
historic elements or landmark features in the landscape.
3.56 The Third Iteration also sought to relate the wind turbines as far as possible to the existing
fabric of the airfield. This would allow opportunities to re-use existing hardstandings and
minimise the length of new tracks to be introduced into the landscape, reducing the
amount of material imports and vehicle movements required during construction. The total
area covered by new tracks therefore reduced from 14,254m² in the Second Iteration to
9,557 m² in the Third Iteration, a saving of 4,697 m².
3.57 Fourth Iteration: Ten wind turbines based on the above constraints, but with the addition of
further ecological buffer areas along bat commuting/foraging routes following the
completion of detailed surveys, with further micrositing to improve park efficiency and
minimise the potential for stacking.
3.58 The total area covered by tracks increased slightly in the Fourth Iteration to 9,897m² to
account for the additional ecological buffers. To put that figure in context, if the Site was
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greenfield and the Proposed Development included new 5m wide tracks following the
same network of tracks as shown on Figure 3.16, a total of approximately 49,300m² of new
track would be required to construct the wind farm. The total amount of track saved by
reusing the former airfield is therefore 40,806m², which is equivalent to five and a half
football pitches4.
3.59 The location of the substation was also amended in the Fourth Iteration to be sited on a
hard-surfaced part of the Site that was formerly occupied by a building and where existing
vegetation would screen the building from the wider area. A suite of habitat
enhancement measures was also proposed.
Summary of Design Evolution
3.60 The wind farm layout relates well to the local landscape and provides for a suitable
composition when observed from key viewpoints in the surrounding area.
3.61 The position of the turbines through the design has been altered to account for the
proximity of constraints as these have been assessed. This has included micro-siting to
mitigate anticipated impacts.
3.62 The overall design layout principle of the Proposed Development has been to achieve a
coherent compact design, whilst ensuring maximum benefits are provided.
4 Wembley Stadium football pitch is 105m by 69m
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 4: Description of the Construction
Programme and Methodology
April 2015
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CONTENTS
4 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY AND PROGRAMME 4-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4-1 Legislation and Policy Context ............................................................................................ 4-1 Planning Policy ....................................................................................................................... 4-1 Anticipated Construction Programme and Timescales ................................................... 4-1 Construction Works ............................................................................................................... 4-2 Pre-Construction Works ......................................................................................................... 4-3 Temporary Highway Works ................................................................................................... 4-4 Construction Compound ..................................................................................................... 4-4 Site Access ............................................................................................................................. 4-4 Site Tracks ............................................................................................................................... 4-4 Crane Hardstandings and Outrigger Pads ........................................................................ 4-5 Wind Turbine Foundations .................................................................................................... 4-6 Wind Turbine Transformers .................................................................................................... 4-8 Commissioning of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment ............................................ 4-10 Reinstatement and Removal of Temporary Works ......................................................... 4-10
TABLES
Table 4.1: Indicative programme of construction activities and their associated two-way
vehicle trips per month
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4 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY AND
PROGRAMME
Introduction
4.1 This chapter provides an outline description of the methodology and programme that
would be employed during the construction phase of the Proposed Development.
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
Planning Policy
4.2 Planning policy at the national and local level and its relevance to environmental design
and assessment is discussed in Chapter 5: Planning Policy Context. A summary of planning
policy relevant to this Chapter is summarised below:
The National Planning Policy Framework (2012);
National Planning Practice Guidance Online;
National Policy Statement EN-3;
The South Kesteven Core Strategy (2010), including the following policies relevant to
this Chapter:
o EN1: Protection and enhancement of the characters of the district; and
o EN3: Renewable energy generation.
Local Plan for South Kesteven – Wind Energy Supplementary Planning Document (June
2013);
The North Kesteven Local Plan, including the following policies relevant to this Chapter:
o C2: Development in the countryside;
o C5: Effects upon amenities;
o C17: Renewable energy; and
o C18: Design.
Anticipated Construction Programme and Timescales
4.3 It is estimated that the construction of the Proposed Development would take
approximately 10 months and would consist of the operations set out below in Table 5.1
and described later in this Chapter. Table 4.1 also shows the anticipated number of
vehicle trips associated with the works.
4.4 The programme of construction activities shown in Table 4.1 has taken into account all
that is currently known about the Site and Proposed Development. The precise duration
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and timing of each activity would be modified, as necessary, to take into account the
findings of the pre-construction works and surveys.
Table 4.1: Indicative programme of construction activities and their associated
two-way vehicle trips per month
Activity Month
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Plant and equipment transport 12 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 12
Site track construction 140 98 98 98 98 98
Turbine foundations 120 120 120 120
Removal of temporary areas 48
Cabling and electrical systems 4 4 4 4 3
Turbine delivery and erection 12 12 12 12 12
Miscellaneous light vans 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Total 161 113 228 230 246 244 28 28 29 68
Construction Works
4.5 Construction works include:
Temporary highway modifications to enable vehicles to access the Site from the
strategic and local highway network;
Construction of a new temporary site access onto Stragglethorpe Lane on the eastern
boundary of the Site;
Possible upgrade or replacement of the existing bridge over the Sand Beck;
Localised resurfacing of existing concrete and hard surfaces associated with the Site’s
former use as an airfield;
Construction of new permanent site tracks;
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Installation of a temporary construction compound / storage area for site office
facilities and storage of materials and components;
Installation of hardstandings and outrigger pads for the support of the cranes that
would be used for the erection of the turbines;
Construction of foundations for the support of the turbine structures;
Wind turbine delivery and erection;
Installation of transformers in separate housings alongside each wind turbine (if
required);
Installation of on-site High Voltage (HV) cabling, communication cabling and earthing;
Installation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system;
Construction of substation;
Commissioning of site mechanical and electrical equipment; and
Reinstatement, landscaping, removal of temporary site offices, reseeding verges and
areas around turbine bases.
4.6 The works would mainly follow the order detailed above, but many would be carried out
concurrently to reduce the overall length of the construction programme. There would be
construction phasing, with civil engineering works progressing in some areas of the Site
whilst turbines are being erected elsewhere. In order to minimise disruption to land use, site
restoration would be undertaken as early as possible in development areas.
4.7 A detailed programme of works would be produced by the construction contractors prior
to the commencement of works on Site.
4.8 Should planning permission be granted then it is likely that construction hours would be
restricted via means of a planning condition imposed by the local planning authorities.
4.9 At this stage it is proposed that construction activities on site shall only take place between
the hours of 07:00 to 18:00 on Monday to Friday inclusive and 08:00 to 14:00 hours on
Saturday, with no construction works on Site on Sundays or Bank Holidays. Outside of these
hours, works would be limited to emergency works and dust suppression, unless otherwise
agreed in writing by the local planning authorities.
4.10 It is proposed that the delivery of any construction materials or equipment, other than
turbine blades, nacelles and towers, shall be restricted to the above hours, unless
otherwise agreed in writing by the local planning authorities.
Pre-Construction Works
4.11 Prior to commencement of construction, detailed site surveys would be undertaken to
provide data for the final design of the civil and electrical engineering infrastructure for
the Proposed Development. These would comprise detailed topographical and
geotechnical surveys.
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4.12 The geotechnical survey would incorporate the excavation and sampling of trial holes at
each turbine location and possibly boreholes to obtain information about the underlying
strata.
4.13 All intrusive investigations would be sited at turbine locations to minimise the impact of any
exploratory excavations.
Temporary Highway Works
4.14 Some enabling works would be required including the temporary removal or relocation of
street furniture, pruning/removal/replanting of shrubs/trees and the use of adopted
highway land. These enabling works are detailed in Figures 11.4 and 11.5 and would
require construction prior to the movement of abnormal loads. These works would then be
removed and reinstated as existing following all abnormal load movements, unless
otherwise agreed with the local highways authority.
Construction Compound
4.15 During the construction phase a site compound / storage area would be installed in the
location shown on Figure 3.1. A typical construction compound is shown in Figure 3.5.
4.16 The construction compound would be approximately 50m by 30m. It would make use of
an existing hard surfaced area associated with the Site’s former use as an airfield. Space
would be provided for ‘Portacabin’ style site offices; welfare and mess facilities; secure
containers for tool and equipment storage; an area for the storage of various materials
and small components; and car parking areas.
4.17 On completion of construction, the site compound would be removed and the area
reinstated to its former condition in accordance with an approved method statement.
Site Access
4.18 A new temporary entrance would be constructed at the eastern boundary of the Site
onto Stragglethorpe Lane to allow the delivery of turbine components to the Site from the
public highway. This temporary access would be removed on completion of the
construction works and reinstated to its former condition in accordance with an approved
method statement.
4.19 The new temporary site entrance would be located approximately 40m south of the
principal existing access to the Site. This existing access would be used for all other
construction vehicles apart from loaded turbine component delivery vehicles.
Site Tracks
4.20 The Site already contains a network of concrete and hard standings associated with its
former use as an airfield. Subject to the potential need for localised re-surfacing, these
tracks are suitable for re-use during the construction, operational and decommissioning
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phases which significantly reduces the amount of new track that would be needed to
construct the Proposed Development.
4.21 Where new tracks are required to access turbine positions, a 5m wide running surface with
local widening at bends would be provided for all of the site tracks during the construction
phase. A typical new track cross section is shown on Figure 3.4.
4.22 The construction of the tracks would involve the stripping and storage of topsoil followed
by installation of geotextile. Mineral soil and subsoil excavated during cut track
construction would be set aside for re-use in site reinstatement at a later date. The crushed
stone track would be laid to a nominal depth of up to 300mm and aggregates required
for the access tracks would be obtained from local suppliers. The tracks would incorporate
swales to attenuate surface water flow in accordance with sustainable drainage
principles.
4.23 In order to prevent any fine, in-situ clayey, subsoil material from migrating into the free
draining granular fill of the site track, a geotextile layer would be laid on the underlying
subsoil beneath the site tracks. General ungraded, granular fill would then be placed on
top of the geotextile layer.
4.24 The fill would be placed to a depth corresponding with original ground level. This would be
levelled and compacted by compaction equipment and by the construction traffic that
uses the track for access to the various parts of the Site. On completion of the construction
of the wind farm, the general fill layer may be capped with a higher quality material to
form the running surface for operations and maintenance vehicles.
4.25 Cross drains would be designed to divert the water at various points along the track
alignment and to transmit it underneath the track. As far as is practicably possible, any
water collected would be re-distributed to replicate the original surface / sub-surface
flows.
4.26 On completion of construction the remaining excavated mineral soil and subsoil would be
levelled alongside the access tracks to a depth of no more than 150mm.
4.27 The access tracks will be retained throughout the operational life of the Development to
enable maintenance of the turbines.
Crane Hardstandings and Outrigger Pads
4.28 At the location of each turbine foundation a hardstanding would be constructed to
provide support for the cranes used for turbine erection. These hardstandings could also
be used for storing turbine components, such as the nacelle, until they are installed. When
not being used for turbine erection, the crane hardstanding may also be used as passing
places at each turbine location where appropriate.
4.29 The size of turbines proposed for this project would normally require the use of a main
crane of up to 500 tonnes capacity. A smaller tail crane would also be used to aid lifting of
the larger components. A typical main crane is shown on Figure 4.1.
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4.30 The layout of the hardstandings for this project is shown on Figure 3.6. Each hardstanding
covers an area of maximum dimensions approximately 25m wide by 45m long.
4.31 The hardstandings would be constructed using the same criteria and methods as those
used for the site tracks. The thickness of stone fill in these areas is normally similar to the site
track construction, but may be increased due to the axle loading from the cranes. This
would depend on the characteristics of the vehicles used for the erection of the turbines.
4.32 The precise design of the crane hardstandings would be determined by the ground
conditions at the turbine locations in a similar way to the design of the site tracks
described above. The crane hardstanding would be of cut design.
4.33 On completion of construction the hardstanding areas at each turbine location would be
retained but allowed to re-vegetate naturally. Their retention is so that they are available
for use in the event of a major component replacement during the operation of the wind
farm and for decommissioning.
Wind Turbine Foundations
Design Principles
4.34 The design of the wind turbine foundations would be a function of the loads from the
turbine and the topographical, geotechnical and hydrological site conditions. For the
conditions typically encountered at the Site, the wind turbine foundations would be
designed as reinforced concrete gravity structures and be subject to a final design
depending upon ground conditions. A typical foundation for the size of turbine proposed
for this project is shown on Figure 3.3.
4.35 The loads from the turbine, combined with the ground and hydrological conditions at the
turbine location would also determine the overall size of the support structure. The
underside of the foundations would be located in subsoil at a maximum depth of
between 3.0 – 3.5m below ground level.
4.36 The bearing capacity of the ground is usually not critical to the design, which is often
driven by the groundwater conditions at the position of the tower.
4.37 Where the groundwater is below the bottom of the foundation, then the structure would
be designed for dry and drained conditions, i.e. with no water pressure on the bottom of
the foundation. Where there is a high groundwater table (above the underside of the
foundation) the foundation would be designed for buoyant conditions arising from water
pressure acting upwards on the underside of the structure.
Construction Methods
4.38 The first task in constructing each wind turbine foundation would be to remove any
mineral soil to the perimeter of the proposed foundation excavation. The underlying
subsoil would then be excavated to the required foundation depth, normally by
conventional construction equipment. Excavated materials would be set aside for re-use
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as backfill around the foundation following completion of construction. Detailed method
statements for materials handling would be prepared in accordance with conditions
imposed by the planning authorities on the granting of a planning consent.
4.39 The foundation formation would then be prepared to receive concrete blinding by
placing timber shuttering around the edge of the excavation. Concrete blinding would be
poured on the foundation formation to level the area in preparation for fixing the steel
reinforcement bars. The blinding would be a weak mix of concrete with low slump and
would normally be placed fairly dry. Little if any loss of cement would therefore occur
during placement of the lean-mix levelling layer.
4.40 A bottom mat of reinforcement would be placed on the weak mix concrete blinding.
Additional reinforcement would be fixed to the bottom mat to form the main
reinforcement cage for the foundation. Starter bars would then be fixed to the main cage
to form the up stand, which would support the bottom tower section. Temporary shuttering
would be placed on the reinforcement cage to ensure that there would be sufficient
concrete cover to the top layer of steel. Side shuttering would also be positioned around
the cage to form the sides of the concrete slab and to prevent loss of concrete and
cement paste into the ground.
4.41 Concrete would then be poured to form the main slab either by a concrete pump or by
being placed in small hoppers / skips that would be lifted over the area being concreted
and then tipped. Conventional concrete lorries of approximately 8m³ capacity would be
used for each foundation. During the pour, the concrete would be compacted using
poker vibrators. As the concrete placements are completed, the temporary shuttering on
the top steel would be removed, and the concrete tamped and floated to a smooth
finish.
4.42 A curing compound is often used to stop the concrete drying out too quickly (which can
lead to hairline cracking of the top surface). This is sprayed onto the surface concrete.
Plastic sheeting or hessian may also be used to assist with curing of the concrete if
considered appropriate. This reduces evaporation of water at the surface of the concrete
and also assists in preventing shrinkage of cracking material.
Turbine Delivery and Erection
4.43 Mechanical installation would comprise the delivery and erection of turbine components
at the turbine locations. Delivery of the turbine components would be undertaken by
specialist contractors using purpose built vehicles, as described in more detail in Chapter
11: Transport. Erection of the turbine components is normally undertaken by the turbine
supplier using specialist heavy lifting subcontractors and cranes.
4.44 The connection of the tower to the foundation would be made by using holding down
bolts or with a short cylindrical steel section embedded in the foundation slab. The choice
of holding down system would depend on the wind turbine supplier. The sequence of
construction of the connection between the tower and foundation depends on which
system is used.
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4.45 For a holding down bolt solution, the upstand foundation anchor bolt assembly would be
placed, along with additional reinforcement in the upstand following completion of the
base slab. At this stage, partial backfilling of the foundation would be undertaken to aid
access to the turbine location during the rest of the foundation construction. Once the
upstand reinforcement and anchor bolt assembly is complete, timer or steel shutters would
be placed to form the upstand of the turbine foundation.
4.46 If the tower is connected to the foundation by a steel cylindrical section then the upstand
reinforcement and holding down bolts would not be required. For this holding down
solution, there would be only one phase of concrete pour because the embedded
section would form a permanent shuttering for the mass concrete inside it.
4.47 Electrical ducts would then be placed through the shuttering and reinforcement (for the
holding down bolt solution), or the steel cylinder. These would include conduits for the high
and low voltage cables and earthing tapes. The configuration of the ducts and the
earthing tape would depend on the turbine model being used and the nature of the
electrical layouts. The holding down bolts are held in place within the shuttering by a
template which would be fixed to the shuttering. Concrete would then be poured to form
the foundation upstand. The upstand concrete would be compacted with poker vibrators
in a similar way to that described for the base slab.
4.48 The wind turbine earthing rund and tails would then be placed within the backfill. In some
cases, earthing rods would be needed around the foundations. The need for these would
depend on the ground conditions at the Site. If required, they would be installed as self-
boring rods, drilled into the ground, in contact with the weathered rock. The depth of the
rods would depend on the electrical characteristics of the ground. Once the earthing ring
is completed, the cable ducts would be extended to the edge of the foundation and
backfilling to the top of the upstand would commence.
4.49 The wind turbine foundation would then be backfilled. Weathered rock material from the
foundation excavation would be used for the bulk of the backfill. It would then be placed
in thin layers and compacted mechanically.
4.50 The bottom section of the wind turbine tower would be placed over the foundation bolts
and fixed to the foundation. Cementitious grout would be placed between the bottom
flange of the tower and the foundation. The grout would be retained in position by
temporary formwork, which would prevent it from spilling outside the foundation. The
material would be allowed to cure and the buts would be tightened to pre-tension the
bolts.
4.51 The area around each turbine tower and over the turbine foundations would be
reinstated by using topsoil stripped during the foundation construction excavation and
other surplus excavated material.
Wind Turbine Transformers
4.52 In order to carry the power generated to the local electricity network each turbine would
require a transformer to step up to a high voltage. Turbine transformers can either be
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located within the nacelle, within the turbine tower or adjacent to the base of each
tower, depending on the wind turbine model selected and the supplier’s specification.
High Voltage Cabling
4.53 The turbines would be interconnected using armoured underground cables placed in
trenches forming a power circuit within the Site. The underground cables would be taken
into the on-site substation where the electrical control equipment would interface with the
local distribution network.
4.54 The design of the high voltage (HV) cable trenches would be a function of the electrical
rating of the cables, the ground conditions and the depth of protection required for the
cables. The electrical rating and the ground conditions would provide data to assess the
thermal performance of the cables. This would determine the likely spacing between
each electrical circuit and therefore the width of the trench. Typical cable trench
construction details are shown in Figure 3.8 for the single and double circuits which would
be used for this wind farm.
4.55 Cable trenches would be excavated using conventional construction equipment. The
mineral soil would be dug out and set aside for re-use in the reinstatement of the trenches.
The trench would then be excavated to the required overall depth. Subsoil material from
the excavation would be temporarily stockpiled alongside the trench, but kept separate
from any mineral soil. Detailed method statements for materials handling would be
prepared in accordance with a restoration and management plan.
4.56 The cable would be placed on a bed of previously dug stone free excavated soil material.
The trench would then be backfilled with excavated subsoil taken from the temporary
stockpile alongside the trench and the top of the excavation reinstated with topsoil.
Cable tiles or a warning marker tape would be laid in the trench during backfilling at a
pre-specified depth. Any surplus excavated material would be stockpiled at an agreed
location and used later in the reinstatement of the site.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
4.57 Monitoring and controlling the performance of the wind turbines would be achieved by
way of a sophisticated Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. The
SCADA system would gather data from all of the turbines and provide the facility to
control them from a remote location. Communication cables connecting to each turbine
would be buried in the electrical cable trenches (described above) to facilitate this.
Site Substation
4.58 Wind farm substation buildings are typically of conventional masonry construction, on
concrete foundations with a pitched roof constructed of trussed rafters finished in slates or
tiles. A security slab of reinforced concrete can be incorporated into the roof construction.
In most cases, cable ducts and trenches are formed in the slab of the building. The
trenches can be up to 1.5m deep depending on the electrical requirements and the
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layout of the site, and also on whether the switchgear in the control building utilises top or
bottom entry cables. A typical substation building is illustrated on Figures 3.9 – 3.10.
4.59 The proposed substation building would be constructed in the location shown on Figure
3.1. It would be a single storey building, a maximum of 15m long x 10m wide with a
standard ridge height. It would be constructed using locally sourced materials in a style to
complement the local vernacular. The external finishes to the substation building would be
subject to the approval of the local planning authority prior to construction. The substation
would house the switchgear and control equipment needed for the grid connection and
would also provide some secure storage space that may occasionally be required for the
wind farm. The building would not be permanently manned as the wind farm would be
controlled remotely from a central control facility.
Grid Connection
4.60 An off-site grid connection would be required to take the power generated from the wind
turbines into the local electricity distribution network. The final details of the grid
connection including the precise route and an assessment of any impacts on the
environment would be determined by the local Distribution Network Operator (DNO) at a
later date and may be subject to a separate design and consent process.
4.61 Initial discussions with the DNO have indicated that there is a potentially suitable grid
connection point at Hawton, south of Newark-on-Trent. Figure 4.2 shows three indicative
cable routes between the Site and potential point of connection at Hawton.
Commissioning of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment
4.62 The testing and commissioning of a wind farm is normally undertaken by the turbine
supplier. It involves a series of tests on the high voltage electrical network, the electrical
equipment in the turbines and control building and the SCADA system. No construction
activities are required and it only entails the use of small vehicles.
Reinstatement and Removal of Temporary Works
4.63 On completion of construction, all temporary fencing and the temporary construction
compound would be removed from Site and all areas disturbed by the works would be
reinstated.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 5: Renewable Energy and Planning
Policy
April 2015
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CONTENTS
5 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANNING POLICY 5-1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5-1 Planning Policy ...................................................................................................................... 5-1 Supplementary Planning Guidance ................................................................................ 5-12 National Planning Policy and Guidance ......................................................................... 5-12 Renewable Energy Policy Framework.............................................................................. 5-20
Tables
5.1: Relevant statutory Development Plan Policies
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5 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANNING POLICY
Introduction
5.1 This chapter reviews the national and local planning policies, guidance and other material
considerations of potential relevance to the Proposed Development.
5.2 To maintain the impartiality of the ES, this chapter does not assess whether the Proposed
Development would comply with the identified policies. A separate Planning Statement
which assesses the accordance of the Proposed Development with the Development Plan
and other material considerations will be submitted as part of the planning application.
The Planning Statement is separate from the ES.
5.3 The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 Section 70(2) states that:
"In dealing with such an application the authority shall have regard to the
provisions of the development plan, so far as material to the application,
and to any other material considerations”.
5.4 Section 38 (6) of the Planning & Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 states that:
"If regard is to be had to the Development Plan for the purposes of any
determination to be made under the Planning Acts, the determination
must be made in accordance with the plan unless material considerations
indicate otherwise”.
5.5 Accordingly, the relevant policy provisions of the Development Plan and other material
considerations are set out within this chapter of the ES.
Planning Policy
The Development Plan
5.6 The statutory Development Plan applicable to the site consists of:
South Kesteven Local Plan ‘saved polices’ (adopted April 1995);
South Kesteven Core Strategy Development Plan (adopted July 2010);
South Kesteven Site Allocation and Policies DPD (adopted April 2014); and
North Kesteven Local Plan ‘saved polices’ adopted (2007).
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5.7 Many of the ‘saved’ polices in the South Kesteven Local Plan were superseded following
the adoption of the Core Strategy. Whilst there are a few policies which remain in use until
they are superseded by other emerging planning policy documents, there are no active
policies which are relevant to the Proposed Development.
5.8 The site is designated as a Site of Wildlife Interest on the adopted South Kesteven Core
Strategy proposals map dated July 2010.
5.9 The North Kesteven Local Plan will eventually be replaced by the emerging Central
Lincolnshire Local Plan. The Central Lincolnshire Joint Strategic Planning Committee
(CLJSPC) was established in October 2009 and the Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Team
(previously called the Joint Planning Unit) was established in May 2010 and covers the
combined areas of City of Lincoln, North Kesteven and West Lindsey.
5.10 Table 6.1 below sets out the most relevant Development Plan policies considered to be of
relevance to the Proposed Development.
Table 5.1: Relevant statutory Development Plan Policies for South and North
Kesteven
Policy Title
South Kesteven Core Strategy DPD Polices
EN1 Protection and Enhancement of the Character of
the District
EN2 Reducing Flood Risk
EN3 Renewable Energy Generation
EN4 Sustainable Construction and Design
SP1 Spatial Strategy
SP2 Sustainable Communities
SP3 Sustainable Integrated Transport
South Kesteven Site Allocations and Policies Development Plan Document
SD1 Presumption in Favour of Sustainable Development
North Kesteven Local Plan Polices
CS2 Development in the Countryside
CS5 Effects upon amenities
CS10 Flood risk
CS11 Pollution
CS14 Surface water disposal
CS17 Renewable energy
CS18 Design
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CS19 Landscaping
LW1 Landscape conservation
LW7 Features of importance for wildlife
LW8 Protected species
HE1 Sites containing nationally important archaeological
remains
HE2 Archaeological assessment and evaluation
HE3 Sites containing archaeological remains
HE5 Development affecting the setting of a listed
building
HE7 Development in a conservation area
HE8 Historic parks and gardens
South Kesteven Core Strategy (2010) Policies
EN1 Protection and Enhancement of the Character of the District
5.11 “Development must be appropriate to the character and significant natural, historic and
cultural attributes and features of the landscape within which it is situated, and contribute
to its conservation, enhancement or restoration. All development proposals and site
allocations will be assessed in relation to:
1. statutory, national and local designations of landscape features, including natural and
historic assets
2. local distinctiveness and sense of place
3. historic character, patterns and attributes of the landscape
4. the layout and scale of buildings and designed spaces
5. the quality and character of the built fabric and their settings
6. the condition of the landscape
7. biodiversity and ecological networks within the landscape
8. public access to and community value of the landscape
9. remoteness and tranquillity
10. visual intrusion
11. noise and light pollution
12. Conservation Area Appraisals and Village Design Statements, where these have been
adopted by the Council
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13. impact on controlled waters
14. protection of existing open space (including allotments and public open space, and
open spaces important to the character, setting and separation of built-up areas)”
Policy EN2 ‘Reducing Flood Risk’
5.12 “Planning permission will not normally be granted, nor sites allocated for development, in
areas identified in the South Kesteven Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (SFRA) as at risk of
flooding from any source. Any proposals in these areas will need to demonstrate that there
are not any suitable sites at a lower risk of flooding available.
Exceptionally, where development is necessary in areas at risk of flooding, the developer
will be required to demonstrate that all the requirements of Planning Policy Statement 25:
Development and Flood Risk (PPS25) have been met, including the application of the
sequential approach within the site.
In addition to the requirements of PPS25, a Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) must be submitted
with planning applications as required by the SFRA. All FRAs must take into account the
SFRAs recommendations.
All planning applications should be accompanied by a statement of how surface water is
to be managed and in particular where it is to be discharged. On-site attenuation and
infiltration will be required as part of any new development wherever possible. The long-
term maintenance of structures such as balancing ponds must be agreed in principle prior
to permission being granted. Development which is likely to have a detrimental impact on
the natural features of rivers and stream corridors, ponds or wetland habitats will not be
permitted”.
Policy EN3 ‘Renewable Energy Generation’
5.13 “ The District Council will grant planning permission for proposals to generate energy from
renewable sources, subject to the proposals according with the other Core Strategy
policies, national guidance and complying with the following criteria:
The proposal can be connected efficiently to existing national grid infrastructure, unless it
can be demonstrated that energy generation would be used on-site to meet the needs of
a specific end user. The proposal should make provision for:
the mitigation of the real emissions/impacts arising from the installation of the
renewable energy generation
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the removal of the facilities and reinstatement of the site, should the facilities cease to
be operational”.
Policy EN4 ‘Sustainable Construction and Design’
5.14 “Proposals for new development should consider and demonstrate how the design of
buildings and site layouts use energy, water, minerals, materials and other natural
resources appropriately, efficiently and with care and take account of the effects of
climate change in accordance with other core strategy policies. To meet these
requirements:
All new developments should maximise the use of energy efficiency and energy
conservation measures in their design, layout and orientation on site to reduce overall
energy demand.
All developments should minimise mains water use and demonstrate that water
conservation measures are incorporated so that predicted per capita consumption does
not exceed the appropriate levels set out in the Code for Sustainable Homes or BREEAM
standards.
These requirements may be relaxed if it can be clearly demonstrated by the applicant/
developer, that to require full compliance would not be economically viable for the
specific scheme”.
SP1 ‘Spatial Strategy
5.15 “The majority of all new development should be focused upon Grantham to support and
strengthen its role as a Sub-Regional Centre.
New development which helps to maintain and support the role of the three market towns
of Stamford, Bourne and the Deepings, will also be allowed.
In the settlements identified as Local Service Centres, preference will be given to
brownfield sites within the built-up part of settlements [which do not compromise the
nature and character of the village] and sites allocated in the Site Specific Allocations
and Policies DPD.
Where a Village Design Statement or Parish Plan has been prepared by the Parish Council
and adopted by the District Council, development should be in accordance with the
design principles established.
In all other villages and the countryside development will be restricted. Proposals will only
be considered acceptable if they are sites for:
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A. affordable housing (rural exception or allocated sites)
B. agriculture, forestry or equine development
C. rural diversification projects
D. local services & facilities
E. replacement buildings (on a like for like basis); or
F. conversions of buildings provided that the existing building(s):
contribute to the character & appearance of the local area by virtue of their historic,
traditional or vernacular form;
are in sound structural condition; and
are suitable for conversion without substantial alteration, extension or rebuilding, and
that the works to be undertaken do not detract from the character of the building(s) or
their setting
In all cases planning permission will only be granted on a less sustainable site where it has
been proven that there are no other more sustainable options available or there are other
overriding material considerations. All cases will also be subject to all relevant policies
within the remainder of the core strategy or other relevant development plan
documents”.
SP2 ‘Sustainable Communities’
5.16 “Outside of the main towns of Grantham, Stamford, Bourne and the Deepings,
development will be directed to rural settlements where localised service use is already
strong.
In those villages, which have been identified as Local Service Centres, development will
be allowed in accordance with the Spatial Strategy and subject to the following:
Support will be given to proposals and activities that protect, retain or enhance existing
community assets, or that lead to the provision of additional assets that improve
community well-being. Proposals involving the loss of community facilities, including land in
community use* will not be supported. There will be a presumption against the change of
use of existing retail, service and employment premises”.
* including facilities such as community/village halls, village shops, post offices,
schools, health services, care homes, public houses, playing fields and allotments.
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South Kesteven Site Allocations and Policies Development Plan Document (2014) Policies
Policy SD1 – Presumption in Favour of Sustainable Development
5.17 When considering development proposals, the Council will take a positive approach that
reflects the presumption in favour of sustainable development contained in the National
Planning Policy Framework. It will always work pro-actively with applicants jointly to find
solutions which mean that proposals can be approved wherever possible, and to secure
development that improves the economic, social and environmental conditions in the
area.
Planning applications that accord with the policies in this Local Plan (and, where relevant,
with policies in neighbourhood plans) will be approved without delay, unless material
considerations indicate otherwise.
Where there are no policies relevant to the application, or relevant policies are out of
date at the time of making the decision, then the Council will grant permission unless
material considerations indicate otherwise - taking into account whether:
any adverse impacts of granting permission would significantly and ddemonstrably
outweigh the benefits, when assessed against the policies in the National Planning
Policy Framework taken as a whole; or
Specific policies in that Framework indicate that development should be restricted.
North Kesteven Local Plan (2007) Policies
Policy C2 - Development in the countryside
5.18 Planning permission will be granted for development in the countryside (as shown on the
Proposals Map), provided that it:
1. Will maintain or enhance the environmental, economic and social value of the
countryside;
2. Will protect and, where possible, enhance the character of the countryside;
3. Cannot be located within or adjacent to a settlement; and
4. Will not attract or generate a large number of journeys, and is located to provide
opportunities for access by public transport, walking or cycling.
Policy C5 - Effects upon amenities
5.19 Planning permission will be granted for proposals, provided that they will not adversely
affect the amenities enjoyed by other land users to an unacceptable degree.
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Policy C10 - Flood risk
5.20 Planning permission will be granted for proposals, only if they will not:
1. Be at an unacceptable risk of flooding
2. Unacceptably increase flood risk elsewhere
3. Affect the integrity of existing flood defences to the level where they would not
provide an acceptable standard of safety over the lifetime of the development.
Priority will be given in permitting sites for development in descending order of the
following flood zones:-
Flood Zone 1 – little or no risk – annual probability of flooding less than 0.1%;
Flood Zone 2 – low to medium risk – annual probability of river flooding 0.1% to 1.0%;
Flood Zone 3 – high risk – annual probability of river flooding 1.0% or greater.
Where possible, new developments should result in the overall reduction of flood risk. All
relevant planning applications must be accompanied by a flood risk assessment.
Policy C11 - Pollution
5.21 Planning permission will be granted for developments that may be liable to pollute
groundwater, a water body, a watercourse, air or soil, only if:
1.The occupiers or users of the development and the occupiers or users of other land are
not exposed to unacceptable risk.
2.The area’s flora or fauna will not be adversely affected; and
3.The quality of water, air or soil resources will not be adversely affected.
4.The general amenity of the area would not be unacceptably harmed.
Policy C14 - Surface water disposal
5.22 Planning permission will be granted for development, provided that it includes measures
designed to safely manage surface water run-off and, where feasible, minimise the
increase in surface water run-off.
Policy C17 - Renewable energy
5.23 Planning permission will be granted for development providing for, or associated with, the
generation and distribution of energy from renewable sources provided that:
1.the environmental, economic and social impacts can be addressed satisfactorily;
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2.the proposal minimises the landscape and visual effects of the development through
appropriate siting, design and landscaping schemes;
3.where the proposal would have an adverse effect on a site of international importance
for nature and heritage conservation, there is no alternative solution and there are
imperative reasons of overriding public interest;
4.where the proposal is in a nationally designated area, the objectives of the designation
of the area will not be compromised, and any adverse effects on the qualities of the area
are outweighed by the environmental, social and economic benefits.
Policy C18 - Design
5.24 Planning permission will be granted for development, only if it will:
1.Reinforce local identity and
2.Not adversely affect the character or appearance of its surroundings;
And
3.Existing site features that contribute positively to the character or appearance of the
area are retained, and satisfactorily incorporated into the design;
4.The proposal responds satisfactorily to its context in terms of its layout, scale, massing,
height, density, detailing, external appearance, and the use of materials, and
5.The proposal has a cohesive character, and adds interest and vitality to its surroundings
Policy C19 - Landscaping
5.25 Planning permission will be granted for development provided that appropriate provision
is made for high-quality landscaping which will:-
a. protect and enhance the existing landscape and townscape character;
b. satisfactorily integrate the development with its surroundings;
c. protect the amenities of occupiers of the development and nearby occupiers;
d. retain and incorporate key landscape features on the site;
e. provide appropriate levels of open space within the development.
Policy LW1 - Landscape Conservation
5.26 The Council will seek to protect the distinctive landscapes of the identified Landscape
Character Areas and any special features which contribute to that character. Where
development is acceptable, it will be required to contribute to the local distinctiveness of
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the area, be well integrated into the local landscape character, protect any features of
importance to the local scene, and respect any important views.
Policy LW7 - Features of importance for wildlife
5.27 Planning permission will be granted for proposals that will directly or indirectly adversely
affect any habitat listed as a priority in the Lincolnshire Biodiversity Action Plan or an
existing landscape feature (such as a pond, reservoir, lake, gravel pit, disused railway,
road verge, river, canal or drain or their banks, building traditional field boundary (such as
a hedgerow or stone wall), linear tree belt/shelter, plantation or small woodland, larger
semi-natural or ancient woodland, heathland, parkland, semi-natural grassland or
unimproved pasture) that is important for wild flora or fauna, only if:
1.The need for the development clearly override the importance of the feature; and
2.Where appropriate, the implementation of measures to minimise, mitigate or
compensate for the harm, or to ensure the future management and enhancement of the
feature’s value, is assured by means of an agreement between the developer and the
Council, or by means of a condition upon the permission.
Policy LW8 - Protected species
5.28 Planning permission will be granted for proposals that will adversely affect protected
species or their habitat, only if:
1.The need for the development clearly override the importance of the protected species;
2.The proposed development could not feasibly be located in a less sensitive location;
and
3.An agreement between the developer and the Council or a condition upon the
permission will:
a. Facilitate the survival of individual members of the species;
b. Reduce disturbance to the minimum;
c. Provide adequate alternative habitats to sustain at least the current levels of population
of the species.
Policy HE1 - Sites containing nationally important archaeological remains
5.29 Planning permission will be granted for proposals that will not adversely affect the
archaeological value or interest, or the setting, of a Scheduled Ancient Monument (as
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shown on the proposals map) or other site containing nationally important archaeological
remains.
Policy HE2 - Archaeological assessment and evaluation
5.30 Planning applications affecting a site where evidence suggests that archaeological
remains are likely to be present must be accompanied by an assessment identifying the
extent and importance of any remains, together with any proposals for their protection or
to mitigate adverse effects.
Policy HE3 - Sites containing archaeological remains
5.31 Planning permission will be granted for proposals that will affect locally or regionally
important archaeological remains or their setting, provided that:
1.The remains will be preserved in situ, and will not be damaged; or
2.Where preservation in situ is not justified, the recording and/or excavation of the remains
prior to and during development is assured (by means of an agreement between the
developer and the Council or by means of a condition upon the permission).
Policy HE5 - Development affecting the setting of a listed building
5.32 Planning permission will be granted for proposals that will not adversely affect the setting
of a listed building
Policy HE7 - Development in a conservation area
5.33 Planning permission will be granted for development (including new buildings, changes of
use, alterations and extensions) within or adjoining conservation areas provided that it
would preserve or enhance the area’s character, setting and appearance.
Policy HE9 - Historic parks and gardens
5.34 Planning permission will be granted for proposals, provided they will not adversely affect
the character, appearance, or setting of any park or garden of special historic interest (as
shown on the Proposals Map).
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Supplementary Planning Guidance
South Kesteven Wind Energy Supplementary Planning Document
(SPD)(2013)
5.35 The SPD supports the implementation of development plan policies EN1 (Protection and
Enhancement of the Character of the District) and Policy EN3 (Renewable Energy
Development). The SPD provides guidance on:
Key planning issues associated with wind energy developments during their
construction, operation and decommissioning;
Criteria that will be applied when determining applications for wind energy
developments;
Good siting and design of wind energy schemes including how potential
impacts can be minimised; and
Information that should be provided when submitting a planning application
5.36 The SPD is a material consideration in the determination of planning applications for
onshore wind farms and as such a detailed appraisal of the proposal against it is
contained within the accompanying Planning Statement.
National Planning Policy and Guidance
National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)
5.37 The finalised version of the NPPF was issued and took force on 27 March 2012.
Achieving Sustainable Development
5.38 The NPPF promotes sustainable development: a definition of this is set out in Paragraphs 6
and 7 with regard to the economic, social and environmental roles of the planning system,
as follows:
an economic role – contributing to building a strong, responsive and
competitive economy;
a social role – supporting strong, vibrant and healthy communities; and
an environmental role – contributing to protecting and enhancing our natural,
built and historic environment; and, as part of this, helping to improve
biodiversity, use natural resources prudently…and mitigate and adapt to
climate change including moving to a low carbon economy.
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5.39 To achieve sustainable development “…economic, social and environmental gains should
be sought jointly and simultaneously through the planning system” (paragraph8).
5.40 The document sets out the ‘presumption in favour of sustainable development’ and firstly
makes it clear (paragraph 11) that "…planning law requires that applications for planning
permission must be determined in accordance with the Development Plan unless material
considerations indicate otherwise". Paragraph 12 adds that the NPPF does not change
the statutory status of the Development Plan as the starting point for decision making. The
NPPF is a material consideration in determining planning applications.
5.41 Paragraph 14 is the key part of the NPPF: it states that:
"…at the heart of the planning system is a presumption in favour of
sustainable development, which should be seen as a golden thread
running through both plan making and decision taking”.
For decision taking this means:
Approving development proposals that accord with the development plan
without delay; and
Where the development plan is absent, silent or relevant policies are out of
date, granting permission unless:
- Any adverse impacts of doing so would significantly and demonstrably
outweigh the benefits, when assessed against the policies in the Framework
taken as a whole; or
- Specific policies in this Framework indicate development should be restricted”.
5.42 Paragraph 15 adds that "…policies in Local Plans should follow the approach of the
presumption in favour of sustainable development so that it is clear that development
which is sustainable can be approved without delay".
Core Planning Principles
5.43 There is reference to ‘core planning principles’ and these are set out at paragraph 17.
These are to underpin both plan-making and decision-taking. In summary, those of
relevance to this Appeal are that planning should:
be genuinely plan-led;
not simply be about scrutiny;
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proactively drive and support sustainable economic development to deliver ...
infrastructure and thriving local places that the country needs …;
secure high quality design and a good standard of amenity…;
recognise the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside…;
support the transition to a low carbon future in a changing climate…and encourage
the use of renewable resources (for example by the development of renewable
energy);
contribute to conserving and enhancing the natural environment and reducing
pollution;
conserve heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance; and,
Renewable energy generation is explicitly recognised as a specific core planning
principle.
Building a Strong, Competitive Economy
5.44 The first topic in the NPPF states that the Government is committed to (paragraph 19):
“…ensuring that the planning system does everything it can to support
sustainable economic growth. Planning should operate to encourage
and not act as an impediment to sustainable growth. Therefore significant
weight should be placed on the need to support economic growth
through the planning system”.
5.45 Paragraph 28 adds that planning policies should support economic growth in rural areas in
order to create jobs and prosperity “…by taking a positive approach to sustainable new
development”.
Meeting the challenge of Climate Change
5.46 Section 10 of the NPPF deals with climate change. Paragraph 93 states that planning has
a key role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in:
“…supporting the delivery of renewable and low carbon energy and
associated infrastructure. This is central to the economic, social and
environmental dimensions of sustainable development”.
5.47 At paragraph 97 the NPPF states that:
“To help increase the use and supply of renewable and low carbon
energy, local planning authorities should recognise the responsibility on all
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communities to contribute to energy generation from renewable or low
carbon sources”. They should:
Have a positive strategy to promote energy from renewable and low
carbon sources;
Design their policies to maximise renewable and low carbon energy
development while ensuring that adverse impacts are addressed
satisfactorily, including cumulative landscape and visual impacts; and
Consider identifying suitable areas for renewable and low carbon energy
sources and supporting infrastructure, where this would help secure the
development of such sources.
5.48 Planning Authorities are further advised at paragraph 98 that, when determining planning
applications, they should:
Not require applicants for energy development to demonstrate overall need for
renewable or low carbon energy and also recognise that even small scale projects
provide a valuable contribution to cutting greenhouse gas emissions;
Approve the application if its impacts are (or can be made) acceptable.
5.49 The footnote No.17 (page 22) in the Framework confirms reliance on NPS EN-1 and 3 as
primary sources of guidance to planning decision makers addressing wind energy
proposals.
Conserving and Enhancing the Natural Environment
5.50 The ‘natural environment’ is addressed at section 11 where it states the planning system
should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment by, inter alia:
Protecting and enhancing valued landscapes;
Minimising impacts on biodiversity.
5.51 Local authorities are advised at paragraph 113 to set criteria based policies against which
proposals for any development on or affecting protected wildlife sites or landscape areas
will be judged.
5.52 Paragraph 113 states that Planning Authorities should set criteria based policies against
which proposals for any development on or affecting landscape areas will be judged.
5.53 Paragraph 115 of the Framework states that great weight should be given to conserving
landscape and scenic beauty in “National Parks, the Broads and Areas of Outstanding
Natural Beauty…”.
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Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment
5.54 The historic environment is addressed in section 12. The NPPF states at paragraph 128 that
in determining planning applications, they should require an Applicant to describe the
significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their
setting. Such assessments are to be taken into account when considering the impact of a
proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s
conservation and any aspect of the proposal.
5.55 Paragraph 132 states that, when considering the impact of a proposed development on
the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the
asset’s conservation. It adds that:
“…the more important the asset, the greater the weight should be… As
heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear
and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed
building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss
of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably
scheduled monuments…….Grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II*
registered parks and gardens….should be wholly exceptional”.
5.56 Paragraph 133 states:
“…where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total
loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning
authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the
substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits
that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply …”(these
other matters relate to viable use of the asset etc. and are not particularly
relevant to this case).
5.57 Paragraph 134 states that:
“Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to
the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be
weighed against the public benefits of the proposal…”.
5.58 Paragraph 135 addresses non designated heritage assets and states that in determining
applications that affect directly or indirectly such assets, a balanced judgement will be
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required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the
heritage asset in question.
5.59 Overall, the policy approach indicates that there is a need for a balanced and
considered approach to developments that will affect the setting of heritage assets.
Decision Taking and Determining Applications
5.60 Planning Authorities are advised to approach decision taking (paragraph 186) “…in a
positive way to foster the delivery of sustainable development”.
5.61 Paragraph 187 adds that:
“Local planning authorities should look for solutions rather than problems,
and decision-takers at every level should seek to approve applications for
sustainable development where possible”.
5.62 Paragraph 196 of the NPPF refers to paragraph 38(1) of the 2004 Act and states:
“Planning law requires that applications for planning permission must be
determined in accordance with the development plan, unless material
considerations indicate otherwise. This framework is a material
consideration in planning decisions”.
5.63 Paragraph 197 adds:
“In assessing and determining development proposals, local planning
authorities should apply the presumption in favour of sustainable
development”.
National Policy Statements
5.64 The Overarching NPS for ‘Energy’ (EN-1) and the NPS for ‘Renewable Energy Infrastructure’
(EN-3) were approved in July 2011. The NPPF states at footnote 17 that in assessing
planning applications for wind energy development they “should follow the approach”
set out in the NPS documents.
Overarching NPS for Energy (EN-1)
5.65 The document sets out the Government’s policy for delivery of major energy infrastructure.
Part 2 outlines the policy context for the development of nationally significant energy
infrastructure and Part 3 goes on to set out the need for new nationally significant
infrastructure projects and Part 4 deals with assessment principles. Part 5 addresses
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generic impacts that may arise from major energy and infrastructure projects including
topics such as biodiversity and geological conservation and under each section there is
advice on assessment, decision making and mitigation principles.
5.66 A detailed analysis and appraisal of the relevance of the need case and policy context
outlined within EN-1 is set out in the accompanying Planning Statement.
NPS for Renewable Energy Infrastructure (EN-3)
5.67 EN-3 is the primary basis for decisions on renewable energy infrastructure with a proposed
installed capacity that exceeds 50MW. However, it reinforces footnote 17 of the NPPF and
explicitly states that the NPS is likely to be material consideration in decision making on
relevant applications that fall under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990.
5.68 Section 2.7 sets out the factors influencing site selection for wind energy development as
well as technical considerations when determining onshore wind farms. Paragraph 2.7.17
makes it clear that the time limited nature of wind farms is likely to be an important
consideration when assessing landscape and visual effects and potential effects in
relation to heritage assets. The document states that such judgement should include
consideration of the period of time sought by an applicant for a development to operate
and the extent to which a site will return to its original state.
5.69 Paragraph 2.7.43 states that in terms of time limited consents, account should be taken of
the length of time for which consent is sought when considering any indirect effect on the
historic environment, such as effects on the setting of designated heritage assets.
5.70 Paragraph 2.7.24 of the NPS refers to micro-siting and states that whilst it is for an applicant
to specify a level of tolerance, a distance of between 30m and 50m of elements of the
required infrastructure is typical.
5.71 Paragraphs 2.7.30 – 2.7.83 set out the relevant technical considerations for onshore wind
proposals for the following topics:
Biodiversity & Geological Conservation
Historic Environment
Landscape and Visual
Noise & Vibration
Shadow Flicker
Traffic & Transport
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5.72 For each of the topic areas the document sets out an introduction, factors to consider in
the applicant’s assessment, decision making principles, mitigation considerations and
suggestions for further surveys and monitoring, where applicable. Further detail on the
relevance and application of the guidance is addressed within the relevant chapters of
this ES and the accompanying planning statement.
Planning Practice Guidance
5.73 On 30th July 2013, the DCLG issued National Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) entitled
‘Planning Practice Guidance for Renewable and Low Carbon Energy’. The PPG stated
the Companion Guide to the former PPS 22 is cancelled. The document was cancelled
on 6th March 2014, but on the same date, it was replaced by the Government’s ‘Planning
Practice Guidance Suite’ (PPG) which is an online planning guidance resource.
5.74 The introductory section to the PPG (Para 001) poses the question - why is planning for
renewable and low carbon energy important? It states that:
“planning has an important role in the delivery of new renewable and low carbon energy
infrastructure in locations where the local environmental impact is acceptable”.
5.75 Paragraph 001 also gives four reasons why this is important namely in relation to:-
Increasing the amount of renewable energy;
Helping to make the UK have a secure energy supply;
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to slow down climate change; and
To stimulate investment in new jobs and businesses.
5.76 The PPG refers to technical considerations relating to renewable energy technologies and
cross refers to the NPS documents and states that:
5.77 “In shaping local criteria for inclusion in Local Plans and considering planning applications
in the meantime, it is important to be clear that:- (Para 007).
the need for renewable or low carbon energy does not automatically override
environmental protections;
cumulative impacts require particular attention, especially the increasing impact that
wind turbines and large scale solar farms can have on landscape and local amenity
as the number of turbines and solar arrays in an area increases;
local topography is an important factor in assessing whether wind turbines and large
scale solar farms could have a damaging effect on landscape and recognise that
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the impact can be as great in predominately flat landscapes as in hilly or
mountainous areas;
great care should be taken to ensure heritage assets are conserved in a manner
appropriate to their significance, including the impact of proposals on views
important to their setting;
proposals in National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and in areas
close to them where there could be an adverse impact on the protected area, will
need careful consideration;
protecting local amenity is an important consideration which should be given proper
weight in planning decisions.
5.78 The PPG sets out particular planning considerations that relate to wind turbines, which in
summary include:-
5.79 Paragraph 015 refers to noise impacts and states that report ‘The Assessment and Rating
of Noise for Wind Farms (ETSU-R-97) should be used by LPAs when assessing and rating
noise from wind energy developments;
5.80 Paragraph 016 refers to safety and provides guidance in relation to buildings, power lines
and air traffic and safety, defence, radar and the strategic road network;
Paragraph 017 refers to electromagnetic transmissions;
Paragraph 018 refers to ecology;
Paragraph 019 refers to cultural heritage
Paragraph 020 refers to shadow flicker and reflected light;
Paragraph 021 refers to cumulative landscape and visual matters.
5.81 All the above topics are already addressed in national planning policy and related
guidance and are standard matters when considering commercial scale wind energy
developments in an EIA approach.
Renewable Energy Policy Framework
5.82 The Planning Statement which accompanies this ES examines in detail the renewable
energy policy framework which includes a range of policy documents which will be
material considerations in the determination of the planning application. The documents
are as follows:
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The UK Renewable Energy Strategy (2009)
The Low Carbon Transition Plan (2009)
National Policy Statements for Energy EN-1 and EN-3 (2011)
The UK Renewable Energy Roadmap (2011)
The Roadmap Update (2012)
UK Renewable Energy Roadmap Update (2013)
National Infrastructure Plan (2013)
The Annual Energy Statement 2014
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 6: Landscape and Visual Effects
April 2015
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Contents
6 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL 6-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ............................................................................................. 6-4 Assessment Methodology .......................................................................................................... 6-7 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................................... 6-19 Landscape and Visual Effects ................................................................................................. 6-29 Mitigation and Enhancement ................................................................................................. 6-52 Residual Effects .......................................................................................................................... 6-52 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................................... 6-52 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 6-74
TABLES
Table 6.1 – Summary of Consultation Responses
Table 6.2- Landscape Sensitivity
Table 6.3 - Visual Sensitivity
Table 6.4 – Summary of scale of effect on viewpoints
Table 6.5 – Summary of Effects
Table 6.6 - Wind farms considered in cumulative assessment
Table 6.7 - Cumulative scenarios assessed
Table 6.8 - Total Combined Effects over the baseline of operational and
consented wind farms
Table 6.9 - Incremental Effects of adding the Proposed Development if the
planned developments in the scenario were already constructed
FIGURES
Plans and Graphs
Figure 6.1 Local Context and Public Rights of Way
Figure 6.2 Site Location and Landscape Policy Context
Figure 6.3 Local Landscape Character
Figure 6.4 Topography
Figure 6.5 Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) Study, Bareground and viewpoints
Figure 6.6 Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) Study, Including Woodlands and
Settlements, and viewpoints
Figure 6.8 Cumulative Schemes within 25km
Figure 6.9 Cumulative ZTV Study, Operational and Consented Wind Farms
Figure 6.10 Cumulative ZTV Study , Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane
Figure 6.11 Cumulative ZTV Study, Belle Vue, Top Farm and Langford
Figure 6.12 Cumulative ZTV Study, Proposed Wind Farm plus Hawton and Fox Covert
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Group
Figure 6.13 Visibility of Windfarms from A17
Diagrams
Diagram 6.1 Magnitude
Diagram 6.2 Significance
Visualisations
Figure 6.7 1 Viewpoint 1 Fenton
Figure 6.7 2 Viewpoint 2 Stragglethorpe
Figure 6.7 3 Viewpoint 3 Beckingham
Figure 6.7 4 Viewpoint 4 Brant Broughton
Figure 6.7.5 Viewpoint 5 Brandon
Figure 6.7 6 Viewpoint 6 Stubton
Figure 6.7 7 Viewpoint 7 Barnby in the Willows
Figure 6.7 8 Viewpoint 8 Claypole
Figure 6.7 9 Viewpoint 9 Caythorpe
Figure 6.7 10 Viewpoint 10 Leadenham
Figure 6.7 11 Viewpoint 11 Hough-on-the-Hill
Figure 6.7 12 Viewpoint 12 Houghton Road
Figure 6.7 13 Viewpoint 13 Carlton-le-Moorland
Figure 6.7 14 Viewpoint 14 Wellingore
Figure 6.7 15 Viewpoint 15 Woolsthorpe Road near Belvoir Castle
Figure 6.7 16 Viewpoint 16 Lincoln, West Common
Figure 6.7 17 Viewpoint 17 Normantan Heath
Figure 6.7 18 Viewpoint 18 Great Gonerby
APPENDICES
Appendix 6.1 – Assessment Methodology
Appendix 6.2 – National Planning Policy
Appendix 6.3 – Correspondence
Appendix 6.4 – Non-significant effects
Appendix 6.5 - Residential Amenity Assessment
Appendix 6.6 – Draft visualisation from specific viewpoint near Wellbourn
Appendix 6.7 – Sequential visibility – route graphs for A1 and Viking Way
Appendix 6.8 – Glossary
Appendix 6.9 - References
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6 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL
Introduction
Background
6.1 LDA Design was commissioned to carry out a landscape and visual assessment of the
proposed Fulbeck Airfield wind farm.
6.2 This assessment defines the existing landscape and visual baseline environments; assesses
their sensitivity to change; describes the key landscape and visual related aspects of the
Proposed Development; describes the nature of the anticipated change upon both the
landscape and visual environments; assesses the magnitude and significance of the
changes for both the construction, operational and decommissioning stages.
The Site and Proposals
6.3 Figure 6.1 places the proposed development within its local context. The proposed
development is for ten wind turbines with a maximum blade tip height of 110m and
associated ancillary infrastructure. Chapter 3 sets out in more detail the full extent of the
Proposed Development.
6.4 The Site is located on the former RAF Fulbeck Airfield comprising disused runways, tracks
and buildings, agricultural land, blocks of plantation and a go-kart track. It is set within a
wider landscape of largely medium sized arable fields mainly enclosed by mature
hedgerows. Small woodland blocks are a feature in the surrounding landscape. A
number of small settlements are located in the vicinity including Fenton located 1.1km
west, Stragglethorpe 1.4km north-east, and Beckingham, Stubton and Brandon located
around 2.5km north-west, south-west and south respectively. The A17 is located 1.7km to
the north and the Newark-on-Trent to Grantham railway line is located 3.6km to the
south-west.
The Study Area
6.5 It is accepted practice within landscape and visual assessment work that the extent of
the study area for a development proposal is broadly defined by the anticipated extent
of the Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) arising from the Proposed Development. In this
case a study area of 25km has been used, based on agreement with South Kesteven
District Council (SKDC) and North Kesteven District Council (NKDC) as being appropriate
to cover all potentially material landscape and visual impacts. Within this overall study
area, smaller sub-areas have been used for various receptors in order to focus on likely
significant effects, in accordance with best practice guidelines (GLVIA 3rd edition, 2013,
para. 1.17). The rationale for these areas is identified in the relevant sections of this
assessment. In summary they are:
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10km for local landscape character, locally designated landscapes, promoted
scenic road routes and visitors to attractions or heritage assets for which landscape
and views contribute to the experience;
5.5km for most other visual receptors; and
2km for the assessment of effects on residential visual amenity (Appendix 6.4).
Chapter Structure
6.6 This Chapter is structured as follows:
Introduction;
Legislation, Policy and Guidance;
Assessment Methodology;
Baseline Conditions;
Landscape and Visual Effects;
Mitigation and Enhancement;
Residual Effects;
Cumulative Effects; and
Summary
6.7 Supporting appendices have been prepared which supplement the sections regarding
methodology, planning policy, and assessed effects. These appendices are important to
the assessment and should be read alongside this chapter. A glossary and references
are also provided within Appendices 6.8 and 6.9.
Consultation
6.8 A summary of responses are provided in the table below. A complete list all consultation
responses are provided within Appendix 6.3.
Table 6.1 – Summary of Consultation Responses
Consultee Date Summary of response
SKDC 30/01/14 Scoping Opinion:
Approach to LVIA generally acceptable
In addition to Local LCAs, National and Parish LCAs should also
inform ES
Viewpoints are a good starting point. Final list of viewpoints to
be agreed with SKDC and NKDC. Visualisations should be
included in the ES, in accordance with South Kesteven Wind
Energy SPD. Additional suggested viewpoints include:
Normanton Heath
Honington Heath
Welbourn
Fulbeck Low Fields
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Consultee Date Summary of response
Study area and schemes for cumulative assessment to be
agreed with SKDC. List of current schemes provided by SKDC
and neighbouring councils.
Residential Visual Amenity Assessment to cover a 2km
study area as per South Kesteven Wind Energy SPD.
Stragglethorpe Land Gypsy and Traveller Site to be
included in RVIA.
Nottingham
shire
County
Council
19/12/13 Scoping Opinion:
LVIA to be set as follows:
Introduction
Legislation
Methodology
Description of Local Landscape
Local Landscape Character
Landscape Planning Context
Site Description and description of proposed development
Assessment of landscape and visual impacts
Conclusions
Figures to include topography, landscape character and
designations. Assessment to include photomontages.
Study Area of 25km (including cumulative assessment)
and 10km for landscape character are acceptable
Natural
England
16/12/13 Scoping Opinion:
LVIA should follow GLVIA3 and LCA guidance documents.
Cumulative assessment to be considered.
Reference to National Character Areas
Effects on PRoWs and Open Access Land to be
included.
Parish
Council
response to
Scoping
report
Consideration of Stubton and Hough-on-the-Hill landscape
character assessments, and SKDCs Wind Energy SPD.
Residential Amenity Assessment to include properties
within 2km of the proposed development
NKDC 02/12/13 Scoping Opinion:
Residential Visual Amenity Assessment should be a separate
document to the LVIA. A list of dwellings to be assessed is
provided by the Council.
Approach to Assessment is considered to be generally
acceptable.
Viewpoints are broadly acceptable subject to some
suggestions as specified by the Council.
All viewpoints to be supplied with wireframes and
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Consultee Date Summary of response
photomontages.
List of cumulative schemes provided by the Council. Study area
and list of cumulative sites to be agreed with Council.
Newark
and
Sherwood
District
Council
06/01/14 Scoping Opinion:
Assessment Methodology is acceptable.
Viewpoint from Barnby in the Willows.
List of cumulative schemes provided by the Council to be
considered in the cumulative assessment.
Meeting
with SKDC
and NKDC
01/08/14 Refer to Minutes in Appendix 6.3.
SKDC 29/09/14 Recommended viewpoints from Normanton Heath and
Honnigton Heath.
Veto’s suggested viewpoints would not add anything more to
the agreed LVIA viewpoints.
Photomontage from 4 The Coppice in Fenton along with a
written assessment of properties in the Residential Visual
Amenity Assessment (RVIA).
The following properties to be included in the RVIA:
Stragglethorpe Grange
Court Leys Cottages and Farm
Gorse Lodge
Rectory Farm
Justification to be provided of any deviation from South
Kesteven’s Wind Energy SPD 75mm photography.
SKDC 24/10/14 Agreement of list of cumulative schemes. Addition of two
further schemes.
SKDC 19/1//14 Agreement of LVIA viewpoints (18) in the Refined viewpoints
document.
Agreement of omission of Honnington Heath viewpoint.
Agreement of Residential assessment criteria. LVIA visualisations
should demonstrate views from the edge of Fenton and
Stragglethorpe to show the potential impact.
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
National Planning Policy
6.9 Relevant national planning policy is set out in Appendix 6.2.
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Local Planning Policy
6.10 Current local planning policy is described in the following adopted documents:
South Kesteven Local Plan (1995); and
Local Development Framework for South Kesteven, Core Strategy (2010).
6.11 Policies from the North Kesteven Local Plan 2007 are not included as there are no
landscape designations within North Kesteven and therefore no policies of any particular
relevance to the LVIA. Chapter 5, however, sets out the policies within North Kesteven
that relate to other chapters within the ES.
South Kesteven Local Plan (1995)
6.12 Many of the policies within this local plan have been replaced by policies within the Core
Strategy. This includes all of the policies which are of relevance to this assessment.
Local Development Framework for South Kesteven, Core Strategy (2010)
6.13 This is a key document within the new Local Development Framework (LDF), providing a
vision and set of spatial objectives for development in the district to 2026 which is
supported by a spatial policy framework. Of these policies 'EN1: Protection and
Enhancement of the Character of the District' is of particular relevance to this
assessment, stating:
‘South Kesteven's Landscape Character Areas are identified on the map
[following paragraph 4.1.10]. Development must be appropriate to the
character and significant natural, historic and cultural attributes and features
of the landscape within which it is situated, and contribute to its conservation,
enhancement or restoration.’
6.14 The policy further identifies 14 criteria against which proposed development will be
assessed of which only some are relevant to this LVIA. These are:
‘1. statutory, national and local designations of landscape features, including
natural and historic assets
2. local distinctiveness and sense of place
3. historic character, patterns and attributes of the landscape
4. the layout and scale of buildings and designed spaces
5. the quality and character of the built fabric and their settings
6. the condition of the landscape
8. public access to and community value of the landscape
9. remoteness and tranquillity
10. visual intrusion
…
12. Conservation Area Appraisals and Village Design Statements, where these
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have been adopted by the Council
…’
6.15 Paragraph 4.10 of the supporting text describes the Council’s detailed assessment:
‘A more detailed assessment of the District’s landscape character has been
undertaken (FPCR, January 2007). The study was carried out to ensure that
appropriate future development is successfully integrated within the
landscape. This has identified seven areas within the District: Kesteven Uplands,
Trent and Belvoir Vales, Southern Lincolnshire Edge, Harlaxton Denton Bowl,
Grantham Scarps and Valley, Fen Margin and the Fens. Each of these areas
displays distinct characteristics of topography, agricultural usage, field systems
and settlement patterns, as well as historic building styles. The assessment has
also highlighted which of the distinctive features of each area should be
protected or enhanced. This also includes such things as views and styles of
building….’
6.16 Other policies that are of particular relevance to this assessment include policy EN3:
Renewable Energy Generation
‘The District Council will grant planning permission for proposals to generate
energy from renewable sources, subject to the proposals according with the
other Core Strategy policies, national guidance and complying with the
following criteria:
…’
6.17 The criteria listed within the policy do not relate to landscape and visual matters.
Local Guidance
6.18 In addition to the policy documents identified above, there are key local guidance
documents as follows:
South Kesteven Wind Energy SPD (2013);
South Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment (2007); and
Stubton and Hough-on-the-Hill Parish Landscape Character Assessments (2013).
6.19 These form part of the documented baseline and are reviewed in paragraphs 6.79-6.87,
with accompanying commentary on the implications for the development siting and
design and the assessment methodology, as appropriate.
6.20 The landscape character assessments and Wind Sensitivity Study studies covering the
adjacent districts of North Kesteven, and Newark and Sherwood, and relevant historic
landscape character assessments are also referred to in respect of baseline information.
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Assessment Methodology
Overview
‘Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment is a tool used to identify and assess
the significance of and the effects of change resulting from development on
both the landscape as an environmental resource in its own right and people’s
views and visual amenity.’ (GLVIA, 3rd Edition, 2013, para 1.1)
6.21 Sections 2.20-2.22 of the same guidance indicate that the two components (assessment
of landscape effects, and assessment of visual effects) are ‘related but very different
considerations’.
Introduction
6.22 The assessment method draws upon the established Guidelines for Landscape and Visual
Impact Assessment, 3rd edition (LI & IEMA, 2013) and An Approach to Landscape
Character Assessment (Natural England, 2014) and other recognised guidelines, in
particular Scottish Natural Heritage’s ‘Visual representation of Wind Farms Best Practice
Guidance’ (2014).
6.23 The methodology has four key stages, which are described in more detail in subsequent
sections, as follows:
Baseline - includes the gathering of documented information; scoping of the
assessment and agreement of that scope with, relevant consultees and the planning
authority; site visits and initial reports to the client of issues that may need to be
addressed within the design;
Design - review of initial layout/ options, turbine choice(s), and mitigation options;
Assessment - includes an assessment of the landscape and visual effects of the
scheme, requiring site based work and the completion of a full report and supporting
graphics; and
Cumulative Assessment - assesses the effects of the proposal in combination with
other wind developments.
6.24 These stages are described in greater detail in Appendix 6.1.
Assessment Terminology and Judgements
6.25 A full glossary is provided in Appendix 6.8. The key terms used within assessments are:
Susceptibility and Value – which contribute to Sensitivity;
Scale, Duration and Extent - which contribute to the Magnitude of effect; and
Significance.
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6.26 Susceptibility is assessed for both landscape receptors, such as designated areas and
landscape character areas, and for visual receptors (people). It indicates the ability of a
defined landscape or visual receptor to accommodate the Proposed Development
‘without undue consequences for the maintenance of the baseline situation and/or the
achievement of landscape planning policies and strategies.’ (GLVIA, 3rd version, para
5.40). A description of how susceptibility is evaluated for each receptor type is included
below. It is rated on the following scale:
High – undue consequences are likely to arise from the Proposed Development;
Medium – undue consequences may arise from the Proposed Development; and
Low - undue consequences are unlikely to arise from the Proposed Development.
6.27 Susceptibility of landscape character areas is influenced by their characteristics and is
frequently considered (though often recorded as 'sensitivity' rather than susceptibility)
within documented landscape character assessments and capacity studies.
6.28 Susceptibility of designated landscapes is influenced by the nature of the special
qualities and purposes of designation and/or the valued elements, qualities or
characteristics, indicating the degree to which these may be unduly affected by the
development proposed.
6.29 Susceptibility of accessible or recreational landscapes is influenced by the nature of the
landscape involved; the likely activities and expectations of people within that
landscape and the degree to which those activities and expectations may be unduly
affected by the development proposed.
6.30 Susceptibility of visual receptors is primarily a function of the expectations and
occupation or activity of the receptors (GLVIA 3rd version, para 6.32).
6.31 Landscape Value is ‘the relative value that is attached to different landscapes by
society’ (GLVIA, 3rd version, page 157). It is rated on the following scale:
National/International – Designated landscapes which are nationally or
internationally designated for their landscape value – including National Parks, Areas
of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), World Heritage sites; and Heritage Coast;
Local/ District – Locally or regionally designated landscapes (e.g. Area of High
Landscape Value, Regional Scenic Areas); also areas which local evidence (such as
tourism guides, landscape character assessments or other documentary information)
indicates as being more valued than the surrounding area;
Community – ‘everyday’ landscape which is appreciated by the local community,
but has little or no wider recognition of its value; and
Limited – despoiled or degraded landscape with little or no evidence of being
valued by the community.
6.32 Sensitivity is rated within the range of High-Medium-Low-Negligible and is assessed by
combining the considerations of susceptibility and value described above. Table 6.2
below illustrates the judgement process for landscape receptors, and Table 6.3 for visual
receptors:
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Table 6.2 – Landscape Sensitivity
Susceptibility
High Medium Low V
alu
e
National/
International
High High-
Medium
Medium
Local/District High-
Medium
Medium Medium-
Low
Community Medium Medium-
Low
Low
Limited Low Low-
Negligible
Negligible
Table 6.3 – Visual Sensitivity
Susceptibility
High Medium Low
Va
lue
National/
International
High High-
Medium
Medium
Local/District High-
Medium
High-
Medium
Medium
Community High-
Medium
Medium Medium-
Low
Limited Medium Medium-
Low
Low
6.33 The two tables above are different to each other reflecting a slightly greater emphasis on
value in terms of the sensitivity of landscape receptors, and a slightly greater emphasis
on susceptibility in terms of the sensitivity of visual receptors.
6.34 For visual receptors; judgements of susceptibility and value are often interlinked
considerations; for example the most valued views are likely to be those which people
go and visit because of the available view – and it is at those viewpoints that their
expectations will be highest. The value attributed to visual receptors also relates to the
value of the view – for example a National Trail is nationally valued for its access, not
necessarily for its views. Views will be treated as valued where there is documentary
evidence of that value – such as recommendations to visitors; or reference within special
qualities of designated areas. The sensitivity of visual receptors is generally rated as
follows:
National value and High susceptibility - visitors to valued viewpoints or routes for
which people might visit purely to experience the view, e.g. promoted or well-known
viewpoints or routes from which views that form part of the special qualities of a
designated landscape can be well appreciated; key designed views; panoramic
viewpoints marked on maps;
Local value and High susceptibility - people in locations where they are likely to
pause to appreciate the view, such as from local waypoints such as benches; or at
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key views to/from local landmarks. Visitors to local attractions, heritage assets or
public parks where views are an important contributor to the experience, or key
views into/out of Conservation Areas would also fall into this category;
Community value and High susceptibility - people in the streets around their home, or
using public rights of way, navigable waterways or accessible open space (public
parks, open access land);
Limited value and High susceptibility - people in their own homes;
National value and Medium susceptibility - users of promoted scenic rail routes;
Local value and Medium susceptibility - users of promoted scenic local road routes;
Community value and Medium susceptibility - users of cycle routes, local roads and
railways;
Limited value and Medium susceptibility - outdoor workers;
National or Local value and Low susceptibility - users of A-roads which are promoted
scenic routes;
Community value and Low susceptibility - users of sports facilities such as cricket
grounds and golf courses; and
Limited value and Low susceptibility - users of Motorways and A-roads; shoppers at
retail parks, people at their (indoor) places of work.
6.35 Scale of effect is assessed for all landscape and visual receptors and identifies the
degree of change which would arise from the development. It is rated on the following
scale:
Large – Total or major alteration to key elements, features, qualities or characteristics,
such that post development the baseline situation will be fundamentally changed;
Medium - Partial alteration to key elements, features, qualities or characteristics, such
that post development the baseline situation will be noticeably changed;
Small – Minor alteration to key elements, features, qualities or characteristics, such
that post development the baseline situation will be largely unchanged despite
discernible differences; and
Negligible – Very minor alteration to key elements, features, qualities or
characteristics, such that post development the baseline situation will be
fundamentally unchanged with barely perceptible differences.
6.36 Duration of effect is assessed for all landscape and visual receptors and identifies the
time period over which the change to the receptor as a result of the development
would arise. It is rated on the following scale:
Permanent – the change is expected to be permanent and there is no intention for it
to be reversed;
Long-term – the change is expected to be in place for 10-25 years and will be
reversed, fully mitigated or no longer occurring beyond that timeframe;
Medium-term – the change is expected to be in place for 2-10 years and will be
reversed, fully mitigated or no longer occurring beyond that timeframe; and
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Short-term – the change is expected to be in place for 0-2 years and will be reversed,
fully mitigated or no longer occurring beyond that timeframe.
6.37 As for most wind farms, this Proposed Development is to be removed after a period of 25
years. Most effects will therefore be Long term, but not permanent; however Medium or
Short term effects may be identified where mitigation planting is proposed or local
factors will result in a reduced duration of effect (for example where maturing woodland
will screen views in future). The effects arising from the construction and decommissioning
of the Proposed Development will be Short term.
6.38 The Extent of effects is assessed for all receptors and indicates the geographic area over
which the effects will be felt. This is rated as follows:
Limited - Site, or part of Site, or small part of a receptor area (< approx. 10%);
Localised - Site and surroundings up to 2km, or part of receptor area (up to approx.
25%);
Intermediate - up to approx. 2-4km, or around half of receptor area; and
Wide - beyond 4km, or more than half of receptor.
Use of viewpoints in assessing scale, duration and magnitude of effects
on visual receptors
6.39 The representative viewpoints are used as 'samples' on which to aid judgements of the
scale of effects on visual receptors. As these viewpoints represent a range of different
types of visual receptors, duration and extent are not judged at representative viewpoint
locations. Thus, the scale of effect is assessed at representative viewpoints, but duration
and extent is judged only when assessing impacts on the visual receptors.
6.40 For specific viewpoints (chosen because they are key and sometimes promoted
viewpoints within the landscape), duration and extent are assessed, with extent
reflecting the extent to which the development affects the valued qualities of the view
from the specific viewpoint. For example a very distant wind farm would typically be
judged to have a Limited extent of effect on a 360 degree panoramic view; but might
be judged to have a greater extent if it appeared within the focal area of a channelled
or designed view.
6.41 The Magnitude of effect is rated within the range of High-Medium-Low-Negligible and is
informed by combining the scale, duration and extent of effect. The diagram below
illustrates the judgement process:
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Diagram 6.1: Magnitude
6.42 Where the Scale of effect is judged to be Negligible the Magnitude is also assumed to be
Negligible and no further judgement is required.
6.43 Significance indicates the importance or gravity of the effect. The process of forming a
judgement of significance of effect is based upon the assessments of magnitude of
effects and sensitivity of the receptor to come to a professional judgement of how
important this effect is. This judgement is illustrated by the diagram below:
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Diagram 6.2: Significance
(based on EIA significance evaluation matrix, IEMA Special report 2011)
6.44 The significance ratings indicate a ‘sliding scale’ of the relative importance of the effect,
with Major being the most important and Minimal being the least. Effects that are Major-
Moderate or Major are considered to be significant. Effects of Moderate significance or
less are "of lesser concern" (GLVIA, 3rd edition, para 3.35). It should also be noted that
whilst an effect may be significant, that does not necessarily mean that such an impact
would be unacceptable, or should necessarily be regarded as an "undue consequence"
(GLVIA, 3rd edition, para 5.40).
6.45 Where intermediate ratings are given, e.g. "Moderate-Slight", this indicates an effect that
is both less than Moderate and more than Slight, rather than one which varies across the
range. In such cases, the higher rating will always be given first; this does not mean that
the impact is closer to that higher rating, but is done to facilitate the identification of the
more significant effects within tables. Intermediate judgements may also be used for
judgements of Magnitude.
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Positive/Adverse/Neutral
6.46 Effects are defined as adverse, neutral or positive based on professional judgement as
set out in more detail in Appendix 6.1. Neutral effects are those which overall are neither
adverse nor positive, but may incorporate a combination of both.
6.47 The decision regarding the significance of effect and the decision regarding whether an
effect is positive or adverse are entirely separate. For example, a rating of Major and
Positive would indicate an effect that was of great significance and on balance positive,
but not necessarily that the proposals would be extremely positive.
6.48 To summarise the end results of the detailed considerations discussed in Appendix 6.1;
effects on landscape receptors are assumed to be Adverse (reflecting the direction of
planning policy towards landscape character remaining unaltered and designated
landscapes not being affected by development). Effects on visual receptors are
presumed to be Neutral (as opinion on the appearance of turbines varies and there is no
equivalent policy direction in respect of views remaining unaltered). Effects that are
Negligible will typically be classed as Neutral given that it indicates a very limited
change. Detailed justification of judgements are only be provided where judgements
differ from these.
Landscape Character
6.49 Further detail regarding the considerations in respect of the susceptibility of landscape
character to effects from wind farm development, and considerations in respect of the
magnitude and extent of effects on character are provided within Appendix 6.1, and
briefly summarised below. The susceptibility of landscape character areas is judged
based on both the attributes of the receiving environment and the characteristics of the
proposed development as described above.
6.50 It is noted within An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment (Natural England,
2014) (page 51) that “Key characteristics are particularly important in the development
of planning and management policies. They are important for monitoring change and
can provide a useful reference point against which landscape change can be
assessed.” Wind turbine developments are unusual in their effects upon landscape
character, as they primarily involve the addition of elements rather than any alteration
to, or removal of, existing features. The introduction of a windfarm into an existing
landscape adds a new feature which may strongly affect the ‘sense of place’ in its near
vicinity, but with distance, the existing characteristics reassert themselves. At its most
basic level, the magnitude of effect can best be understood by considering how one
might perceive a particular place post-construction; i.e. If the baseline perception is ‘I
am in a field’, then this may change to: ‘I am in, or at, a windfarm’ (Large Scale); ‘I am in
a field near a windfarm’ (Medium Scale); ‘I am in a field and I can see a windfarm over
there’ (Small Scale); or remain as ‘I am in a field’ (Negligible).
6.51 The judgement of magnitude therefore reflects the degree to which the key
characteristics and elements which form those characteristics will be altered by the
proposals. The size of the development, the nature and susceptibility of the receiving
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landscape, as well as local ‘barriers’ in the landscape (such as breaks of topography,
woodlands, settlements, and roads or rivers) will determine the exact extent of effects for
each development. As noted at paragraph 6.144, for this development, the visual
effects reduce to below Medium scale at around 5-5.5km, and there is a reduction in
theoretical visibility beyond 6-10km, therefore the study of local landscape character
areas is limited to a 10km radius from the turbines, though the national landscape
character areas are reviewed up to a 25km radius in order to provide context.
Landscape Designations
6.52 In considering the effects on designated areas, a number of factors need to be
considered. The effects on the component landscape character areas and the effects
on views from within and towards the designated area need to be understood. These
effects are then considered in light of the documented "special qualities", valued
elements or characteristics, and the purposes of the designation in order to arrive at a
judgement of the effects on the designated landscape or landscape element.
6.53 Allowing for their lower value than nationally designated landscapes and therefore lower
sensitivity, significant effects on locally designated landscapes are highly unlikely to
occur beyond 10km from the turbines and the study area for local designations is limited
to that extent, whilst that for national designations extends to the full 25km study area.
Site
6.54 The effect of physical changes to the Site (and access route and grid connection
corridor where applicable) are assessed in terms of the effects on the physical fabric.
Factors such as the removal or planting of hedgerows and trees, the location and
materials of access tracks, and the potential effects arising from temporary construction
compounds and any control building or substation are described.
Viewpoints and Visual Receptors
6.55 A wide variety of visual receptors can reasonably be anticipated to be affected by a
proposed wind farm development. Within the baseline assessment, the ZTV plans and site
visits were used to determine which visual receptors were likely to be significantly
affected and therefore merit detailed assessment. In line with guidance (GLVIA, 3rd
Edition, 2013); both representative and specific viewpoints were identified to inform the
assessment. Viewpoints are representative - representing the visual receptors at the
distance and direction in which they are located and of the type(s) that would be
present at that location. The majority of viewpoints were selected in locations where
significant effects would be anticipated; though some were selected outside of that
zone - either to demonstrate the reduction of effects with distance; or to specifically
ensure the representation of a particularly sensitive receptor.
6.56 Generally for windfarms, the area of Medium scale visual effects extends to
approximately 5km, though may be more or less depending on the size and location of
the development and local factors including topography and vegetation patterns. For
this Site, as discussed at paragraph 6.144, the representative viewpoints indicated that
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effects will typically be below Medium scale by a distance of around 5-5.5km and
therefore this area is likely to contain all significant visual effects. As a result a 5.5km
radius from the turbines is judged to be appropriate as the main focus for assessment
and adequate to cover all likely significant effects.
6.57 With the exception of specific viewpoints, each route, settlement or location will
encompass a range of possible views, which might vary from no view of the turbines to
very clear, close views. Therefore effects are described in such a way as to identify
where views towards the turbines are likely to arise and what the scale, duration and
extent of those views are likely to be. In some cases this will be further informed by a
nearby viewpoint and in others it will be informed with reference to the ZTVs, aerial
photography and site visits. Each of these individual effects are then considered
together in order to reach a judgement of the effects on the visual receptors along that
route, or in that place.
6.58 The assessment of effects on settlements focuses primarily on the visual amenity of public
spaces, though views from groups of dwellings will also be noted in the descriptions.
Effects on private residential visual amenity are a separate matter, as set out below.
6.59 Appendix 6.1 contains further detail regarding assessment considerations in respect of
visual effects and receptors.
Residential Visual Amenity
6.60 Wind farms are generally regarded as being a form of development for which it is
appropriate to undertake a residential visual amenity assessment, as the scale of
development is such that the turbines may lead to effects being perceived as
'overbearing' or 'overwhelming'.
6.61 For the Proposed Development a 2km study area was used for the residential visual
amenity assessment, and the methodology for that study and its results are set out in
Appendix 6.5.
6.62 As noted within Appendix 6.5, which provides further detail, dwellings may sometimes
also be used as 'representative viewpoints', and effects assessed to supplement the LVIA.
This is not done in this assessment, however cross references are made between the two
assessments as follows:
where viewpoints are located close to properties, this will be noted in the residential
visual amenity assessment;
the availability of views from properties towards the Proposed Development is noted
where relevant within the LVIA (for example in respect of effects on settlements); and
an overview of visual effects on the properties covered by the residential visual
amenity assessment is provided.
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Cumulative Assessment
6.63 There is a common misconception that the multiple effects of a single development
could be ‘added up’ and considered ‘cumulatively’ and may thus become more
significant than the sum of their parts; however this is a misconception and the purpose
of cumulative assessment relates to the assessment of the effects of more than one
development.
6.64 A search area from the Site (typically of a similar scale to the study area) is agreed with
the local planning authority. In terms of selecting which wind turbine proposals within the
study area should be included, SNH Guidance ‘Assessing the Cumulative Impact of
Onshore Wind Energy Developments’, (March 2012) advises that:
‘An assessment of cumulative impacts associated with a specific development
proposal should encompass the effects of the proposal in combination with:
• existing development, either built or under construction;
• approved development, awaiting implementation; and
• proposals awaiting determination within the planning process with design
information in the public domain. Proposals and design information may be
deemed to be in the public domain once an application has been lodged,
and the decision-making authority has formally registered the application.’
[para. 26] – note that this category also includes recently refused applications
which may yet be appealed.
6.65 For each of these schemes agreement was reached with SKDC on 24th October 2014 as
to whether they should be included in the assessment. For this assessment, agreement
was reached with SKDC regarding the inclusion of cumulative sites (Appendix 6.3) and is
as set out at paragraph 6.206.
6.66 Schemes which are in scoping are also noted, but are not included within the assessment
unless they become active applications before the LVIA is submitted, with occasional
exceptions for schemes where reliable information is available with respect to the
scheme design, and the application is known to be imminent. For this assessment, this
includes Sewstern Lane wind farm and the proposed turbine at Staple Quarry as
applications for both are anticipated in early 2015 and reliable information is available to
inform assessment.
6.67 In March 2015, a further cumulative search was undertaken which identified an
additional proposed single turbine at Manor Farm. As this turbine was scoped out of the
detailed cumulative assessment (see paragraph 6.210) and was added after completion
of the wirelines, it has not been included on the wirelines. It is, however, illustrated on
Figures 6.8 and 6.11.
6.68 The cumulative assessment examines the same groups of landscape and visual receptors
as the assessment for the Proposed Development, though different viewpoints may be
used in order to better represent the likely range of effects arising from the combination
of schemes. The assessment is informed by cumulative ZTVs, showing the extent of visual
effects of the schemes in different colours to illustrate where visibility of more than one
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development is likely to arise. Wirelines are prepared which show each of the
developments in different colours so that they are each readily identifiable.
6.69 In addition, the effects on users of routes through the area, from which wind farms may
be sequentially visible as one passes through the landscape are also considered. This
assessment is based on the desk study of ZTVs and aerial photography, and site visits to
travel along the routes being assessed, and may also make use of graphs indicating the
proximity and visibility of wind farms along the route.
6.70 It is important to note the following:
Operational and consented wind farms are treated as being part of the landscape
and visual baseline i.e. it is assumed that consented schemes will be built except for
occasional exceptions where there is good reason to assume that they will not be
constructed. For this assessment, no such developments were identified. Reflecting
this, the main LVIA assesses effects on the basis that these developments are in
place, and consented schemes are included in all wirelines. This is not necessary for
operational schemes which are included in existing view photographs where visible;
Schemes in planning are assessed via a series of scenarios involving one or several of
the other developments being consented along with (or before) the application
scheme. Two assessment ratings are provided for each scenario - one which
indicates the combined effects if all of the schemes in that scenario were consented
together (combined effects); and one which indicates the additional effects that
consenting the Proposed Development would have if the other schemes were
already consented (incremental effects);
For each assessed receptor, combined effects may be the same as for the Proposed
Development, or greater (where the influence of multiple schemes would increase
effects, or where schemes in planning other than the Proposed Development would
have the predominant effects); and
For each assessed receptor, incremental effects may be the same as for the
Proposed Development, or reduced (where the influence of other schemes in
planning would be such that were they consented and considered to be part of the
baseline, the incremental change arising from the addition of the Proposed
Development would be less).
6.71 The way in which the assessment is described and presented is varied depending on the
number and nature of scenarios which may arise. This variation is needed in order to
convey to the reader the key points of each assessment, in line with the SNH guidance
which emphasises that:
“The key principle for all cumulative impact assessments is to focus on the likely
significant effects and in particular those which are likely to influence the
outcome of the consenting process.” (para. 33, and similar directions at paras.
66 and 102)
6.72 For example, the three different cumulative combinations that may arise for an
assessment in which there are two existing undetermined applications each can be
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assessed individually. A situation in which there are 10 applications cannot reasonably
be assessed in this way and the developments may need to be grouped for analysis.
6.73 The SNH guidance also encourages consideration of the composition and relationship of
the various developments within the landscape and in views, noting that:
“In presenting the findings of the assessment there is a risk of focussing on a
quantitative assessment of the effects. This will be helpful, but a qualitative
analysis of these is required to fully appraise the effects. The production of
extensive quantitative analysis alone is not sufficient.” [para. 99]
Distances
6.74 Where distances are given in the assessment, these are approximate distances between
the nearest turbine and the nearest part of the receptor in question, unless explicitly
stated otherwise.
6.75 Distances to residential properties are given to the dwelling (not the garden) and
rounded to the nearest 10m.
Baseline Conditions
Introduction
6.76 An overview of the baseline study results is provided in this section with the full baseline
description of the individual landscape and visual receptors being provided alongside
the assessment section for ease of reference.
6.77 This section provides a review of the key local guidance documents and identifies those
landscape and visual receptors which merit detailed consideration in the assessment of
effects, and those which are 'scoped out' from further assessment as effects ‘have been
judged unlikely to occur or so insignificant that it is not essential to consider them further’
(GLVIA, 3rd edition, para 3.19).
6.78 Both this baseline section and the effects section describe landscape character and
visual receptors before considering designated landscapes. It is common for
designations to encompass both character and visual considerations within their special
qualities or purposes of designation. It therefore makes a more natural reading sequence
to draw together those aspects of character and views which relate to the designation if
they have been described earlier in the chapter.
Key Local Guidance Documents
South Kesteven Wind Energy SPD (June 2013)
6.79 This document, although not part of the adopted development plan, is a material
consideration in applications for wind energy developments within the district. It is
intended to support the implementation of policies identified within the Core Strategy by
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providing guidance on key planning issues, good siting and design of wind energy
developments, criteria that will be applied when determining applications and the
information which developers will need to provide when submitting an application.
Landscape and visual amenity is one of ten topics covered by the SPD with specific
guidance given on the content of LVIA, and in summary states that:
The LVIA should address the 'Key Planning Considerations' identified in section 3.2 of
the SPD;
Visualisations should be based on photography with a 70/75mm lens;
The LVIA should show how the site responds to landscape character and addresses
points on site selection identified in section 3.2 of the SPD;
A cumulative assessment shall be undertaken and shall consider wind turbine
developments that are ‘under construction, consented or the subject of a valid
planning application, or formally notified at the scoping stage.’; and
A residential visual amenity study of properties within 2km of any turbine should be
undertaken.
6.80 The SPD is referred to where relevant throughout the LVIA; the methodology used for
cumulative and residential visual amenity assessments is discussed in detail in Appendix
6.1. The SPD predates the SNH 2014 guidance on visualisations (Visual Representation of
Wind Farms, Scottish Natural Heritage, 2014) and as a result visualisations are produced
to 75mm equivalent, but taken with a 50mm lens as discussed in Appendix 6.1.
South Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment (2007)
6.81 The South Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment (SKLCA) identifies landscape
character at the district level. The assessment forms part of SKDC's evidence base and
aims to:
‘provide an understanding of the landscape, its history and future pressures
and is designed to provide guidance for future management strategies which
will help secure the unique qualities and subtle idiosyncrasies which make
South Kesteven special. This can then be used to ensure that sensitive areas
are protected and also that opportunities for improving the landscape
character are highlighted.
… It can also provide a tool to guide future development pressures and to
ensure that these are in harmony with prevailing landscape character, local
distinctiveness, and a sense of place.’
6.82 Following descriptions for each of the character areas the SKLCA presents an appraisal
of landscape sensitivity, including specifically in relation to wind proposals. This ‘assesses
how each character area could accommodate change without adverse impacts on
character. This mostly involves decisions about whether or not significant characteristic
elements of the landscape will be liable to loss, whether the characteristics could easily
be restored and whether important aesthetic aspects of character will be liable to
change. Consideration is also given to the addition of new elements. The assessment
considers three factors;
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The elements that contribute to landscape character, their significance and
vulnerability to change.
The overall quality and condition of the landscape.
Aesthetic aspect of landscape character.’
6.83 The sensitivity judgements within this document are used to inform the assessment. The
SKLCA also provides management objectives for each character areas which are
reviewed within this assessment when considering the effects on the host character area.
It should be noted that the document predates GLVIA, 3rd edition, and does not take
value fully into account in judging sensitivity and the sensitivity judgements within the
document are thus equivalent to judgments of susceptibility. This point does not apply to
the Newark and Sherwood wind sensitivity study, as it does incorporate considerations of
value.
Stubton and Hough on the Hill Parish Landscape Character Assessments
(2013)
6.84 These documents form part of the evidence base which has informed policies in the
draft Stubton and Hough on the Hill Neighbourhood Development Plans (NDP). The
documents are yet to be formally adopted and therefore the weight to be accorded to
the LCA’s and the draft policies of the NDP’s is a matter that is dealt with in the Planning
Statement that accompanies the planning application for the Proposed Development.
6.85 The two LCA’s are complementary to the SKLCA and draw on the existing published
landscape character assessment for South Kesteven and on the Lincolnshire Historic
Landscape Characterisation Project. The SKLCA and Lincolnshire Historic Landscape
Characterisation Project documents are parts of the existing, adopted local planning
policy and have been important in the development of this parish based study which
seeks, where relevant, to further sub-divide the area into a finer grain of characterisation
of both Parishes. These parish studies, however, do not define landscape sensitivity and
capacity of the defined character areas, these are referred to where they provide
additional relevant information not provided by the SKLCA.
ZTV studies
6.86 Finalised ZTV plans were prepared based on the candidate turbine layout and size. These
are shown on Figures 6.5 and 6.6 and indicate areas of potential visibility for the hubs and
blade tips of the turbines. The analysis was carried out using a topographic model alone,
in accordance with SNH guidance (Figure 6.5); and including settlements and
woodlands (mapped in at heights derived from NEXTMAP 25 surface mapping data) as
visual barriers in order to provide a more realistic indication of potential visibility (Figure
6.6).
6.87 ZTV studies are used to aid the identification of receptors which are likely to be
significantly affected by the Proposed Development and those which may be scoped
out.
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6.88 As can be seen from the ZTV for the Proposed Development (Figure 6.6), the turbines
would theoretically be widely visible within 5km, where woodland blocks do not obscure
the turbines from view. This area of relatively wide theoretical visibility also extends up to
10km+ to the north-east. Between 5-15km, visibility is patchy and strongly influenced by
terrain and vegetation with areas of high ground to the east, north-east and south-east
(the Belvoir Ridge) restricting visibility from about 7km+ from the proposed turbines.
6.89 Large areas of woodland and the settlement of Newark, and falling landform beyond
these areas to the north west, create areas of limited or no visibility beyond
approximately 5-8km in that direction. Beyond 15km, visibility reduces further and at
these distances the turbines would only be visible in clear conditions and even low level
vegetation would be likely to screen views.
6.90 The following points should be borne in mind in respect of the ZTV Plan (Figure 6.6):
Areas shown as having potential visibility may have visibility of the Proposed
Development screened by local features such as trees, hedgerows, embankments or
buildings; and
Since only the turbine hubs and blade tips have been modelled, this may be all that
is visible - rather than the turbine tower. This is particularly true of areas near the
edges of potential visibility.
Landscape Character
6.91 Paragraphs 5.13-5.15 of GLVIA, 3rd edition indicates that landscape character studies at
the national or regional level are best used to ‘set the scene’ and understand the
landscape context. It indicates that Local Authority Assessments provide more detail and
that these should be used to form the basis of the assessment of effects on landscape
character - with (appropriately justified) adaptation, refinement and interpretation
where required.
6.92 Only those character areas within 10km from the Site are included in this assessment, as
local character areas beyond 10km will not experience more than Negligible effects on
character. Thus, relevant assessments are:
National Character Areas (up to 25km);
East Midlands Regional Landscape Character Assessment (2010);
South Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment (2007);
Stubton and Hough on the Hill Parish Landscape Character Assessments (2013);
North Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment (2007);
Newark and Sherwood Landscape Capacity Study for Wind Energy Development
(2014); and
Lincolnshire Historic Landscape Characterisation Project (2011).
Historic Landscape Character
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6.93 The Lincolnshire Historic Landscape Character Assessment postdates and is
complementary to the SKLCA. It divides the county into a number of historic character
areas and provides information on the development of the landscape in the past; the
legibility of that past in the landscape seen today; and the drivers for change in the
future. It is referred to where it provides additional relevant information not provided by
the SKLCA.
National Landscape Character
6.94 There are seven national character areas (NCA) within the 25km study area:
NCA 48 – Trent and Belvoir Vales – Site located within;
NCA 47 – Southern Lincolnshire Edge – 5km, east;
NCA 74 – Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire Wolds – 14km, south-west;
NCA 75 – Lincolnshire and Rutland Limestone – 16km, south-east;
NCA 46 – The Fens – 20km, east;
NCA 45 – Northern Lincolnshire Edge with Coversands – 21.4km, north-east and
NCA 44 – Central Lincolnshire Vale – 22.5km, north-east.
6.95 The Trent and Belvoir Vales NCA (48) covers majority of the 10km study area and is
characterised by undulating, rural and predominantly arable farmland, centred on the
River Trent. It is described as a low-lying rural landscape with relatively little woodland
cover offering long, open views. Much of the pasture has been converted to arable use
and hedgerows have been removed to create larger fields. Rural tranquillity is described
as a feature over much of the area; however, significant residential and infrastructure
development pressures exist from the main settlements and major roads that traverse the
area. One of the key characteristics of this area refers to power stations, pylons and the
plumes of steam from cooling towers and the sugar beet factory at Newark, however this
relates primarily to the north of the NCA, whereas this Site is in the south and the only
notable local influence is from power lines.
Regional Landscape Character
6.96 With regards to regional landscape character, the Proposed Development is located
within the Unwooded Vales character type (4a) of the Lowland Vales Group (4). The key
characteristics of this character type are broadly similar to the local character area
within which the site is located; very gently undulating landform, arable and pastoral
fields lined with hedgerows, limited woodland cover, small villages and dispersed farms.
Other regional character types within 10km include:
Wooded Vales (4b) – 3.3km, north-west;
Limestone scarps and Dipslopes (6a) – 4.3km, east;
Clay Wolds (8a) – 8.4km, south; and
Forest Hills and Ridges (10a) – 8.5km, south-east.
6.97 The national and regional character provides the context for understanding the
landscape within the study area, but given the scale of the studies and character
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areas/types, and the presence of more detailed landscape character areas at a local
level, the national and regional areas are not assessed in detail.
Local Landscape Character
6.98 Local landscape character areas are shown on Figure 6.3. The South Kesteven
Landscape Character Assessment identifies the following character areas within the
10km study area:
Trent and Belvoir Vale – Site located within;
South Lincolnshire Edge – 4.5km, south-east; and
Grantham Scarps and Valleys – 8.3km, south-east.
6.99 Only a small part of the Grantham Scarps and Valleys character area is located within
10km and the ZTVs (Figure 6.5 and 6.6) indicate very limited visibility of the Proposed
Development; it is therefore excluded from further assessment on the basis that effects
are likely to be Negligible.
6.100 The North Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment identifies the following character
areas within 10km:
2 Terrace Sandlands – 2.8km, north-west;
5 Witham and Brant Vales – 0.25km, north;
6 Lincoln Cliff – 4.1km, east;
7 Limestone Heath – 6.2km, east; and
8 Rauceby Hills – 9.6km, south-east.
6.101 The ZTVs indicate very limited visibility of the Proposed Development from 7 Limestone
Heath and no visibility from 8 Rauceby Hills. These character areas are therefore
excluded from further assessment as effects are likely to be Negligible.
6.102 The Newark and Sherwood Landscape Capacity Study for Wind Energy Development
identifies the following landscape character areas within 10km:
East Nottinghamshire Sandlands - D1 Village Farmlands – 2.4km, north-west;
East Nottinghamshire Sandlands - D2 Village Farmlands with plantations – 9.6km,
north-west;
South Nottinghamshire Farmlands – E1 Meadowlands – 5.5km, west;
South Nottinghamshire Farmlands – E2 Village farmlands – 7.2km, west; and
Trent Washlands – C2 River Meadowlands – 9.6km, north-west.
6.103 Only a small part of D2 Village Farmlands with plantations, C2 River Meadowlands, E2
Village Farmlands are located within 10km; they are therefore excluded from further
assessment as effects are likely to be Negligible.
6.104 In summary, effects on the following landscape character areas are considered in detail
and assessed in Section 6.2:
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South Kesteven
Trent and Belvoir Vale; and
South Lincolnshire Edge
North Kesteven
2 Terrace Sandlands;
5 Witham and Brant Vales; and
6 Lincoln Cliff.
Newark and Sherwood
East Nottinghamshire Sandlands - D1 Village Farmlands; and
South Nottinghamshire Farmlands – E1 Meadowlands.
6.105 The Site is situated in character area Trent and Belvior Vale of the SKLCA.
Visual Receptors
6.106 Visual receptors are ‘the different groups of people who may experience views of the
development’ (GLVIA, 3rd edition, para 6.3). In order to identify those groups who may
be significantly affected, the ZTV plans and baseline desk study and site visits have been
used.
6.107 The different types of groups encompass residents within settlements; people using key
routes such as roads, cycle ways or long distance paths; people within accessible or
recreational landscapes; people using public rights of way; or people visiting key
viewpoints. In dealing with public rights of way and local roads, receptors are grouped
into areas where effects might be expected to be broadly similar, or areas which share
particular factors in common (e.g. routes within an area of designated landscape).
6.108 Representative viewpoints have been selected to assess the effects on visual receptors.
Visual Environment of Existing Site
6.109 As shown on Figure 1, the Site is located on a disused airfield at between 15 and 20m
AOD. As shown on Figure 4, to the north-east, east and south-east of the site the
landform rises near Navenby, Welbourn, Leadenham, Fulbeck, Caythorpe and Hough-
on-the-Hill, from where there are panoramic views across the lower land to the west. This
elevated land serves to block visibility looking from the vicinity of the site to the east.
Hedgerows with some hedgerow trees with settlements (with their church spires creating
landmarks), farm developments occasional woodlands provide some enclosure, with
horizons generally appearing vegetated and limiting the extent of more distant visibility
(except when looking from the elevated land to the east and south east). Power stations
and pylon lines are visible features in the distance in clear conditions. The operational
Frinkley Farm turbine is also visible on the ridge to the south-east. Other infrastructure
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including the A1, A17, the East Coast Main Line and occasional power lines are visible in
the surrounding area.
Settlements
6.110 Settlement within the 5.5km study area comprises mainly small villages or hamlets, with
the occasional large village and a number of individual or small groups of rural dwellings.
6.111 The following settlements lie within 5.5km of the Site:
Fenton (1.1km, west);
Stragglethorpe (1.4km, north-east);
Brandon (2.1km, south-east);
Stubton (2.4km, south-west);
Beckingham (2.7km, north-west);
Brant Broughton (2.7km, north-east);
Barnby in the Willows (3.2km, north-west);
Caythorpe (3.7km, south-east);
Claypole (4km, south-west);
Fulbeck (4.3km, east);
Hough-on-the-Hill (4.4km, south-east);
Leadenham (5km, east); and
Gelston (5.2km, south-east).
6.112 Effects on these settlements are assessed at paragraphs 6.172-6.179.
Roads and Rail
Key Routes
6.113 The following main road and rail routes pass within 5.5km of the Site:
A17 (1.7km, north);
A607 (4.4km, south-east); and
Newark to Grantham rail line (part of the East Coast Main Line) (3.7km, south-west).
6.114 Only a small part of the A607 is located within 5.5km, the majority of which lies outside the
ZTV, and is unlikely to afford views of the Proposed Development. It is therefore excluded
from further assessment.
6.115 Effects on the A17 and East Coast Main Line are assessed further below.
Local Roads
6.116 There is a network of local roads within 5.5km which provide access to isolated
farmsteads, groups of houses and connect settlements both within and beyond 5.5km.
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The network of minor roads within 5.5km of the Site has been grouped as follows for the
purposes of assessment:
Local roads to the east of the Site from Stragglethorpe Lane to the A607
(Stragglethorpe Lane (up to Brandon), Brant Road & Gorse Hill Lane);
Local roads 1km – 5.5km south of the Site (Stragglethorpe Lane (from south of
Brandon to railway line south of Site), Brandon Road, Clensey Lane, Hough Road,
Grange Road, Doddington Lane & Goose Lane);
Local roads 1km – 5.5km west of the Site (Sutton Road, Long Lane, Newark Road,
Stubton Road, Oster Fen Lane, Barnby Lane & Holm Lane); and
Local roads 2.5km – 5.5km north of the Site: north of the A17 (Woodgate Lane, Mill
Lane, Welbourn Road & Lincoln Road).
6.117 Effects on these four groups of local roads are assessed at paragraphs 6.180-6.187.
Recreational Routes
Long Distance Walking Routes
6.118 There are no National Trails or long distance recreational routes situated within the 5.5km
study area. The nearest long distance route is the Viking Way which passes within 6.1km
to the south-east at its closest point and has some potential visibility of the Proposed
Development; however, the sections of the route with potential visibility are small sections
of the route and, review of the ZTV (Figure 6.6) illustrates that majority of the route within
the wider study area has limited potential visibility. It is therefore excluded from further
assessment, on the basis that overall effects on views from this route would not be
significant.
National and Regional Cycle Routes
6.119 No national and regional cycle routes lie within 5.5km of the Site, as can be seen from
Figure 6.2. The nearest routes are National Route 64, which lies 8km to the west, and two
Regional Routes through Newark on Trent. At these distances (and beyond) effects on
views from the routes would not be significant and would tend to be Negligible. They are
therefore excluded from further assessment.
Public Rights of Way
6.120 As shown on Figure 6.1, there are a number of Public Rights of Way (PRoW) within 5.5km
of the Proposed Development. They have been grouped as follows for the purposes of
assessment:
PRoW up to approximately 2.5km of the Site (north, south, east sand west); and
PRoW between 2.5-5.5km of the Site (north, south, east sand west).
6.121 Effects on these groups of PRoW are assessed at paragraphs 6.186-6.199.
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Accessible and Recreational Landscapes
6.122 Within the 5.5km study area there is one area of Common Land/Open Access Land as
identified under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000; Stapleford Wood, located
4.9km north-west as shown on Figure 6.1. It is on the edge of and mostly outside the
5.5km study area. As this area is located within woodland, it is unlikely to afford views of
the proposed development, and is therefore it is excluded from further assessment.
6.123 PFI Kart Racing Circuit is located approximately 0.4km south of the Site. As it is a private
receptor, it is excluded from further assessment.
6.124 Newark Golf Club is located 4.5km north-west of the Site whilst Fulbeck Waters caravan
and camping park is located 1.6km east of the Site. As they are both private receptors,
they are excluded from further assessment.
Specific Viewpoints
6.125 There are two specific viewpoints within the 25km study area:
Viewpoint on Pottergate Road, near Wellbourn, 8km north-east: Views from this layby
are through a small gap in the hedge and majority of the turbines would be screened
by intervening vegetation (see Appendix 6.6), and is therefore not assessed further;
and
Bellmount tower within Belton Park, located 13km south-east, is considered as a
specific viewpoint, however, due to long distance and limited visibility, it is excluded
from further assessment.
Landscape Designations and Value
Designated Landscapes
6.126 There are no national or local landscape designations within the study area.
Local Landscape Value
6.127 Within 10km of the proposed turbines there are a number of features that add to the
value of the local landscape, including heritage assets, long distance footpaths,
promoted cycling routes, Public Rights of Way and the occasional recreational areas.
6.128 The Site and its surroundings are not subject to any landscape designations. The
landscape character area assessments (local and parish level), historic landscape
character assessment, and planning policy covering the area within 10km of the Site’
and site observation, do not provide any indication of more than Community value.
Whilst some of the heritage assets may be more widely known and valued – it is in their
own right rather than conferring additional value to the surrounding landscape. Effects
on these assets and their settings are assessed within the Cultural Heritage chapter.
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Landscape and Visual Effects
Proposed Development
6.129 Figure 6.1 places the Proposed Development within its local context. Chapter 3 provides
a description of the Proposed Development, including the layout of turbines, access
tracks and substation which are shown on Figure 3.1.
6.130 The Proposed Development is for ten wind turbines with a maximum height to blade tip
of up to110m. The application allows for the turbines to be micro-sited by up to 25 metres
from their indicated positions.
6.131 Access to the Site would be from Stragglethorpe Lane to the east. The majority of the site
tracks would comprise the existing hardstanding from former airfield runways and tracks
thereby reducing the amount of new tracks to be constructed.
6.132 Other infrastructure would comprise:
A temporary site compound situated, adjacent to the site track, surrounded by a
security fence and locked gates;
An area of crane hard-standing located adjacent to each of the proposed wind
turbines;
Transformers either placed within the wind turbines themselves or in a small secure
external transformer housing placed next to each wind turbine tower; and
Substation building – a 15m long x 10m wide single storey building, housing the
switchgear and control equipment, plus secure storage space.
6.133 Grid connection is the responsibility of the District Network Operator (DNO) and outside
the scope of this application, and is not addressed within this LVIA. The Applicant is,
however, continuing discussions with the DNO as regards grid connection options and
any necessary application(s) will be submitted for approval in due course.
Introduction
6.134 This section sets out the effects that the Proposed Development would have on both
landscape and visual receptors. The effects are reversible and after a period of 25 years
the Proposed Development would be removed. Whilst 25 years is regarded as long-term,
the effects of the Proposed Development on landscape are reversible.
6.135 The construction and eventual decommissioning of the wind turbines would be short-
term activities involving the movement of vehicles and the use of a large crane to erect
the turbines. The footprint of the turbines is relatively small and the ground works
associated with the base and track construction would be relatively minimal.
6.136 The only landscape receptor likely to experience construction and decommissioning
effects that are markedly different to the operational effects is the Site itself, which would
temporarily (in the short-term) take on the character of a construction Site. In terms of
visual receptors, residents of some of the nearby houses would be likely to see vehicle
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movements and potentially some of the ground works during construction, as would
users of PRoW in the vicinity of the Site, and road users using Stragglethorpe Lane,
Brandon Road and Sutton Road. These effects would be different in nature to those
experienced once the Proposed Development is complete, similar in terms of their scale
but less in terms of their magnitude and significance due to their shorter duration.
6.137 Construction and decommissioning effects are assumed to be the same whilst standing
turbines or cranes are on site, and before and after the turbines are on site would be
restricted to localised, very short term, temporary views of construction activity, which
would not give rise to significant effects. Neither construction nor decommissioning
activities would give rise to notable landscape character or visual effects over and
above those of the operational Site. The primary effects arising would be from the
turbines and the assessment therefore only focusses on the operational effects.
6.138 In order to focus this chapter on the identification of significant effects, only those
receptors which are judged to receive significant effects (either locally or overall) are
reported on within the main chapter text. Effects on other receptors are set out within
Appendix 6.4. All identified effects included within this chapter and Appendix 6.4 are
summarised in Table 6.5 below.
Effects on Landscape Character
6.139 The Site is situated on a largely flat disused airfield. It has a different character to the
wider landscape due to the presence of straight runways and tracks associated with its
former use, the field pattern which is determined by the former airfield layout, and the
absence of field hedges on some boundaries. There are also some young woodland
blocks within corners of tracks and runways, and areas of hard standing which are used
for storage straw bales in large stacks. These factors serve to give the Site a different
character to the surrounding arable farmland which extends in all directions.
6.140 Within the locality, the landuse is predominantly arable farmland. The field pattern is
simple, with a mix of medium and large sized arable and pasture fields bounded
typically by hedgerows with some hedgerow trees. The landscape in the surrounding
area (particularly, north, south and west) is mostly flat or very gently undulating, with
dispersed settlements (with their church spires creating landmarks), farm developments
and individual properties. To the north-east, east and south-east of the Site the landform
rises near Navenby, Welbourn, Leadenham, Fulbeck, Caythorpe and Hough-on-the-Hill,
creating a distinctive ridge (Belvoir Ridge) to the east and south-east. Occasional
woodland blocks can be found in the landscape, with horizons generally appearing
vegetated and limiting the extent of more distant visibility. Power stations, pylon lines
and other infrastructure including the A1, A17, the East Coast Main Line are man made
elements in the wider landscape.
6.141 For this Proposed Development, the extent of Large scale effects would be limited to
around 500m to the south where the PFI kart racing circuit and Stubton Gorse provide a
sense of separation from the Site. To the east, woodland blocks between the edge of the
airfield and Leatherbottle Farm and Fulbeck Grange break up the open character of the
landscape limiting Large scale effects in this direction to approximately 0.5 – 0.75km. To
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the west, Large scale effects would extend up to approximately 1km, however effects
would vary between the western site boundary and Stubton Road where small strips of
woodland break up the more open character of the landscape. To the north, Large
scale effects would arise up to approximately the bridleway and Stragglethorpe Grange
limited to around 1km from the turbines where small woodland blocks break up the
visibility.
6.142 Medium scale effects would occur to around 1.7-2.5km to the north, north-east and
north-west as far as the A17. To the south and south-west, medium scale effects would
extend to around 2 - 2.5km to the settlements of Stubton and Brandon, and Brandon
Road / Stubton Road running between the settlements. To the west, medium scale
effects would extend up to approximately 3 - 4km around River Witham and by the
settlement of Barnby in the Willows. To the east and south-east, effects would vary
between 1.5 (around the blocks of woodland at Wilsons Gorse) to 4km (on the elevated
Belvoir Ridge near Caythorpe).
6.143 Beyond these areas landscape effects would rapidly decrease to Low and then
Negligible scale as landform, vegetation and built form break up potential visibility, and
existing or proposed wind developments and other features such as pylons becomes
more dominant.
6.144 Descriptions for each of the assessed landscape character areas are briefly summarised
below, along with further observations from site based work.
Local Landscape Character
South Kesteven
Trent and Belvoir Vale (Site located within)
6.145 Nearly half of the Trent and Belvoir Vale character area is located within the 10km study
area, as illustrated on Figure 6.3, and it extends beyond the south of the study area for
approximately 6km. The operational Frinkley Farm and Pasture Farm turbines and
consented Green Lane turbine are located within this character area. Viewpoints 1, 5, 6,
8, 9 and 11 lie within this character area.
6.146 The key characteristics as defined in the SKLCA are:
‘A relatively simple, medium to large-scale, open arable or mixed farming
landscape.
Flat or very gently undulating topography.
Simple regular fields enclosed by hawthorn hedges.
Relatively few hedgerow trees and virtually no woodland.
Small villages typically located on slightly rising land.
Church towers and spires visible across the landscape.
Buildings styles vary, but a high proportion of brick with dark red pantiles.’
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6.147 The description of the character area at paragraphs 4.45 to 4.47 states:
‘The gentle landform, and open or arable or mixed farmland, creates a
strongly rural feel. The landscape is medium to large in scale, with relatively
simple regular fields, frequently enclosed by hawthorn hedgerows. The
hedgerows are in places fragmented. There are relatively few hedgerow trees
and virtually no woodlands. Tree cover is most noticeable around the villages,
which are typically situated on slightly rising ground.
The villages with their church towers and spires are noticeable in the views
across the landscape and provide character. The villages include a range of
traditional brick buildings and some more modern housing. Most however are
small in scale and are in keeping with the traditional form of the settlements.
Within South Kesteven the vale contains no power stations or major areas of
mineral extraction, helping to maintain a rural feel compared with the wider
Trent Valley to the north. The Trent Valley Power Stations are visible at a
distance in clear conditions.’
6.148 The above characteristics are also broadly similar to those of the Trent Valley Arable
character area (where the Site is located) of the Stubton and Hough-on-the-Hill Parish
landscape character assessments. The Hough-on-the Hill LCA however describes the
importance of views from three of its character areas which are broadly located within
the Trent and Belvoir Vale, and states:
‘The varied topography and extensive views out contribute to the character
and enjoyment of residents and visitors to the area.
…. there is a predominance of long distance views, often many miles beyond
the parish boundaries and the variation in topography results in the views
being a significant feature of the landscape. The escarpment itself, including
Loveden Hill, is prominent in views from the west when looking towards the
parish, and from many locations from some distance away, it forms the
horizon. From the lower levels, for example in and around Brandon, the
escarpment forms a significant feature in the views with the wooded areas,
villages and church towers and spires forming local landmarks.
From the higher ground along the escarpment ridge or from its slopes, the
views west are across many miles of the Trent valley, into Nottinghamshire and
beyond. From some vantage points, views across this landscape cover 180
degree views of fields, hedgerows and plantation woodland. In addition to the
numerous church towers and spires visible in the landscape a number of
historic buildings can be seen including Lincoln Cathedral, Belvoir Castle,
Newark Castle and Southwell Minster. There are very few modern manmade
structures visible.’
6.149 The immediate surroundings of the Proposed Development exhibit the key characteristics
of the SKLCA, with the Site being relatively flat and surrounded by large to medium-scale,
open arable fields. There are a number of small villages within the vicinity of the turbines
and within the character area, namely Fenton to the west, Stubton and Claypole to the
south-west, and Brandon to the south-east. The settlements of Fulbeck, Caythorpe and
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Hough-on-the-Hill are located further to the east and south-east on the edge of the
Belvoir Ridge with their church spires and towers visible. Whilst the majority of the
character area maintains a rural feel, the nearby A17, East Coast Main Line, occasional
power lines, the recently built Frinkley Farm wind turbine and consented Green Lane
turbine to the south, and the different character and use of the former Fulbeck Airfield
add to the human influence.
6.150 Paragraph 4.44 of the LCA states, ‘….There are a few major urbanising influences in the
area. The A1 passes through the area and is locally noticeable. Major powerlines also
extend from the power stations (beyond the District) along the Trent Valley.’
6.151 The landscape sensitivity is outlined at paragraph 4.55 as follows:
‘Landscape sensitivity to wind energy proposals is likely to be medium. Whilst
there are few features of intrinsic landscape sensitivity the open visual
character of the landscape would ensure extensive visibility. Locations away
from sensitive settlements, and close to existing human influences such as the
A1 and power lines are likely to offer the more appropriate locations. The open
nature of the landscape would mean that the cumulative impact of any
proposals should be considered so that the character of the landscape does
not become dominated by any wind energy proposals.’
6.152 As discussed in paragraph 6.151 above, Medium sensitivity within the SKLCA is equivalent
to Medium susceptibility within this assessment. Combined with Community value, the
Sensitivity is judged to be Medium-Low.
6.153 As described in paragraph 6.141, Large scale effects would occur within a relatively
limited area, extending to 500m to the south, up to approximately 0.5 – 0.75km to the
east, 1km to the west, and a small area adjacent up to the northern boundary of the
character area to the north. Within the Trent and Belvoir Vale, Large scale effects would
only occur in a small area on the northern boundary, covering a Localised extent (the
Site and immediate surroundings). The duration of the effects would be Long-term.
Combining the scale, duration and extent of effect, effects would be of High magnitude,
Major-Moderate significance and Adverse that would result in a likely significant effect.
6.154 Beyond this area effects of a Medium scale would be experienced at a distance up to
around 4km as described in paragraph 6.142. These Long-term effects would be over a
Localised extent, and of Medium magnitude, Moderate significance and Adverse which
would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
6.155 Beyond this area, effects would reduce to Small and Negligible scale, particularly to the
south and south-west where the East Coast Main Line, the A1, pylons, and the
operational Frinkley Farm and consented Green Lane turbines become the more
dominant features of the landscape. Long-term, Small scale effects would be over an
Intermediate extent, and of Low-Negligible magnitude, Slight-Minimal significance and
Adverse which would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
6.156 Taken together this would result in effects of High, Medium and Low-Negligible
magnitude affecting the northern part of the character area. Overall effects on the
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character area are judged to be of Medium-Low magnitude, Moderate-Slight
significance and Adverse which would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
North Kesteven
5 Witham and Brant Vales (0.25km, north)
6.157 This character area is part of the Trent and Witham Vales character type. It is located
within close proximity to the Proposed Development, with the southern boundary of the
character area within approximately 25m of the nearest turbine and adjoining Trent and
Belvoir Vale character area within SKDC which has similar characteristics. Approximately
half of this character area is located within the 10km study area and it extends north
beyond the study area by approximately 6km. No wind developments are located within
this character area. Viewpoints 3, 4 and 13 lie within this character area. The key
characteristics as defined in the North Kesteven LCA are:
‘Defined in the east by the base of the Lincoln Cliff scarp slope, to the south by the
district boundary, the Terrace Sandlands to the west, and the southern outskirts of
Lincoln City to the north.
Extensive low lying, generally flat valley of twin rivers Witham and Brant running from
the south to north east of the sub-area.
Pronounced landform or topographical variation absent from the sub-area.
Twin, small rivers generally present a very subtle influence on their presence often
only notable through riparian vegetation and flooded fields.
Across the sub-area tree cover is limited, but has a disproportionately high influence
on the landscape as the level terrain allows hedgerow and copse trees to
foreshorten views across the vale, often allowing a strong band of tree and hedge
between land and the large skies.
Settlement pattern is defined by attractive, small nucleated and sometimes linear
villages of red brick and pantile construction to the central and western extent of the
sub-area.
The impact of roads on the landscape is generally low once away from the A17 and
A46. As across the study area elsewhere, overhead high and low voltage transmission
lines can be prominent.
Pressures for change in the Vale predominately relate to minerals operations,
intensive agricultural practice and associated development, and to flood alleviation
works
There is widespread evidence of historic field boundary loss, particularly in the east.
Landscape strengthening and enhancement is evident through boundary
reinstatement and tree planting across the vale. Increased amounts of set-aside land
are also visible within the central and western bands which help soften the
landscape and have visibly enhanced biodiversity interest.
Development within and to the edge of the Vale's settlements has generally been
delivered having sound regard to local vernacular design and has integrated well
with the historic environment.
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New development to the south of North Hykeham is prominent within the flat
landscape as the vale meets the city.’
6.158 The extent of the Witham and Brant Vales landscape character area that falls within the
10km study area mostly exhibits a the key characteristics described above.
6.159 The largely flat landscape, scale of the fields, relatively rectilinear field patterns, and
relatively simple open views of the character area with limited vegetation, and impact
of the A17 in the southern part of the character area suggest lower susceptibility to wind
turbine development. The characteristics are relatively similar to those of the Trent and
Belvoir Vale, particularly around the site. Taking these considerations into account, the
susceptibility to the proposed development is judged to be Medium. This area is judged
to be of Community value. Combining value and susceptibility, sensitivity is judged to be
Medium-Low.
6.160 As described in paragraph 6.141 above, the Proposed Development would have some
Large scale effects extending to about 1km to the north between the southern edge of
the character area and up to around the settlement of Stragglethorpe and south of
Stragglethorpe Grange, and would affect a Localised extent. The duration of the effects
would be Long-term. Combining the scale, duration and extent of effect for this part of
the character area, results in effects of High magnitude, Major-Moderate significance
and Adverse that would result in a likely significant effect.
6.161 In addition to these Large scale effects there would be some areas of Medium scale
effects as described in paragraph 6.142 above up to the A17. These Long-term effects
would be over a Localised extent, and of Medium magnitude, Moderate significance
and Adverse which would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
6.162 Effects beyond these areas would reduce to either Small or Negligible scale. Effects
would be of Negligible scale further to the north where the A46 and larger settlements
become the more dominant features of the landscape, and where there are forestry
plantations at Stapleford Wood and Stapleford Moor. Long-term Small scale effects
would be over an Intermediate extent, and of Low-Negligible magnitude, Slight-Minimal
significance and Adverse which would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
6.163 Taken together this would result in effects of High, Medium and Low-Negligible
magnitude affecting the southern part of the character area. Overall effects on the
character area are judged to be of Low magnitude, Slight significance and Adverse
which would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Non-significant effects
6.164 No significant effects would arise on the following character areas or types. Effects are
assessed within Appendix 6.4:
South Kesteven
South Lincolnshire Edge
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North Kesteven
2 Terrace Sandlands; and
6 Lincoln Cliff.
Newark and Sherwood
East Nottinghamshire Sandlands - D1 Village Farmlands; and
South Nottinghamshire Farmlands – E1 Meadowlands.
Visual Effects
Visual Aids
6.165 Wireline visualisations were used to aid the assessment. These were generated from a 3-
dimensional model of the candidate wind turbine, Site and surrounding topography,
using key landmarks and compass bearings to match the modelled views to the
photographs.
6.166 The photographs, wirelines and photomontages are shown on figures supporting this
LVIA. A detailed description of the methods by which wirelines and photomontages are
prepared is included in Appendix 6.1. The figures are numbered according to the
viewpoint that they show (e.g. Figure 6.7 1 for Viewpoint 1), with a suffix indicating the
type of visualisation (BP – baseline panorama and wireline (incl. cumulative schemes),
WL – wireline, PM – photomontage, VP – viewpoint pack).
6.167 The viewpoint description, description of effects and scale of effect for each viewpoint
(see Figure 6.5 for locations) is set out as part of the viewpoint pack data. The scale of
effect at each viewpoint is summarised below:
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Table 6.4 - Summary of scale of effects on viewpoints
Viewpoint Direction,
distance
Scale of effect
VP1: Fenton 1.1km, west Large
VP2: Stragglethorpe 1.5km, north-east Large-Medium to Medium
VP3: Beckingham 2.2km, north-west Large to Large-Medium
VP4: Brant Broughton 2.9km, north-east Large-Medium
VP5: Brandon 2.1km, south-east Large
VP6: Stubton 2.9km, south-west Medium
VP7: Barnby in the Willows 3.2km, north-west Large-Medium
VP8: Claypole 4.1km, south-west Medium
VP9: Caythorpe 3.9km, south-east Medium
VP10: Leadenham 5.1km, north-east Medium
VP11: Hough on the Hill 4.7km, south-east Medium
VP12: Houghton Road 5.4km, south Medium
VP13: Carlton-le-Moorland 6.3km, north Small
VP14: Wellingore 9.6km, north-east Small
VP15: Woolsthorpe Road near
Belvoir Castle
17.8km, south-west Negligible
VP16: Lincoln, West Common 22km, north-east Negligible
VP17: Normanton Heath 7.1km, south-east Medium-Small
VP18: Great Gonerby 11.8km, south Small-Negligible
6.168 Each of the viewpoints is a 'sample' of the potential effects, representing a wide range of
receptors - including not only those actually at the viewpoint, but also those nearby, at a
similar distance and/or direction.
6.169 From these viewpoints it can be seen that:
The extent of Large scale visual effects, where the turbines would form a major new
element in the view, would generally be limited to around 2-2.5km, such as at VP1,
VP3 and VP5. Within this area the turbines would be a prominent feature within the
landscape, with intervening features such as buildings and vegetation limiting views
in some locations;
Beyond this area, the extent of Medium scale effects extends to around 5-5.5km
where views are open, or less when vegetation or development provides screening.
Views from the lower lying, flatter areas west of the Belvoir Ridge are affected by the
layering of intervening elements such as vegetation, overhead wires, roads and
buildings which frequently obscure or filter more distant views. Elevated locations on
the Belvoir Ridge may have views obscured by foreground elements but, where this
does not occur, such as at VP9, VP10 and VP11, open panoramic views are possible;
Small scale effects would extend up to around 10km in elevated locations on the
Belvior Ridge, but for lesser distances in the lower lying flatter landscape to the west
of the ridge where the layering of intervening elements would frequently obscure
and filter views of the Proposed Development; and
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Beyond 10km, the Proposed Development would form a very limited change in views
where views are generally partially or completely obscured, or where the Proposed
Development would be a very small element in more open, elevated views.
Settlements
6.170 This assessment focuses primarily on effects on the settlement as a whole, and particularly
public areas. Residents and visitors within settlements are assessed to be of High-Medium
sensitivity.
Fenton (1.1km, west)
6.171 Fenton is a small, linear settlement located between Beckingham and Stubton. Main
Street passes north / south through the centre of the settlement with the greatest number
of properties on the eastern side of the road. The ZTV (Figure 6.6) indicates potential
visibility of the turbines from parts of Fenton, however, they would be more readily seen
from eastern and north-eastern parts of the settlement, including from parts of Coppice
Close (as illustrated in Appendix 6.5, Figure 6). Viewpoint 1 is on a bridleway east of the
settlement where views of the Proposed Development are more open than from the
settlement itself. The majority of the turbine bases would be screened by intervening
vegetation. From the Main Street and western parts of the settlement, visibility would be
limited due to screening by intervening vegetation and houses, and any views would be
glimpsed.
6.172 In more open views from the eastern parts of the settlement, Large scale effects would
be from a Localised extent of the village, Long-term, High magnitude and Major-
Moderate significance that would result in a likely significant effect. Elsewhere in the
settlement effects would tend to be of Small or Negligible scale. Overall Long-term
effects on the settlement, where visibility would generally be limited, would be of
Medium-Low magnitude and Moderate-Slight significance which would not give rise to a
likely significant effect.
Brandon (2.1km, south-east)
6.173 Brandon is a small settlement located between Stubton and Hough-on-the-Hill. Although
the ZTV (Figure 6.6) indicates potential visibility of the turbines from much of the
settlement, visibility is limited to the northern and western parts of the village along Hall
Road and Stragglethorpe Lane. The turbines would be visible in relatively open views
from these parts of the village with the bases and lower parts of the towers screened by
intervening vegetation. Viewpoint 5 illustrates an open view from Stragglethorpe Lane
west of the village. They be seen in the context of telegraph poles and overhead lines in
foreground to views. Elsewhere in the settlement, visibility would largely be limited due to
screening by vegetation and houses.
6.174 In open views from the northern and western parts of the settlement, effects would be
Localised, Long-term and tend to be of Large scale (such as at Viewpoint 5), although
the scale of effect would reduce where there is a greater degree of screening in the
view. These effects would be of High magnitude and Major-Moderate significance that
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would result in a likely significant effect. Elsewhere in the settlement effects would tend
to be of Small-Negligible scale. Overall Long-term effects on the settlement would be of
Low magnitude and Slight significance which would not give rise to a likely significant
effect.
Barnby in the Willows (3.2km, north-west)
6.175 Barnby-in-the-Willows is a small settlement lying within a bend of the river Witham with no
through road through the village. Viewpoint 7 lies on a footpath south of the River
Witham, outside the village. The ZTV (Figure 6.6) indicates potential visibility of the
turbines from the edges of the settlement. In reality, visibility would be limited to the
south/ south-eastern edge of the settlement near All Saints Church, Pump Lane and the
southern part of Front Street with some potential glimpsed views between buildings and
vegetation from Dark Lane. Where the turbines would be visible in open views the bases
would be screened by intervening vegetation. Elsewhere in the settlement, visibility
would largely be limited due to screening by vegetation and houses.
6.176 In open views from the southern and south-eastern parts of the settlement, effects would
be Localised, Long-term and tend to be of Large-Medium scale (such as at Viewpoint 7),
although the scale of effect would reduce where there is a greater degree of screening
in the view. These effects would be of High-Medium magnitude and Major-Moderate
significance that would result in a likely significant effect. Elsewhere in the settlement
effects would tend to be of Small or Negligible scale. Overall Long-term effects on the
settlement would be of Low magnitude and Slight significance which would not give rise
to a likely significant effect.
Non-significant effects
6.177 No significant effects would arise on the following settlements. Effects are assessed within
Appendix 6.4:
Stragglethorpe;
Stubton;
Beckingham;
Brant Broughton;
Caythorpe;
Claypole;
Fulbeck;
Hough-on-the-Hill;
Leadenham; and
Gelston.
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Roads and Rail
Local Roads
6.178 Local road receptors are assessed to be of Medium-Low sensitivity to the Proposed
Development.
Local roads to the east of the Site from Stragglethorpe Lane to the A607
(Stragglethorpe Lane – up to Brandon, Brant Road & Gorse Hill Lane)
6.179 Stragglethorpe Lane runs north-south connecting the A17 to Marston whilst Brant Road
and Gorse Hill Lane run east-west and connect from Stragglethorpe Lane to Leadenham
and Fulbeck respectively. To the east of the Site, Stragglethorpe Lane runs along lower,
flatter land from the A17 to Brandon, whereas the east-west roads run along the lower
land before rising as they run eastwards towards and up the Belvior Ridge. These roads
typically run through areas of large to medium sized fields allowing relatively open views
where roadside vegetation and houses offer limited screening, although roadside
hedges are common limiting open views from some sections. Views become more
fragmented and intermittent through Stragglethorpe, Fulbeck Grange and Court Leys
where there is some screening by houses and vegetation. Southbound and northbound
travellers on Stragglethorpe Lane, and westbound travellers on Brant Road and Gorse Hill
Lane would have potential visibility of the turbines.
6.180 The scale of effects on this group is wide ranging dependent on distance from the
turbines, and the overall degree to which they are visible. They would range from Large
scale approximately between Brandon and south of Stragglethorpe; through to Large-
Medium scale between the A17 and Stragglethorpe (such as at Viewpoint 2) and
between Stragglethorpe Lane and west of Five Acres on Brant Road; although effects
would be lower than this for many sections of road due to intervening vegetation and
buildings. Effects would reduce to Medium scale beyond these areas, further from the
Proposed Development, or less where views of turbines would be screened or filtered by
vegetation. Along Gorse Hill Lane, effects would be of Large-Medium to Medium scale
for the majority of the route due to open views of the turbines except a short section
near Stragglethorpe Lane where there is screening by mature vegetation. Considering
this group of roads as a whole then Long-term effects would be of Large-Medium scale
covering a Wide extent. Effects for those routes closest to the Site (up to approximately
2-2.5km) would be High magnitude and Major-Moderate significance that would result in
a likely significant effect. Overall effects on the routes would be High-Medium
magnitude and Moderate significance which would not give rise to a likely significant
effect.
Local roads 1km – 5.5km south of the Site (Stragglethorpe Lane – south of
Brandon to railway line south of Site, Brandon Road, Clensey Lane, Hough
Road, Grange Road, Doddington Lane & Goose Lane)
6.181 From this group of roads, visibility of the turbines would vary. They typically run through
areas of flat to gently undulating fields allowing relatively open views where roadside
vegetation and houses offer limited screening such as parts of Stubton Road; however
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most roads are hedged which would limit views from some sections. Some of the other
roads including Stragglethorpe Lane (south of Brandon), Hough Road, Brandon Road,
Goose Lane and Grange Road also have outward views, however, they are more
intermittent and through gaps in vegetation. Doddington Lane and Clensey Lane are
largely lined with mature hedgerows limiting outward views to occasional glimpses.
Where there are open views, the proposed turbines would be visible with bases and
lower parts of the towers screened by intervening vegetation.
6.182 The scale of effects on this group is quite wide ranging dependent on distance from the
turbines, and the overall degree to which these are visible. They would be up to Large to
Large-Medium scale between Stubton and Brandon, such as at Viewpoint 5 and along a
small stretch of Goose Lane; up to Medium scale between Brandon and Hough-on-the-
Hill, along Stragglethorpe Lane between Brandon and the railway line, and along parts
of Doddington and Clensey Lanes. However, roadside hedgerows and other vegetation
and buildings would obscure views from many parts of these roads leading to Small or
Negligible scale effects. Considering this group of roads as a whole the Long-term effects
would be of Large-Medium to Medium scale covering a Localised extent. Effects for
those routes closest to the Site including parts of Stubton Road and Goose Lane (up to
approximately 2.5km) would be High-Medium magnitude and Major-Moderate
significance that would result in a likely significant effect. Overall effects on the routes
would be Medium magnitude and Moderate significance which would not give rise to a
likely significant effect.
Local roads 1km – 5.5km west of the Site (Sutton & Fenton Road, Long
Lane, Newark Road, Stubton Road, Oster Fen Lane, Doddington Lane,
Barnby Lane & Holm Lane)
6.183 Sutton and Fenton Road run north-south from Beckingham to Stubton via Sutton and
Fenton. Newark Road and Long Lane run east-west and north-south respectively,
meeting at Barnby-in-the Willows to the north-west. The remaining roads form a smaller
group around Claypole and Stubton to the west/ south-west. All of these roads typically
run through areas of flat, large to medium sized fields allowing relatively open views
where roadside vegetation and houses offer limited screening but become more
fragmented and intermittent through the settlements. Parts of these routes are also lined
with mature hedgerows limiting outward views including large parts of Fenton Road and
Stubton Road. The most affected views of the turbines would be from parts of Sutton
Road in close proximity to the Proposed Development, albeit heavily filtered by roadside
hedges for a large proportion of the route. From other routes, views would be intermittent
and more distant. The operational Frinkley Farm turbine will be visible on the Belvoir Ridge
for eastbound and southbound drivers of some sections of the south-western routes.
6.184 The scale of effects on this group is wide ranging dependent on distance from the
turbines, and the overall degree to which these are visible. They would range from Large
scale along parts of Sutton Road and Fenton Road, such as at Viewpoints 1 and 3;
through to Large-Medium scale around Barnby-in-the-Willows, such as at Viewpoint 7;
and to Medium scale to the south-west between Claypole and Stubton, such as at
Viewpoints 6 and 8. However, roadside hedgerows and other vegetation and buildings
would obscure views from many parts of these roads leading to Small or Negligible scale
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effects. Considering this group of roads as a whole Long-term effects would be of Large-
Medium scale covering an Intermediate extent. Effects for those routes closest to the
Site (up to approximately 2-2.5km) would be High magnitude and Major-Moderate
significance that would result in a likely significant effect. Overall effects on the routes
would be High-Medium magnitude and Moderate significance which would not give rise
to a likely significant effect.
Non-significant effects
6.185 No significant effects would arise on the following routes. Effects are assessed within
Appendix 6.4:
A17;
East Coast Main Line; and
Local roads 2.5km – 5.5km north of the Site: north of the A17 (Woodgate Lane, Mill
Lane, Welbourn Road & Lincoln Road).
Recreational Routes
Public Rights of Way (PRoW)
6.186 PRoW users would have High-Medium sensitivity to the Proposed Development.
PRoW up to approximately 2.5km of the Site
PRoW north of Site
6.187 The ZTV (Figure 6.6) indicates that the turbines could potentially be visible along the
majority of the length of these routes, however mature hedgerows and trees along some
stretches, and where the paths pass near small woodland blocks and farms, would limit
visibility of the turbines further than illustrated by the ZTV. Where there are open views,
particularly along the PRoW between the Site and the A17, the turbines would be
prominent in views of users heading south, west and east. Where open views are
possible, the scale of Long-term effects would be Large, and affect an Intermediate
extent of the routes. These effects would be of High magnitude and Major-moderate
significance that would result in a likely significant effect.
6.188 Effects of Medium and Small scale would occur to some parts of the routes where views
are filtered or partially obscured, which are likely to occur from a Localised extent. These
effects would be of Medium and Low magnitude and Moderate and Slight significance
which would not give rise to a likely significant effect. Effects of Negligible scale and
Minimal significance would occur to the remainder of these routes, where the turbines
would be screened.
6.189 Overall effects on this group of PR0W would be of High-Medium magnitude and Major-
Moderate significance that would result in a likely significant effect.
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PRoW south of Site
6.190 A number of PRoW are located within this group in different directions. The ZTV (Figure
6.6) indicates that the turbines could potentially be visible along the majority of the
length of these routes, however mature hedgerows and trees along some stretches, and
where the paths pass near small woodland blocks and farms, would limit visibility of the
turbines further than illustrated by the ZTV. Where there are open views, particularly near
the racing circuit and parts of Sand Beck, up to Brandon Road, the turbines would be
prominent in views of users heading north, west and east. Where open views are possible,
as represented by Viewpoint 5, the scale of Long-term effects would be Large, and
affect an Intermediate extent of the routes. These effects would be of High magnitude
and Major-moderate significance that would result in a likely significant effect.
6.191 Effects of Medium and Small scale would occur to some parts of the routes where views
are filtered or partially obscured, which are likely to occur from a Localised extent. These
effects would be of Medium and Low magnitude and Moderate and Slight significance
which would not give rise to a likely significant effect. Effects of Negligible scale and
Minimal significance would occur to the remainder of these routes, where the turbines
would be screened.
6.192 Overall effects on this group of PR0W would be of High-Medium magnitude and Major-
Moderate significance that would result in a likely significant effect.
PRoW east of Site
6.193 There are a number of PRoW within this group in different directions. The ZTV (Figure 6.6)
indicates that the turbines would be visible along the majority of these routes, however
mature hedgerows and trees along some stretches, and where the paths pass near small
woodland blocks and farms, would limit visibility of the turbines further than illustrated by
the ZTV. Where there are open views, particularly between Stragglethorpe Lane and
west and north of Waterloo Farm, and between Brant Road and Gorse Hill Lane, within 2-
2.5km, the turbines would be prominent in views. Where open views are possible, the
scale of Long-term effects would be Large, and affect an Intermediate extent of the
routes. These effects would be of High magnitude and Major-moderate significance
that would result in a likely significant effect.
6.194 Effects of Medium and Small scale would occur to some parts of the routes where views
are filtered or partially obscured, which are likely to occur from a Localised extent. These
effects would be of Medium and Low magnitude and Moderate and Slight significance
which would not give rise to a likely significant effect. Effects of Negligible scale and
Minimal significance would occur to the remainder of these routes, where the turbines
would be screened.
6.195 Overall effects on this group of PR0W would be of High-Medium magnitude and Major-
Moderate significance that would result in a likely significant effect.
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PRoW west of Site
6.196 There are a number of PRoW within this group in different directions. The ZTV (Figure 6.6)
indicates that the turbines could potentially be visible along the majority of the length of
these routes, however mature hedgerows and trees along some stretches, and where
the paths pass near small woodland blocks and farms, would limit visibility of the turbines
further than illustrated by the ZTV. Where there are open views, particularly those
between the west of the Site and Fenton, those around Sutton and southern edge of
Beckingham, and those to the north of Stubton beyond the woodland blocks, all within
2.5km, the turbines would be prominent in views of users heading east, south and north.
Where open views are possible, as such represented by Viewpoints 1 and 3, the scale of
Long-term effects would be Large, and affect an Intermediate extent of the routes.
These effects would be of High magnitude and Major-moderate significance that would
result in a likely significant effect.
6.197 Effects of Medium and Small scale would occur to some parts of the routes where views
are filtered or partially obscured, which are likely to occur from a Localised extent. These
effects would be of Medium and Low magnitude and Moderate and Slight significance
which would not give rise to a likely significant effect. Effects of Negligible scale and
Minimal significance would occur to the remainder of these routes, where the turbines
would be screened.
6.198 Overall effects on this group of PR0W would be of High-Medium magnitude and Major-
Moderate significance that would result in a likely significant effect.
Non-significant effects
6.199 No significant effects would arise on the following routes. Effects are assessed within
Appendix 6.4:
PRoW between 2.5-5.5km of the Site.
Accessible and Recreational Landscapes
6.200 No significant effects would arise on the identified accessible and recreational
landscapes.
Designated Landscapes
6.201 There are no national or local landscape designations within the study area.
Summary of Landscape and Visual Effects
6.202 Effects on the receptors assessed above are summarised in Table 6.5 overpage.
Significant effects (Major or Major-Moderate) are bold and underlined. For receptors
where the significance of effects varies, the distribution of effects is summarised. Parts of
receptors that would experience no effects are not included in the table.
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Table 6.5 - Summary of Effects
Receptor Comments Distance/
Direction
Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Positive/
Neutral/
Adverse
Landscape Character
South Kesteven
Trent and Belvoir
Vale
Up to approximately 500m to the
south, 0.5-0.75km to the east, 1km
to the west and a small area
adjacent to the northern
boundary of the Site
0km Medium-Low High Major-Moderate Adverse
Up to approximately 2-2.5km to
the south and south-west, 3-4km
to the west, and between 1.5-4km
to the east of the turbines
Medium Moderate Adverse
Parts of the character area
beyond the above areas
Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Adverse
Overall effects on the character
area
Medium-Low Moderate-Slight Adverse
Southern
Lincolnshire Edge
Overall effects on the character
area
4.5km, SE Medium-Low Negligible Minimal Neutral
North Kesteven
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Receptor Comments Distance/
Direction
Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Positive/
Neutral/
Adverse
2 Terrace
Sandlands
Overall effects on the character
area
2.8km, NW Medium-Low Negligible Minimal Neutral
5 Witham and Brant
Vales
Up to 1km to the north of the
turbines between the southern
edge of the character area and
up to around the settlement of
Stragglethorpe and south of
Stragglethorpe Grange
0.25km, N Medium-Low High Major-Moderate Adverse
North up to the A17 Medium Moderate Adverse
Parts of the character area north
of the A17
Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Adverse
Overall effects on the character
area
Low Slight Adverse
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Receptor Comments Distance/
Direction
Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Positive/
Neutral/
Adverse
6 Lincoln Cliff Effects in the south and western
parts of the character area
around Leadenham
4.1km, E Medium Low Slight Adverse
Overall effects on the character
area
Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Adverse
Newark and Sherwood
East
Nottinghamshire
Sandlands - D1
Village Farmlands
Effects on the south-east edge of
this character area in the vicinity
of the River Witham
2.4km, NW High-Medium Low Slight Adverse
Effects on small parts of the
character area beyond these
areas
Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Adverse
Overall effects on the character
area
Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Adverse
South
Nottinghamshire
Farmlands – E1
Meadowlands
Overall effects on the character
area
5.5km, W Medium Negligible Minimal Neutral
Visual Receptors
Settlements
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Receptor Comments Distance/
Direction
Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Positive/
Neutral/
Adverse
Fenton Eastern parts of settlement 1.1km, W High-Medium High Major-Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Medium-Low Moderate-Slight Neutral
Stragglethorpe South-western edge of settlement 1.4km, NE High-Medium Medium-Low Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Neutral
Brandon Northern and western parts of
settlement
2.1km, SW High-Medium High Major-Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low Slight Neutral
Stubton Western and north-eastern edges
of settlement
2.4km, SW High-Medium Medium-Low Moderate-Slight Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Neutral
Beckingham Southern parts of settlement 2.7km, NW High-Medium Medium-Low Moderate-Slight Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Neutral
Brant Broughton Location from southern edge of
settlement
2.7km, NE High-Medium Medium-Low Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Neutral
Barnby in the
Willows
Southern and south-eastern parts
of settlement
3.2km, NW High-Medium High-Medium Major-Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low Slight Neutral
Caythorpe North-western and western edges
of settlement
3.7km, SE High-Medium Medium-Low Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Negligible Minimal Neutral
Claypole Northern and north-eastern edge
of settlement
4km, SW High-Medium Medium-Low Moderate-Slight Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Neutral
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Receptor Comments Distance/
Direction
Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Positive/
Neutral/
Adverse
Fulbeck Western, edge of settlement 4.3km, E High-Medium Medium-Low Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Neutral
Hough-on-the-Hill Northern and western parts of
settlement
4.4km, SE High-Medium Medium Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low Slight Neutral
Leadenham West, south-west and north-west
parts of settlement
5km, E High-Medium Medium Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Low-Negligible Slight-Minimal Neutral
Gelston Northern edge of settlement 5.2km, SE High-Medium Medium-Low Moderate-Slight Neutral
Overall effects on settlement Negligible Minimal Neutral
Roads and Rail
A17
Stretch of route between
Beckingham and around the
Brant Broughton junction
1.7km, N Low High Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on route within
5.5km
High-Medium Moderate Neutral
East Coast Main
Line
Locations where the line is not
enclosed within 5.5km
3.7km, SW Medium Medium Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on route Low Slight Neutral
Local roads to the
east of the Site from
Route closest to the Site
(up to approximately 2-2.5km)
Varies Medium-Low High Major-Moderate Neutral
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Receptor Comments Distance/
Direction
Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Positive/
Neutral/
Adverse
Stragglethorpe
Lane to the A607
(Stragglethorpe
Lane - up to
Brandon, Brant
Road & Gorse Hill
Lane)
Overall effects on group High-Medium Moderate Neutral
Local roads 1km –
5.5km south of the
Site (Stragglethorpe
Lane – between
Brandon and
railway line,
Brandon Road,
Clensey Lane,
Hough Road,
Grange Road,
Brandon Road,
Doddington Lane &
Frieston Road)
Routes closest to the Site (up to
approximately 2.5km)
Varies Medium-Low High-Medium Major-Moderate Neutral
Overall effects on group Medium Moderate Neutral
Local roads 1km –
5.5km west of the
Routes closest to the Site (up to
approximately 2.5km)
Varies Medium-Low High Major-Moderate Neutral
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Receptor Comments Distance/
Direction
Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Positive/
Neutral/
Adverse
Site (Sutton Road,
Long Lane, Newark
Road, Stubton
Road, Oster Fen
Lane, Barnby Lane
& Holm Lane)
Overall effects on group High-Medium Moderate Neutral
Local roads 2.5km –
5.5km north of the
Site (Woodgate
Lane, Mill Lane,
Welbourn Road &
Lincoln Road)
Overall effects on group
Varies Medium-Low Medium Moderate Neutral
Recreational Routes
PRoW up to approximately 2.5km of the Site
PRoW north of Site Overall effects on group 0-2.5km High-Medium High-Medium Major-Moderate Neutral
PRoW south of Site Overall effects on group 0-2.5km High-Medium High-Medium Major-Moderate Neutral
PRoW east of Site Overall effects on group 0-2.5km High-Medium High-Medium Major-Moderate Neutral
PRoW west of Site Overall effects on group 0-2.5km High-Medium High-Medium Major-Moderate Neutral
PRoW between 2.5-5.5km of Site
PRoW north of Site Overall effects on group 2.5-5.5km High-Medium Low Slight Neutral
PRoW south of Site Overall effects on group 2.5-5.5km High-Medium Low Slight Neutral
PRoW east of Site Overall effects on group 2.5-5.5km High-Medium Low Slight Neutral
PRoW west of Site Overall effects on group 2.5-5.5km High-Medium Low Slight Neutral
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Mitigation and Enhancement
6.203 Due to the nature and scale of the Proposed Development, the potential for meaningful
mitigation measures is considered to be limited. Every opportunity has been taken at
design stage, with particular attention paid to the layout and design of ancillary
infrastructure, in order to mitigate potential landscape and visual impacts; with full details
provided in Chapter 3: Project Description.
Residual Effects
6.204 As no additional mitigation is proposed beyond that incorporated into the scheme
layout, residual effects are as assessed in the Landscape and Visual Effects section.
6.205 A micro-siting allowance of 25m radius in any direction is proposed for the turbines,
internal access tracks and other associated infrastructure. The result of micro-siting on
the findings of the LVIA would be very minor, limited to some very localised effects within
the Site. It would not alter the conclusion of the assessment of effects on any of the
identified receptors.
Cumulative Effects
Introduction
6.206 As indicated in the LVIA methodology, in agreement with SKDC (Appendix 6.3), the study
area and scope for potential cumulative effects of the Proposed Development includes
proposed wind turbine developments located within 25km, using the following criteria:
All wind farms, or single turbines above 90m tip height within the 25km study area;
All single turbines/ wind farms between 50m-90m tip height within 10km; and
All single turbines/ wind farms between 25m-50m tip height within 3km.
Table 6.6 - Wind farms considered in cumulative assessment
Wind Farm Distance,
direction
Status Number of
turbines
Size of turbines
(nacelle/blade tip)
Frinkley Farm 6.8km, SE Operational 1 50/66.7
Pasture Farm (outside
the criteria but
specifically requested
by SKDC)
11.4km, S Operational 1 24.6/34.2
Debdale Hill 14.4km, NW Operational 1 75/102
Little Carlton 14.7km, NW Operational 1 75/102
Stonish Hill 25km, NW Operational 5 60/100
Green Lane 9km, S Consented 1 50/74
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Hawton 9km, W Consented 3 80/126.5
Brills Farm 9.1km, NW Consented 1 60/86.5
Caunton 15.2km, NW Consented 1 75/102
Temple Hill 2.8km, S Refused Locally 5 80/126.5
Belle Vue 6km, SE In Planning 1 30/49
Top Farm 8.3km, SW In Planning 1 60/86.5
Hawton Quarry 9.3km, W In Planning 1 50/66.7
Staple Quarry 9.6km, W In Planning 1 60/90
Langford 9.4km, NW In Planning 1 60/86.5
Fox Covert 9.8km, W In Planning 4 80/130
Sewstern Lane 11.4km, SW In Planning 6 64/110
Manor Farm 14km, NW In Planning 1 75/102
Assessment Scenarios
6.207 As is common practice for cumulative assessments including a number of schemes in
planning, this assessment considers a number of different scenarios which may arise. In
each scenario, the operational and consented schemes listed above form the baseline,
i.e. they are assumed to be operational. Scenarios which do not include the Proposed
Development are not assessed, as those are not material to this application.
6.208 It can also be seen from the table above that there are potentially a large number of
scenarios which may arise. In order to reduce this complexity, the following steps have
been taken:
The proposed schemes at Staple Quarry, Fox Covert and Hawton Quarry have been
excluded from the detailed cumulative assessment due to their close proximity to the
consented scheme at Hawton, and Figure 6.12 indicates that their overall visibility as
a group would be similar to Hawton; and
Belle Vue has been excluded from the detailed cumulative assessment due to its
relatively small-scale and distance from the Proposed Development. Langford,
Manor Farm and Top Farm have been also excluded from the detailed assessment
due to distance from the Proposed Development and their close proximity to
operational or consented turbines. Analysis of the wirelines and ZTVs indicates there
would be limited visibility of these schemes.
6.209 The schemes omitted from detailed assessment are not included in the text descriptions
below except where they are of particular relevance, but are shown on the wirelines in
order to provide contextual information. Manor Farm is not shown on the wirelines as it
was added after the wirelines were completed. For clarity given this section discusses
many proposed developments, the Proposed Development subject of this application
and assessment is referred to as ‘Fulbeck Airfield’ hence forth.
6.210 The assessed scenarios are shown in the table below:
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Table 6.7 - Cumulative scenarios assessed
Scenario Description
Scenario 1 Fulbeck Airfield plus operational and consented schemes.
This is the same as the effects for Fulbeck Airfield on its own
and is provided within this section for comparison purposes.
Scenario 2T Fulbeck Airfield, operational and consented schemes and
Temple Hill
Scenario 2S Fulbeck Airfield, operational and consented schemes and
Sewstern Lane
Scenario 3 Fulbeck Airfield, operational and consented schemes, and
Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane
Receptors Assessed
6.211 Cumulative effects on the same groups of landscape and visual receptors as the
assessment for the main scheme are assessed. Landscape and visual receptors that are
considered to receive effects of Low-Negligible or Negligible magnitude (both localised
and overall) from Fulbeck Airfield are not included in this assessment, as an effect of such
low magnitude manifestly adds nothing or very little regardless of the distribution of other
developments. If significant cumulative effects arise on those receptors, they would be
as a result of other developments and as such are not relevant for consideration as part
of this application.
Presentation of Results
6.212 The assessment is considered on a receptor-by-receptor basis with the effects of the
proposed wind turbine described in combination. This textual description is followed by
two assessment tables which are provided at the end of this section, as follows:
Table 6.8 lists the total combined magnitude and significance of effect for each
receptor, reflecting the degree of change between the present baseline and
Fulbeck Airfield; and
Table 6.9 indicates for the receptor the incremental difference that adding Fulbeck
Airfield would make over and above the other Proposed Developments, indicating
the contribution that Fulbeck Airfield makes to the total effects.
ZTV Plans
6.213 The following cumulative ZTV plans have been prepared to aid this assessment as follows.
The text description below includes all wind farms shown on the ZTVs, whether or not they
are included in the detailed assessment.
6.214 The cumulative ZTV studies indicate areas of potential visibility for the hub of the
operational, consented and proposed wind developments. The analysis has been
carried out using a topographic model including settlements and woodlands (with
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heights derived from NEXTMAP 25 surface mapping data) as visual barriers in order to
provide a more realistic indication of potential visibility.
Figure 6.9 – Fulbeck Airfield and the operational and consented wind developments,
which establishes the pattern of visibility for Scenario 1. The visibility of 3 or more
windfarms (including Fulbeck Airfield) is relatively widespread within 5km of the
proposed turbines. Beyond 5km, the pattern of visibility for 3 or more turbines extends
to the areas in the north and north-east, east of Brills Farm, in the west near Debdale
Hill, Caunton and Hawton and in the south near Frinkley Farm, Pasture Farm and
Green Lane turbines. To the far west, the potential visibility becomes more
fragmented and often consists of views of 2-3 turbines or less. To the north-east, east
and south-east, potential visibility is limited by the Belvoir Ridge with intermittent
visibility located on the ridge and little to no visibility beyond;
Figure 6.10 – Fulbeck Airfield and the proposed Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane
schemes which are assessed in detail below, establishes the pattern of visibility for the
three scenarios. The Belvoir Ridge to the north-east, east and south-east again acts as
a visual barrier to visibility of the proposed wind farms to land beyond. Areas of
elevated land running north-east from Newark and large forestry blocks limits visibility
within lower land in the Trent valley to the north-west, although there areas of
potential visibility at around 10-15km where the land rises west of the Trent valley. The
main areas where all three schemes considered in detail in this cumulative
assessment would potentially be visible are within 5km of Fulbeck Airfield where there
would be greater interaction between Fulbeck Airfield and Temple Hill. Beyond 5km,
whilst there would be some combined visibility, the interactions become fragmented
due to distance and intervening features, and visibility is limited to more open and
elevated areas within the study area, such as from the Belvoir Ridge to the east;
Figure 6.11 – Fulbeck Airfield and the proposed single turbines at Belle Vue, Top Farm,
Manor Farm and Langford. Similar to Figure 6.10, the Belvoir Ridge to the north-east,
east and south-east and the elevated land north east of Newark limits visibility of
some turbines beyond these landforms. Flatter land between these ridges allows for
visibility from this area. There are limited places where there would be any notable
interaction of all schemes due to the distance and scale of the single turbines. All four
single turbines are located near operational or consented schemes and unlikely to
extensively widen any extent of existing effects. There are only small areas where
Fulbeck Airfield would be visible on its own; and
Figure 6.12 – Fulbeck Airfield and the proposed schemes at Fox Covert including
Hawton, Fox Covert, Staple Quarry and Hawton Quarry. This establishes the pattern of
visibility for the schemes to be scoped out around the consented turbines at Hawton.
The overall pattern of visibility within the study area shows that the proposed turbines
in this area in general do not add largely to the overall visibility of the consented
windfarm at Hawton. In occasional localised areas, there is potential visibility of the
proposed turbines where the ZTV indicates that Hawton would not be visible, but
within the majority of the area, the schemes are seen in combination, and the
additional proposed turbines would not greatly widen the extent of effects.
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Cumulative Effects on Landscape Character
6.215 The following landscape character areas are judged to receive Low magnitude or
greater effects (locally or overall) as a result of Fulbeck Airfield, and are therefore
assessed for cumulative effects:
South Kesteven
Trent and Belvoir Vale.
North Kesteven
5 Witham and Brant Vales; and
6 Lincoln Cliff.
Newark and Sherwood
East Nottinghamshire Sandlands - D1 Village Farmlands.
South Kesteven
Trent and Belvoir Vale
6.216 The proposed Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane wind farms are located to the south/ south-
west of the Site within the same character area. Operational and consented turbines
including Frinkley Farm, Green Lane and Pasture Farm are located within this character
area and already have an effect on this landscape as illustrated by Figure 6.9. The ZTV
(Figure 6.10) indicates that Fulbeck Airfield would more commonly be seen in
combination with Temple Hill rather than Sewstern Lane due to its closer distance to
Fullbeck Airfield.
6.217 The combined effects of Fulbeck Airfield and Temple Hill would result in Large and
Medium scale effects in the northern part of the LCT, covering a greater area than that
which would be caused by Fulbeck Airfield alone. However, the scale of effect by the
addition of Fulbeck Airfield if Temple Hill were already present would be less than if
Temple Hill was not present.
6.218 With regards to Sewstern Lane, the combined effects of Fulbeck Airfield and Sewstern
Lane would be no greater than Fulbeck Airfield alone, and the scale of effect by the
addition of Fulbeck Airfield if Sewstern Lane were already present would be less than if
Sewstern Lane was not present.
6.219 The current pattern of operational and consented development begins to establish a
pattern of wind development broadly following the A1 road and rail corridor through the
character area between Newark and Grantham. With the addition of Temple Hill and/or
Sewstern Lane wind farms, most of the character area would have wind farms as one of
the key characteristics, with only the area south of the Nottingham-Grantham rail route
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largely unaffected by such development. If Fulbeck Airfield, Temple Hill and Sewstern
Lane were constructed, wind farms would be spread across the character area with
Temple Hill in the middle and the other two at opposite edges. This would result in parts of
the character area experiencing Large and Medium scale effects.
North Kesteven
5 Witham and Brant Vales
6.220 There are no wind farms identified within this character area. Operational and consented
schemes will have a very limited effect on this character area.
6.221 Fulbeck Airfield is closest scheme to the southern edge of this character area and the
other two schemes lie further south. Effects arising by the addition of Fulbeck Airfield if
Temple Hill and/ or Sewstern Lane were present also be no different than those of
Fulbeck Airfield alone.
6.222 Although the ZTV indicates combined visibility with Sewstern Lane, due to its distance,
effects would be no different than those of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
Newark and Sherwood
East Nottinghamshire Sandlands - D1 Village Farmlands
6.223 The proposed Langford turbine is located within this character area and would have the
greatest effects on it. The consented Brills Farm turbine and Hawton wind farm will have
some effects on this character area due to their proximity.
6.224 The ZTV indicates that Fulbeck Airfield would be visible in conjunction with Temple Hill
and/ or Sewstern Lane from a limited number of areas, however, there would be greater
visibility of Fulbeck Airfield alone due to its closer proximity to the character area. The
combined and additional effects would be no different than those of Fulbeck Airfield
alone.
Cumulative Visual Effects
6.225 The assessment considers two types of cumulative visual effect, namely effects arising
from combined and sequential views. This is in accordance with the document Assessing
the Cumulative Impact of Onshore Wind Energy Developments (SNH, March 2012). These
comprise:
Combined views which 'occur where the observer is able to see two or more
developments from one viewpoint. Combined visibility may either be in combination
(where several wind farms are within the observer's arc of vision at the same time) or
in succession (where the observer has to turn to see the various wind farms)'; and
Sequential views which 'occur when the observer has to move to another viewpoint
to see different developments.'
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6.226 This section assesses the anticipated cumulative visual effects arising from Fulbeck Airfield
in combination with the operational and consented wind developments, and the
proposed wind developments. The main linear routes that share combined intervisibility
in the study area are then summarised to anticipate the likely sequential views.
Visual Aids
6.227 Baseline panorama and wireline visualisations (including cumulative schemes) were used
to aid the assessment. A detailed description of the methods by which wirelines and
photomontages are prepared is included in Appendix 6.1. The figures are numbered
according to the viewpoint that they show (e.g. Figure 6.7 1 for Viewpoint 1), with a suffix
indicating the type of visualisation (BP – baseline panorama and wireline (incl.
cumulative schemes), WL – wireline, PM – photomontage, VP – viewpoint pack). Note
that operational developments are shown on the baseline panorama and wireline, and
consented and proposed developments are shown on the baseline wireline.
6.228 The viewpoint description, description of effects and scale of effect for each viewpoint
(see Figure 6.5 for locations) is set out as part of the viewpoint pack data and
summarised in tables 6.7 and 6.8 below. Each of the viewpoints is a ‘sample’ of the
potential effects, representing a wide range of receptors – including not only those
actually at the viewpoint, but also those nearby, at a similar distance and/or direction.
Cumulative Effects on Settlements
6.229 The settlements discussed below are judged to receive Low magnitude or greater effects
(locally or overall) as a result of Fulbeck Airfield, and are therefore assessed for
cumulative effects.
6.230 The two wind energy developments in planning that are assessed (Temple Hill and
Sewstern Lane) are located south/ south-west of the Site. Villages to the north, north-
west and north-east of Fulbeck Airfield would not be affected by the two proposed
cumulative schemes to any material degree; Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane wind farms
would not increase the effects on those villages above those caused by Fulbeck Airfield
alone. This applies to:
Stragglethorpe;
Brant Broughton;
Beckingham; and
Barnby in the Willows.
6.231 Similarly, Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane wind farms would not increase the effects on two
settlements to the east along the Belvoir Ridge above those caused by Fulbeck Airfield
alone. This is because the wind farms are likely to be less visible and are at a greater
distance than Fulbeck Airfield which is closest to and has the greatest effects on these
settlements and applies to:
Leadenham; and
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Fulbeck.
6.232 The following settlements are located south or west of Fulbeck Airfield and could
potentially be affected by the proposed cumulative schemes:
Fenton
6.233 Operational and consented schemes have little effect on this settlement due to very
limited visibility, as illustrated by Viewpoint 1. The ZTV (Figure 6.10) illustrates that Sewstern
Lane is unlikely to be visible from the village, but that Temple Hill and Fulbeck Airfield
could be. The two cumulative schemes would have very limited or no effects on this
settlement. Temple Hill is located 3km south-east and Sewstern Lane 10.6km south-west of
the settlement. Fulbeck Airfield would be the most visible from the village and would be
the primary cause of effects, unlikely to be seen in conjunction with Temple Hill or
Sewstern Lane, due to screening by mature vegetation. Overall cumulative effects
would be no different to those of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
Stubton
6.234 Operational and consented schemes have no effect on this settlement due to very
limited visibility, as illustrated by Viewpoint 6. The ZTV (Figure 6.10) illustrates that all three
wind farms could potentially be visible from parts of Stubton. However, in reality visibility
of Fulbeck Airfield and Sewstern Lane in particular would be less than illustrated due to
small scale vegetation not modelled on the ZTV. Sewstern Lane would have no effects
on this settlement due to its long distance over 8.8km to the south-west and screening by
intervening vegetation. Temple Hill would be largely screened by mature vegetation at
Viewpoint 6, and would be rarely seen in combination with Fulbeck Airfield due to them
being located in different directions, however, it may be visible, in succession, from the
eastern edge of the village and would have greater effects due to its closer proximity to
the village. Overall cumulative effects would be slightly greater to those of Fulbeck
Airfield alone due to the effects of Temple Hill.
Claypole
6.235 Operational and consented schemes have no effect on this settlement due to very
limited visibility, as illustrated by Viewpoint 6. Sewstern Lane would have no effects on this
settlement due to its distance over 8km to the south and screening by intervening
vegetation. Although Temple Hill would be visible in conjunction with Fulbeck Airfield
from eastern edge of the village, as illustrated by Viewpoint 8, some or parts of the
turbines would be screened by intervening vegetation. Fulbeck Airfield and Temple Hill
would cause a similar degree of effects on this settlement but, because of their limited
effects, overall cumulative effects would be no greater than those of Fulbeck Airfield
alone.
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Brandon
6.236 Operational and consented schemes have no effect on this settlement due to very
limited visibility, as illustrated by Viewpoint 5. Sewstern Lane would have no effect on this
settlement due to its distance over 10km to the south-west and screening by intervening
vegetation. Temple Hill (1.4km south-west) would be seen in succession with Fulbeck
Airfield from western and north-western parts of the village. Both schemes would be
clearly visible from these locations and combined cumulative effects would be greater
than the effects of Fulbeck Airfield alone. Temple Hill would have the greatest effects
due to its closer proximity to, and greater potential visibility from the village. The addition
of Fulbeck Airfield if Temple Hill were already built, would be reduced compared to the
effects of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
Hough-on-the-Hill
6.237 The consented Hawton wind farm would be visible at 12.3km in the distance, however,
the operational and consented schemes would have little effect on this settlement due
to limited visibility and distance, as illustrated by Viewpoint 11. Sewstern Lane would have
no effect on this settlement due to screening by topography. Temple Hill would be visible
in conjunction with Fulbeck Airfield from western parts of the village. Temple Hill would be
the closer of the two schemes and would have the greatest effects on the settlement,
and the combined effect of both schemes would be greater than the effects of Fulbeck
Airfield alone. The addition of Fulbeck Airfield if Temple Hill were already built, would be
slightly reduced compared to the effects of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
Caythorpe
6.238 The consented Hawton wind farm would be visible at 13.3km in the distance, however,
the operational and consented schemes would have little effect on this settlement due
to limited visibility and distance, as illustrated by Viewpoint 9. Temple Hill would be visible
in conjunction with Fulbeck Airfield from western and north-western parts of the village.
Although Temple Hill would be the closer of the two schemes, the combined effect of
both schemes would be no different than those of Fulbeck Airfield alone. The addition of
Fulbeck Airfield if Temple Hill were already built, would be slightly reduced compared to
the effects of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
6.239 Sewstern Lane would potentially be visible in succession from western and south-western
parts of the village and would be distant compared to Temple Hill or Fulbeck Airfield.
Combined and incremental effects would be no greater than those of Fulbeck Airfield
alone.
Cumulative Effects on Roads and Rail
6.240 The roads and rail routes discussed below are judged to receive Low magnitude or
greater effects (locally or overall) as a result of Fulbeck Airfield, and are therefore
assessed for cumulative effects.
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6.241 The A17 would not be affected by Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane to any material
change, and would not increase the effects above those caused by Fulbeck Airfield
alone. Fulbeck Airfield would cause the greatest effects on the route (Figure 6.13).
6.242 Local roads to the north and west of the Site would also not be affected by Temple Hill
and Sewstern Lane such that they would not increase the effects above those caused
by Fulbeck Airfield alone which is the greatest cause of effects on these routes.
East Coast Main Line (Grantham to Newark)
6.243 This route passes very close to Temple Hill and the operational Frinkley Farm turbine
Temple Hill is likely to cause localised Large scale effects. A number of other existing and
proposed wind turbines are located in close proximity including Belle Vue, Top Farm,
Green Lane and Pasture Farm. As rail passengers see views to the side of the direction of
travel, each wind farm would be experienced within a short stretch of the route, though
Temple Hill and Fulbeck Airfield would affect a similar stretch and would be seen from
the same side of the train with Temple Hill being the more noticeable. The combined
effects would be greater than those of Fulbeck Airfield alone. The effects of Fulbeck
Airfield if Temple Hill were already built would be lower than the effects of Fulbeck Airfield
alone.
6.244 Sewstern Lane would have limited cumulative effects on this route due to filtering by
intervening vegetation and because it would be seen 7.5km south-west in combination
with a number of single turbines, in the opposite direction to Fulbeck Airfield.
Local roads to the east of the Site from Stragglethorpe Lane (up to
Brandon) to the A607 (Stragglethorpe Lane, Brant Road & Gorse Hill
Lane)
6.245 Brant Road and Gorse Hill Lane would be largely affected by Fulbeck Airfield alone due
to their proximity and visibility. Stragglethorpe Lane would be the most affected route of
this group with Fulbeck Airfield and Temple Hill visible in close proximity from small
sections to the east and south-east up to Brandon. Where combined and sequential
views do arise, overall cumulative effects would slightly increase on Stragglethorpe Lane.
The effects of Fulbeck Airfield if Temple Hill were already built would be slightly lower than
the effects of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
6.246 Sewstern Lane would have limited effects on these routes due to filtering and screening
by intervening vegetation and built-development. Overall cumulative effects would be
no different to those of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
Local roads 1km – 5.5km south of the Site (Stragglethorpe Lane – Brandon
to railway line, Brandon Road, Clensey Lane, Hough Road, Grange Road,
Doddington Lane & Frieston Road)
6.247 The operational Frinkley Farm turbine is visible from a number of these southern routes.
These routes would have views of Temple Hill in close proximity, and Fulbeck Airfield. From
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Brandon Road, Temple Hill and Fulbeck Airfield would be visible in succession with
Temple Hill being the closest to the route resulting in the greatest effects. Temple Hill
would cause the greatest effects. On Stragglethorpe Lane between south of Brandon
and the railway line, Temple Hill would cause the greatest effects. Temple Hill would
cause the greatest effects. The effects of Fulbeck Airfield if Temple Hill were already built
would be lower than the effects of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
6.248 Sewstern Lane would have limited effects on these routes due to distance and filtering
views by intervening vegetation and built-development. Overall cumulative effects of
the two schemes would be no different to those of Fulbeck Airfield alone. The effects of
Fulbeck Airfield if Sewstern Lane were already built would be the same as for Fulbeck
Airfield alone.
Cumulative Effects on Recreational Routes
Public Rights of Way
6.249 All groups PRoW are judged to receive Low magnitude or greater effects (locally or
overall) as a result of Fulbeck Airfield, and are therefore assessed for cumulative effects.
PRoW up to approximately 2.5km of the Site
6.250 PRoW to the north, west and east up to 2.5km of the Site would not be affected by
Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane to a level that would increase effects over those caused
by Fulbeck Airfield alone.
PRoW south of Site
6.251 The PRoW between the Site and Brandon Road would have greater visibility of Fulbeck
Airfield than Sewstern Lane or Temple Hill. Temple Hill would also be visible from large
proportions of these routes at a distance of over 1.5km. Despite the increased views of
turbines, cumulative effects on these PRoW would be no different to those of Fulbeck
Airfield alone.
6.252 Sewstern Lane would have limited effects on these routes due to distance and screening
by intervening vegetation and built-development. Overall cumulative effects would be
no different to those of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
PRoW between 2.5-5.5km of the Site
6.253 PRoW to the north, west and east between 2.5-5.5km of the Site would not be affected
by Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane to a level that would increase effects over those
caused by Fulbeck Airfield alone.
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PRoW south of Site
6.254 For PRoW south of Brandon Road and beyond 2.5km, Temple Hill would have the
greatest effects due to its closer proximity than Fulbeck Airfield and Sewstern Lane. The
operational Frinkley Farm turbine is also visible from some of these routes. Fulbeck Airfield
would also be visible at a greater distance than Temple Hill. Overall cumulative effects
would be greater than Fulbeck Airfield alone. The addition of Fulbeck Airfield if Temple
Hill were already built, would be slightly reduced compared to the effects of Fulbeck
Airfield alone.
6.255 Sewstern Lane would have limited effects on these routes due to distance and screening
by intervening vegetation and built-development. Overall cumulative effects would be
no different to those of Fulbeck Airfield alone.
Sequential Visibility on A1 and the Viking Way
6.256 Sequential visibility along the A1 and the Viking Way has also been considered as they
are key routes within the 25km study area. At their closest points, the A1 passes
approximately 6.4km west of the proposed turbines and the Viking Way passes
approximately 6.1km to the south-east. As can be seen on the visibility diagrams in
Appendix 6.7, a number of the operational, consented and proposed wind farms would
be more visible from, and would have greater effects on, these routes. Fulbeck Airfield
would have limited effects on both routes due to distance and intermittent visibility.
Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane would lie closer to both routes than Fulbeck Airfield and
would have greater effects on them.
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Table 6.8 - Total Combined Effects over the baseline of operational and consented wind farms (significant effects underlined)
Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
Viewpoints – note ratings indicate scale of effect
VP1: Fenton Large Large Large Large
VP2: Stragglethorpe Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium
VP3: Beckingham Large/ Large-
Medium
Large/ Large-
Medium
Large/ Large-
Medium
Large/ Large-
Medium
VP4: Brant Broughton Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium
VP5: Brandon Large Large Large Large
VP6: Stubton Medium Medium Medium Medium
VP7: Barnby in the Willows Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium
VP8: Claypole Medium Medium Medium Medium
VP9: Caythorpe Medium Medium Medium Medium
VP10: Leadenham Medium Medium Medium Medium
VP11: Hough on the Hill Medium Large Medium Large
VP12: Houghton Road Medium Large Medium Large
VP13: Carlton-le-Moorland Small Small Small Small
VP14: Wellingore Small Medium-Small Small Medium-Small
VP15: Woolsthorpe Road near
Belvoir Castle
Negligible N/A N/A N/A
VP16: Lincoln, West Common Negligible N/A N/A N/A
VP17: Normanton Heath Medium-Small Medium-Small Medium-Small Medium-Small
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Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
VP18: Great Gonerby Small-Negligible Medium-Small Medium-Small Medium
Effects (overall) on receptors – ratings indicate magnitude, significance and whether Positive, Neutral or Adverse
Landscape Character
South Kesteven
Trent and Belvoir Vale Medium-Low Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Adverse
Medium
Moderate
Adverse
Medium-Low
Moderate-Slight
Adverse
Medium
Moderate
Adverse
North Kesteven
5 Witham and Brant Vales
Medium-Low Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Settlements
Fenton High-Medium Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Brandon High-Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
Barnby in the Willows High-Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Hough-on-the-Hill High-Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
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Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
Stubton High-Medium Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Caythorpe High-Medium Negligible,
Minimal,
Neutral
N/A N/A N/A
Claypole High-Medium Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Roads and Rail
A17 Low High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
East Coast Main Line (Grantham to
Newark)
Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Local roads to the east of the Site
from Stragglethorpe Lane to the
A607 (Stragglethorpe Lane – up to
Brandon, Brant Road & Gorse Hill
Lane)
Medium-Low High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
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Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
Local roads 1km – 5.5km south of
the Site (Stragglethorpe Lane –
from south of Brandon to railway
line), Brandon Road, Clensey Lane,
Hough Road, Grange Road,
Doddington Lane & Frieston Road)
Medium-Low Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Local roads 1km – 5.5km west of
the Site (Sutton Road, Long Lane,
Newark Road, Stubton Road, Oster
Fen Lane, Barnby Lane & Holm
Lane)
Medium-Low High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Local roads 2.5km – 5.5km north of
the Site (Woodgate Lane, Mill
Lane, Welbourn Road & Lincoln
Road)
Medium-Low Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Recreational Routes
PRoW up approximately 2.5km of the Site
PRoW north of Site High - Medium High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
PRoW south of Site High - Medium High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
PRoW east of Site High - Medium High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
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Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
PRoW west of Site High - Medium High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
PRoW between 2.5-5.km of the Site
PRoW north of Site High - Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
PRoW south of Site High - Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
PRoW east of Site High - Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
PRoW west of Site High - Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
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Table 6.9 - Incremental Effects of adding the Proposed Development if the planned developments in the scenario were already constructed
(significant effects underlined)
Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
Viewpoints – note ratings indicate scale of effect
VP1: Fenton Large Large Large Large
VP2: Stragglethorpe Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium
VP3: Beckingham Large/ Large-
Medium
Large/ Large-
Medium
Large/ Large-
Medium
Large/ Large-Medium
VP4: Brant Broughton Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium
VP5: Brandon Large Medium Large Medium
VP6: Stubton Medium Medium Medium Medium
VP7: Barnby in the Willows Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium Large-Medium
VP8: Claypole Medium Medium Medium Medium
VP9: Caythorpe Medium Medium-Small Medium Medium-Small
VP10: Leadenham Medium Medium Medium Medium
VP11: Hough on the Hill Medium Medium-Small Medium Medium-Small
VP12: Houghton Road Medium Small Medium Small
VP13: Carlton-le-Moorland Small Small Small Small
VP14: Wellingore Small Small Small Small
VP15: Woolsthorpe Road near Belvoir
Castle
Negligible N/A N/A N/A
VP16: Lincoln, West Common Negligible N/A N/A N/A
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Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
VP17: Normanton Heath Medium-Small Medium-Small Medium-Small Medium-Small
VP18: Great Gonerby Small-Negligible Negligible Small-Negligible Negligible
Effects (overall) on receptors – ratings indicate magnitude, significance and whether Positive, Neutral or Adverse
Landscape Character
South Kesteven
Trent and Belvoir Vale Medium-Low Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
North Kesteven
5 Witham and Brant Vales
Medium-Low Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Low,
Slight,
Adverse
Settlements
Fenton High-Medium Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Brandon High-Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Barnby in the Willows High-Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
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Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
Hough-on-the-Hill High-Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Stubton High-Medium Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Negligible,
Minimal,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Negligible,
Minimal,
Neutral
Caythorpe High-Medium Negligible,
Minimal,
Neutral
N/A N/A N/A
Claypole High-Medium Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Roads and Rail
A17 Low High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
East Coast Main Line (Grantham to
Newark)
Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Negligible,
Minimal,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Negligible,
Minimal,
Neutral
Local roads to the east of the Site
from Stragglethorpe Lane to the A607
(Stragglethorpe Lane – up to
Brandon, Brant Road & Gorse Hill
Lane)
Medium-Low High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
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Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
Local roads 1km – 5.5km south of the
Site (Stragglethorpe Lane – south of
Brandon to railway line, Brandon
Road, Clensey Lane, Hough Road,
Grange Road, Brandon Road,
Doddington Lane & Frieston Road)
Medium-Low Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium-Low,
Moderate-Slight,
Neutral
Local roads 1km – 5.5km west of the
Site (Sutton Road, Long Lane, Newark
Road, Stubton Road, Oster Fen Lane,
Barnby Lane & Holm Lane)
Medium-Low High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Local roads 2.5km – 5.5km north of
the Site (Woodgate Lane, Mill Lane,
Welbourn Road & Lincoln Road)
Medium-Low Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Medium,
Moderate,
Neutral
Recreational Routes
PRoW up approximately 2.5km of the Site
PRoW north of Site High - Medium High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
PRoW south of Site High - Medium High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
PRoW east of Site High - Medium High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
PRoW west of Site High - Medium High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
High-Medium,
Major-Moderate,
Neutral
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Receptor Sensitivity Scenario 1 Scenario 2T Scenario 2S Scenario 3
PRoW between 2.5-5.km of the Site
PRoW north of Site High - Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
PRoW south of Site High - Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low-Negligible,
Slight-Minimal,
Neutral
PRoW east of Site High - Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
PRoW west of Site High - Medium Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
Low,
Slight,
Neutral
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Summary
6.257 This assessment defines the existing landscape and visual baseline environments; assesses
their sensitivity to change; describes the key landscape and visual related aspects of the
Proposed Development; describes the nature of the anticipated change upon both the
landscape and visual environments; and assesses the magnitude and significance of the
changes for the construction, operational and decommissioning phases (focussing
primarily on the operational phase). The key findings of the assessment are summarised
below.
6.258 There would be some localised significant effects on landscape character in the
immediate vicinity of the Site affecting South Kesteven’s Trent and Belvoir Vale and North
Kesteven’s Witham and Brant Vales landscape character areas. Effects on the remaining
character areas within 10km would result in no likely significant effects.
6.259 Parts of Fenton, Brandon and Barnby in the Willows would have notable visibility of the
Proposed Development resulting in significant (Major-Moderate) effects. Overall effects
on these settlements would not be significant. Other settlements within 5.5km would
experience effects of no greater than Moderate significance (as noted in Appendix 6.4)
to any parts of them and would result in no likely significant effects.
6.260 Views of the Proposed Development would be most notable for drivers on routes closest
to the Site resulting in significant (Major-Moderate) effects from some roads. These
include local roads to the east, west and south within approximately 2.5km of the Site.
Views from the A17, East Coast Main Line (Grantham to Newark), and local roads north
of the Site would experience effects of no greater than Moderate significance (as noted
in Appendix 6.4) and would result in no likely significant effects.
6.261 Significant (Major-Moderate) effects have been identified on PRoW within 2.5km of the
Proposed Development. Other PRoW beyond this distance (assessed in Appendix 6.4)
may also have open views of turbines at times, although these would be more limited
and would result in no likely significant effects.
6.262 The two identified specific viewpoints within the study area would result in no likely
significant effects.
6.263 There are no nationally or local designated landscapes within the study area.
6.264 As noted in Appendix 6.5, all residential properties are over 800m from the nearest
turbine. The closest property to the turbines are within the group 1-12 Lowfield Paddocks
at approximately 810m, and would be the most affected due to the close proximity and
relatively open views of turbines. The remaining properties within 1km would have some
views of turbines, however, a greater degree of visual screening, or less direct views,
would have a consequent reduction on likely effects. These include Gorse Lodge, The
Granary Cluster, Leather Bottle Farm, Bees Barn and The Poplars. Some properties
beyond 1km would also have some views of the turbines, however, they tend to have
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greater screening and/or are oriented such that views of the turbines would be less
frequent so, combined with increased distance, would experience effects to a lesser
degree. None of the properties would be affected to the extent that the turbines are
sufficiently "oppressive" or "overbearing" that the property would be rendered an
unattractive place in which to live.
6.265 The cumulative assessment indicates primary interactions of the Proposed Development
would be with Temple Hill and Sewstern Lane. Of these, the greatest level of interaction
would potentially occur with Temple Hill. The assessment has identified that are some
notable (significant) interactions between the Proposed Development and the proposed
Temple Hill wind farm, such that the addition of Temple Hill on the following receptors:
Brandon;
Stragglethorpe Lane and minor roads east of the Site; and
Sections of PRoW between 2.5 and 5.5km south of the Site.
Statement of Significance
6.266 As set out in the assessment methodology, effects that are Major-Moderate or Major are
judged to be significant. Effects of Moderate significance or less are judged to be of
lesser concern. It should be noted that whilst an effect may be significant, that does not
necessarily mean that such an impact would be unacceptable.
6.267 The findings of the Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment indicate that significant
effects would arise locally as follows:
Trent and Belvoir Vale landscape character area;
Witham and Brant Vales landscape character area;
Fenton, Brandon and Barnby in the Willows villages;
Sections of local roads closest to the Proposed Development to the east, south and
west, approximately up to 2.5km; and
Sections of PRoW within 2.5km north, south, east and west of the Site..
6.268 The findings of the cumulative assessment indicate that there would be significant effects
on the following receptors if both Temple Hill and Fulbeck Airfield wind farms were
developed (Scenarios 2T and 3 in the cumulative assessment):
Brandon;
Stragglethorpe Lane and minor roads east of the Site; and
Sections of PRoW between 2.5 and 5.5km south of the Site.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 7: Cultural Heritage and
Archaeology
April 2015
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CONTENTS
7 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY 7-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7-1 Baseline Conditions ............................................................................................................. 7-15 Key Impacts and Likely Significant Effects ....................................................................... 7-25 Mitigation and Enhancement ........................................................................................... 7-33 Residual Effects .................................................................................................................... 7-34 Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 7-34 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 7-36 References ........................................................................................................................... 7-37 Glossary and Abbreviations ............................................................................................... 7-37
TABLES
Table 7.1 - Criteria for assessing the sensitivity of receptors
Table 7.2 - Criteria for assessing magnitude of impact
Table 7.3 - Criteria for assessing significance of effect
Table 7.10 - Summary of Residual Effects
FIGURES
7.1 - Location of HER Records Mentioned in the Text & NMP Plot of Cropmarks
7.2 - Designated Assets within 5km (except Grade II Listed Buildings)
7.3 - Grade II Listed Buildings within 2km
7.4 - Registered Parks and Garden within 10km
APPENDICES
Appendix 7.1 – CgMs. 2013. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment: Fulbeck
Airfield Wind Farm
Appendix 7.2 – Stratascan. 2015. Archaeological Geophysical Survey: Fulbeck
Airfield.
Appendix 7.3 – Assessment of the significance and settings of designated
heritage assets and the impact of the Proposed Development upon them
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7 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY
Introduction
7.1 This chapter evaluates the impacts of the Proposed Development on the historic
environment. The historic environment includes a wide range of features resulting from
human intervention in the landscape, varying in scope from buried archaeological
remains up to late 20th century industrial structures. It can be divided into the following
two categories:
Archaeology
Scheduled Monuments (SMs)
Non-designated archaeological finds and sites
Built Heritage
Listed Buildings (Grades I, II*, and II)
Registered Parks and Gardens (Grades I, II* and II)
Conservation Areas.
Historic Battlefields
Shipwrecks
World Heritage Sites
7.2 The following key issues were identified at the scoping stage for consideration in the
assessment:
Impact of wind farm construction on archaeological remains located within the Site.
Impacts of wind farm construction and operation on the significance and setting of
scheduled monuments.
Impacts of wind farm construction and operation on the significance and setting of
listed buildings.
Impact of wind farm construction and operation on the significance and setting of
conservation areas.
Impacts of wind farm construction and operation on the significance of registered
parks and gardens and their settings including key vistas and sightlines.
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Impacts of decommissioning on built and archaeological heritage.
7.3 References to the 'Site' within this chapter refer to the EIA Study Area Boundary, unless
otherwise stated. References to ‘study area' within this chapter reference the defined (km)
study areas for each type of cultural heritage asset, as listed in paragraph 10.2.1 below.
The chapter was prepared by Rob Bourn BA MA MIfA, Director CgMs Consulting who are a
leading heritage consultancy.
7.4 The chapter is supported by a heritage desk based assessment (Appendix 7.1) and an
archaeological geophysical survey (Appendix 7.2).
Legislation, Policy & Guidance
7.5 Legislation relating to archaeology and to SMs is contained in the Ancient Monuments
and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Legislation regarding buildings of special
architectural or historic interest is contained in the Planning (Listed Buildings and
Conservation Areas) Act 1990. Section 66 of the 1990 Act is of relevance in that it states
that special regard must be given by the decision maker in the exercise of planning
functions to the desirability of preserving a listed building and its setting. Section 72 of the
1990 Act provides protection for the character and appearance of conservation areas.
7.6 Government planning policy guidance is set out in the National Planning Policy Framework
(NPPF). Section 12 of the NPPF, entitled Conserving and enhancing the historic
environment provides guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and
others on the conservation and investigation of heritage assets. Overall, the objectives of
Section 12 of the NPPF can be summarised as seeking the:
delivery of sustainable development;
understanding the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits
brought by the conservation of the historic environment; and
conservation of England's heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their
significance.
7.7 Section 12 of the NPPF recognises that intelligently managed change may sometimes be
necessary if heritage assets are to be maintained for the long term. Paragraph 128 states
that planning decisions should be based on the significance of the heritage asset and that
level of detail supplied by an applicant should be proportionate to the importance of the
asset and should be no more than sufficient to review the potential impact of the proposal
upon the significance of that asset.
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7.8 Heritage Assets are defined in Annex 2 of the NPPF as: a building, monument, site, place,
area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting
consideration in planning decisions. They include designated heritage assets (as defined in
the NPPF) and assets identified by the local planning authority during the process of
decision-making or through the plan-making process.
7.9 Annex 2 also defines Archaeological Interest as a heritage asset which holds or potentially
could hold evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point.
Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the
substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.
7.10 A Designated Heritage Asset comprises a: World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument,
Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield
or Conservation Area.
7.11 Significance is defined as: The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations
because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic
or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also
from its setting.
7.12 Setting is defined as: The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is
not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting
may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect
the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.
7.13 Paragraph 129 outlines that LPAs are obliged to identify and assess the significance of any
heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal and should take this assessment into
account when considering the impact upon the heritage asset.
7.14 Paragraph 131 emphasises that local planning authorities should take account of the
desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and
distinctiveness. Paragraph 132 states that in assessing the effects of development on a
heritage asset, the weight given to an asset’s conservation should be proportionate to its
significance.
7.15 Paragraph 132 states that when considering the impact of a proposed development on
the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the
asset’s conservation. It emphasises that the weight given to an asset’s conservation should
be proportionate to its significance, and that clear and convincing justification will be
required for loss and harm to heritage assets.
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7.16 Paragraph 132 states that ‘substantial harm’ or loss to designated heritage assets of the
highest significance (i.e. Grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* parks and gardens,
scheduled monuments, wrecks, battlefields and World Heritage Sites) should be wholly
exceptional. It also states that substantial harm to grade II listed buildings and parks and
gardens should be exceptional. The NPPF does not define what is meant by substantial
harm.
7.17 Paragraphs 133 and 134 address the balancing of harm against public benefits. This
guidance lays down a clear dividing line between causing substantial harm or total loss of
significance on the one hand, and those cases where the harm is less than substantial on
the other. Proposals that would result in substantial harm or total loss of significance should
be refused, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to
achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss. The guidance
emphasises that where less than substantial harm will arise as a result of a proposed
development, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of a proposal.
7.18 The National Policy Statement for Renewable Energy Infrastructure (EN-3) states in relation
to the historic environment:
“The time-limited nature of wind farms, where a time limit is sought by an applicant as a
condition of consent, is likely to be an important consideration for the IPC when assessing
impacts such as landscape and visual effects and potential effects on the settings of
heritage assets. Such judgements should include consideration of the period of time
sought by the applicants for the generating station to operate and the extent to which
the site will return to its original state may also be a relevant consideration.”
7.19 EN-3 also states that visualisations may be required to demonstrate the effects of a
proposed onshore wind farm on the setting of heritage assets and that micro-siting should
be considered in order to reduce the risk of damaging known and unexpected
archaeological remains.
7.20 The NPPF is supported by the National Planning Policy Guidance (NPPG) which includes a
dedicated section titled “Conserving the Historic Environment”. Under this guidance
paragraph 001 states that:
“Protecting and enhancing the historic environment is an important component of the
National Planning Policy Framework’s drive to achieve sustainable development (as
defined in Paragraphs 6-10). The appropriate conservation of heritage assets forms one of
the ‘Core Planning Principles’.”
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7.21 Paragraph 002 makes a clear statement that any decisions relating to listed buildings and
their settings and conservation areas must address the statutory considerations of the
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as well as satisfying the
relevant policies within the National Planning Policy Framework and the Local Plan.
7.22 Paragraph 013 outlines that the assessment of the impact of a proposed development on
the setting of a heritage asset needs to take into account and be proportionate to the
significance of the asset being considered and the degree to which the proposed
development enhances or detracts from the significance of the asset and the ability to
appreciate the significance.
7.23 The NPPG outlines that although the extent and importance of setting is often expressed in
visual terms, it can also be influenced by other factors such as noise, dust and vibration.
Historic relationships between places can also be an important factor stressing ties
between places that may have limited or no intervisibility with each other. This may be an
historic as well as aesthetic connection that contribute or enhance the significance of one
or more of the heritage assets.
7.24 Paragraph 013 concludes:
“The contribution that setting makes to the significance of the heritage asset does not
depend on there being public rights or an ability to access or experience that setting. This
will vary over time and according to circumstance. When assessing any application for
development which may affect the setting of a heritage asset, local planning authorities
may need to consider the implications of cumulative change. They may also need to
consider the fact that developments which materially detract from the asset’s significance
may also damage its economic viability now, or in the future, thereby threatening its
ongoing conservation.”
7.25 The key test in NPPF paragraphs 132 to134 is whether a proposed development will result in
substantial harm or less than substantial harm. However, substantial harm is not defined in
the NPPF. Paragraph 017 of the NPPG provides additional guidance on substantial harm.
It states:
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“What matters in assessing if a proposal causes substantial harm is the impact on the
significance of the heritage asset. As the National Planning Policy Framework makes clear,
significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its
setting. Whether a proposal causes substantial harm will be a judgment for the decision
taker, having regard to the circumstances of the case and the policy in the National
Planning Policy Framework. In general terms, substantial harm is a high test, so it may not
arise in many cases. For example, in determining whether works to a listed building
constitute substantial harm, an important consideration would be whether the adverse
impact seriously affects a key element of its special architectural or historic interest. It is the
degree of harm to the asset’s significance rather than the scale of the development that
is to be assessed.”
7.26 Paragraph 134 of the NPPF outlines that where a proposed development results in less
than substantial harm to the significance of a heritage asset, the harm arising should be
weighed against the public benefits accruing from the proposed development.
Paragraph 020 of the NPPG outlines what is meant by public benefits:
“Public benefits may follow from many developments and could be anything that delivers
economic, social or environmental progress as described in the National Planning Policy
Framework (Paragraph 7). Public benefits should flow from the proposed development.
They should be of a nature or scale to be of benefit to the public at large and should not
just be a private benefit. However, benefits do not always have to be visible or accessible
to the public in order to be genuine public benefits.”
7.27 Despite the adoption of the NPPF which superseded PPS5 and the publication of the
NPPG, the PPS 5: Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide guidance document issued
by DCLG in collaboration with English Heritage and DCMS in 2010, remains valid and
provides important information on the interpretation of policy and the management of
the historic environment.
7.28 The Practice Guide acknowledges that the extent and importance of setting is often
based on visual considerations, but that it can also be influenced by other environmental
factors such as noise, dust and vibration; by spatial associations; and, by our
understanding of the historic relationship between places.
7.29 In short, government policy provides a framework which:
Protects nationally important designated Heritage Assets
In appropriate circumstances seeks adequate information (from desk based
assessment and field evaluation where necessary) to enable informed decisions
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Provides for the excavation and investigation of heritage assets to be lost (wholly or
in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to
make this evidence publicly accessible.
7.30 The North Kesteven District Council Local Plan was adopted in 2007 (and its policies saved
in 2010). The policies relevant to the historic environment on the site are Policy HE1, HE2,
HE3, HE5, and HE7. The South Kesteven Core Strategy was adopted in 2010. Policy EN1
relates to the historic environment. Chapter 5 considers the planning policies in more
detail.
7.31 The South Kesteven Wind Energy Supplementary Planning Document was adopted in June
2013. This outlines guidance for the assessment of proposed wind farms within the District
which has to be taken into account in this assessment. In relation to the historic
environment, it states:
Box 11- There will be a presumption in favour of preserving heritage assets intact
and in situ.
Box 12 - Developers shall provide detailed assessment of all heritage assets within
and close to the proposed site, including all heritage assets whose settings might
be affected by the development, in line with current best practice. Pre-
application consultation with the planning authority is essential in ensuring an
appropriate scope for an assessment is agreed.
Box 13 - The Council will expect heritage assets with theoretical visibility to or from
the proposed development within 5km to be assessed for potential impacts, this
to be applied flexibly in line with the proposed scale and likely visibility of the
scheme, and within 10km radius for large and medium scale wind energy
developments for significant heritage assets with particular sensitivity to visual
impacts.
Box 14 - Developers should consult the Lincolnshire Historic Landscape
Characterisation and the Lincolnshire Historic Environment Record to ensure their
proposals are informed by, and seek to conserve, the key characteristics of the
District’s historic landscapes.
Box 15 - Careful site selection is the most effective means of avoiding and
mitigating potential effects on the historic environment. Wind farm design shall be
an iterative process, responding to sensitivities as they are identified. The siting
principles outlined in paragraph 3.4.21 above shall be adhered to.
Box 16 - When considering the layout and design of turbines, alternative options
shall be investigated to determine the optimal layout and the layout and design
of the wind energy development taking into account the principles listed in
paragraph 3.4.23 above.
Box 17 - When considering the layout and design of ancillary features, developers
shall take into account the principles listed in paragraph 3.4.24 above.
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Box 18 - It is expected that cumulative assessment of effects on the historic
environment would be undertaken in parallel with that required for landscape
and visual effects.
Guidance
Historic Environment Good Practice Advice In Planning Note Managing
Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment (Historic England
2015)
7.32 The purpose of this document is to provide information to assist local authorities, planning
and other consultants, owners, applicants and other interested parties in implementing
historic environment policy in the NPPF and NPPG. It outlines a 7 stage process to the
assembly and analysis of relevant information relating to heritage assets potentially
affected by a proposed development.
1. Understand the significance of the affected assets;
2. Understand the impact of the proposal on that significance;
3. Avoid, minimise and mitigate impact in a way that meets the objectives of the NPPF;
4. Look for opportunities to better reveal or enhance significance;
5. Justify any harmful impacts in terms of the sustainable development objective of
conserving significance and the need for change;
6. Offset negative impacts on aspects of significance by enhancing others through
recording, disseminating and archiving archaeological and historical interest of the
important elements of the heritage assets affected.
Historic Environment Good Practice Advice In Planning Note 3 The Setting of Heritage
Assets (Historic England 2015)
7.33 English Heritage’s (now known as Historic England) Historic Environment Good Practice
Advice In Planning Note 3 provides guidance on the management of change within the
setting of heritage assets.
7.34 The document restates the definition of setting as outlined in Annex 2 of the NPPF and
quoted above (para 7.12). Setting is also described as being a separate term to curtilage,
character and context; while it is largely a visual term, setting, and thus the way in which
an asset is experienced, can also be affected by noise, vibration, odour and other factors.
The document makes it clear that ssetting is not a heritage asset, nor is it a heritage
designation, though land within a setting may itself be designated. Its importance lies in
what the setting contributes to the significance of a heritage asset.
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7.35 The Good Practice Advice Note sets out a five staged process for assessing the
implications of proposed developments on setting:
1. Identification of heritage assets which are likely to be affected by proposals. The
guidance states that if development is capable of affecting the contribution of a
heritage asset’s setting to its significance or the appreciation of its significance, it can
be considered as falling within the asset’s setting. Importantly, it is distinguished that
an impact on setting does not necessarily equate with harm and may be positive or
neutral. This judgement of impact instead depends upon a detailed understanding of
the individual heritage asset’s significance, of which setting may form a greater or
lesser part.
In consideration of large or prominent development proposals, Local Planning
Authorities are advised to have due regard to proportionality of the assessment
required by the applicant and to minimise the need to analyse large numbers of
assets in detail.
2. Assessment of whether and what contribution the setting makes to the significance of
a heritage asset. This depends upon an understanding of the history and
development of the site, utilising historic mapping where possible. This assessment
should also be informed by the physical surroundings of the asset, including its
relationship with other heritage assets, the way in which the asset is experienced and
the asset’s associations and patterns of use. All this information will provide a baseline
for establishing the effects of a proposed development on the significance of a
heritage asset;
3. Assessing the effects of proposed development on the significance of a heritage asset.
With the baseline information gathered at Stage 2, it will be possible to identify a
range of effects development may have on setting, which will be evaluated as
beneficial, neutral or harmful to the significance of the heritage asset. The location
and siting, form and appearance, permanence and any other effects of proposals
will all inform the assessment process;
4. Maximising enhancement and reduction of harm on the setting of heritage assets.
Measures to reduce harm could include relocation of all or parts of a development,
changes to the layout, screening, etc. Where harm cannot be eliminated, design
quality of the proposed development may be one of the main factors in assessing the
balance of harm and benefit.
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Where a development cannot be adjusted and where some harm to the setting of
heritage assets is unavoidable, appropriate screening may be required to reduce the
extent of the harm caused;
5. The final decision about the acceptability of proposals. This will depend on the range
of circumstances that apply to a heritage asset and the relative sensitivity to change.
Decisions are therefore made on a case by case basis, recognising that all heritage
assets are not of equal importance and the contribution made by their setting to their
significance also varies.
7.36 The guidance reiterates the NPPF in stating that where developments affecting the setting
of heritage assets results in a level of harm to significance, this harm, whether substantial or
less then substantial, should be weighed against the public benefits of the scheme.
Wind Energy and the Historic Environment (English Heritage, 2005)
7.37 The above guidance document has been archived and a new version is being devised by
Historic England (no publication date at the present time). However, this document
contains useful guidance and is therefore repeated here. , In summary, it recommends
that:
The impacts of wind energy proposals on the historic environment should be evaluated
in all levels of environmental impact assessments.
Consideration of the historic environment should include World Heritage Sites; marine,
coastal and terrestrial archaeology; historic buildings and areas.
Designated landscapes and the historic character of the wider landscape should be
considered.
The significance of internationally and nationally designated sites should be
safeguarded and physical damage to historic sites should be avoided.
The impact of wind energy developments on the setting and visual amenity of historic
places should also be considered.
Where wind energy developments affect historic sites, national planning policies
relating to the historic environment should be taken into account.
Consideration should always be given to the reversibility of wind energy projects.
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Assessment Methodology & Significance Criteria
7.38 The methodology comprises of the consideration of the effect that the proposed
development will have on the heritage significance of designated heritage assets within
5km-10km of the proposed turbines and non-designated heritage assets within 1km of the
red line of the proposed development. The precise study areas change depending on
the asset type being considered. The following approach is adopted:
i. Identify any visible or documented archaeological features within 1km of the
site boundary and assess the potential of the site to contain unknown
archaeological evidence.
ii. Identify and assess the effect on Scheduled Monuments within 5km of the
proposed turbines
iii. Identify and assess the effect on built heritage assets within the following
areas:
Grade I and II* listed buildings within 5km of the proposed wind
turbines.
Grade II listed buildings within 2km of the Proposed Development.
Grade II listed buildings between 2km-5km were considered so as to
identify any that may potentially be affected. Those within 2km were
assessed in detail.
Conservation Areas within 5km of the Proposed Development.
Registered Parks & Gardens within 10km of the Proposed Development.
Key designated heritage assets outside the 5km which could potentially
be affected by Proposed Development have been included in the
assessment.
iv. Assess the impacts of the operational wind farm on heritage assets, including
any impacts on their setting.
v. Identify measures for avoiding or mitigating potential impacts and detail any
residual impacts that cannot be mitigated.
vi. Production of archaeological heritage desk-based assessment in
accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standards and
Guidance for Heritage Desk-based Assessments (2014) (Appendix 10.1).
7.39 The following data sources have been used in this assessment:
Lincolnshire Historic Environment Record.
National Monuments Record.
Historic cartographic and documentary sources at the Lincolnshire Record Office.
British Library.
Unpublished material from recent nearby archaeological investigations.
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National Heritage List for England.
Stratascan geophysical survey of the proposed turbine locations (Appendix 7.2).
7.40 The archaeological desk based assessment included a walkover survey undertaken in
October 2013 when the weather and visibility conditions were good. All designated
heritage assets were visited in December 2014. Designated heritage assets were
inspected from publically accessible areas.
Consultation
7.41 An EIA Scoping Report was submitted to South Kesteven and North Kesteven District
Council in November 2013. In response to this, the Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire (the South
and North Kesteven archaeological advisors) requested that fieldwork be undertaken in
support of the environmental statement and that the Lincolnshire National Mapping
Programme also be consulted.
7.42 English Heritage stated in response to the Scoping Report that designated assets within
5km radius should be assessed along with certain assets beyond 5km such as Caythorpe
Court Registered Park and Garden. They raised concern regarding the potential effects of
the churches in the valley or on the higher ground to the east (such as the churches at
Brant Broughton, Leadenham, Fulbeck, Caythorpe, Welbourn, Newark, Claypole, and
Fenton).
7.43 The National trust stated in their response that they required a detailed ZTV for Belton
House and Bellmount Tower to be produced. This was subsequently produced and
showed that it is likely that only the tips of turbines would be visible when standing on the
viewing platform at Bellmount Tower and that reference to the tower would be made in
the ES. The National Trust subsequently confirmed that this approach was proportionate
given the 12km separation between the turbines and the tower.
Significance Criteria
7.44 Potential effects are assessed by first considering the importance and sensitivity of
heritage assets and then the magnitude of the impact on the heritage asset as a result of
the construction or operation of the turbines.
Sensitivity of Receptors
7.45 The sensitivity of an asset is defined by its importance. Section 12 of the NPPF does not use
the term importance instead it uses the term significance which is defined in Annex 2.
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7.46 In essence, the greater the significance of an asset, the greater the sensitivity of the asset.
For example, a Scheduled Monument is nationally significant and therefore, even small
amounts of change to the fabric of the monument and/or its setting may potentially
reduce its significance and therefore it is considered to be of high sensitivity. By
comparison, the significance of a non-designated below ground archaeological asset
may only be reduced by substantial physical change to its fabric and therefore, it is
considered to be of low sensitivity. Table 7.1 sets out the criteria for assessing sensitivity.
For the purposes of this assessment, the sensitivity of heritage assets was classified into
three categories: High, Moderate and Low.
Table 7.1: Criteria for assessing the sensitivity of receptors
Sensitivity Definition Relevant Heritage Assets
High The receptor has little ability to
absorb change without
fundamentally altering its present
character, is of high
environmental value, or of
international or national
importance.
SMs & Areas of Archaeological
Importance.
Archaeological sites of schedulable
quality & significance.
Listed buildings (all grades).
Registered Historic Parks and
Gardens (all grades).
Historic Battlefields
World Heritage Sites
Conservation Areas
Moderate The receptor has moderate
capacity to absorb change
without significantly altering its
present character, has some
environmental value, or is of
national importance.
Local Authority designated sites
Undesignated sites of demonstrable
regional importance.
Low The receptor is tolerant of
change without detriment to its
character, is of low
environmental value, or is of
local importance.
Sites with significance to local
interest groups.
Sites of which the significance is
limited by poor preservation and
poor survival of contextual
associations.
Magnitude of Impact
7.47 ‘Impacts’ are the predicted change to the baseline environment attributable to the
project. Table 7.2 below sets out the criteria for assessing the magnitude of impact on
heritage receptors.
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Table 7. 2: Criteria for assessing magnitude of impact
Magnitude of Impact Definition
Major Total or considerable loss of the significance of a heritage asset.
Substantial harm to a heritage asset's setting, such that the
significance of the asset would be totally lost or substantially
reduced (e.g. the significance of a designated heritage asset
would be reduced to such a degree that its designation would
be questionable or the significance of an undesignated heritage
asset would be reduced to such a degree that its categorisation
as a heritage asset would be questionable).
Moderate Partial loss or alteration of the significance of a heritage asset.
Considerable harm to a heritage asset’s setting, such that the
asset's significance would be materially affected/considerably
devalued, but not totally or substantially lost.
Minor Slight loss of the significance of a heritage asset. This could
include the removal of fabric that forms part of the heritage
asset, but that is not integral to its significance (e.g. the
demolition of later extensions/additions of little intrinsic value).
Some harm to the heritage asset’s setting, but not to the degree
that it would materially compromise the significance of the
heritage asset.
Perceivable level of harm, but limited relative to the overall
interest of the heritage asset.
Negligible A very slight change to a heritage asset. This could include a
change to a part of a heritage asset that does not materially
contribute to its significance.
Very minor change to a heritage asset’s setting such that there is
a slight impact not materially affecting the heritage asset’s
significance.
7.48 Whether or not substantial harm exists is a subjective judgement for the decision maker.
However, broadly speaking in EIA terms the boundary between substantial and less than
substantial harm in terms of policies contained within the NPPF is more likely to occur at the
approximate boundary between major and moderate impact on the significance of an
asset.
Significance of Effect
7.49 The Proposed Development’s effects are the consequence of impacts on historic
environment receptors. This is evaluated by taking into account both the sensitivity
(heritage significance as defined in Section 12 and Annex 2 of the NPPF) of the receptor
and the magnitude of the predicted impact (see Table 7.3 below). Where in Table 7.3
there is scope for two levels of impact (e.g. major/moderate), professional judgement has
been used in the assessment as to the level of impact arising. It is the effects of a project
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that are reported in the ES especially where these are deemed to be significant (the
greyed out parts of Table 7.3). Impacts of ‘major’ or ‘moderate’ significance are
considered to equate to significant impacts in the context of the EIA Regulations.
Table 7.3 Criteria for assessing significance of effect
Magnitude of change
Se
nsi
tiv
ity
Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible
High Major/
Moderate
Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Medium Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor
Low Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor Minor/Negligible
Assumptions and Limitations
7.50 It is assumed that the data obtained from the sources outlined above was correct at the
time writing. Designated heritage assets have been accessed from the nearest publically
accessible locations. The results of the geophysical survey have been confirmed as
having a high level of confidence by Stratascan. Due to local ground conditions, Turbine 3
was not possible to survey. The results of the survey can be taken as a reasonable
representation of archaeological remains potentially present within the areas surveyed.
Baseline Conditions
Archaeology
7.51 Technical Appendix 7.1 provides a detailed description of all known HER records within the
Site and the surrounding area. The following section summarises the findings of that report.
The location of each of the sites mentioned in the text is shown on Fig. 7.1.
7.52 All of the available arable land within the perimeter fence of Fulbeck Airfield was field-
walked by the Trust for Lincolnshire Archaeology in 1987. This recorded three Romano-
British small farms within the Site which were occupied during the 3rd-4th century AD
(MLI35104). An earlier fieldwalking survey in 1979 recorded an extensive scatter of Roman
pottery within the Site (MLI85976; Fig.1). It is not clear whether this equates with one of the
later records or not.
7.53 An assemblage of Palaeolithic animal bone thought to date to the Ipswichian interglacial
(130,000-114,000 years ago) was recovered during exploratory geological trenching within
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Fulbeck Airfield (MLI98836). The HER entry notes that the asset is of considerable
importance and well-preserved.
7.54 It is concluded that the site has high potential to contain further faunal remains relating to
this period within a sub-strata of fluvial gravel.
7.55 There are no records of Mesolithic activity in the study area. Consequently the site is
concluded to have a low potential to contain remains from this period.
7.56 There are several records of cropmarks within the Site and study area that have been
provisionally dated to this period. Figure 7.1 includes a plot of these cropmarks taken (with
permission) from English Heritage’s National Monuments Programme for Lincolnshire.
Within the Site there are linear cropmarks related to tracks, enclosures and boundaries
(MLI35106). Immediately adjacent, to the southeast, are further linear ditches and
enclosures (MLI34083); one is a triple linear feature.
7.57 To the southwest of the Site is a concentration of further cropmarks, either broadly dated
to this period or undated, they include features interpreted as boundaries, tracks, pits and
enclosures (MLI30230, 30229, 34801, 34802, 35097, 35098, 35099, 35100, 88456, 88471).
7.58 Cropmarks of possible prehistoric tracks (MLI86016 & MLI86024) and an undated boundary
(MLI86029) have been recorded to the north and north west of the Site. To the west are
cropmarks of prehistoric ditches (MLI91061) and either prehistoric or Roman enclosures
(MLI91060).
7.59 Three Romano-British (3rd-4th century AD) small farms have been recorded within the site
(MLI13104).
7.60 Roman remains have been recorded within the wider study area. These are scatters of
Roman pottery recorded to the south east (MLI87586 & MLI30266) and to the north
(MLI84646, 85965 & 85966). The artefact scatter at MLI85965 is adjacent to cropmarks
which have been interpreted as relating to a Roman villa (MLI86025) and immediately
north are cropmarks interpreted as relating to Roman settlement (MLI60380).
7.61 No records relating to Anglo-Saxon/Early Medieval activity are present within the Site or
study area. The Historic Landscape Characterisation Project for Lincolnshire report noted
that within the zone the site occupies there is very little evidence for land-use prior to the
medieval period.
7.62 Fourteenth century medieval pottery has been recorded within the site (MLI35105). In the
wider study area, a settlement at Stragglethorpe is first recorded in the 13th century
(MLI85948). Remains relating to medieval ridge and furrow cultivation have been
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recorded on the edge of the study area at Sutton (MLI83864). The Historic Landscape
Characterisation Project noted that there are few surviving medieval settlements in this
zone, though numerous areas of relict ridge and furrow cultivation survive, and suggest
that open fields related to settlements just outside the zone were quite numerous.
7.63 An historic map regression is contained in Appendix 7.1. In summary, this has established
that before the construction of RAF Fulbeck in 1940, the Site was occupied by a number of
regular rectangular or square agricultural fields. The Historic Landscape Characterisation
Project for Lincolnshire notes that the area is characterised by fields with long straight
boundaries defined by drainage ditches within a very flat, floodplain landscape (although
rising slightly to the west of the River Brant, where the Site is located). Fields in this area are
typically known as ‘low fields’. Ordnance Survey mapping of the Site in the late 19th
century and early 20th century shows no substantive changes to the Site.
7.64 RAF Fulbeck was opened in 1940 consisting of runways and temporary buildings used to
support RAF Cranwell for training purposes (MLI86642). By the end of 1941 it had been
decided to build a full-scale airfield for Bomber Command and in 1942 three concrete
runways and three hangers were built (two others were built later to house gliders). In 1943
it was allocated for use by the US Army Air Force, partly in preparation for use in the
airbourne assault on Normandy that supported D-Day. RAF bomber squadrons also flew
from Fulbeck for the last six months of the war. After the war the airfield was handed over
to Maintenance Command and in the 1950s housed the Air Historical Branch’s aircraft
collection. It was again used as a relief landing ground for Cranwell before being closed in
the late 1960s. The remains of the airfield are considered to be of local significance.
7.65 The airfield is not shown on Ordnance Survey maps surveyed during the war (OS 1946-50)
and the Site continued to be depicted as covered by agricultural fields. In 1956 the airfield
was shown but with no internal detail (OS 1956). It was not until the 1970s, after the
airfield’s closure, that any internal features were shown by Ordnance Survey (OS 1970-74).
7.66 The site contains upstanding features related to the airfield, principally hard-standing for
runways but also the remains of some buildings. However, the airfield is not well-preserved.
Geophysical Survey
7.67 A geophysical survey of nine of the ten turbine locations has been undertaken (Appendix
7.2). A 1ha survey block centred on each proposed wind turbine location was
undertaken. Turbine 3 was not able to be surveyed due to ground conditions at the time
of the survey. In summary, the results of the survey were as follows:
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Turbine 1 No anomalies of archaeological origin.
Turbine 2 A linear feature identified as being associated with the airfield such as part
of a former runway. One short linear of possible archaeological origin.
Turbine 3 Not surveyed.
Turbine 4 No anomalies of archaeological origin.
Turbine 5 No anomalies of archaeological origin.
Turbine 6 Two short linear anomalies of possible archaeological origin.
Turbine 7 A linear feature identified as being associated with the airfield such as part
of a former runway.
Turbine 8 Multiple anomalies of archaeological origin interpreted as a trackway,
enclosures and pits suggestive of prehistoric or Roman settlement remains.
These are considered to be of local interest and low sensitivity.
Turbine 9 No anomalies of archaeological origin.
Turbine 10 A linear feature identified as being associated with the airfield such as part
of a former runway.
Scheduled Monuments
7.68 There are six scheduled monuments within 5kms of the proposed turbines (Fig. 7.3). Of
these, the following scheduled monuments are outside of the ZTV for the Proposed
Development and therefore have not been assessed as there will be no impacts on their
settings or significance: Churchyard cross, All Saints' churchyard, Beckingham (100921);
Dovecote 250m north west of Barnby Hall (1016791); Churchyard cross, St Vincent's
churchyard, Barnaby in the Willows (1009225); Fulbeck village cross (1009223); and
Churchyard cross, St Peter's churchyard, Claypole (1011798).
7.69 An assessment of the significance of Castle Hill and its setting is presented in Appendix 7.3
Table 1.
Listed Buildings
7.70 There are 11 Grade II listed buildings within 2km of the proposed turbine locations. Of
these, 5 are within the ZTV and 6 are outside of the ZTV (Fig. 7.4). There are 10 Grade I and
13 Grade II* listed buildings within 5km of the proposed turbine locations (Fig. 7.5). Of
these, 3 Grade I and 4 II* listed buildings are within the ZTV. There are 5 Grade I listed
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churches within 5kms of the proposed turbine locations that are outside of the ZTV but
have been assessed so as to be able to consider the potential effects of the Proposed
Development on the church’s towers within the wider landscape. An assessment of the
significance of these listed buildings and their setting is presented in Appendix 7.3 Table 2.
7.71 Stubton Hall is a grade II listed building which lies outside of the 2km study area for Grade II
listed buildings. This a large country house built between 1813-14 by Sir Jeffry Wyatville, in
Gault brick range with ashlar dressings and shallow hipped concrete tile roof with parapet
and four ridge stacks. Attached to north-west, is a small gault brick house with concrete
tile roof and single ridge stack attached to which is a late 18th century red brick service
wing with an earlier red brick service wing set further back. The significance of the house
lies in its architectural and historic interest.
7.72 Stubton Hall has previously suffered from unsympathetic alterations and extensions related
to its former use as a boarding school. It has been undergoing restoration to bring it closer
to its original form and is used as a wedding and event venue. The historic significance of
Stubton Hall is derived mainly from its historical and aesthetic qualities. It was designed by
the renowned architect Jeffry Wyatville, who also did work at nearby Belton House, along
with Windsor Castle and Kensington Palace. There are extensive landscaped grounds with
some modern additions such as ornamental ponds but the grounds retain many of its
original specimen trees and features and can be regarded as an undesignated heritage
asset. Its setting principally comprises the associated landscaped grounds that are on its
southern and south western sides and extends to include its immediate village context to
the south west, which includes views towards the Grade II* listed St Martin’s church and
the wider landscape to the east and south east. Stubton Hall and St Martin’s church both
contribute positively to each other’s setting, amplifying the significance. The Hall and
grounds were clearly designed to be seen within this context.
7.73 The effect on Bellmount Tower (II*) has also been considered at the request of the National
Trust even though it is 12km to the south. This is a vviewing tower in the form of a tall arch.
It is mid-18th Century in date, remodelled c.1780, damaged by fire 1841, restored c. 1989. It
was designed By Samuel Smith and the mason William Grey.
7.74 The effect on Belvoir Castle has also been considered. Belvoir Castle (Grade I) is a
Norman castle, which was rebuilt in the 16th Century, demolished 1649 and then rebuilt
1655-68 on a courtyard plan. It was remodelled 1801-30 by James Wyatt supervised by Sir
John Thoroton. A fire in 1816 destroyed the north and east wings which were rebuilt by
Thoroton. Thoroton completed Wyatt's standing wings. The Proposed Development is
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located c. 18.2km to the north east of the castle and is considered to be outside of the
setting of the castle and so it has not been assessed.
Conservation Areas
7.75 There are 6 Conservation Areas within or just beyond 5km of the wind farm (Fig. 7.6). The
majority of each of the Conservation Areas are outside of the ZTV, although the edges
that face toward the wind farm are generally within the ZTV. The whole of the Caythorpe
part of the Caythorpe/Frieston Conservation Area is outside of the ZTV and therefore will
not be assessed as there will be no impact upon its significance.
7.76 Barnaby in the Willows is a small Conservation Area located 3.6km to the north west of the
Proposed Development. It is centred on Front Street with a small spur to the north east
along part of Long Lane. It stretches from the Church of All Saints (Grade I listed building)
at its south eastern end to the junction of Long lane and Newark Road at its north western
end. Long Lane is fronted by detached houses varying in date from the 18th century
onwards. Many houses front directly on to the road while others are set back within
gardens. There a number of grade II listed buildings within the Conservation Area. The
houses, trees and other vegetation in the village within gardens largely block views out
beyond the built up area although there are clear views out across the surrounding
countryside at the north western and south eastern end. The south eastern end includes a
grass field adjacent to the church from which there are clear views out across the
surrounding countryside. The setting of the Conservation Area comprises the countryside
within which it is located as this places it within a rural context and therefore has a positive
contribution to its significance. This contribution reduces with distance. All Saints Church
forms the key building within the village within the area where the Conservation Area is
within the ZTV. The setting of the church is considered in detail in Appendix 7.3 Table 2.
7.77 Brant Broughton Conservation Area is located 2.7km to the north east of the Proposed
Development. The Conservation Area is an approximately rectangular shape focussed on
High Street and the properties that front on to it, but extends as far west as West Street to
include the vast majority of the built up area of the village. The Church of St Helen is
located at the southern end of the Conservation Area. There are a number of Grade II
listed buildings within the village which are concentrated in the mid High Street, Church
Lane and Church Walk area. The core of the Conservation Area (High Street. Church
Lane, Church Walk, Meeting House Lane, Guildford Lane & Maltkiln Lane) is rather inward
looking with views out beyond the village being very limited. West Street is more outward
looking with views into the immediate countryside possible between modern houses. The
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setting of the Conservation Area comprises the countryside within which it is located as this
places it within a rural context and therefore has a positive contribution to the significance
of the Conservation Area. This contribution reduces with distance. The key and most
prominent listed building is St Helen’s Church at the southern end of the area. Appendix
7.3 Table 2 presents an assessment of the church’s significance and setting. Views out
toward the Proposed Development from the edge of the conservation area are possible
but views of the wind farm will not be possible from within the vast majority of the
Conservation Area.
7.78 Caythorpe/Frieston Conservation Area comprises of two separate areas. The Caythorpe
part forms the bulk of the area and is located 3.7km to the south east of the Proposed
Development. The Frieston area lies to the south of Caythorpe and is c. 4.5km to the south
east of the Proposed Development. The Caythorpe element of the Conservation Area is
completely outside of the ZTV and therefore will not be considered any further. In relation
to the special character of the Conservation Area, the Conservation Area Appraisal
states:
“Frieston Green is the historic core and forms the focal point of the Conservation Area. The
large open green is enclosed on the north and east sides by buildings which date from the
17th–19th centuries. The green occupies a gently rising south-north incline which elevates
the buildings on the north side above those on the east. The buildings on the north side are
separated from the green by ironstone boundary walls capped with clay pantiles and are
partially screened from view by mature trees and vegetation in the private gardens. The
buildings on the east side front directly onto the green with the exception of Denver House
which is enclosed by a low brick boundary wall. The large mature trees contribute to the
visual interest of the green and frame attractive views of the buildings clustered around its
perimeter.
The buildings on the north side of Hough Road are set back from the roadside within large
grounds enclosed by stone or brick boundary walls. The buildings are partially screened
from view by tall, mature trees which frame attractive views along the street. Frieston
House on the south side of the road is set slightly back from the roadside and is enclosed
by decorative railings with stone piers and a boundary hedge.”
7.79 The Conservation Area Appraisal does not identify any important views out of the
Conservation Area toward the Proposed Development. The north western portion of the
Conservation Area is within the ZTV. This includes Frieston Old Hall (Grade II), of which
there is an important view from the road in the direction of the Proposed Development.
However, there a number of tall trees within this view which will block views of the
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Proposed Development. Due to the topography, the layout of the village and the
presence of a large number of tall trees, the Conservation Area is essentially inward
looking. Its setting is considered to include the fields immediately adjacent to the village
but not the countryside beyond as it is only in close proximity that the setting provides a
positive contribution to the significance of the village as it places it within a rural context.
7.80 Hough on the Hill Conservation Area is 4.2km to the south east of the Proposed
Development. The majority of the built up area of the Conservation Area is outside of the
ZTV although the north eastern/northern and south western areas of the Conservation
Area are within the ZTV. The Conservation Area Appraisal defines the special interest as:
Former Brownlow estate village with picturesque quality derived from distinctive
architectural style and cohesive material palette.
Village core centred on an S bend in the road, with All Saints Church, The Brownlow
Arms, Hough House, and the Tudor Gothic School featuring strongly.
Striking and far reaching views out of the conservation area over the Trent and Belvoir
Vales.
Natural topography creating areas of visual dominance such as at All Saints Church.
High archaeological significance reflected by the scheduled monument status of the
Motte and Bailey at Castle Hill and a number of other archaeological sites such as
Hough Priory.
Trees and hedgerows contributing to a rural character and framing views.
Strong contribution of open space, particularly grazed fields.
A number of footpaths and back lanes traversing through the village offering
interesting scenes and views.
Traditional craftsmanship embodied in original building materials and architectural
features.
Visual harmony resulting from the use of a limited palette of natural building materials.
7.81 The village has an extensive setting due to its location over looking the Belvoir Vale to the
north, north west and west. The Appraisal states “The surrounding landscape is intrinsic to
the character of the conservation area, offering expansive views and contributing
towards a green and picturesque setting. There are extensive views northwards from
Lower Road and New Hill across the vale to the distant power stations whilst the scarp of
the Lincolnshire Edge contains the eastern view with the spire of St Vincent‟s Church at
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Caythorpe forming a prominent landmark… Along Folly Lane there are also spectacular
panoramic views of the Belvoir Vale particularly in a northern direction where views
stretch as far as Lincoln Cathedral and beyond.”
7.82 The Appraisal notes two important panoramic views in the direction of the Proposed
Development. These are no.8 from Folly Lane (as described in the above quote) and no
15 which is a view across Belvoir Vale. Therefore, the setting of the Conservation Area is
extensive and includes the Proposed Development. The panoramic views provide a
positive contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area. However, these are
panoramic views that include many modern features and it is the totality of the views that
are important rather than anyone particular area within the views, although on a clear
day, the view of Lincoln Cathedral in the distance has been identified as being of
particular importance.
7.83 Fulbeck Conservation Area is c. 4.4km to the east of the Proposed Development. A large
part of the Conservation Area is outside of the ZTV. However, there are views out across
Belvoir Vale along a number of the east – west lanes within the area and from the western
boundary to the west of Fulbeck Hall and parts of the garden of Fulbeck Hall is within the
ZTV. The Conservation Area Appraisal defines the special interest as:
Prominent roofscapes contributing towards key views.
Steep and narrow lanes with views to the surrounding countryside.
Landscape setting of Fulbeck with the Lincolnshire Cliff edge to the east making a
significant contribution to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
Rectory Lane acting as a boundary between the open character to the north of the
village with a low density of development and the nucleated character to the south
with a higher density of development.
Four small country houses within close proximity of each other, Fulbeck Hall (Grade II*),
Fulbeck Manor (Grade II*), Fulbeck House (Grade II*) which are all 17th century in
origin and Ermine House (Grade II*), built circa 1700.
Fulbeck Hall with its landscaped parkland making a strong contribution, and forming
structured views both within and out of, the conservation area boundary.
Visual continuity created by boundary walls delineating boundaries and linking
buildings.
Visual harmony resulting from the use of a limited palette of natural building materials.
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There are four greens within the boundary which enhance the setting of the adjacent
buildings and the rural character of the village.
Views of the Trent and Belvoir Vales can be appreciated from North End and also from
within the private grounds of Fulbeck Hall.
7.84 The landscape is an important part of the setting of the conservation area. There are
views out across Belvoir Vale along a number of the east – west lanes within the area and
from the western boundary to the west of Fulbeck Hall and parts of the garden of Fulbeck
Hall. The Appraisal states:
“The landscape is an important part of the setting of the conservation area and forms an
attractive backdrop to views within and outside of the boundary. The elevated position of
the village allows long ranging views westwards across the Trent and Belvoir Vale which
forms the backdrop to views from Rectory Lane, Scott’s Hill, North End Lane and Bulby
Lane. The eastward views from Cliff Road are curtailed by the tree belts on the rising scarp,
likewise the southern views along High Street are restricted by the rising topography and
tree lined ridges.
From outside the boundary, are some impressive views towards the conservation area
from Sudthorpe Hill and from the Lowfields where you can see both St Vincent’s spire,
Caythorpe and Fulbeck village in the same view. From Holywell on the rising escarpment
there are also attractive views of the conservation area. The views within the boundary
are constantly unfolding due to the curved alignment of the roads and are generally
constrained by the building frontages. “
7.85 Consequently, the Conservation Area has an extensive setting whose contribution to the
significance of the area diminishes with distance.
7.86 Leadenham Conservation Area is c. 5km+ to the north east of the Proposed Development.
It is a linear village orientated north east/south west with the Church and St Swithin and
Leadenham Hall being buildings of particular note at the southern end of the conservation
area. The village is rather inward looking with views out to the wider countryside very
restricted. As with Fulbeck, there are views out from the Conservation Area out to Belvoir
Vale from some of the east west orientated streets and from the edge of the conservation
area. Consequently, the Conservation Area has an extensive setting that has a positive
contribution to the village’s significance, which diminishes with distance.
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Registered Parks and Gardens
7.87 There are three Registered Parks and Gardens within 10km of the Proposed Development
(Fig. 7.6). These are Caythorpe Court, Marston Hall and Newark Castle Gardens and all
three are Grade II. Of these three, Marston Hall and Newark Castle Gardens are both
outside of the ZTV and therefore will not be considered further as there will be no effects
upon them. Caythorpe Court , located 6km to the south east of the Proposed
Development, is almost entirely outside of the ZTV as it is enclosed within woodland in the
direction of the wind farm, apart from a very small section of the south western tip of the
park in the area of a tennis court. Due to the very restricted theoretical visibility, the very
small area where this theoretical visibility is possible and the distance of the Proposed
Development (6km to the north west), the Proposed Development is considered to lie
beyond the setting.
Key Impacts and Likely Significant Effects
Construction
7.88 Sources of impacts upon non-designated archaeological heritage assets include:
the erection of the turbines with the use of cranes.
the construction of a substation.
the construction of the access tracks (including laying of underground cabling).
7.89 The geophysical survey, walkover survey and baseline conditions survey has established
the following potential construction impacts on non-designated heritage assets:
Turbines 1, 4, 5 & 9
7.90 The geophysical survey failed to reveal any anomalies that could be interpreted as being
of archaeological origin at these proposed turbine locations. This, along with the lack of
archaeological remains recorded within the wider study area indicates that the turbine
construction will have no archaeological impacts. It is possible that isolated
archaeological features/finds could be present. If such remains were present, the
construction of the turbine would have a substantial magnitude of effect on features
located within the footprint of the turbine and its construction crane hardstanding. There
would be no impact on features outside of the development footprint. Therefore, there
will be less than an adverse impact of Slight magnitude which would not give rise to a
likely significant.
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Turbines 2, 6, & 10
7.91 The geophysical survey recorded straight anomalies that have been interpreted as being
associated with the former airfield. However, it failed to reveal any anomalies that could
be interpreted as being of earlier archaeological origin at these proposed turbine
locations. It is possible that isolated archaeological features/finds could be present. If
such remains were present, the construction of the turbine would have a substantial
magnitude of effect on features located within the footprint of the turbine and its
construction crane hardstanding. There would be no impact on features outside of the
development footprint. There would be no impact on features outside of the
development footprint. Therefore, there will be less than an adverse impact of Slight
magnitude which would not give rise to a likely significant.
Turbine 8
7.92 The geophysical survey has revealed anomalies that have been interpreted as being
indicative of the presence of a prehistoric/Roman settlement, trackway and field system.
This is considered to be of local archaeological interest. It fits into the wider pattern of
prehistoric/Roman occupation indicated by the presence of the cropmarks and other
finds within the area of the airfield. The construction of Turbine 8 and its associated crane
hardstanding will impact upon features associated with this settlement that are located at
the turbine location. This will result in the removal of part of the remains. However, due to
the small area of ground disturbance required to build the turbine and hardstanding, the
majority of the remains will be not be impacted upon. Therefore, there will be an adverse
impact of minor magnitude on the prehistoric/Roman settlement which would not give rise
to a likely significant.
7.93 The layout of the Proposed Development has been devised to ensure that the surviving
fabric of RAF Fulbeck has been preserved and where feasible, re-used. Therefore, there
will be no effect on the remains of RAF Fulbeck.
7.94 Construction impacts on designated heritage assets will be of a comparable nature to
those at the operational stage, albeit of a much shorter duration. The nature of the
change in the views to or from the assessed assets will not be significantly different during
construction when compared with operation. Therefore, the predicted effects of
construction activities are broadly similar to those assessed in operational impacts and
have not been repeated for construction impacts.
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Operational
7.95 The main potential operational impacts of the Proposed Development on designated
heritage assets once it is built would be as a result of:
the presence of the turbines (including rotating blades).
presence of the substation.
presence of access tracks.
Non-designated archaeological heritage assets
7.96 The Proposed Development will have no operational impacts on non-designated heritage
assets.
Designated Heritage Assets
7.97 There are no registered battlefields or World Heritage Sites within the study area and so
these are not considered any further within this assessment. The predicted operational
impacts upon scheduled monuments are assessed in Appendix 7.3 Table 1 and listed
bbuildings are assessed in Appendix 7.3 Table 2. Registered parks and gardens and
Conservation Areas are assessed below.
7.98 The assessment of operational effects takes into account the sensitivity of these assets (as
designated assets they are all of national importance), the assessment of the buildings’
settings as existing and its contribution to the significance of the designated asset and the
magnitude of impact predicted on the setting and its contribution to the significance of
the asset from the Proposed Development.
Scheduled Monuments
7.99 Churchyard cross, All Saints' churchyard, Beckingham (100921); Dovecote 250m north west
of Barnby Hall (1016791); Churchyard cross, St Vincent's churchyard, Barnaby in the Willows
(1009225); Fulbeck village cross (1009223); and Churchyard cross, St Peter's churchyard,
Claypole (1011798) are all outside of the ZTV and therefore, there will be no impact on
their settings or significance.
7.100 Castle Hill is the only scheduled monument within the study area which is within ZTV.
Despite the monument’s location on a hill overlooking Belvoir Vale, the monument is
enclosed by, and partially within, a block of woodland which restricts clear views across
the Vale. Therefore, although being theoretically within the setting of the monument, the
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Proposed Development will have a negligible impact on the significance of the
monument.
Listed Buildings
7.101 As stated in paragraph 7.70, there are 11 Grade II listed buildings within 2km of the
proposed turbine locations. Of these, 6 are outside of the ZTV. There are 10 Grade I and 13
Grade II* listed buildings within 5km of the proposed turbine locations. Of these, 7 Grade I
and 9 II* listed buildings are outside of the ZTV. As these are outside the ZTV, the Proposed
Development will have no effects on their settings or significance.
7.102 An assessment of the significance of the listed buildings and their settings that are within
the ZTV is presented in Appendix 7.3 Table 2. Five Grade I listed churches that are outside
of the ZTV have been assessed as their spires/towers are considered to be landmark
features within the wider landscape and therefore, this element of their setting may be
potentially impacted by the Proposed Development.
7.103 A minor impact has been identified for the following assets; Church of All Saints, Fenton
(Grade I no 1062914), Church of All Saints, Beckingham (Grade I no 1360525), Church of St
Helen, Brant Broughton (Grade I (1147487), Church of All Saints, (Barnaby in the Willows
(Grade I 1302715), Church of St Vincent, Caythorpe (Grade I no 1317320), Church of St
Nicholas, Fulbeck (Grade I no 166164), Church of St Swithin, Leadenham (Grade I no
1147388), Brandon Old Hall (Grade II* no 1166332), Stragglethorpe Grange (Grade II no
1147761), Court Leys Farmhouse (Grade II no 1062404), Apricot Hall (Grade II no 1061927).
7.104 A negligible impact has been identified for the following assets; Castle Hill, Hough on the
Hill (SAM no 1003571), Church of St Michael, Stragglethorpe (Grade I no 1061900), Church
of All Saints, Hough on the Hill (Grade I no 1360316), Church of St Peter, Claypole (Grade I
no 1062912), Chapel Brandon (Grade II* no 1062416), Church of St Martin, Stubton (Grade
II* no 1360092), Stragglethorpe Hall (Grade II no 1147803), has been assessed for Longhills
Hall (LB57) (grade II), Halstead Hall and Barn (LB65 and 67) (grade I/II*), Church of St
Andrew, Timberland (LB66) (grade II*) and, Tattershall Castle (LB186) (grade I).
7.105 In the case of the assets where a minor or negligible impact has been assessed it is
concluded that the effects are not significant in EIA terms. Most of the effects relate to
singular views being affected that contribute to the setting, leaving the majority of the
asset’s heritage significance unchanged and an experience of its heritage values
unaffected.
7.106 Stubton Hall was assessed as it lies a short distance to the south of the Grade II listed
building study area. The setting of Stubton Hall is considered to comprise its landscaped
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gardens on its southern and south western sides and also extends to include its immediate
village context to the south west, which includes views towards the Grade II* listed St
Martin’s church and the wider landscape to the east and south east. Stubton Hall and St
Martin’s church both contribute positively to each other’s setting, amplifying the
significance. The Hall and grounds were clearly designed to be seen within this context.
The Proposed development lies c. 2.2km to the north east of Stubton Hall and its setting. It
is considered to be located beyond the setting of the hall, although it will be visible in
places from the hall and its grounds. However, as it is considered to lie outside of the
primary aspects of the setting, the Proposed Development is considered to have a
negligible effect on the setting of the hall and its contribution to the significance of the
hall.
7.107 A ZTV for Bellmount Tower was produced which demonstrates that that only the tips of
turbines will be viewed when standing on the viewing platform at Bellmount Tower.
Therefore, given the very slight intervisibility and the distance (c. 12km to the south of the
proposed development, it is considered that there will be a negligible impact upon the
tower.
7.108 In summary, there are 6 Grade II listed buildings within the ZTV within 2km of the Proposed
Development. The Proposed Development will have a minor impact on the significance
of 4 buildings and a negligible impact on the significance of 1 grade II listed building.
There are 10 Grade I listed buildings within or have a spire/tower within the ZTV. The
Proposed development will have a minor impact on the significance of 5 of these
buildings and a negligible impact on 4 of these Grade I listed buildings. There are 3 Grade
II* listed buildings within the ZTV. The Proposed Development will have a minor impact on
the significance of 1 of these buildings and a negligible impact on the significance of 2 of
the Grade II* listed buildings.
Conservation Areas
Barnaby in the Willows
7.109 The vast majority of the Conservation Area is outside of the ZTV and therefore the
Proposed Development will have no effect within most of the area. The south eastern end
of the Conservation Area (this includes All Saints Church) is within the ZTV. As described in
paragraph 10.66, the setting of the Conservation Area comprises the countryside within
which it is located as this places it within a rural context and therefore has a positive
contribution to the significance of the conservation. This contribution reduces with
distance. All Saints Church forms the key building within the village within the area where
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the Conservation Area is within the ZTV. The setting of the church is considered in detail in
Appendix 7.3 Table 2. As demonstrated in Viewpoint 7, which is located at the edge of
the Conservation Area, the Proposed Development will be visible in the distance within the
wider countryside with the limestone ridge visible beyond it. The Proposed Development is
therefore within the periphery of the setting of the village in an area that has positive
contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area. This is only one aspect of the
setting of the Conservation Area which extends out from the village in all directions. The
Proposed Development will therefore only affect one part of the setting. The Proposed
Development will be a change within one aspect of the setting but it will be within an
area that has a relatively limited contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area.
This will not have a material effect on the significance of the Conservation Area which
primarily derives from factors that will be unaffected by the presence of the Proposed
Development. Therefore, the Proposed Development is considered to have a minor
impact on the significance of Barnaby in the Willows Conservation Area.
Brant Broughton
7.110 Almost all of the Conservation Area is outside of the ZTV and therefore the Proposed
Development will have no effect within most of it. The southern edge of the Conservation
Area is within the ZTV. The setting of the Conservation Area comprises the countryside
within which it is located as this places it within a rural context and therefore has a positive
contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area. This contribution reduces with
distance. As demonstrated in Viewpoint 4, which is located a short distance to the south
of the southern boundary of the Conservation Area, the Proposed Development will be
visible in the distance within the wider countryside. The Proposed Development is
therefore within the periphery of the setting of the village in an area that has positive
contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area. This is only one aspect of the
setting of the Conservation Area which, where it does extend beyond the village, extends
out in all directions. The Proposed Development will therefore only affect one part of the
setting. The Proposed Development will be a change within one aspect of the setting but
it will be within an area that has a limited contribution to the significance of the
Conservation Area. This will not have a material effect on the significance of the
Conservation Area which primarily derives from factors that will be unaffected by the
presence of the Proposed Development. Therefore, the Proposed Development is
considered to have a minor impact on the significance of Brant Broughton Conservation
Area.
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Caythorpe/Frieston Conservation Area
7.111 The Caythorpe part of the Conservation Area is entirely outside of the ZTV and therefore,
the Proposed Development will have no impact upon its setting or significance. The
majority of the Frieston block of the Conservation Area is also outside of the ZTV. The north
western portion of this block is within the ZTV. There are no identified important views out
of the Conservation Area toward the Proposed Development. The setting is considered to
include the fields immediately adjacent to the village but not the countryside beyond as it
is only in close proximity that the setting provides a positive contribution to the significance
of the village as it places it within a rural context. The Proposed Development will be
theoretically visible in the distance within the wider countryside. The Proposed
Development is therefore within the periphery of the setting of the Frieston block of the
Conservation Area in an area that has a very limited positive contribution to the
significance of the Conservation Area. This is only one aspect of the setting of the
Conservation Area which, where it does extend beyond the village, extends out in all
directions. The Proposed Development will be a change within one aspect of the setting
but it will be within an area that has a limited contribution to the significance of the
Conservation Area. This will not have a material effect on the significance of the
Conservation Area which primarily derives from factors that will be unaffected by the
presence of the Proposed Development. Therefore, the Proposed Development is
considered to have a minor impact on the significance of Caythorpe/Frieston
Conservation Area.
Hough on the Hill Conservation Area
7.112 As discussed in paragraph 10.70-10.72, the majority of the Conservation Area is outside of
the ZTV and therefore the Proposed Development will have no effect within most of the
area. The north eastern/northern and south western potions of the Conservation Area are
within the ZTV. The Conservation Area Appraisal identifies two panoramic important views
across Belvoir Vale that are within the ZTV within which the Proposed Development will be
visible in the distance Important Panoramic Views no 8 and 15. Viewpoint 11 is located
just outside of the Conservation Area a short distance to the south west of the important
panoramic view from Folly Lane identified in the Conservation Area Appraisal (no 8). This
shows that the Proposed Development will be visible in the distance from this location, and
therefore also the important viewpoint. The same will be true for the other panoramic
view (no 15). The Proposed Development will not interfere with the views toward Lincoln
Cathedral or along the edge of the limestone ridge and the spires/churches that are
visible to the north/north east of the Conservation Area. The Proposed Development will
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be a change within the panoramic views element of the setting of the Conservation Area.
This will not have a material effect on the significance of the Conservation Area which
primarily derives from factors that will be unaffected by the presence of the Proposed
Development. Therefore, the Proposed Development is considered to have a minor
impact on the significance of Hough on the Hill Conservation Area.
Fulbeck Conservation Area
7.113 A large part of the Conservation Area is outside of the ZTV and therefore, the Proposed
Development will have no impact upon the significance of most of the Conservation
Area. However, there are views out across Belvoir Vale along the lower parts of a number
of the east – west lanes within the area and from the western boundary to the west of
Fulbeck Hall and parts of the garden of Fulbeck Hall are within the ZTV. The landscape to
the west of the Conservation Area is an important part of the setting of the conservation
area with the views out across Belvoir Vale along a number of the east – west lanes within
the area and from the western boundary to the west of Fulbeck Hall and parts of the
garden of Fulbeck Hall. The views along the east-west orientated lanes are constrained
by the houses that front the lanes, which when combined with the topography and
alignment of the lanes means that the views out are framed and constrained by the built
form of the village and consequently, the wider landscape setting can only be
experienced in glimpsed views. Views are clearer from parts of Fulbeck Hall grounds. The
Proposed Development will be visible in the distance in some of these glimpsed views.
Therefore, it will be a change within this element of the setting of the Conservation Area.
In these views, there will be a moderate impact on the contribution to the significance of
the conservation area. However, this is only one element of the significance of the
Conservation Area which primarily derives from factors that will be unaffected by the
presence of the Proposed Development. Therefore, the Proposed Development will not
have a material effect on the significance of the Conservation Area and consequently
the Proposed Development is considered to have a minor impact on the significance of
Fulbeck Conservation Area.
Leadenham Conservation Area
7.114 The majority of the Conservation Area is outside of the ZTV and therefore, the Proposed
Development will have no impact upon the significance of most of the Conservation
Area. In places the western edges of the Conservation Area are within the ZTV. The
village is rather inward looking with views out to the wider countryside being very
restricted. There are some limited views out from the Conservation Area out to Belvoir Vale
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from some of the east - west orientated streets and from the edge of the conservation
area. Consequently, the Conservation Area has an extensive setting that has a positive
contribution to the village’s significance, which diminishes with distance. From the limited
places where the wind farm is theoretically visible, the Proposed Development will be a
change within this element of the setting of the Conservation Area. In these views, there
will be a moderate impact on the contribution to the significance of the Conservation
Area. However, this impact will be very limited in extent and furthermore, is only one
element of the significance of the Conservation Area which primarily derives from factors
that will be unaffected by the presence of the Proposed Development. Therefore, the
Proposed Development will not have a material effect on the significance of the
Conservation Area and consequently the Proposed Development is considered to have a
minor impact on the significance of Leadenham Conservation Area.
Registered Parks and Gardens
7.115 There are three Registered Parks and Gardens within 10km of the Proposed Development.
Of these, two are completely outside of the ZTV and one (Caythorpe Court) has only a
very small proportion of the south eastern edge of it within the ZTV. The Proposed
Development will have no impact on the two parks that are outside of the ZTV. As
discussed above, the Proposed Development is considered to be outside of the setting of
Caythorpe Hall. This, combined with the very limited part of the park that has any degree
of theoretical visibility with the Proposed Development, means that the Proposed
development will have no effect on the setting and significance of Caythorpe Court.
Mitigation and Enhancement
7.116 In accordance with national planning guidance and the Development Plan, any potential
direct and indirect effects upon heritage assets have been considered from the outset of
the project. Accordingly, the proximity to designated and non-designated heritage assets
was one of the factors taken into account in the site selection process. The mitigation of
any potential adverse effects upon heritage assets was addressed during the
development of the layout of the Proposed Development as part of the iterative design
and assessment process. Therefore, comprehensive mitigation is inherent within the final
design proposals in order to reduce or remove potential impacts on the significance of
designated and non-designated heritage assets.
7.117 The Proposed Development is located within an area that is considered to have moderate
potential for prehistoric/Roman remains. The geophysical survey has established that
Turbine 8 has anomalies of archaeological origin that are suggestive of prehistoric/Roman
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settlement, trackway and field system. Therefore, the construction of the turbine and its
associated infrastructure will impact upon part of these remains. The remaining turbine
locations (except for Turbine 3 which was unable to be surveyed) do not appear from the
geophysical survey results to contain significant archaeological remains. It is proposed
that a programme of archaeological evaluation trenching will be undertaken on all of the
proposed turbine locations as a condition of planning permission. Should these evaluation
works have positive results (which is anticipated at Turbine 8), the evaluation will be
followed by a programme of archaeological excavation and recording and/or a
watching brief depending on the results from each turbine location. These works will be
undertaken in accordance with the CIfA Standards and Guidance for Field Evaluation,
Standards and Guidance for Excavation and/or Standards and Guidance for an
Archaeological Watching Brief (CIfA 2014).
Residual Effects
7.118 Residual effects are outlined in table 7.4.
Table 7.4 Summary of Residual Effects
Potential Impacts Significance Proposed Mitigation Residual Effect
Operational Impacts
Adverse impacts
on setting of
designated
archaeological
assets
Negligible None Negligible
Impacts on Listed
Buildings
Minor adverse or
negligible effect
None Minor adverse/
Negligible
Impacts on
Conservation
Areas during
construction and
operation
Minor adverse or
negligible effect
None Minor adverse or
negligible
Construction
Non-designated
heritage assets
Minor Archaeological evaluation
followed by excavation and/or
watching brief
Negligible
Cumulative Effects
7.119 There is potential for cumulative impacts arising from Temple Hill proposed wind farm. The
other wind farms considered in the cumulative effects section are considered to be at too
great a distance from the Proposed Development to lead to likely significant cumulative
effects on designated heritage assets. There will be no cumulative impacts on non-
designated heritage assets.
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7.120 Temple Hill is located to the south of the Proposed Development and approximately mid
way between the villages of Stubton and Brandon. Both Temple Hill and the Proposed
Development lie within the wider landscape setting of a number of nearby church
towers/spires. These are All Saints, Fenton;; All Saints, Barnaby in the Willows; All Saints,
Hough on the Hill; St Nicholas, Fulbeck; St Peter, Claypole, Church of St Vincent,
Caythorpe and Church of St Swithin, Leadenham. The towers/spires of these churches act
as landmark features within the wider countryside to differing degrees. A number of the
towers/spires have at least some degree of intervisibility. The Proposed Development and
Temple Hill will have an effect on the landmark element of these spires in some views
where both will be visible in the same view as each spire. The two wind farms will be a
change within this element of the setting of the churches. However, in all cases there will
be a clear separation of the wind farms from each other. In all cases, the significance of
the churches primarily derives from factors that will be unaffected by the presence of the
wind farms. The contribution of the wider landscape setting to the significance of the
churches, while an important element, is a secondary contributor to the significance of
the churches. There will therefore be a cumulative change within this element of the
setting in of these churches. However, this will not have a material effect on the
significance of the designated assets which primarily derives from factors that will be
unaffected by the presence of the wind farms.
7.121 In the case of the view from All Saints, Barnaby toward the Proposed Development,
Temple Hill will be to the right of the spire of All Saints, Fenton and the Proposed
development will be to the left of the spire. Both schemes will have clear separation and
this will not have a material effect on the significance of All Saints, Fenton, which primarily
derives from factors that will be unaffected by the presence of the wind farms. Due to the
bracketing effect in this view, there will be a moderate cumulative effect on the
significance of All Saints church, Fenton when viewed from All Saints, Barnaby in the
Willows. However, this is one view within an extensive 3600 setting of both churches, and
therefore, the cumulative effect on the churches when considered in the round, is minor.
7.122 Both Temple Hill and the Proposed Development will be visible in the important panoramic
views (nos 8 and 15) from the edge of Hough on the Hill Conservation Area. Neither the
Proposed Development or Temple Hill individually or combined, will interfere with the
views toward Lincoln Cathedral or along the edge of the limestone ridge and the
spires/churches that are visible to the north/north east of the Conservation Area. There will
be a cumulative change within the panoramic views element of the setting of the
Conservation Area. This will not have a material effect on the significance of the
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Conservation Area which primarily derives from factors that will be unaffected by the
presence of the Proposed Development. Therefore, the Proposed Development
considered to have a minor cumulative impact on the significance of Hough on the Hill
Conservation Area.
Summary
7.123 The impact of the Proposed Development on the significance of designated and non-
designated heritage assets has been undertaken.
7.124 The archaeological potential of the wind farm site is considered to be moderate. A
geophysical survey of nine of the turbine locations has been undertaken (Appendix 7.2).
This failed to reveal any features that could be interpreted as being archaeological in
origin in eight of the turbine locations. Anomalies have been interpreted as being
indicative of a prehistoric/Roman settlement, field system and trackway at one of the
turbine positions.
7.125 The study area contains 6 scheduled monuments, 24 grade I and II* buildings listed
buildings and 6 conservation areas within 5km of the Proposed Development; 10 grade II
listed buildings within 2km of the Proposed Development; 3 grade II registered parks and
gardens within 10km of the Proposed Development.
7.126 The construction of the Proposed Development will have a negligible effect on below
ground archaeological remains within 8 of the turbines locations and a moderate effect at
Turbine 8.
7.127 The Proposed Development will have no direct (i.e. physical) effects on any designated
heritage assets. The Proposed Development will have no more than a minor effect on the
setting and significance of any of the designated heritage assets in the study area.
7.128 The assessment concludes that following the proposed mitigation measures, the Proposed
Development would result in no likely significant effects on non-designated and
designated heritage assets during the construction, operational or decommissioning
phases
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References
Department for Communities and Local Government (2012) National Planning Policy
Framework
Department of Energy & Climate Change (2011) National Policy Statement for
Renewable Energy Infrastructure (EN-3)
English Heritage (2005) Wind Energy and the Historic Environment
English Heritage (2008) Conservation Principles: Policies and Guidance
English Heritage (2011) The setting of Heritage Assets
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014) Standards and Guidance for
Archaeological Desk-based Assessments
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014) Standards and Guidance for Field
Evaluation
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014) Standards and Guidance for Excavation
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014) Standards and Guidance for an
Archaeological Watching brief
Glossary and Abbreviations
Heritage Assets: a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified
as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. They
include designated heritage assets (as defined in the NPPF) and assets identified by the
local planning authority during the process of decision-making or through the plan-making
process.
Archaeological Interest: a heritage asset which holds or potentially could hold evidence
of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with
archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and
evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.
Designated Heritage Asset: World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building,
Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation
Area.
Significance: The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its
heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic.
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Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its
setting.
Non-Designated heritage Assets: Archaeological and built heritage assets that have not
been designated. These can be HER records, locally listed and non-listed buildings of
architectural/historical interest
HER Historic Environment Record
NPPF National Planning Policy Framework
NPPG National Planning Policy Guidance
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 8: Ornithology
April 2015
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CONTENTS
8 ORNITHOLOGY 8-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 8-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ....................................................................................... 8-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ........................................................ 8-3 Baseline Conditions ............................................................................................................. 8-11 Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts .......................................................... 8-19 Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 8-34 Mitigation and Enhancement ........................................................................................... 8-37 Residual Effects .................................................................................................................... 8-39 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 8-40 References ........................................................................................................................... 8-42
Tables
Table 8.1 Lincolnshire Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Bird Species
Table 8.2 Summary of Scoping Responses
Table 8.3 Magnitude of Potential Change
Table 8.4 Sensitivity of Resource or Receptor
Table 8.5 Value and Significance of Resource or Receptor
Table 8.6 Significance of Effects: Calculation Matrix
Table 8.7 Records of Protected or Otherwise Notable Bird Species (LERC) – 2km
Search Area
Table 8.8 Conservation Evaluation of Breeding Bird Population
Table 8.9 Winter Walkover Survey Results – Conservation Evaluation
Table 8.10 Target Species Recorded During Vantage Point Surveys
Table 8.11 Summary of Vantage Point Survey Results
Table 8.12 Summary: Receptor Importance
Table 8.13 Number of Breeding Pairs within Footprint of the Proposed
Development and 500m Buffer Zone around Proposed Turbines
Table 8.14 Target Species: Collision Modelling not warranted
Table 8.15 Estimated Collision Mortality for Target Species (Wildfowl and Waders)
Table 8.16 Estimated Collision Mortality for Target Species (Raptors)
Table 8.17 Predicted Mortality in Relation to Population Status and Natural
Mortality
Table 8.18 Type 1 Cumulative Effects
Table 8.19 Type 2 Cumulative Effects
Table 8.20 Summary of Residual Effects on Ornithology
Figures
Figure 8.1 Survey Area, Vantage Point Locations and Viewsheds
Figure 8.2 Breeding Bird Survey Results (2014) – West
Figure 8.3 Breeding Bird Survey Results (2014) – East
Figure 8.4 Breeding Bird Survey Results (2014) – East (Woodlands)
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Appendices
Appendix 8.1 Vantage Point Survey Raw Data
Appendix 8.2 Breeding and Wintering Survey Methodologies and Results
Appendix 8.3 Collision Modelling
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8 ORNITHOLOGY
Introduction
8.1 This chapter of the ES assesses the likely significant environmental effects of the
Proposed Development with respect to Avian Ecology. This chapter also
describes the methods used to assess the baseline conditions currently existing at
the Site and surrounding area; the effects of the Proposed Development; the
mitigation measures required to prevent, reduce or offset any significant adverse
effects; and the likely residual effects after these measures have been adopted.
8.2 This chapter has been produced and the assessment within completed by Mark
Osborne MCIEEM and Becky White MCIEEM of E3 Ecology Ltd. It is supported by
the following appendices and figures:
Figure 8.1 Survey area, vantage point locations and viewsheds.
Figure 8.2 Breeding bird survey results (2014)
Appendix 8.1 Vantage point survey raw data
Appendix 8.2 Breeding and wintering survey methodology and results
Appendix 8.3 Collision modelling
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
Key Legislation
8.3 Key legislation referred to in relation to assessment included the following:
The Habitats Regulations (2010) (as amended)
Birds Directive (1979) (as amended)
The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar) (1971)
Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) (as amended)
National planning policy
8.4 Relevant national planning policy is detailed within Appendix 9.1
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Local planning policy
8.5 The relevant policies detailed within the South Kesteven Core Strategy, the South
Kesteven Site Allocation and Policies document and the ‘saved’ policies of the
South Kesteven Local Plan and the North Kesteven Local Plan are detailed within
Appendix 9.1.
Local Biodiversity Action Plan
8.6 The habitats and species which are considered a priority within the Lincolnshire
Local Biodiversity Action Plan are summarised within Appendix 9.1. The table
below (Table 8.1) lists the bird species considered a priority.
Table 8.1 Lincolnshire Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Bird Species
Skylark Linnet Bewick’s swan Yellowhammer
Reed bunting Black-tailed godwit Corn bunting Yellow wagtail
Curlew Tree sparrow Grey partridge Bullfinch
Turtle dove Starling Lapwing Dark-bellied brent
goose
Twite Herring gull Tree pipit Nightjar
Lesser redpoll Woodlark Grasshopper warbler Hawfinch
Lesser spotted
woodpecker Woodlark Spotted flycatcher Wood warbler
Willow tit Marsh tit Song thrush Swift
House sparrow Dunnock Scaup Bittern
Common cuckoo Arctic skua Ring ouzel
Guidance Documents
8.7 The following guidance documents have been referred to in the preparation of
this assessment:
Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom, Institute of
Ecology and Environmental Management (IEEM 2006)
Birds of Conservation Concern (Eaton, et al., 2009) - Several long-term
surveillance programmes are undertaken in the UK. The data from these
schemes allow the population status of Britain’s birds to be regularly reviewed.
Managing Natura 2000 Sites (Anon., 2000) - A document that gives guidance
on the implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives.
Natural England Technical Information Note TIN069: Assessing the effects of
onshore wind farms on birds
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Natural England Technical Information Note TIN008: Assessing ornithological
impacts associated with wind farm developments: surveying
recommendations
Scottish Natural Heritage Survey methods for use in assessing the impacts of
onshore wind farms on bird communities (November 2005) (Revised August
2013)
South Kesteven District Council Wind Energy Supplementary Planning
Document (Adopted June 2013)
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria
Scope of assessment
8.8 The area of land addressed by the ornithology surveys can be divided into two
distinct sections; the Site and the survey area. The Site consists of the area that
would be occupied by the turbines, temporary site compound, substation and
existing and proposed access tracks. For assessment of potential collision
mortality and displacement, the site also incorporates an appropriate buffer
around the turbines. This is discussed in more detail in the relevant sections.
8.9 The survey area comprised a large area of land (approximately 260ha), which
was initially under consideration for the potential locating of turbines. All
ecological surveys covered the full extent of the survey area (as illustrated in
Figure 8.1).
8.10 An initial extended Phase 1 survey of the survey area was undertaken in
September 2012 during which habitats present within this area and adjacent land
were recorded and the potential of the wider survey area to support key species
was assessed.
8.11 This survey identified a requirement for specialist ornithological studies, which were
undertaken during the 2013/2014 survey season. Ornithological work comprised
three key elements;
breeding bird surveys
winter walkover surveys
vantage point surveys.
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Summary of consultation responses
8.12 The table below provides an overview of the information obtained through EIA
scoping responses and other pre-app consultation. Copies of all responses are
provided in Appendix 9.2.
Table 8.2 Summary of Scoping Responses (ornithology)
Consultee Key Points
South Kesteven
District Council
(Scoping Opinion)
The ES should include an ecological impact assessment
(including any mitigation measures) in accordance with the
IEEM guidelines and boxes 6-10 of the South Kesteven Wind
Energy SPD.
The ES should also be informed by Natural England and Bat
Conservation Trust guidance.
Lincolnshire Wildlife
Trust
The ES should demonstrate options for enhancement of the
wider site for biodiversity and should demonstrate that all
efforts are to be made to retain existing habitats of nature
conservation value.
Natural England
(Scoping Opinion)
The proposal does not appear, from the information provided,
to affect any nationally designated ecological sites (Ramsar,
SPA, SSSI, NNR).
RSPB No response received.
Survey Methodology
Breeding Bird Surveys
8.13 Six breeding bird survey visits were made to the survey area in 2014 during the
period April to July.
8.14 The survey area covered all land under consideration for locating turbines and
associated infrastructure, and, in addition where access was available, a
minimum 1km buffer zone (see wider survey area - Figure 8.1). Survey visits were
undertaken on an approximately fortnightly basis from late April through to early
July. The dates and times of each visit and the weather conditions during surveys
are detailed within Appendix 8.2.
Winter Walkover Surveys
8.15 As with the breeding bird survey, the survey area for the winter walkover surveys
covered all land under consideration for locating turbines and associated
infrastructure, and, in addition where access was available, a minimum 1km buffer
zone (Natural England , 2007). This buffer distance follows current guidance and is
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in excess of the distance at which studies have shown operational wind farms to
affect wintering birds (Scottish Natural Heritage, 2013), (Bright, et al., 2009).
8.16 Surveys for wintering birds were undertaken over the whole of the survey area on
six dates between October 2013 and March 2014 (see Appendix 8.2 for full
details).
8.17 All points within the survey area were visited and the identity and numbers of all
birds encountered were recorded. The aims of this survey were to produce counts
of the species using the survey area to complement the winter vantage point
surveys.
Vantage Point Surveys
8.18 Two vantage point locations were selected, giving robust coverage of the survey
area, allowing for local topography. The vantage points were located to the
north of the proposed wind farm (Vantage Point 1 NGR SK 90080 51711) and to
the south (Vantage Point 2 NGR SK 89566 50575). The vantage point locations and
the associated viewsheds are illustrated in Figure 8.1.
8.19 Vantage point surveys were undertaken in order to obtain information regarding
the species and numbers of birds present within the survey area; their flight
patterns (including flight heights) and frequency of presence. This data will in turn
assist in assessing whether there is a significant risk of collision for particular species
with the Proposed Development.
8.20 Survey recorded all activity of the following target species groups (species
considered by Natural England/Scottish Natural Heritage to be at risk of collision
with operational turbines):
all wildfowl and waders
all raptors (including owls).
8.21 Weather was not a determining factor when undertaking the surveys. Surveys
were actively undertaken in bad weather since conditions of bad visibility, heavy
rain or strong winds may force birds to fly at lower than usual heights. Surveys were
also undertaken during the dawn and dusk periods when birds are leaving or
returning to roost sites.
8.22 Vantage point surveys have been completed during the period of June 2013 to
June 2014. A total of 144 hours of survey has been completed at a single vantage
point.
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8.23 Detail of survey dates, times and weather conditions and full vantage point survey
methodology can be found within Appendix 8.1.
Desk-Study
8.24 Consultation has been carried out by E3 Ecology Ltd and the Applicant with a
variety of bodies including Natural England, the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust and the
Lincolnshire Environmental Records Centre (LERC).
8.25 The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) has also been consulted
however no response has been received.
8.26 A desk study has also been completed, assessing aerial photos and 1:25000
Ordnance Survey (OS) maps and reviewing relevant national and local
Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) and information available from the Multi Agency
Geographic Information Centre (MAGIC) website. The relevant local BAP in this
case is the Lincolnshire Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP).
Assessment Criteria
8.27 The approach taken to assess ecological effects follows the guidance document
produced by the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management
(CIEEM). These guidelines set out the process for assessment through the following
stages:
describing the ecological baseline through survey and desk study;
assigning a value to key receptors - these are the sites, habitats and species of
highest ecological value;
identifying and characterising the potential effects on these receptors based
on the nature of construction, operation and decommissioning activities
associated with the development;
describing any mitigation, compensation and/or enhancement measures
associated with the development and assessing residual significance; and
identification of any monitoring requirements.
8.28 The magnitude of effects is predicted quantitatively where possible. The
assessment also takes into account whether the effect is beneficial or adverse,
short term (for example only during construction) or long term (throughout the
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lifetime of the Proposed Development), reversible or permanent. The degree of
confidence in the assessment is provided where relevant.
8.29 The key terms used in the assessment of the significance of potential
environmental effects of the Proposed Development on specific features follow
the convention used in this Environmental Statement.
8.30 The significance of predicted environmental effects was determined through an
assessment of the magnitude and likelihood of change arising from the Proposed
Development, coupled with the sensitivity of the resource or receptor affected.
8.31 The magnitude of potential change is categorised against the definitions in Table
8.3. Effects can be either beneficial or adverse.
Table 8.3 Magnitude of potential change
Magnitude
of change
Criteria for assessing effects
Substantial Total loss or major/substantial alteration to key
elements/features of the baseline (pre-
development) conditions such that the post
development character/ composition/attributes
will be fundamentally changed.
Moderate Loss or alteration to one or more key
elements/features of the baseline conditions such
that post development
character/composition/attributes of the baseline
will be materially changed.
Slight A minor shift away from baseline conditions.
Change arising from the loss/alteration will be
discernible/detectable but not material. The
underlying character/composition/attributes of
the baseline condition will be similar to the pre-
development circumstances/situation.
Negligible Very little change from baseline conditions.
Change barely distinguishable, approximating to
a 'no change' situation.
8.32 The sensitivity of the resource or receptor will be categorised as detailed in Table
8.4.
Table 8.4 Sensitivity of resource or receptor
Sensitivity Examples of receptor
High The receptor/resource is of international or national
importance.
Medium The receptor/resource is of district, county or
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regional importance.
Low The receptor/resource is of local or parish
importance.
Notes: The classification of sensitivity can be moderated in response to the
vulnerability of the receptor to the specific impact and its ability to
absorb/be tolerant to change of the nature predicted. i.e. a barn owl
breeding site a receptor of district importance, would not necessarily be
vulnerable to short-term disturbance of the site during the winter. As such,
the sensitivity would in this case be downgraded.
8.33 The value and significance of resources and receptors was assessed against the
following criteria developed from the Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment
produced by the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management
(Table 8.5).
Table 8.5 Value and significance of resource or receptor
Level of
value
Examples
International An internationally designated site or candidate
site.
A viable area of a habitat type listed in Annex I
of the Habitats Directive, or smaller areas of such
habitat, which are essential to maintain the
viability of a larger whole.
Any regularly occurring population of an
internationally important species, which is
threatened or rare in the UK.
Any regularly occurring, nationally significant
population/number of any internationally
important species.
National A nationally designated site.
A viable area of a priority habitat identified in the
UK BAP, or smaller areas of such habitat, which
are essential to maintain the viability of a larger
whole.
Any regularly occurring population of a
nationally important species, which is threatened
or rare in the region or county.
A regularly occurring regionally or county
significant population/number of any nationally
important species.
A feature identified as of critical importance in
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Level of
value
Examples
the UK BAP.
Regional Viable areas of key habitat identified in the
Regional BAP or smaller areas of such habitat,
which are essential to maintain the viability of a
larger whole.
A regularly occurring, locally significant number
of a regionally important species.
County County/Metropolitan designated sites.
A viable area of a habitat type identified in the
County BAP.
Any regularly occurring, locally significant
population of a species which is listed in a
County “red data book” or BAP on account of its
regional rarity or localisation.
A regularly occurring, locally significant number
of a species important in a County context.
District Areas of habitat identified in a District level BAP.
Sites designated at a District level.
Sites/features that are scarce within the
District/Borough or which appreciably enrich the
District habitat resource.
A population of a species that is listed in a
District/Borough BAP because of its rarity in the
locality.
Parish Area of habitat considered to appreciably
enrich the habitat resource within the context of
the parish.
Local Nature Reserves.
Low to Local Habitats of poor to moderate diversity such as
established conifer plantations, species poor
hedgerows and un-intensively managed
grassland that may support a range of Local BAP
species but which are unexceptional, common
to the local area and whose loss can generally
be readily mitigated.
8.34 In addition to the examples provided within Table 8.5, the conservation value of
the bird populations using the survey area was determined using a number of
additional key criteria:
Presence of species that receive special protection by law or that are
associated with a protected area
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Presence of a significant proportion of the population of a particular species
at a given geographic scale (using the standard 1% criterion i.e. >1% of the
national population = nationally important, >1% of regional population =
regionally important)
Presence of species listed on the red or amber list of Birds of Conservation
Concern
Presence of species listed on the UK Biodiversity Action Plan
Presence of species listed on the Local Biodiversity Action Plan
Species richness (diversity) of the bird assemblage.
8.35 The magnitude of change and rating of the sensitivity of the resource or receptor
were combined in the matrix set out in Table 8.6 to define the significance of
effect. Whilst the CIEEM guidance notes that matrices may down play local
effects on biodiversity, they have the benefit of allowing comparisons between
disciplines in the ES.
Table 8.6 Significance of effects: Calculation matrix
Magnitude of Change
Receptor
Sensitivity Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible
High Major Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Medium Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor
Low Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor Negligible
8.36 Effects which are major or major/moderate are deemed to be significant for the
purposes of the EIA regulations.
Limitations to the assessment
8.37 It is considered that sufficient survey and consultation has been undertaken in
order to identify all key ecological issues relating to the survey area and the
Proposed Development, and as such there are not considered to be any
significant information gaps.
8.38 Surveys were completed over the full extent of the survey area, as illustrated within
Figure 8.1. Access for survey could not be obtained for land outwith this area as it
lies under separate ownership.
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Baseline Conditions
Data Search
8.39 The ornithological data search undertaken by LERC provided records of species
detailed within Table 8.7 within a search area comprising the survey area and a
3km buffer zone.
Table 8.7 Records of Protected or Otherwise Notable Bird Species (LERC) – 3km Search Area
Skylark Common cuckoo House sparrow Redwing
Common kingfisher Yellowhammer Tree Sparrow Song thrush
Greylag goose Reed bunting Grey partridge Fieldfare
Common swift Common snipe Bullfinch Barn owl
Common linnet Yellow wagtail Turtle Dove Lapwing
Hen harrier Curlew Starling
8.40 A search was made of the MAGIC website (www.magic.gov.uk) for internationally
protected areas designated for their ornithological interest and other areas of
significant ornithological interest within approximately 20km of the survey area.
This search returned the following information:
There are no Special Protection Areas (SPAs) within this search area
There are no RAMSAR sites within this search area
There are no Important Bird Areas (IBAs) within this search area
Ornithological Survey
8.41 A summary of survey results is provided in the following section of this Chapter,
with full details provided in Appendices 8.1 - 8.2.
Breeding Assemblage
8.42 Breeding bird survey was undertaken over the survey area in 2014 and the results
are summarised in Table 8.8. Full results are detailed within Appendix 8.2 and are
illustrated in Figures 8.2-8.4. As the site includes large release areas for red-legged
partridge and pheasant, these species have been excluded from the assessment.
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Table 8.8: Conservation Evaluation of Breeding Bird Population
Sp
ec
ies1
No
. B
ree
din
g P
airs
>1%
re
gio
na
l
po
pu
latio
n2
An
ne
xe
1
(EU
Bird
s
Dire
ctive
)
Sc
he
du
le 1
(Wild
life
an
d
Co
un
trysi
de
Ac
t)
UK
BA
P P
rio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Loc
al B
AP
Sp
ec
ies
Blackbird 44 -
Blackcap 26 -
Bullfinch 7 -
Black-headed gull 1 -
Barn owl 1 -
Blue tit 29 -
Buzzard 3 -
Carrion crow 8 -
Chiffchaff 9 -
Chaffinch 41 -
Coal tit 2 -
Dunnock 21 -
Goldcrest 5 -
Goldfinch 22 -
Greenfinch 6 -
Great tit 13 -
Garden warbler 7 -
Jay 1 -
Kestrel 1 -
Lapwing 8 -
Linnet 20 -
Long-tailed tit 5 -
Lesser whitethroat 3 -
Mistle thrush 5 -
Mallard 1 -
Magpie 7 -
Moorhen 2 -
Meadow pipit 1 -
Grey partridge 4 -
Pied wagtail 4 -
Robin 41 -
Reed bunting 14 -
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8.43 The survey area supported an estimated total of 659 territories of 44 species in
2014. Of these, 22 (50%) were species of conservation concern.
8.44 The species of conservation concern recorded as breeding within the survey area
included 9 red listed species and 13 amber listed species. A single Schedule 1
species, barn owl, was recorded as breeding.
8.45 The general breeding bird assemblage is primarily considered to be of district
conservation value, supporting a good diversity of species in good numbers. The
survey area is however considered to be of up to county conservation value for
turtle dove, a red list species, known from few sites in the county and thought to
be a declining breeder (The Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012). Breeding barn owl, a
Schedule 1 species, is also present.
8.46 The survey area supports a range of species typical of an arable landscape in this
area of Lincolnshire, a number of which are farmland specialists which have
undergone large declines, both nationally and locally (Fuller, et al., 1995).
8.47 Full breeding bird survey methodology and results can be found in Appendix 8.2
and are illustrated in Figure 8.2. In addition to those birds considered to be
breeding, Appendix 8.2 also details species recorded during the breeding bird
surveys as over flying or using, but not likely to be breeding within the survey area.
Wintering Assemblage
8.48 The wintering bird populations recorded within the survey area during the 2013 -
2014 winter walkover surveys are detailed in Table 8.9 with an assessment of the
conservation value of each species. Detailed results are provided in Appendix 8.2.
Skylark 32 -
Stock dove 4 -
Swallow 1 -
Song thrush 14 -
Turtle dove 6
Tree sparrow 1 -
Whitethroat 52 -
Wood pigeon 61 -
Wren 43 -
Willow warbler 36 -
Yellowhammer 33 -
Yellow wagtail 14 - Note: 1) Colour coded as per listing within Birds of Conservation Concern (RSPB 2014)
2) Region defined as Lincolnshire
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This Appendix details the species recorded during each survey along with the
peak counts for each survey.
8.49 As the site includes large release areas for red-legged partridge and pheasant,
these species have been excluded from the assessment.
Table 8.9 Winter Walkover Survey Results – Conservation Evaluation
Species1 BTO Code
Pe
ak C
ou
nt
>1%
re
gio
na
l
po
pu
latio
n2
An
ne
xe
1
(EU
Bird
s D
ire
ctive
)
Sc
he
du
le 1
(Wild
life
an
d
Co
un
trysi
de
Ac
t)
UK
BA
P P
rio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Loc
al B
AP
Prio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Blackbird B. 24
Bullfinch BF 4
Black-headed Gull BH 130
Brambling BL 2
Blue Tit BT 17
Buzzard BZ 7
Carrion Crow C. 97
Chiffchaff CC 2
Chaffinch CH 23
Common Gull CM 235
Coal Tit CT 4
Dunnock D. 8
Fieldfare FF 298
Feral Pigeon FP 6
Green Woodpecker G. 1
Great Black-backed Gull GB 2
Goldcrest GC 4
Goldfinch GO 28
Greenfinch GR 22
Great Spotted Woodpecker GS 1
Great Tit GT 10
Herring Gull HG 8
Jay J. 3
Jackdaw JD 42
Kestrel K. 4
Lapwing L. 100
Lesser Black-backed Gull LB 24
Linnet LI 15
Little Owl LO 1
Lesser Redpoll LR 2
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Species1 BTO Code
Pe
ak C
ou
nt
>1%
re
gio
na
l
po
pu
latio
n2
An
ne
xe
1
(EU
Bird
s D
ire
ctive
)
Sc
he
du
le 1
(Wild
life
an
d
Co
un
trysi
de
Ac
t)
UK
BA
P P
rio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Loc
al B
AP
Prio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Long-tailed Tit LT 12
Mistle Thrush M. 8
Mallard MA 2
Magpie MG 8
Moorhen MH 1
Merlin ML 1
Meadow Pipit MP 4
Grey Partridge P. 19
Peregrine PE 1
Pied Wagtail PW 9
Robin R. 13
Reed Bunting RB 5
Redwing RE 20
Rook RO 181
Skylark S. 85
Stock Dove SD 22
Starling SG 100
Sparrowhawk SH 1
Siskin SK 25
Song Thrush ST 5
Woodcock WK 4
Wood Pigeon WP 483
Wren WR 5
Yellowhammer Y. 50
1) Colour coded as per listing within Birds of Conservation Concern (RSPB
2014)
2) Region defined as Lincolnshire
Note: In addition to the above species, an incidental record of 60 golden
plover was obtained during a site visit in January 2015
8.50 A total of 54 species were recorded within the survey area during the winter
walkover surveys, 29 (54%) of which are of designated conservation concern.
8.51 The wintering assemblage is typical to this area of Lincolnshire and the farmland
habitats present and is considered to primarily be of parish conservation value,
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supporting a wide range of species, of which over half are of designated
conservation concern.
Vantage Point Survey
8.52 The vantage point surveys recorded flight activity across the survey area during
the twelve-month period from June 2013 to June 2014.
8.53 A total of 144 hours survey has been completed, with surveys distributed through
the year to ensure a total of approximately 36 hours survey was completed per
vantage point during each of the summer and winter seasons.
8.54 Detail of survey dates, times and weather conditions along with full vantage point
survey methodology can be found within Appendix 8.1.
8.55 During the vantage point surveys a total of seventeen target species were
recorded with in addition a single record of a flock of ten unidentified ducks.
These species are detailed below within Table 8.10 with an assessment of their
conservation value.
Table 8.10: Target species recorded during vantage point surveys
Species1 BTO
Code
An
ne
xe
1
(EU
Bird
s D
ire
ctive
)
Sc
he
du
le 1
(Wild
life
an
d
Co
un
trysi
de
Ac
t)
UK
BA
P P
rio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Loc
al B
AP
Prio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Raptors
Barn owl BO
Buzzard BZ
Montagu’s Harrier MO
Kestrel K.
Merlin ML
Peregrine PE
Short-eared Owl SE
Sparrowhawk SH
Wildfowl and Waders
Bar-tailed Godwit BA
Cormorant CA
Canada Goose* CG
Greylag Goose* GJ
Golden plover GP
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Species1 BTO
Code
An
ne
xe
1
(EU
Bird
s D
ire
ctive
)
Sc
he
du
le 1
(Wild
life
an
d
Co
un
trysi
de
Ac
t)
UK
BA
P P
rio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Loc
al B
AP
Prio
rity
Sp
ec
ies
Heron H.
Lapwing L.
Mallard MA
Pink-footed Goose PG
1) Colour coded as per listing within Birds of Conservation Concern (RSPB
2014)
* Species considered to be feral in this location and of no conservation concern
8.56 Of the species recorded during vantage point surveys, the following were
recorded within the collision risk height band: buzzard, kestrel, peregrine, short-
eared owl, cormorant, Canada goose, greylag goose, golden plover, lapwing,
mallard and pink-footed goose. In addition, the flock of unidentified ducks also
were recorded within the collision risk height band.
8.57 The results of the vantage point surveys are summarised in Table 8.10. The raw
data are provided in Appendix 8.1 and flight lines are also illustrated within
Appendix 8.1. Table 8.11 also details the rate of activity for each key target
species (percentage of survey time active for raptors and individual birds/hour for
wildfowl and waders), total number of individuals recorded and the percentage
of flights at collision risk height (height band 30 - 140m).
8.58 It must be borne in mind that these figures reflect all activity recorded during
surveys over the full twelve month period and across the full survey area and are
not limited to activity within and immediately adjacent to the collision risk zone.
The collision risk zone is an area defined as the proposed turbine area inclusive of
a 200m buffer around the turbines, within the collision risk height band (30-140).
Table 8.11: Summary of vantage point survey results
Species Activity rate
(percentage of
survey time active)
Total no. individuals Percentage
individuals at
collision height (%)
Barn owl 0.19 8 0.00
Buzzard 3.80 201 24.38
Montagu’s harrier 0.02 1 0.00
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Kestrel 2.04 133 5.26
Merlin <0.01 1 0.00
Peregrine 0.02 4 50.00
Short-eared owl 0.02 1 100.00
Sparrowhawk 0.12 22 9.09
Species Activity rate
(individual
flights/hour)
Total no. individuals Percentage
individuals at
collision height (%)
Bar-tailed godwit <0.01 1 0.00
Cormorant 0.03 4 100.00
Canada goose* 0.40 57 8.77
Greylag goose* 0.85 122 3.28
Golden plover 0.54 78 44.87
Heron <0.01 1 0.00
Lapwing 3.51 506 41.90
Mallard 0.06 9 33.33
Pink-footed Goose 1.46 210 100.00
Unidentified duck 0.07 10 100.00
*Species considered to be feral in this location and of no conservation
concern
Future Baseline
8.59 The predicted future baseline of the survey area is considered likely to be broadly
similar to that found during the survey period however it is understood that the
straw bales currently stored in a number of locations within the survey area are
likely to be removed or relocated at various stages (see Chapter 3).
8.60 Agricultural management of the survey area is considered unlikely to vary greatly
and as such, many of the ground nesting species currently present within the site
are likely to remain.
8.61 The straw bales have a high invertebrate abundance associated with them which
is currently providing a foraging resource for a number of species and both kestrel
and barn owl have been recorded nesting within the bales. The loss of this
resource will slightly reduce the value of the site to these species, though the
species are potentially likely to relocate to built structures within the Site.
8.62 However, the bales also currently provide a predator perch for raptors and the
removal of these features may also have a slight positive effect, reducing
predator pressure in the vicinity of current storage locations.
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8.63 In a wider context, local species populations are likely to vary broadly in line with
regional populations with many species declining through habitat loss.
8.64 During the 25 year lifetime of the Proposed Development, the survey area may be
colonised by species that are increasing in range, however this is considered
unlikely to affect any future assessment of value.
8.65 Migratory and landscape-scale bird movements will be primarily determined by
the wider setting of the survey area and wider landscape which influence
migratory flight lines. These will remain unchanged, such that the current baseline
data will provide a reasonable assessment.
Summary of Baseline
8.66 The table below summarises the key receptors identified through consultation and
baseline survey.
Table 8.12: Summary: Receptor importance
Receptor Value and
significance
of resource
or receptor1
Sensitivity2
General breeding bird assemblage District Medium
Breeding turtle dove County Medium
Breeding barn owl District Medium
General wintering bird assemblage Parish Low
Notes:
1) As assessed against Table 8.3: Value and Significance of Resource or Receptor
2) As categorised in Table 8.2: Sensitivity of Resource or Receptor
Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts
Predicted effects of the scheme: construction
Habitat Loss (for the duration of the scheme)
8.67 The Proposed Development would result in the loss of up to 2.5 ha of habitat
consisting primarily of arable crop with some limited loss of coarse grassland and
tall ruderal vegetation and two 5m in length sections of species poor hedgerow
(total loss 10m), for the lifetime of the Proposed Development.
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8.68 This loss is from a wider area of land (the survey area) that currently supports
breeding populations of district to county value (medium sensitivity) and wintering
bird populations of parish conservation value (low sensitivity).
8.69 Habitat lost, primarily arable land, will represent a small proportion of the most
common habitat type found in the wider landscape. Any effect on the bird
assemblage using the survey area is therefore predicted to be of only negligible
magnitude.
8.70 For wintering birds, given the low sensitivity of the receptor an impact of this
magnitude would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
8.71 With regard to the breeding bird assemblage (district to county value and
medium sensitivity), a negligible magnitude change through habitat loss would
not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Habitat loss (temporary)
8.72 During the construction phase of the Proposed Development the existing
compound area will be used for the temporary construction compound. This area
is currently hard standing and as such there will be no additional loss of habitat
during the construction phase.
Disturbance/displacement – construction period
Breeding Assemblage
8.73 The table below details the breeding pairs within the footprint of the Proposed
Development and a 500m buffer zone around the proposed turbine locations.
Table 8.13: Number of breeding pairs within footprint of the Proposed Development and 500m buffer zone around proposed turbines
Species BTO species code No. of breeding pairs
Blackbird B. 17
Blackcap BC 9
Bullfinch BF 1
Black-headed gull BH 1
Barn owl BO 1
Blue tit BT 12
Buzzard BZ 1
Carrion crow C. 3
Chiffchaff CC 1
Chaffinch CH 25
Coal tit CT 1
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Species BTO species code No. of breeding pairs
Dunnock D. 11
Goldcrest GC 4
Goldfinch GO 8
Great tit GT 7
Garden warbler GW 2
Kestrel K. 1
Lapwing L. 8
Linnet LI 10
Long-tailed tit LT 1
Mistle thrush M. 2
Magpie MG 3
Meadow pipit MP 1
Grey partridge P. 4
Pied wagtail PW 2
Robin R. 18
Reed bunting RB 10
Skylark S. 28
Stock dove SD 3
Song thrush ST 3
Turtle dove TD 2
Tree sparrow TS 1
Whitethroat WH 26
Wood pigeon WP 38
Wren WR 15
Willow warbler WW 18
Yellowhammer Y. 21
Yellow wagtail YW 9
Total: 328
Discussion – General Assemblage
8.74 The general assemblage comprises a broad range of species, including both
those typical to arable landscapes and those associated with woodland and field
margin habitats. The assemblage is considered to be of medium sensitivity (district
to county value).
8.75 It is considered that these species will be largely unaffected by constructional
disturbance, with studies showing that some species such as skylark have shown
an increase in breeding density post construction (Pearce-Higgins, et al., 2009).
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8.76 Given the abundance of similar habitat within the wider area, it is considered that
any displacement will have an effect of slight magnitude on populations of these
species and would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Discussion – Schedule 1
8.77 Barn owl, a Schedule One species1, protected from disturbance, is present within
the survey area and during the 2014 season bred within the straw bales to the
south of the site. These lie within 150m of the proposed turbines. It is however
understood that these bales are to be removed from the site or relocated at
various stages such that this breeding location will no longer be present when
construction is underway. Alternatively construction works could be programmed
to avoid the bird breeding season.
8.78 Other potential breeding sites for barn owl are available within the survey area,
specifically a series of barns and other buildings present to the east, currently
utilised as roosting locations, all over 450m from the proposed turbines.
8.79 Barn Owls are considered a widespread common resident in Lincolnshire (The
Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012) and are readily found in a variety of farmland habitats
(Barn Owl Trust, 2012).
8.80 The survey area and wider landscape provides abundant foraging opportunities
for this species with field edge habitats, roadside verges and areas of coarse
grassland/ruderal vegetation/game cover likely to support a good abundance of
small mammal prey.
8.81 Given the likely removal of the bales from the site and the distance from the
Proposed Development to all alternative nest sites, it is predicted that disturbance
during the construction phase will not affect breeding barn owl. Any minor
displacement from foraging areas in proximity to the construction zone is unlikely
to effect the local population as abundant similar habitat is present in the wider
landscape.
8.82 No effect on barn owl is predicted during the construction phase.
1These are rare or threatened breeding UK birds, such as peregrine or corncrake, which are
afforded special protection under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as
amended). In addition to the protection from killing or taking that all birds, their nests and
eggs have under the Act, Schedule 1 birds and their young must not be disturbed at the
nest.
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Discussion – Raptors
8.83 Two further raptor species were recorded breeding within the survey area during
the 2014 season; kestrel and buzzard.
8.84 Kestrel was recorded breeding within the straw bales to the south of the site. As
with barn owl, potential nest sites are present to the east of the survey area, within
a series of barns and other structures, which will provide alternative nest sites if and
when the bales are removed or relocated.
8.85 Given the distance of these alternative nest sites from the Proposed Development,
it is predicted disturbance would not give rise to a likely significant effect on this
species during the construction phase. Kestrel are noted as a common resident
within Lincolnshire (The Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012) and any minor displacement
from foraging habitat within the vicinity of the construction zone would not be
predicted to effect the local population given the abundance of similar habitat in
the wider landscape.
8.86 Buzzard was recorded as a probable breeder in three locations within the survey
area in 2014. Of these nest sites, one lies within the woodland in the centre of the
site, within 150m of the proposed turbines and this nest site is considered likely to
be affected by constructional disturbance. Studies have shown a decrease in
breeding density for buzzard within 500m of turbines (Pearce-Higgins, Stephen,
Langston, Bainbridge, & Bullman, 2009).
8.87 The remaining two nest sites lie over 600m from the proposed turbine locations
and are not predicted to be effected by constructional disturbance.
8.88 Buzzard are considered a common breeding species in Lincolnshire (The
Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012) and the displacement of a single breeding pair
through disturbance during the construction phase is not predicted to have an
effect on the local population. The surrounding agricultural landscape provides
abundant alternative nest locations with woodland blocks being a common
feature and it is considered highly likely that a displaced pair would be readily
accommodated.
8.89 No effect on buzzard is predicted during the construction phase.
Discussion – Waders and Wildfowl
8.90 The only wader recorded breeding within the survey area or on adjacent land
was lapwing, with eight pairs recorded within the survey area. Of these breeding
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pairs, four lie to the east of the Proposed Development, over 400m from the
closest turbines. The remaining territories lie within 200m of the proposed turbines
(see Figure 8.2-8.4).
8.91 Research suggests some displacement of lapwing within the vicinity of wind farms,
both during construction and operation, however displacement distances are
relatively minor at around 150-200m (Hötker, 2006) (Pearce-Higgins, Stephen,
Douse, & Langston, 2012). Assuming a disturbance distance of 200m would at this
site result in the displacement of four breeding pairs within the vicinity of the
Proposed Development.
8.92 Lapwing are a common resident breeder in Lincolnshire (The Lincolnshire Bird
Club, 2012) and it is not considered that this level of displacement would have a
significant effect on the local population. The surrounding landscape and the
wider survey area provide abundant similar habitat, outwith the disturbance zone
such that any displacement is unlikely to effect the breeding success of the
individuals involved and therefore the local population. Construction disturbance
is therefore predicted to have no effect on lapwing.
8.93 A single pair of mallard was the only breeding wildfowl species recorded, with a
breeding pair identified immediately off site to the south. This breeding territory
lies over 500m from the closest proposed turbine (see Figure 8.2-8.4). Given the low
incidence of this species within the survey area and the distance between the
construction footprint and the only breeding pair, disturbance effects during
construction are predicted to have no effect on the local population.
Wintering Assemblage
Discussion – General Assemblage
8.94 Outside of the breeding season, many of the bird species using the survey area
will be ranging across a wider area of land and would therefore likely be more
tolerant of short-term disturbance and potential displacement from the survey
area. Disturbance through construction works is therefore predicted to be an
impact of slight magnitude on these populations.
8.95 The sensitivity of the general assemblage is considered to be low, due to the
receptor being of parish value. Construction works completed during the winter
are therefore predicted to not give rise to a likely significant effect on the general
wintering/migratory assemblage.
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Predicted effects of the scheme: operation
Disturbance/displacement – site operation
Discussion – General Assemblage
8.96 The survey area supports a reasonable diversity of wintering and breeding bird
species which is not considered to be exceptional within a district context. The
wintering assemblage is considered to be of parish importance (low sensitivity)
with the breeding assemblage of district to county importance (medium
sensitivity).
8.97 In addition to studies that show displacement (Hötker, 2006), many studies carried
out at existing wind farm sites have shown that the potential disturbance effects of
operational wind farms do not generally affect bird distribution. A number of
studies at upland sites have demonstrated no significant adverse effects on the
distribution of breeding birds (Philips, 1994), (Williams & Young, 1997), (Dulas
Engineering Ltd. , 1995), (EAS , 1997), (Hawker, 1997), (Thomas, 1999) or wintering
birds (Still, et al., 1995), (SGS Environment Ltd, 1994) in the vicinity of the
operational turbines.
8.98 Many of the studies refer to upland locations. Although the survey area is not
within the uplands, a number of the species recorded within the survey area are
regularly found in upland habitats. As such, behaviour is considered likely to be
broadly similar, with birds likely to be less prone to disturbance, given the likely
acclimatisation to existing human activity (e.g. agricultural and sporting
operations).
8.99 The wintering assemblage comprised a number of granivorous birds, species for
which wind farms are unlikely to affect distribution (Devereux, et al., 2008).
8.100 Studies have shown a broad variety of species to exhibit no disturbance effects in
relation to operational turbines; including specifically geese, curlew, lapwing,
meadow pipit, skylark, red kite, peregrine, golden plover and oystercatcher. In
addition a recent study highlights that some species such as skylark and stonechat
have shown increases in density (Pearce-Higgins, et al., 2012)
8.101 Overall, it is most likely that there will be no more than a minor shift in baseline
conditions, an impact of slight magnitude. In relation to both the wintering
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assemblage (low sensitivity) and the breeding assemblage (medium sensitivity)
this would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Discussion – Schedule 1 Species
8.102 Disturbance to barn owl (medium sensitivity) from the operation of the proposed
turbines is likely to be of negligible magnitude, limited to foraging birds, and
therefore would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
8.103 The closest turbine lies approximately 450m from the buildings to the east of the
survey area which provide potential alternative roost sites (see Figure 8.1). Scottish
Natural Heritage Guidance (Ruddock & Whitfield, 2007) details disturbance
distances of 50-100m for this species indicating the proposed turbines are sufficient
distance from these buildings to preclude direct disturbance.
8.104 Barn owl in general forage close to the ground below the swept area, illustrated
by the vantage point surveys, and as stated by the Barn Owl Trust (Barn Owl Trust,
2012), ‘evidence of a significant effect, of windfarms, on barn owls in the UK simply
does not exist at the present time’.
Collision mortality – site operation
8.105 During the vantage point surveys, a total of seventeen target species were
recorded with, in addition, a single record of a flock of unidentified ducks. Of
these species, the following were chosen for more detailed assessment of
potential collision mortality on the basis of rarity, conservation concern, level of
activity within the vicinity of the proposed turbines and collision risk: buzzard,
kestrel, golden plover, lapwing and pink-footed goose.
8.106 Table 8.14 details the information recorded relating to the target species that
were not considered to warrant detailed assessment due to the low levels of
activity recorded within the collision risk zone2 and/or low conservation status of
the species.
Table 8.14: Target species: Collision modelling not warranted
Target
species
Records
Barn owl Eight records of individual birds, none within the collision risk
height band (all flights <10m)
2 Collision risk zone is defined as the proposed turbine area inclusive of a 200m buffer
around the turbines, within the collision risk height band (30-140)
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Target
species
Records
Montagu’s harrier Single record of one individual flying beneath the collision risk
height band (flight at 5-10m height)
Merlin Single record of one individual flying beneath the collision risk
height band (flight at 5-10m height)
Peregrine Four records of individual birds. Of these, two records within the
collision risk height band but only one within the collision risk
zone.
Short-eared owl Only a single record of this species obtained in October 2013.
One individual flying west through the windfarm area.
Sparrowhawk Twenty one records of this species, with all but one record being
individuals flying beneath the collision risk height band (flights
being primarily <10m in height).
Bar-tailed godwit Single record of an individual flying west to the north of the
proposed wind farm, at a height below the collision risk height
band (flight height 10-30m).
Cormorant Two records, one of an individual the other of a flock of three.
Canada goose Ten records, flock size varying from individuals to a group of 18.
One record (flock of 5) within the collision risk height band.
Species considered to be feral and of no conservation concern.
Greylag goose Twenty two records, ranging from individuals to a flock of twenty
two. One record within the collision risk height band (flock of
four). In this location species considered to be feral and of no
conservation concern.
Heron Single record of one individual. Flight below the collision risk
height band (flight height 10-30m).
Mallard Five records ranging from individuals to a flock of three. Two
records within the collision risk height band (an individual and a
pair).
8.107 Tables 8.15 and 8.16 present the results of the collision risk modelling for the target
species selected for detailed assessment. Model calculations for each target
species are provided in the technical appendices.
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Table 8.15: Estimated collision mortality for target species (wildfowl and waders)
Target
species
Number of
individuals
through
collision
area per
year
Risk of
collision with
no
avoidance
Avoidance
rate1
Estimated collision
mortality
Wind
Farm
Section Per year
Per 25
years
Golden Plover A 2231 10.11% 98%
1.56 39.00
B 209 0.14 3.50
WindFarm Total 1.70 42.50
Lapwing A 77 11.02% 98%
0.06 1.5
B 3229 2.33 58.25
WindFarm Total 2.39 59.75
Pink-footed Goose A 9761 11.39% 99.8%
0.58 14.50
B 4880 0.25 6.25
Windfarm Total 0.83 20.75
Notes: 1 Species specific avoidance rates are based on current Scottish Natural Heritage
guidance (Use of Avoidance Rates in SNH Wind Farm Collision Risk Model – Available at
http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B721137.pdf and http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A916616.pdf)
Table 8.16: Estimated collision mortality for target species (raptors)
Target
species
Wind
Farm
Section
Predicted
passes
through
rotor per
annum
Risk of
collision
with no
avoidance
Avoidance
rate1
Estimated
collision
mortality
Per
year
Per 25
years
Buzzard A 2347.12 13.60% 98%
5.43 135.75
B 982.97 0.90 22.50
Wind Farm Total: 6.33 158.25
Kestrel A 131.27 14.31% 95%
0.80 20.00
B 166.66 1.01 25.25
Wind Farm Total: 1.81 45.25
Notes: 1 Species specific avoidance rates are based on current Scottish Natural Heritage
guidance (Use of Avoidance Rates in SNH Wind Farm Collision Risk Model – Available at
http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B721137.pdf)
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8.108 Table 8.17 provides an assessment of the predicted collision mortality in relation to
current population status and natural mortality rates.
Table 8.17: Predicted mortality in relation to population status and natural mortality rates
Target
species
Estimated
county
population
Natural
mortality
rate
(percentag
e of adult
population
per year1)
Natural
mortality –
birds per
year
(from
county
population)
Estimated
collision
mortality
(birds per
year)
Local
conservation
status3
National
population status
(Britain)4
Golden
Plover
12,175
(Mean
WeBs
count for
Humber
and Wash
Jan, Nov,
Dec 2012)3
27.0% 3,287.25 1.70 Very common
passage
migrant and
winter visitor,
occasional in
summer.
Migrant/resident
breeder,
passage/winter
visitor. 38,000-
59,000 pairs in
summer, 400,000
individuals in
winter. Amber list.
Lapwing Est 14,738
plus3
29.5% 4,347.71
2.39 Fairly common
resident and
very common
passage
migrant and
winter visitor.
Migrant/resident
breeder,
passage/winter
visitor. 130,000
pairs in summer,
620,000
individuals in
winter. Red list.
Pink-footed
Goose
4617
(5 year
mean –
WeBs
counts for
the
Humber
Estuary
06/07 –
10/11)3
17.1% 789.51 0.83 Common winter
visitor Sep-Apr,
mainly to the
Humber and
Wash but many
coastal and
inland
movements.
Winter visitor
360,000
individuals in
winter. Amber list.
Buzzard 200+
breeding
pairs
10.0% 40.00+ 6.33 Common
breeder,
passage
migrant and
winter visitor
Resident breeder,
passage/winter
visitor. 56 to
77,000 territories
in Britain
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(summer). Green
list.
Kestrel Unknown
but >93
breeding
pairs
(2012)3
31% 28.83 1.81 Common
resident and
passage
migrant
Migrant/resident
breeder,
passage/winter
visitor. Estimated
GB breeding
population
45,000. Amber list.
Notes:
1 Information obtained from the British Trust for Ornithology Bird Facts website
(www.bto.org)
2 Waterbirds in the UK 2009-2010, Holt et al 2011 – Humber Estuary counts 2009/2010
3 Lincolnshire Bird Report 2012
4 Population estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Musgrove et al,
British Birds Vol. 106, February 2013.
8.109 These figures indicate that any additional mortality caused by the operational
turbines is unlikely to be significant on the regional or county populations of these
species (see discussion below).
Discussion - Raptors
Buzzard
8.110 Predicted collision mortality rates for buzzard are in the region of 6.33 birds per
year. However, this estimate is based on current levels of activity within the survey
area.
8.111 The majority of buzzard activity within the collision risk zone was recorded in the
month of April, a time when birds are exhibiting pre-breeding display flight activity.
Breeding bird surveys confirmed 3 pairs to be breeding within the woodland
blocks within the survey area during the 2014 season.
8.112 Studies have shown significant displacement of buzzards from the vicinity of
operational turbines, with Pearce Higgins (Pearce-Higgins, et al., 2009) indicating a
41% decrease in breeding density within 500m of operational turbines. For this site,
this could potentially result in the displacement of 1 pair from the central area of
woodland which lies within 200m of the turbines with an associated significant
reduction in flight activity in the vicinity of the turbines.
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8.113 This would reduce the predicted mortality rates for this species. It is not considered
that such displacement would have a significant effect on the local population as
abundant similar habitat is present in the surrounding landscape.
8.114 The county population of this species is unknown but it is noted as rapidly
increasing in recent years (The Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012) and the species is not
considered to be of conservation concern. The estimated breeding population of
200 pairs detailed within Table 8.17 is considered a ‘serious underestimate’ (The
Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012) of the county population.
8.115 Given this, the predicted collision mortality rate is considered to be a slight
increase in relation to natural mortality rates and local conservation status and is
considered to be very much a worst-case scenario assessment.
8.116 This species is not of particular conservation concern and it is known that local
and regional populations of this species are increasing (The Lincolnshire Bird Club,
2012) and are therefore likely to show resilience to minor increases in mortality.
8.117 In this context, it is not predicted that operational collision mortality would have a
significant effect on the buzzard population. It is predicted that the impact of the
operational turbines through collision mortality would be of slight magnitude.
Buzzard is considered to be a receptor of low sensitivity, such that an impact of
this magnitude would not give rise to a likely significant effect in the context of the
local and county populations.
Kestrel
8.2 Predicted collision mortality rates for kestrel are 1.81 birds per year. However, this is
based on current rates of activity. Pearce Higgins et al (Pearce-Higgins, Stephen,
Langston, Bainbridge, & Bullman, 2009) concluded that kestrel may avoid turbines,
which would result in a decrease in the potential collision morality rate.
8.3 Rates of activity within the survey area are also likely to be altered by the likely
removal or relocation of the straw bales from the south of the site which this
species is currently nesting within. The closest alternative nest sites for this species
lie over 450m distant from the proposed turbine locations.
8.4 Kestrel are noted as being a common resident and passage migrant in
Lincolnshire. The breeding population is unknown, however a ringing study
recorded 93 broods during the 2012 season (The Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012). The
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extent of the ringing program is unknown but this is likely to be a significant
underestimate of the total county population.
8.118 In this context, it is not predicted that operational collision mortality would have a
significant effect on the kestrel population. It is predicted that the impact of the
operational turbines through collision mortality would be of negligible magnitude.
Kestrel is considered to be a receptor of low sensitivity, such that an impact of this
magnitude would not give rise to a likely significant effect in the context of the
local and county populations.
Discussion - Waders
Golden Plover
8.119 Predicted collision mortality rates for golden plover are 1.70 birds per year,
however this does not take into account likely displacement from the vicinity of
the turbines which will reduce the likely collision mortality rates. Studies have
indicated avoidance of habitat within 200m of turbines by this species (Pearce-
Higgins, et al., 2012), which if seen in this case could significantly reduce likely
collision rates.
8.120 Wintering golden plover are recorded through the majority of the lowlands in
Britain (Balmer, et al., 2013). The numbers recorded during winter waterbird
surveys, especially on eastern British estuaries, has increased significantly since the
mid-1980s, with a slight increase in densities noted in Lincolnshire and East Anglia
(Balmer, et al., 2013).
8.121 Golden plover in Lincolnshire are described as a very common passage migrant
and winter visitor (The Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012).
8.122 Natural mortality rates for this species are approximately 27% of the adult
population. Based on a population estimate from the Humber and Wash of
12,175 individuals (based on the mean WeBs count for the Humber and Wash
during the months of January, November and December 2012 (The Lincolnshire
Bird Club, 2012), this natural mortality rate equates to 3,287.25 individuals annually.
This is an underestimate of the County wintering population for this species, as is it
does not include birds present in other areas.
8.123 In this context, the predicted additional mortality from collision with operational
turbines of 1.70 birds annually is not considered to be significant.
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8.124 Studies up to 2004 in Europe concluded a low risk of golden plover collision with
turbines (4 records across Europe). These findings of low collision risk are in line with
the majority of studies and resulted in the classification of waders as species that
are not particularly vulnerable to collision in the RSPB/Bird Life review by Langston
and Pullan (Langston & Pullan, 2003).
8.125 Overall, the impact of collision mortality on local and county populations is
predicted to be of negligible magnitude. Given the low sensitivity of the receptor
(wintering population of parish value), this would not give rise to a likely significant
effect.
Lapwing
8.126 Predicted collision mortality rates for lapwing are low at 2.39 birds per year.
Natural mortality rates for this species are approximately 29.5%, which in relation to
the estimated county population equates to 4348 birds per year (based on 2012
population estimates (The Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2012).
8.127 This estimated population will under estimate the true county population as it is
based on regularly counted sites and does not include un-recorded sites such that
the actual natural mortality numbers will be higher.
8.128 In this context, the additional estimated predicted mortality from collision with the
operational turbines is of negligible magnitude. Given the low sensitivity of the
receptor (wintering population of parish value), this would not give rise to a likely
significant effect.
Pink-footed Goose
8.129 Predicted collision mortality rates for pink-footed goose are low at 0.83 birds per
year. Wetland Bird Census (WeBs) data indicates a long-term increase in the
numbers of this species wintering in the UK (Lincolnshire Bird Club, 2010).
8.130 The main wintering area for this species in the county is the Humber Estuary with a
5 year mean count based on WeBs data for the period 2006/2007 to 2010/2011 of
4617 birds. Natural annual mortality rates are high, in the vicinity of 17% for adult
birds. This equates to 790 of the Humber 5 year mean population per annum.
8.131 In this context, the predicted collision mortality of 0.83 birds per year associated
with the operational turbines is considered to be an impact of negligible
magnitude on the county population.
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8.132 In this context, the additional estimated predicted mortality from collision with the
operational turbines is of negligible magnitude. Given the low sensitivity of the
receptor (wintering population within the survey area of parish value), this would
not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Predicted effects of the scheme: decommissioning
Disturbance – de-commissioning (temporary)
8.133 It is predicted that the de-commissioning phase of the Proposed Development
would have effects of similar magnitude on local bird populations as the
construction process. Impacts will, if anything, be slightly lower as some of the
infrastructure is likely to be left in place for continued farm use, for example
sections of the access tracks.
8.134 It is predicted that this phase will have a short-term effect of slight magnitude on
receptors that are of low to medium sensitivity. This would not give rise to a likely
significant effect.
Cumulative Effects
Type 1 Cumulative Effects
8.135 The table below details the key receptors, the predicted likely effects of each
stage of the Proposed Development and any likely cumulative effects of all stages
of the Proposed Development.
Table 8.18 Type 1 Cumulative Effects Key Receptors Stage of
Development
Predicted Effect Cumulative Effect
Breeding Birds
(General
Assemblage
Construction Loss of 2.5ha of habitat (long term) – effect of
negligible magnitude
Disturbance/displacement effect of slight magnitude
(short-term)
No significant cumulative effect
predicted.
The areas of habitat to be lost to the
development primarily lie within close
proximity to the turbines, within the zone
where the disturbance/ displacement
effects of the operational turbines are
likely to be seen, reducing/ precluding use
of the habitat by a number of key species.
As such, these two effects are not
considered to be strictly additive, as
operational disturbance/ displacement
would render the habitat unavailable to a
number of species whether it was also
being lost to the development or not.
Predicted levels of collision mortality are of
Operation Disturbance/displacement effect of slight magnitude
(long-term)
Collision mortality effects of slight magnitude on
buzzard and negligible magnitude on kestrel and
lapwing.
Decommissioning Disturbance/displacement effect of slight magnitude
(short-term)
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slight to negligible magnitude and will be
further reduced by any displacement from
the vicinity of the turbines.
Breeding barn owl Construction No effect through habitat loss predicted.
No disturbance/displacement effect predicted.
Predicted effects limited to a
disturbance/displacement effect during
operation of negligible magnitude. No
cumulative effects predicted.
Operation Disturbance/displacement effect of negligible
magnitude (long-term)
Decommissioning No disturbance/displacement effect predicted.
Wintering Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Construction Loss of 2.5ha of habitat (long term) – effect of
negligible magnitude
Disturbance/displacement effect of slight magnitude
(short-term)
No significant cumulative effect
predicted.
The areas of habitat to be lost to the
development primarily lie within close
proximity to the turbines, within the zone
where the disturbance/ displacement
effects of the operational turbines are
likely to be seen, reducing/ precluding use
of the habitat by a number of key species.
As such, these two effects are not
considered to be strictly additive, as
operational disturbance/ displacement
would render the habitat unavailable to a
number of species whether it was also
being lost to the development or not.
Predicted levels of collision mortality are of
negligible magnitude and will be further
reduced by any displacement from the
vicinity of the turbines.
Operation Disturbance/displacement effect of slight magnitude
(long-term)
Collision mortality effects of negligible magnitude on
golden plover, lapwing and pink-footed goose.
Decommissioning Disturbance/displacement effect of slight magnitude
(short-term)
Type 2 Cumulative Effects
8.136 Type 2 effects (cumulative effects of multiple developments) on key receptors
have been considered over a 10km radius. Three multi-turbine renewables
schemes lie within this area: Hawton Wind Farm (3 turbine scheme - consented),
Fox Covert Wind Farm (in planning) and Temple Hill Wind Farm (5 turbine scheme -
in planning).
8.137 The table below identifies the predicted effects of each of these schemes on the
key receptors and discusses the potential in-combination effects of these schemes
with the Proposed Development.
Table 8.19 Type 2 Cumulative Effects Schemes
Effect Fulbeck Wind Farm Fox Covert Wind
Farm
Hawton Wind Farm Temple Hill Wind Farm Predicted Cumulative
Effect
Habitat loss Loss of 2.5ha of primarily
arable crop with some
loss of coarse grassland
Loss of 1.6ha of
habitat, primarily
Small scale habitat loss
predicted to have a
negligible effect on
Effects of habitat loss
predicted to be
Cumulative loss of
agricultural land
predicted to be of
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and ruderal vegetation
and 10m of species poor
hedgerow.
agricultural fields. breeding and wintering
birds.
negligible. negligible significance
given the small scale of
loss at each site and the
extent of similar habitat
within the local and
regional area.
Constructional
disturbance
An impact of slight
magnitude on a breeding
assemblage of district to
county value and a
wintering assemblage of
parish value.
No effect predicted on
breeding raptors, wildfowl
or waders.
Constructional
disturbance
having very limited
temporary effect
on wintering GP,
foraging BO,
negligible effect
on general
farmland
assemblage
Constructional
disturbance potentially
causing the
displacement of a
single breeding pair of
lapwing – predicted to
be insignificant at the
county population level.
Construction
disturbance effects
predicted to be
negligible.
No significant cumulative
effect predicted.
The construction periods
of all schemes are
unlikely to coincide such
that disturbance effects
are unlikely to be
cumulative.
Predicted effects at all
schemes are slight or
negligible and displaced
individuals are likely to be
readily accommodated
into the surrounding
landscape given the
expanse of similar
habitat available.
Operational
disturbance
An impact of slight
magnitude predicted on
both the general
wintering and breeding
assemblages.
Negligible magnitude
effect predicted on
foraging barn owl
Operational
disturbance
having a
negligible effect
on golden plover,
barn owl and
general farmland
assemblage.
Operational
disturbance effects
considered unlikely.
Operational
disturbance effects
predicted to be
negligible
Collision
mortality
Collision mortality: 1.70
Golden plover per year,
2.39 lapwing, 0.83 pink-
footed goose, 6.33
buzzard, 1.81 kestrel
Collision mortality:
3.6 Lapwing per
year, 29.2 herring
gull per year,
Collision risk for
other species
considered
negligible.
Collision mortality: 26.2
lapwing per year, 14
mallard per non-
breeding season
Collision mortality:
Minor effects
predicted on red kite
(low risk of collision),
marsh harrier (0.16/yr),
peregrine (low risk of
collision), golden
plover (6.31/yr),
lapwing (17.85/yr),
kestrel (0.94 birds per
year), buzzard
(3.66/yr), greylag
goose (3/yr) and gulls
(8.81/yr common gull,
6.38/yr black headed
gull, 1.22/yr lesser black
backed gull.
Cumulative predicted
mortality for species
potentially effected at
Fulbeck:
Golden plover: 8.01 (21%
Fulbeck)
Lapwing: 50.04 (5%
Fulbeck)
Pink footed goose: no
additional mortality
predicted,
Buzzard: 9.99 (63%
Fulbeck)
Kestrel: 2.75 (66%
Fulbeck)
Note these are all worst-
case predicted mortality
rates that do not
account for likely
displacement from the
vicinity of the turbines
reducing the risk of
collision
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Mitigation and Enhancement
8.138 The number and position of the proposed turbines has evolved in response to the
results of ecological survey. Turbines have been positioned to ensure appropriate
buffers between blades and key ecological features.
8.139 Vegetation clearance will not be undertaken during the nesting season unless an
appropriately qualified ecologist has confirmed active nests are absent.
Habitat Creation/Enhancement
8.140 The text below provides a broad overview of the proposed habitat creation and
enhancement works. Proposals are illustrated within Figure 9.2 and will be subject
to a detailed management plan to be agreed with key consultees post-planning.
Hedgerow Management
8.141 The following hedgerow management will be implemented over approximately
1.75km of existing hedgerow, benefiting a range of wildlife including small
mammals and breeding passerines.
i) Trim in January or February to avoid destruction of bird’s nests and to allow
any berry crops to be used by wintering birds
ii) Trim on a two or three year rotation to ensure thick nesting cover is
available somewhere on site every year and to boost the berry crop and
populations of overwintering insects
iii) Avoid trimming all hedges in the same year
iv) Trim hedges to varying heights – under two metres in height benefits species
such as partridge, and linnet while turtle doves prefer wide hedgerows over
4m in height – and aim to create a wide, dense base which provides cover
for nesting birds and other wildlife
v) Plant up gaps using native species, locally sourced
vi) Plant in early winter
vii) Use plastic tubes to protect young plants from grazing
viii) Retain a grass strip at least 1m wide between the hedge and adjacent
crop to buffer the hedge from ploughing and spray drift
Nectar Rich Flower Mix
8.142 Approximately 0.9ha of nectar rich flower mix would be created. This habitat type
is of value to a range of wildlife, in particular providing a pollen and nectar food
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source for a range of insects during the spring and summer. The management for
nectar rich flower mix would be as follows:
ix) A mix of 80% fine grasses and 20% legumes (such as red clover, alsike clover
and bird’s foot trefoil) to be sown at a seed rate of 15-20kg/ha
x) Establishment in March/April or July/August
xi) Half of the area to be cut in June to stimulate late flowering and the whole
area to then be cut in September or October
xii) Mix may need to be re-established after three to four years if the flowering
plant component has become depleted.
Scrub Planting
8.5 Native scrub will be planted over an area of approximately 0.16ha, creating a
small scale mosaic with adjacent nectar rich flower mix. This will provide areas of
shelter and cover for a range of species and also a berry rich food source.
8.6 The species mix will include the following and all specimens will be locally sourced:
hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), bramble (Rubus
fruticosa agg), holly (Ilex aquifolium), hazel (Corylus avellana), elder (Sambucus
nigra), dog rose (Rosa canina), broom (Cytisus scoparius) and sweet briar (Rosa
rubiginosa)
xiii) The management for areas of scrub would be as follows:
xiv) Planting will be undertaken between November and March
xv) All stock will be of local provenance
xvi) Stands will be planted in clumps and will not be planted in rows as this can
create wind tunnels, edges of stands will be scalloped and species mixed
at random to maximise diversity.
xvii) Fencing or spiral guards or tubes will be used to prevent browsing during
establishment
xviii) Manage to prevent scrub encroachment into adjacent areas through
cutting in January - February
Wildlife Ponds
8.7 A series of wildlife ponds will be created. Design will seek to maximise benefit for a
range of wildlife including amphibians and insects. Details design to be agreed
with key consultees post-planning.
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Field Margin Buffer Strips
8.143 Field margin buffer strips, 6m in width, will be created along approximately 780m
of arable field edge. Management of these areas will aim to create a tussocky
sward of benefit to both nesting birds and over-wintering insects.
xix) Margins to be established in autumn (August/September)
xx) Mix to include up to 30% cock’s foot or timothy grass and fine grasses such
as fescues and bents
xxi) In the first summer, cut the sward when it is approximately 10cm tall to
control weeds
xxii) Following first year of establishment, 3m width adjacent to the crop to be
cut annually, remaining 3m to be cut once every three years. Cutting to be
undertaken in the autumn.
Residual Effects
8.144 The table below summarises the predicted residual effects post-mitigation and
enhancement.
Table 8.20 Summary of residual effects on ornithology
Impact Receptor
Sensitivity
of
Receptor
Magnitude
of Impact
(Without
mitigation)
Significance of
Predicted
Impact*
(Without
mitigation and
compensation)
Proposed
Mitigation/
Compensation
Magnitude of
Impact (With
mitigation and
compensation)
Significance of
Predicted
Impact* (With
mitigation and
compensation)
Loss of 2.5ha of
habitat
Breeding Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Medium Negligible Minor
Habitat works to
include
creation of
nectar rich
flower mix,
wildlife ponds,
field margin
buffer strips,
scrub planting
and hedgerow
management
Slight Positive Moderate/Minor
Breeding Barn
Owl Medium No effect predicted Slight Positive Moderate/Minor
Wintering Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Low Negligible Negligible Slight Positive Minor
Disturbance/Displacement
(Construction Phase)
(Short-term)
Breeding Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Medium Slight
Adverse Moderate/Minor
Checking
surveys for
active nests
prior to
vegetation
clearance
works
Slight Adverse Moderate/Minor
Breeding Barn
Owl Medium No effect predicted No effect predicted
Wintering Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Low Slight
Adverse Minor - Slight Adverse Minor
Disturbance/Displacement
(Operational Phase)
Breeding Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Medium Slight
Adverse Moderate/Minor
Habitat works to
include
creation of
nectar rich
flower mix,
wildlife ponds,
field margin
buffer strips,
scrub planting
and hedgerow
management
Negligible Negligible
Breeding Barn
Owl Medium Negligible Minor Slight Positive Moderate/Minor
Wintering Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Low Slight
Adverse Minor Slight Adverse Minor
Collision Mortality
(Operational) Buzzard Low
Slight
Adverse Minor - Slight Adverse Minor
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Impact Receptor
Sensitivity
of
Receptor
Magnitude
of Impact
(Without
mitigation)
Significance of
Predicted
Impact*
(Without
mitigation and
compensation)
Proposed
Mitigation/
Compensation
Magnitude of
Impact (With
mitigation and
compensation)
Significance of
Predicted
Impact* (With
mitigation and
compensation)
Kestrel Low Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Lapwing Low Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Golden Plover Low Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Pink-footed
Goose Low Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Disturbance/Displacement
(De-commissioning Phase)
Breeding Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Medium Slight
Adverse Moderate/Minor
Checking
surveys for
active nests
prior to
vegetation
clearance
works
Slight Adverse Moderate/Minor
Breeding Barn
Owl Medium No effect predicted No effect predicted
Wintering Birds
(General
Assemblage)
Low Slight
Adverse Minor - Slight Adverse Minor
*Negligible, Minor or Moderate/Minor effects are not deemed significant for the purposes of the EIA regulations
Summary
8.145 A suite of ornithological surveys have been undertaken in order to provide a robust
assessment of the conservation value of the breeding and wintering bird assemblages as
well as the species present.
8.146 There are no Special Protection Areas, Ramsar sites or Important Bird Areas within 20km of
the survey area.
8.147 The breeding assemblage of the survey area is primarily considered to be of district
conservation value, supporting a good diversity of species in good numbers. The area is
however considered to be of up to county conservation value for breeding turtle dove.
Breeding barn owl, a schedule 1 species, is also present.
8.148 The wintering assemblage of the Site is considered to be of parish conservation value,
considered to be typical to this area of Lincolnshire.
8.149 Vantage point surveys identified 17 target species overflying the Site during the survey
period. The majority of these were recorded in low numbers and at low frequency.
8.150 Potential collision mortality estimates were calculated for species recorded at a higher
level of frequency or those of particular conservation concern. Modelling predicted no
significant effects on populations.
8.151 It is predicted that short-term disturbance effects during the construction and de-
commissioning phases of the development will have at most an effect of slight magnitude
on the breeding bird assemblage, an effect of moderate/minor significance given the
value of this receptor. No effect is predicted on breeding raptors, wildfowl or waders.
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8.152 Works during the winter period are predicted to have an adverse effect through
disturbance of minor significance on the wintering assemblage.
8.153 Disturbance/displacement during the operational phase of the development is predicted
to have at most a slight negative effect equating to an adverse effect of minor
significance in relation to the wintering assemblage and of moderate/minor significance in
relation to the breeding assemblage.
8.154 The potential effects of collision mortality are predicted to be negligible with regard to all
target species populations apart from buzzard where a maximum predicted mortality rate
of 6 birds per year has been estimated. This is however considered to be an overestimate
as it is based on current activity levels within the site. Studies have shown displacement of
breeding buzzard from the vicinity of operational turbines, which would reduce activity
levels and the associated risk of collision.
8.155 Buzzard are not a species of particular conservation concern and the effect of the
operational turbines on the local population is predicted to be of minor significance.
8.156 Habitat creation works will have a slight positive effect on a range of species.
8.157 The proposal would result in no likely significant adverse effects on birds during the
construction, operational or decommissioning phases.
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References
Anon. (2000). Managing Natura 2000 Sites, the provisions of Article 6 of the Habitats
Directive 92/43/EEC.
Balmer, D. E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B. L., Swann, R. L., Downie, I. S., & Fuller, R. J. (2013). Bird
Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books,
Thetford.
Barn Owl Trust. (2012). Barn Owl Conservation Handbook. Pelagic Publishing.
Bright, J. A., Langston, R. H., & Anthony, S. (2009). Mapped and written guidance in
relation to birds and onshore wind energy development in England. RSPB
Research Report No. 35. RSPB.
Devereux, C. L., Denny, M. J., & Whittingham, M. J. (2008). Minimal effects of wind turbines
on the distribution of wintering farmland birds. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1689-
1694.
Dulas Engineering Ltd. . (1995). The Mynyddy y Cemmaes wind farm impact study. Vol. IID
– Ecological Impact – Final Report. ETSU Report: W/13/00300/REP/2D. .
EAS . (1997). Ovenden Moor Ornithological Monitoring. Report to Yorkshire Windpower.
Keighley. Ecological Advisory Service. .
Eaton, M. A., Brown, A. F., Noble, D. G., Musgrove, A. J., Hearn, R., Aebischer, N. J., et al.
(2009). Birds of Conservation Concern 3: the population status of birds in the
United Kingdom, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
Fuller, R. J., Gregory, R. D., Gibbons, D. W., Marchant, J. H., Wilson, J. D., Baillie, S. R., et al.
(1995). Population Declines and Range Contractions among Lowland Farmland
Birds in Britain. Conservation Biology, 1425–1441.
Hardey, J., H, C., Wernham, C., Riley, H., Etheridge, B., & Thompson, D. (2006). Raptors, a
field guide for surveys and monitoring. Scottish Natural Heritage.
Hawker, D. (1997). Windy Standard wind farm: Breeding bird survey .
Hötker, H. T.-M. (2006). The impact of renewable energy generation on biodiversity with
reference to birds and bats – facts, gaps in our knowledge, areas for further
research and ornithological criteria for the expansion of renewab.
Langston, R. H., & Pullan, J. D. (2003). Windfarms and Birds: An analysis of the effects of
windfarms on birds, and guidance on environmental assessment criteria and site
selection issues. BirdLife.
Lincolnshire Bird Club. (2010). Lincolnshire Bird Report 2010.
Natural England . (2007). Technical Information Note TIN008: Assessing ornithological
impacts associated with wind farm developments: surveying recommendations.
Pearce-Higgins, J. W., Stephen, L., Douse, A., & Langston, R. H. (2012). Greater impacts of
wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation:
results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38.
Pearce-Higgins, J. W., Stephen, L., Langston, R. H., Bainbridge, I. P., & Bullman, R. (2009).
The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms. Journal of Applied
Ecology, 1323-1331.
Philips, J. F. (1994). The effects of a wind farm on upland breeding bird communities of
Bryn Tytli, Mid Wales. 1993-1994. RSPB.
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Ruddock, M., & Whitfield, D. P. (2007). A Review of Disturbance Distances in Selected Bird
Species. Scottish Natural Heritage.
Scottish Natural Heritage. (2013). Survey methods for use in assessing the impacts of
onshore wind farms on bird communities.
SGS Environment Ltd. (1994). Haverigg wind farm ornithological monitoring programme.
Still, D., Little, B., & Lawrence, S. (1995). The effect of wind turbines on the bird population
at Blyth Harbour. ETSU Report.
The Lincolnshire Bird Club. (2012). Lincolnshire Bird Report 2012.
Thomas, R. (1999). Renewable Energy and Environmental Impacts in the UK; Birds and
Wind Turbines. MRes thesis, University College, London.
Williams, I. T., & Young, A. J. (1997). Trannon Moor ornithological survey. RSPB.
Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. (2011). Yorkshire Bird Report. Yorkshire Naturalists' Union.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm ES Volume 1 Chapter 8 Ornithology
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Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 9: Non-Avian Ecology
April 2015
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm ES Volume 1 Chapter 9 Non-Avian Ecology
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CONTENTS
9 NON-AVIAN ECOLOGY 9-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ....................................................................................... 9-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ........................................................ 9-2 Baseline Conditions ............................................................................................................. 9-12 Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts .......................................................... 9-28 Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 9-42 Mitigation and Enhancement ........................................................................................... 9-48 Residual Effects .................................................................................................................... 9-52 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 9-53
REFERENCES 9-55
Tables
Table 9.1: Summary of Scoping and Pre-App Consultation Responses
Table 9.2: Magnitude of Potential Change
Table 9.3: Sensitivity of Resource or Receptor
Table 9.4: Value and Significance of Resource of Receptor
Table 9.5: Significance of Effects: Calculation Matrix
Table 9.6: Lincolnshire Environmental Records Centre – Data Search (3km Search
Area)
Table 9.7: Lincolnshire Environmental Records Centre – Non-statutory Sites (3km
Search Area)
Table 9.8: Grassland Species List
Table 9.9: Summary: Receptor Importance
Table 9.10: Bat Species – Risk of Effect through Collision Mortality
Table 9.11: Type 1 Cumulative Effects
Table 9.12: Type 2 Cumulative Effects
Figures
Figure 9.1: Phase 1 Habitat Survey Results
Figure 9.2: Habitat Creation and Enhancement Proposals
Appendices
Appendix 9.1 – Ecology
Appendix 9.2 – Consultation
Appendix 9.3 – Bat Survey
Appendix 9.4 – Badger Method Statement
Appendix 9.5 – Otter Method Statement
Appendix 9.6 – Reptile Method Statement
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9 NON-AVIAN ECOLOGY
Introduction
9.1 This chapter of the ES assesses the likely significant environmental effects of the
Proposed Development with respect to Non-Avian Ecology. This chapter
describes the methods used to assess the baseline conditions currently existing at
the Site and surrounding area; the effects of the Proposed Development; the
mitigation measures required to prevent, reduce or offset any significant adverse
effects; and the likely residual effects after these measures have been adopted.
9.2 This chapter has been produced and the assessment within completed by Becky
White MCIEEM of E3 Ecology Ltd.
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
Key Legislation
9.3 Key legislation referred to in relation to site assessment included the following:
The Habitats Regulations (2010) (as amended)
Birds Directive (1979) (as amended)
The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar) (1971)
Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) (as amended)
EU Water Framework Directive (2000)
Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act (1975)
Protection of Badgers Act (1992)
Wild Mammals (Protection) Act (1996)
National planning policy
9.4 Relevant national planning policy is detailed within Appendix 9.1
Local planning policy
9.5 The relevant policies detailed within the South Kesteven Core Strategy, the South
Kesteven Site Allocation and Policies document and the ‘saved’ policies of the
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South Kesteven Local Plan and the North Kesteven Local Plan are detailed within
Appendix 9.1.
Local Biodiversity Action Plan
9.6 The habitats and species which are considered a priority within the Lincolnshire
Local Biodiversity Action Plan are summarised within Appendix 9.1.
Guidance Documents
9.7 The following guidance documents have been referred to in the preparation of
this assessment:
Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom, Institute of
Ecology and Environmental Management (Institute of Ecology and
Environmental Management, 2006)
Bat Surveys: Good Practice Guidelines, 2nd Edition. Bat Conservation Trust
(Hundt, 2012)
Natural England Technical Information Note TIN051: Bats and Onshore Wind
Turbines Interim Guidance (Natural England, 2012)
Great crested newt mitigation guidelines (Natural England August 2001)
South Kesteven District Council Wind Energy Supplementary Planning
Document (adopted June 2013)
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria
Scope of assessment
9.8 The area of land addressed by the ecological surveys can be divided into two
distinct sections; the proposed wind farm site (the Site) and the wider survey area
(see Figure 9.1). The ‘Site' consists of the area that would be occupied by the
turbines, temporary site compound, substation and access tracks. The wider
survey area ‘the survey area’ comprised a larger area of land (260 ha) which was
initially under consideration for the location of turbines. All ecological surveys
covered the full extent of the survey area.
9.9 An initial extended Phase 1 survey of the survey area was undertaken in
September 2012 during which habitats present within this area were recorded and
the potential of the wider survey area to support protected species was assessed.
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9.10 This survey identified a requirement for specialist studies addressing botanical
interests, bats, wintering birds and breeding birds. All surveys were completed by
E3 Ecology during the 2013 and 2014 seasons. A further walkover survey was
completed in January 2015 in order to ensure the phase 1 habitat survey
remained current and to undertake a further survey of the proposed
development footprint and an appropriate buffer with regard to otter, water vole
and badger.
Note Regarding Reptile Survey
9.11 Although the survey area includes areas of habitat suitable for use by reptiles, the
Site is primarily limited to intensively managed agricultural land. Given this,
detailed survey for reptiles was not considered necessary. An assessment of the
likely reptile population within the survey area has been made based on desk
study, habitat assessment and incidental records obtained from other on site
surveys.
Summary of consultation responses
9.12 The table below provides an overview of the information obtained through EIA
scoping responses relating to non-avian ecology. Copies of all responses are
provided within the Consultation Responses Appendix (Appendix 9.2).
Table 9.1 Summary of Scoping and Pre-App Consultation Responses
Consultee Key Points
South Kesteven
District Council
(Scoping Opinion)
The ES should include an ecological impact assessment
(including any mitigation measures) in accordance with the
IEEM guidelines and boxes 6-10 of the South Kesteven Wind
Energy SPD.
The ES should also be informed by Natural England and Bat
Conservation Trust guidance.
North kesteven
District Council
(Scoping Opinion)
It is noted that Fulbeck Airfield Site of Nature Conservation
Importance (SNCI) has been identified. Any habitats which
are found to be of ecological value should be assessed
against the Local Wildlife Site (LWS) criteria for Lincolnshire.
Habitats which are found to be of interest, or which are found
to meet the LWS criteria, should be avoided during
development.
Bat surveys should meet the guidelines set out by the Bat
Conservation Trust in 'Bat Surveys - Good Practice Guidelines
2nd Edition Surveying for onshore wind farms'.
The ES should demonstrate options for enhancement of the
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Consultee Key Points
wider site for biodiversity. The potential for the development
to provide nature conservation enhancements should be
clearly distinguished from measures to mitigate or
compensate for harm to nature conservation interests. The ES
should demonstrate that all efforts are to be made to retain
existing habitats of nature conservation value, and that
specific enhancement works are to be made for the benefit of
wildlife such as hedgerow planting, ditch enhancements,
species rich grassland or pond creation.
The Natural England advice notes TIN051 and TIN069 should be
referred to.
The Council's Tree Officer has confirmed that the impact of
development on trees should be assessed, including any
temporary access, hardstanding works etc.
Lincolnshire Wildlife
Trust
It is noted that Fulbeck Airfield Site of Nature Conservation
Importance (SNCI) has been identified and that botanical
surveys will be carried out to fully assess the site’s current value.
Any habitats found to be of ecological value should be
assessed against the Local Wildlife Site (LWS) criteria for
Lincolnshire. Habitats which are found to be of interest, or
which are found to meet the LWS criteria should be avoided
during development.
Bat surveys should meet the guidelnes set out by the Bat
Conservation Trust in Bat Surveys – Good Practice Guidelines
2nd Edition.
The ES should demonstrate options for enhancement of the
wider site for biodiversity and should demonstrate that all
efforts are to be made to retain existing habitats of nature
conservation value.
The ES should contain details of post-construction monitoring
for bats.
Natural England
(Scoping Opinion)
The proposal does not appear, from the information provided,
to affect any nationally designated ecological sites (Ramsar,
SPA, SSSI, NNR).
Natural England
(Pre-App
Consultation)
Natural England were consulted with regard to the preliminary
bird survey results. See Chapter 8: Ornithology.
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Survey Methodology
Phase 1 Habitat Survey
9.13 The initial phase 1 habitat survey of the survey area was completed by E3 Ecology
in September 2012. The area of land surveyed is illustrated within Figure 9.1. A
further habitat walkover survey was completed in January 2015 in order to ensure
assessment remained up to date.
9.14 The field survey was conducted using the methodology of the Joint Nature
Conservation Committee (JNCC) Phase 1 survey, as outlined in their habitat-
mapping manual (Joint Nature Conservancy Council, 2010).
9.15 Given the designation of the land within which the survey area lies as a Site of
Nature Conservation Importance, primarily due to the quality of the grassland
present at the time of designation, a further botanical survey was undertaken in
June 2014 during which a detailed species list was made for grassland areas in
order to allow assessment of the quality of the grassland.
9.16 Full details of surveys methods and results are provided within Appendix 9.1.
Initial Protected Species Assessment
9.17 As part of the initial Phase 1 habitat survey the risk of protected or otherwise
notable species being present was assessed from the consultation responses, field
signs and through professional judgement.
9.18 If present, any trackways regularly used by badger and deer were mapped and
any sett usage assessed by the presence of freshly dug earth and/or bedding at
the entrance. Wetlands, if present, were reviewed for their potential use by otter,
water vole and great crested newt. Potential bat usage of the survey area was
assessed from the semi-natural habitats and potential roost sites that are present.
9.19 Following these initial surveys, a requirement for further detailed survey with regard
to bats, badger, otter and water vole was identified.
Badger Survey
9.20 The aim of the badger survey was to locate any badger setts, to determine their
status and the extent to which they are currently used, and to identify those
existing badger paths and foraging areas that are most commonly used.
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9.21 Initial survey work was undertaken in September 2012 with further detailed site
survey undertaken in January 2015. In addition, any records of badger activity
were noted during other survey work at the survey area, which included bat
surveys requiring surveyors to be on site at dusk. Full details of survey methods and
results are provided within Appendix 9.1.
Bat Survey
Survey Effort
9.22 Survey work has been completed during the 2013 and 2014 seasons and the level
of survey undertaken has taken account of the Bat Conservation Trust Good
Practice Survey Guidelines for surveying proposed wind farm sites (Hundt, 2012).
9.23 Based on an initial assessment of the site, the site was considered to be a ‘medium
risk’ site, as designated within the Guidance (p76 Table 10.1 Factors to consider
when determining survey effort and site risk) due to the location, nature of
habitats, limited availability of potential roost sites and number of turbines
proposed.
9.24 However, following initial surveys completed during 2013, which recorded both
Barbastelle (a comparatively rare species in this location) and species of the
Nyctalus genus (a species group considered to be at high risk of being affected
by operational turbines), as a precaution, the level of survey effort was increased
during the 2014 season to meet the guidelines in relation to a ‘high risk’ site. See
Appendix 9.3 for full details.
Roost Risk Assessment - Building/Tree Inspection
9.25 All trees and buildings/structures within or immediately adjacent to the survey
area were inspected and an assessment made as to the risk of bat roosts being
present. This survey was carried out during daylight hours and determined their
suitability as bat roost locations and recorded signs of use by bats. Binoculars and
a powerful torch were used where necessary to assist with the inspection. Full
details are provided within Appendix 9.3.
Dawn/Dusk Emergence/Re-entry Surveys
9.26 There are no permanent man-made structures or trees with a significant risk of
supporting roosting bats within 200m of the proposed turbine locations (see
Appendix 9.3). As such, no emergence/dawn swarming surveys have been
undertaken.
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Transect Surveys
9.27 Transect surveys were undertaken by surveyors walking a fixed route over the
survey area, recording all bat activity and identifying potential roost sites, key
foraging areas and fly ways. In addition to recording all bat activity along the
route, the transect incorporated eight monitoring points, at each of which the
surveyor stopped for 3 minutes and recorded all bat passes. Surveys were initially
undertaken during the 2013 season on a monthly basis, however the level of
survey effort during the 2014 season was increased to two surveys per month. Full
details are provided within Appendix 9.3.
Remote Monitoring
9.28 Remote monitoring was carried out using an Anabat SD2 detector with the
module set up to record all activity from dusk till dawn.
9.29 Remote monitoring was undertaken at four monitoring points, initially during the
2013 season aiming to obtain five nights date per month with the level of effort
increased during the 2014 season to ten nights’ data per month. Full details are
provided within Appendix 9.3.
Otter Survey
9.30 It was identified from the initial extended phase 1 surveys that the drain network
within the wider survey area may be used by otter on an occasional basis. As
such, a survey for this species was completed in September 2012 and updated in
January 2015. Full details are provided within Appendix 9.1.
Water Vole
9.31 The initial extended phase 1 survey identified suitable habitat for this species within
and adjacent to the survey area. As such, detailed survey was undertaken in
September 2012 and updated in January 2015. Full details are provided within
Appendix 9.1.
Desk-study
9.32 Consultation has been carried out by E3 Ecology Ltd and EnergieKontor UK with a
variety of bodies including Natural England (NE), the Environment Agency (EA),
the Lincolnshire Environmental Records Centre (LERC) and the Nottinghamshire
Biological and Geological Records Centre (NBGRC).
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9.33 A desk study has also been completed, assessing aerial photos and 1:25000
Ordnance Survey (OS) maps and reviewing relevant national and local
Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) and information available from the Multi Agency
Geographic Information Centre (MAGIC) website. The relevant local BAP in this
case is the Lincolnshire Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP).
Assessment Criteria
9.34 The approach taken to assess ecological effects follows the guidance document
produced by the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management
(CIEEM) (Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, 2006). These
guidelines set out the process for assessment through the following stages:
describing the ecological baseline through survey and desk study;
assigning a value to key receptors - these are the sites, habitats and species of
highest ecological value;
identifying and characterising the potential effects on these receptors based
on the nature of construction, operation and decommissioning activities
associated with the Proposed Development;
describing any mitigation, compensation and/or enhancement measures
associated with the Proposed Development and assessing residual
significance; and
identification of any monitoring requirements.
9.35 The magnitude of effects is predicted quantitatively where possible. The
assessment also takes into account whether the effect is beneficial or adverse,
short term (for example only during construction) or long term (throughout the
lifetime of the development), reversible or permanent. The degree of confidence
in the assessment is provided where relevant.
9.36 The key terms used in the assessment of the significance of potential
environmental effects of the Proposed Development on specific features follow
the convention used in this Environmental Statement.
9.37 The significance of predicted effects was determined through an assessment of
the magnitude and likelihood of change arising from the Proposed Development,
coupled with the sensitivity of the resource or receptor affected.
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9.38 The magnitude of potential change is categorised against the definitions in Table
9.2. Effects can be either beneficial or adverse.
Table 9.2 Magnitude of potential change
Magnitude
of change
Criteria for assessing effects
Substantial Total loss or major/substantial alteration to key
elements/features of the baseline (pre-
development) conditions such that the post
development character/ composition/attributes
will be fundamentally changed.
Moderate Loss or alteration to one or more key
elements/features of the baseline conditions such
that post development
character/composition/attributes of the baseline
will be materially changed.
Slight A minor shift away from baseline conditions.
Change arising from the loss/alteration will be
discernable/detectable but not material. The
underlying character/composition/attributes of
the baseline condition will be similar to the pre-
development circumstances/situation.
Negligible Very little change from baseline conditions.
Change barely distinguishable, approximating to
a 'no change' situation.
9.39 The sensitivity of the resource or receptor will be categorised as detailed in Table
9.3.
Table9.3 Sensitivity of resource or receptor
Sensitivity Examples of receptor
High The receptor/resource is of international or national
importance.
Medium The receptor/resource is of district, county or
regional importance.
Low The receptor/resource is of low, local or parish
importance.
Notes: The classification of sensitivity can be moderated
in response to the vulnerability of the receptor to the
specific impact and its ability to absorb/be tolerant to
change of the nature predicted. i.e. a bat breeding roost,
an assemblage of district importance, would not
necessarily be vulnerable to short-term disturbance of the
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site during the winter. As such, the sensitivity would in this
case be downgraded.
9.40 The value and significance of resources and receptors was assessed against the
following criteria developed from the Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment
produced by the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (Table 9.4).
Table 9.4 Value and significance of resource or receptor
Level of
value
Examples
International An internationally designated site or candidate
site.
A viable area of a habitat type listed in Annex I
of the Habitats Directive, or smaller areas of such
habitat, which are essential to maintain the
viability of a larger whole.
Any regularly occurring population of an
internationally important species, which is
threatened or rare in the UK.
Any regularly occurring, nationally significant
population/number of any internationally
important species.
National A nationally designated site.
A viable area of a priority habitat identified in the
UK BAP, or smaller areas of such habitat, which
are essential to maintain the viability of a larger
whole.
Any regularly occurring population of a
nationally important species, which is threatened
or rare in the region or county.
A regularly occurring regionally or county
significant population/number of any nationally
important species.
A feature identified as of critical importance in
the UK BAP.
Regional Viable areas of key habitat identified in the
Regional BAP or smaller areas of such habitat,
which are essential to maintain the viability of a
larger whole.
A regularly occurring, locally significant number
of a regionally important species.
County County/Metropolitan designated sites.
A viable area of a habitat type identified in the
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Level of
value
Examples
County BAP.
Any regularly occurring, locally significant
population of a species which is listed in a
County “red data book” or BAP on account of its
regional rarity or localisation.
A regularly occurring, locally significant number
of a species important in a County context.
District Areas of habitat identified in a District level BAP.
Sites designated at a District level.
Sites/features that are scarce within the
District/Borough or which appreciably enrich the
District habitat resource.
A population of a species that is listed in a
District/Borough BAP because of its rarity in the
locality.
Parish Area of habitat considered to appreciably
enrich the habitat resource within the context of
the parish.
Local Nature Reserves.
Low to Local Habitats of poor to moderate diversity such as
established conifer plantations, species poor
hedgerows and un-intensively managed
grassland that may support a range of Local BAP
species but which are unexceptional, common
to the local area and whose loss can generally
be readily mitigated.
9.41 The magnitude of change and rating of the sensitivity of the resource or receptor
were combined in the matrix set out in Table 9.5 to define the significance of
effect. Whilst the IEEM guidance notes that matrices may down play local effects
on biodiversity, they have the benefit of allowing comparisons between disciplines
in the ES.
Table 9.5 Significance of effects: Calculation matrix
Magnitude of Change
Receptor
Sensitivity Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible
High Major Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Medium Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor
Low Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor Negligible
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Assessment of Potential Cumulative Effects
9.42 The potential cumulative effect of all stages of the Proposed Development
(construction, operation and decommissioning) on all key receptors is considered
(Type 1 Cumulative Effect). The predicted effect of each stage is detailed and
any potential cumulative effect discussed. The likelihood of any significant
cumulative effect is determined through professional judgement and knowledge
of the ecology of the receptor in question.
9.43 Potential Type 2 cumulative effects (the potential cumulative effect of the
Proposed Development on key receptors when considered in conjunction with
other developments) are considered in relation to other multi turbine schemes
within a 10km radius. The predicted magnitude of change in relation to key
receptors is, where appropriate, summed across all relevant schemes and the
predicted significance of any cumulative effect determined as per the tables
above.
Assumptions and Limitations
9.44 It is considered that sufficient site survey and consultation has been undertaken in
order to identify all key ecological issues relating to the wider survey area and the
Proposed Development, and as such there are not considered to be any
significant information gaps.
Baseline Conditions
Data Search
9.45 The table below summarises the results of the data search provided by the LERC.
Full details are provided within Appendix 9.2.
Table 9.6 Lincolnshire Environmental Records Centre – Data Search (3km Search Area)
Taxon Species Number of Records Most Recent
Amphibian
Common toad 10 2009
Common frog 17 2009
Smooth newt 1 1995
Great crested
newt 1 1995
Insect -
Butterfly
Wall 227 1999
Dingy Skipper 1 1983
Small Heath 35 1998
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Taxon Species Number of Records Most Recent
Insect -
Moth
Knot Grass 1 2005
Mouse Moth 1 1996
Mottled Rustic 1 2005
Dot Moth 1 2005
Cinnabar 1 2005
Reptile
Slow-worm 1 1977
Grass Snake 5 1977
Adder 6 1977
Common Lizard 6 1977
Mammal
Water Vole 3 1977
Hedgehog 31 2011
Brown Hare 31 2011
Otter 1 2004
Badger 10 2011
Harvest Mouse 1 1977
Flowering
Plan Bluebell 1 1987
The records centre also provided a number of bat records – these are
discussed in Appendix 9.3
9.46 The table below details the non-statutory wildlife sites which lie within 3km of the
survey area.
Table 9.7 Lincolnshire Environmental Records Centre – Non-statutory Sites (3km Search Area)
Designation Site Reason for Designation Comment
Site of Nature
Conservation
Interest (SNCI)
Fulbeck Airfield Presence of grasslands
of regional importance
The survey area lies
wholly within the Fulbeck
Airfield SNCI
Woodgate House
(South)
Unknown – site noted
as being under
countryside
stewardship (1992)
1.1km north west of the
survey area
Woodgate House
(North)
2.4km to the north of the
survey area
Woodgate House
(East)
2km north of the survey
area
Woodgate House
(West)
2km north of the survey
area
Woodgate Farm
(Central)
2km north of the survey
area
Woodgate Farm
(East)
2km north of the survey
area
Woodgate Farm
(West)
3km north west of the
survey area
Stubton Hall Plantation mixed 1.4km south west of the
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Woodland woodland survey area
Protection Woods Planted mixed
woodland
2.0km south east of the
survey area
Stubber Hill Plantation Broadleaved semi-
natural woodland
2.7km south west of the
survey area
Local Wildlife Site
(LWS) Beckingham Ranges
Presence of neutral
grassland with semi-
natural woodland,
scrub, river/drain/ditch,
pond and inland
grazing marsh.
2.4km north west of the
survey area
9.47 A search was undertaken of the MAGIC website (www.magic.gov.uk) in relation
to statutorily designated sites for nature conservation. There are no Local Nature
Reserves, National Nature Reserves or Sites of Special Scientific Interest within 5km
of the survey area. There are no Special Areas of Conservation or Special
Protection Areas or Ramsar sites within 20km of the survey area.
Phase 1 Habitat Survey
9.48 The text below provides a summary of the results of field survey with full details
provided within the technical appendices. Figure 9.1 illustrates the survey results.
Target notes are provided within Appendix 9.1.
Summary
9.49 The site comprises a disused airfield which now supports agricultural land use
including both arable cropping and game rearing (red-legged partridges and
pheasants). An operational go-kart track is present in the centre of the site and
the site is also used to store a large number of straw bales which are then taken
off-site and used as an industrial fuel source. A series of structures and buildings
associated with the previous military use of the site and current agricultural
operations are present along with a series of porta-cabin type structures at the go-
kart track.
Arable
9.50 Arable farmland is the dominant habitat within the survey area. The habitat is
intensively managed and during the initial September 2012 survey comprised a
cereal crop. At the time of survey the crop had been recently harvested. Small
areas of ephemeral vegetation were present at the margins of the crop. Survey in
January 2015 recorded the presence of areas of game cover and a variety of
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wintering crops. Fields are generally large and subdivided by the hard standing
which previously formed runways and perimeter tracks when the site was an
operational airfield.
9.51 This habitat is considered to be of low value.
Improved grassland
9.52 Small sections of improved grassland were present toward the centre of the survey
area during the initial survey. These grasslands were very species poor comprising
predominantly of a rye grass and clover mix, suggesting the habitat is part of a
wider arable rotation. These areas were not apparent during the January 2015
survey. This habitat is of low value.
Coarse Grassland/Ruderal Vegetation
9.53 Further areas of grassland are present along track margins, around the margins of
plantation woodland blocks, along drain margins and associated with areas of
hard standing and spoil heaps, often forming a matrix with tall ruderal vegetation.
9.54 The table below provides a full species list for these areas. Detailed survey was
completed in June 2014.
Table 9.8: Grassland Species List
English
Name
Latin Name English
Name
Latin Name English
Name
Latin Name
Ribwort
plantain
Plantago
lanceolata Red fescue
Festuca
rubra
Yorkshire
fog Holcus lanatus
Cock’s foot Dactylis
glomerata
Hedge
woundwort
Stachys
sylvatica Comfrey Symphytum sp.
Tufted vetch Vicia cracca Hedge
bindweed
Calystegia
sepium
Red
Valerian
Centranthus
ruber
White clover Trifolium repens Hawkweed Hieracium
sp. Oxeye daisy
Leucanthemum
vulgare
Hoary
plantain Plantago media
Common
cat’s ear
Hypochaeris
radicata Foxglove Digitalis sp.
Sow thistle Sonchus
oleraceus Penny cress Thlaspi sp.
White
dead-nettle Lamium album
Ox tongue Picris sp. Redshank Persicaria
maculosa
Wavy hair
grass
Deschampsia
flexuosa
Black
medick
Medicago
lupulina
Common
fumitory
Fumaria
officinalis
Tufted hair
grass
Deschampsia
cespitosa
Scentless
mayweed
Tripleurospermum
inodorum
Common
poppy
Papaver
rhoeas
Black
knapweed Centaurea nigra
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English
Name
Latin Name English
Name
Latin Name English
Name
Latin Name
Germander
speedwell
Veronica
chamaedrys
Oxford
ragwort
Senecio
squalidus
Herb
bennet Geum urbanum
Stork’s bill Erodium sp. American
willowherb
Epilobium
ciliatum
Pendulous
sedge Carex pendula
Dove's-foot
Crane's-bill Geranium molle
Thyme
leaved
speedwell
Veronica
serpyllifolia
Welsh
poppy
Meconopsis
cambrica
Ragwort Jacobaea
vulgaris Field pansy
Viola
arvensis Alexanders
Smyrnium
olusatrum
Common
tare Vicia sativa
Field forget-
me-not
Myosotis
arvensis
Red
campion Silene dioica
Common
Teasel Dipsacus fullonum
Bird’s foot
trefoil
Lotus
corniculatus Silverweed
Argentina
anserina
Sterile
brome Bromus sterilis
Scarlet
pimpernel
Anagallis
arvensis Weld Reseda luteola
White
stonecrop Sedum album
Meadow
cranesbill
Geranium
pratense Columbine Aquilegia sp.
Common
Groundsel Senecio vulgaris
Purple
loosestrife
Lythrum
salicaria Rush Juncus sp.
Common
chickweed Stellaria media
Common
mallow
Malva
sylvestris Dandelion
Taraxacum
officinale
Yarrow Achillea
millefolium Broom
Cytisus
scoparius Orache Atriplex sp.
Tutsan Hypericum
androsaemum Red clover
Trifolium
pratense Horsetail Equisetum sp.
Common
daisy Bellis perennis Eyebright
Euphrasia
nemorosa
Rosebay
willowherb
Chamerion
angustifolium
Ribbed
melilot Melilotus officinalis Spear thistle
Cirsium
vulgare Bramble Rubus fruticosa
Curled dock Rumex crispus Common
nettle Urtica dioica
Slender
thistle
Carduus
tenuiflorus
Red
deadnettle
Lamium
purpureum Cow parsley
Anthriscus
sylvestris
Creeping
thistle Cirsium arvense
Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris Creeping
buttercup
Ranunculus
repens
White
campion Silene latifolia
Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara Cleavers Galium
aparine
9.55 The Fulbeck Airfield SNCI citation details the results of a 1987 survey at which time
the site was described as supporting scattered scrub, semi-improved neutral
grassland, runways, tall herb vegetation, arable land and a dyke (see Appendix
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9.2 for citation). It was noted that the grassland was relatively old and species rich
and thought to be of importance in a regional context.
9.56 However, based on current survey information, the grassland within the survey
area does not reach the necessary criteria to be classed as a LWS for neutral
grassland (Greater Lincolnshire Nature Partnership, 2013). The criteria include a list
of neutral grassland indicator species and eight of these are required to be
present for the site to be considered as an LWS. Site survey recorded only four of
the neutral grassland species listed. It is considered likely that agricultural
management of the site over the last twenty five years has resulted in a decrease
in the ecological value of the grasslands within the site and the grasslands are
now concluded to be of no more than low to local ecological value.
Scrub/Tall Ruderal/Broadleaved Trees
9.57 An extensive area of scrub and tall ruderal habitat with scattered broadleaved
trees is present close to the main access routes into the site. This area comprises a
canopy of semi-mature and some mature broadleaf trees and a sub-storey of
ruderal and scrub species. This mosaic of habitats is dense in composition, and
does not appear to be subject to any management. Species found within mosaic
include bramble (Rubus fructicosa agg.), rosebay willow herb (Chamerion
angustofolia), teasel (Dipsacus fullonum), elder (Sambus nigra), hawthorn
(Crateagus monogyna), dog rose (Rosa canina), sessile oak (Quercus petrea),
horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior).
9.58 This area of habitat is considered to be of local value.
Semi-mature Plantation Woodland
9.59 Extensive stands of semi-mature plantation are present across the survey area.
Plantation is primarily broadleaved with some extensive mixed broadleaf and
coniferous species blocks. Species include ash (Fraxinus excelsior), sessile oak
(Quercus petreaea), alder (Alnus glutinosa), hawthorn (Crateagus monogyna),
Scot’s pine (Pinus sylvestris), sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and silver birch (Betula
pendula).
9.60 These areas of habitat are considered to be of low to local value.
Waterbody
9.61 A small lake is present within an area of plantation to the east of the site (Target
Note 2). Aerial imagery suggests that the lake has been in situ for at least 10 years,
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and signs adjacent to the waterbody indicate it is used as a course fishing venue.
The feature is man-made, steep sided and sparsely populated with any form of
aquatic vegetation.
9.62 This is considered to be a feature of low value.
Watercourses
9.63 A small beck (Sand Beck) runs along the eastern boundary of the site (Target Note
3). This is heavily clogged with vegetation and is culverted or bridged in a number
of places. The feature does however support a good variety of marginal plants.
This feature is considered to be of parish value.
9.64 Field drains are present adjacent to the western boundaries of the site and these
are similar in nature to the Sand Beck. Banksides vary in steepness but are close to
vertical in places. Coarse grass and ruderal species are dominant on the
banksides throughout the majority of the length. Aquatic vegetation is largely
absent, with some stands of water cress (Rorippa nasturtium) and brooklime
(Veronica beccabunga) present in places. These features are also considered to
be of parish value.
9.65 Further small drainage ditches are present running adjacent to the former runways
and perimeter tracks that run throughout the site. These held stagnant standing
water at the time of survey in January 2015 after a period of wet weather and are
likely to be dry during much of the spring and summer period. These features
generally lack aquatic or emergent vegetation. Terrestrial coarse grass species
and ruderal species are present on the banksides, where these are not of
concrete/stone construction, and in places clog the channel itself. Water quality
appears poor, likely heavily influenced by agricultural operations on the adjacent
agricultural land. These features are of low ecological value.
Hard-standings
9.66 Hard-standings are present across the site. These are mostly the former runways,
taxi-ways, perimeter tracks and parking locations associated with the former use
of the site as an RAF aerodrome. Substantial sections of hard standing are
currently being used for storage of straw bales (Target Note 1).
9.67 These features are of low ecological value.
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Built Structures
9.68 A series of built structures are present in the site. These are described in detail
within Appendix 9.3, in relation to potential use by roosting bats. These structures
range from small corrugated sheet sheds to large modern agricultural sheds and
include a series of derelict brick out buildings. In addition, a series of porta-cabin
type structures are present associated with the Go-kart track.
Protected or Otherwise Notable Species
9.69 The text below provides a summary of the results of field survey with full details
provided within the technical appendices.
Badger
9.70 The survey area is considered to be of low value to the local badger population.
Field survey did not record any evidence of badger activity however the species
is known to be present in the wider landscape with a small number of records
provided by the local records centre. It is concluded that the site may be used by
foraging individuals at times with a low risk of outlier setts being created within
woodland areas in the future. Levels of disturbance in the site are likely to
preclude a significant resident population becoming established.
Bats
Nyctalus – Noctule and Leisler’s
9.71 Occasional records of the Nyctalus genus which were considered from call
analysis to most likely to be attributable to noctule were obtained during transect
surveys (a max. of 2 records on any one survey). Records were distributed through
the site. No records considered likely to be attributable to Leisler’s bat were
obtained during transect surveys.
9.72 A total of 163 Nyctalus records considered most likely to be attributable to noctule
were obtained during remote monitoring surveys (0.62% of all calls) and a further
16 records considered likely to be attributable to Leisler’s bat (0.06% of all calls).
Calls considered most likely to be attributable to noctule were recorded during
every survey month while calls most likely attributable to Leisler’s bat were
obtained during each of the months of May to September. Both species were
thought to be recorded at all four remote monitoring points (RMP) although the
rates of activity considered likely attributable to noctule were significantly greater
at RMPC and RMPD.
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9.73 The data search provided 21 records of noctule from the 10km search area,
however none of these records were of roosts. A further single record of an
unidentified bat of the Nyctalus genus was provided. The closest of these records
lies over 6.5km from the survey area.
9.74 Noctule are primarily a tree roosting species; there are no potential tree roosts
within 200m of the proposed turbines and no trees considered to have a greater
than low risk of supporting roosts within the wider survey area. This species is a
strong fast flying species which can travel substantial distances from roost sites on
a given night. Areas of higher quality habitat including mature trees likely to
provide suitable roost locations and areas of woodland, parkland and pasture
providing a high quality foraging resource, are present to the north and east of
the survey area, associated with the villages of Stragglethorpe (800m to the
north), Fulbeck (3.7km to the east) and Leadenham (4km to the north east). These
areas provide more likely roost locations for this species.
9.75 Appendix 9.3 details the number of calls attributable to noctule recorded at each
remote monitoring point on each night that this species was recorded. It can be
seen that on the majority of nights only one or two passes were recorded, likely
indicating individual bats passing through the area. On only five nights were more
than 10 passes recorded. This data suggests that the survey area does not form
part of a key foraging area and that there are no significant roosts of this species
in close proximity.
9.76 Appendix 9.3 also details the calls recorded during remote monitoring attributed
to Leisler’s bat. Calls attributed to this species were recorded on 12 nights with only
individual calls recorded on all nights apart from one night in July when five passes
were recorded. Data indicates very infrequent use of the survey area by individual
bats. Similarly to noctule, the habitats to the north and east associated with the
villages of Stragglethorpe, Fulbeck and Leadenham will provide more suitable
habitat for this species.
9.77 Overall, these data indicate that these species are present within the survey area
very infrequently. Activity within the wider site indicates that individuals pass
through the area rather than remaining on site to forage. The calls of these
species are relatively loud with noctule potentially being recorded at over 100m
distance and Leisler’s bat at 60-80m distance ( (Rodrigues, et al., 2008)) and it
would be expected that any more regular use of the site, for example as part a
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core foraging area, would have produced a greater number of records. The
survey area is concluded to be of low value to these species.
Nathusius’ Pipistrelle
9.78 Nathusius’ pipistrelle activity was recorded on 42 occasions during remote
monitoring surveys. Records were obtained from three of the four monitoring
points, with the majority of records obtained at RMPC (69%). Records were
obtained in each of the months from May through to October. Appendix 9.3
details the location and date of each record obtained.
9.79 A further three records were obtained during transect surveys, one during the
September 2013 survey and two during the May 2014 survey. No confirmed
records of this species within 10km of the survey area were provided through the
data search.
9.80 The level of activity recorded associated with this species indicates the survey
area is used very infrequently and most likely by individual bats. There are no
potential roost sites for this species within 200m of the proposed turbine locations,
however the records obtained during the core maternity period may indicate the
presence of a maternity roost of this species within the wider landscape. The
survey area is concluded to be of low value to this species.
Barbastelle
9.81 Consultation provided four records of this species within 10km of the survey area,
all records of sightings or the record type not specified. The closest of these
records lies approximately 4km from the survey area and is associated with the
village of Fulbeck.
9.82 This species was recorded on a single occasion during transect surveys; toward
the southern edge of the site during the May 2014 survey. A total of 267 passes of
this species were recorded during remote monitoring (1% of all bat passes
recorded) with records obtained during every survey month. The greatest
numbers of records were obtained in July 2014 (44.6% of all barbastelle records
obtained during this month).
9.83 This species was recorded at all remote monitoring points with the greatest rate of
activity recorded at RMPC (mean of 1.146 passes per night) and the lowest rate at
RMPA (mean of 0.045 passes per night).
9.84 The species was recorded on 79 out of the total of 528 night’s survey effort
completed across all four monitoring points. Appendix 9.3 details all barbastelle
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passes recorded during remote monitoring surveys. It can be seen that on the
majority of nights when this species was recorded, less than ten passes were
recorded across all monitoring points. The exception to this was a three night
period in July 2014 when higher levels (max. count 38 passes per night) were
recorded at RMPC.
9.85 RMPC lies within a plantation woodland, at the cross roads of a series of tracks.
The location provides a sheltered feeding area with good levels of cover,
particularly suitable for this species which is generally found flying close to
vegetation. Detailed analysis of the data from this three night period indicates
records were obtained during a relatively short period during each night; a period
ranging in length from 1hr 31min. to 3hr 17 min. in length. It is possible this indicates
an individual foraging in the vicinity of the monitoring point for a period during the
night.
9.86 The timing of the first and last records during this period do not indicate a roost in
close proximity, with the first and last records of the species occurring between 2
and 4 hours after sunset and before sunrise. Emergence times for this species
typically occur between 30 and 60 minute of sunset (Russ, 1999) and as a strong
flying bat, this species can cover significant distances between roost site and
foraging area.
9.87 On seven occasions the species was recorded within the survey area within one
hour of sunset. On five occasions these early records of individual bats were
obtained at RMPB, once at RMPC and once at RMPD. Given the emergence
times for this species, these records may indicate bats emerging from roosts within
or in close proximity to the survey area. RMPB and RMP D lie adjacent to bale
storage areas and these records may indicate intermittent use of these transient
structures by individual bats.
9.88 Overall, the level of activity recorded is low, however the calls of this species are
very quiet (detectable distance in the region of 10-30m (Rodrigues, et al., 2008))
and as such this will be an underestimate of actual activity levels, particularly
when compared to the number of calls recorded of other species/species groups.
9.89 The site is however considered likely to be of only low value to this species, lacking
the interlinked high quality woodland habitats favoured by the species. All
potential roost sites within 200m of the proposed turbine locations, apart from the
stacked straw bales, are considered to have a negligible risk of use. Survey
indicates the straw bales may be used intermittently by individual bats, however
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these structures are transient and regularly moved/disturbed as part of on-going
operations at the site.
Serotine
9.90 This species was recorded at very low frequency with a total of only 3 records
obtained through both transect and remote monitoring surveys. A single record
was obtained during the August 2013 transect survey, toward the north west of the
site. Two further records were obtained during remote monitoring, one in each of
the months of September and October, both at RMPB, toward the centre of the
site. No records of this species were provided within the data search.
9.91 This species is a moderately large bat and the calls of this species are relatively
loud and have a moderately high detectable distance of 30-50m (Rodrigues, et
al., 2008). This suggests the low number of calls obtained is a fair reflection of the
levels of use of the survey area by this species. Levels of activity recorded indicate
low level and intermittent use by individual bats with no evidence to suggest the
site is used as a core feeding area or that significant roosts lie in close proxiity.
9.92 The site is concluded to be of negligible value to this species.
Brown long-eared bat
9.93 This species was recorded on 73 occasions during the 528 nights of remote
monitoring undertaken, with records of this species only being obtained on twenty
nights. A maximum count of eleven passes was obtained in a single night, with the
majority of nights where this species was recorded seeing only single passes.
9.94 No records of this species were obtained during transect surveys. Consultation
provided 66 records of the species within 10km of the survey area, 33 of which
were roost records. Of these records, the closest are from the village of
Stragglethorpe, approximately 800m distant, although the nature of the records
(roost or field record) is not specified.
9.95 The records obtained through remote monitoring occurred in each month from
May to October with the greatest number of records occurring in the months of
May and July. All but one record was obtained at RMPC, the remaining record
being from RMPD.
9.96 RMPC lies at a crossroads within an area of plantation woodland and, of the four
monitoring points, is positioned in the most sheltered location with the greatest
level of available cover, most suitable for this slow flying species. However, the
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survey area as a whole does not provide the well linked matrix of woodland
habitats that would be expected to support regular significant use by this species.
9.97 The level of activity recorded is very low, however the calls of this species are very
quiet (detectable distance in the region of 10m (Rodrigues, et al., 2008)) and as
such this will be an underestimate of actual activity levels, particularly when
compared to the number of calls recorded of other species/species groups.
9.98 However, given the nature of the habitats and lack of records obtained through
transect surveys it is concluded that the site is of only low value to this species.
Common and soprano pipistrelles
9.99 Over 95% of all records obtained during remote monitoring were attributable to
the common pipistrelle with a further 0.24% attributable to the soprano pipistrelle.
Both species have been recorded at all four remote monitoring points and during
transect surveys. These species were recorded in all habitat types; although
activity was generally focused on edge habitats including tree and hedge lines
and woodland edges. Occasional pipistrelle records were made within the open
fields where there is little cover.
9.100 The areas of the site most commonly used by these species appear to be the
hedge lined tracks, woodland edges and areas where the stacked straw bales
and adjacent ruderal and coarse grass habitats create sheltered feeding areas.
Although not specifically covered by survey, the fishing lake to the east of the site
is also likely to be of value.
9.101 The site provides some potential roost sites for these species, although the risk of
use of the built structures and trees within 200m of the proposed turbine position is
considered negligible. The stored bales may be used as an intermittent day roost
by these species but are unlikely to support significant roosts; these features are
not permanent and were re-built and moved around the site during the season.
9.102 The site as a whole is concluded to be of parish value to common pipistrelle, with
the woodland edge, fishing lake, hedge lines and bale storage areas being key
features. The open arable fields however are considered to be of low value to this
species. The site is considered to be of low value to soprano pipistrelle.
Myotis Species Group
9.103 A total of 434 records of Myotis bats were obtained during remote monitoring
surveys. Of these, 371 were considered to have the call attributes of the species
group WAB (whiskered/Alcathoe’s/Brandt’s), 42 Daubenton’s bat and 21
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Natterer’s bat. Bat calls classified as WAB were recorded across all survey months
with the greatest number of calls obtained during the period June to October.
Records classified as Daubenton’s bat and those classified as Natterer’s bat were
obtained in each of the months from July to October.
9.104 No records of Myotis bats were obtained during transect surveys, likely reflecting
the low level use of the site by this species group.
9.105 Rates of activity for all three species/species groups were low across all monitoring
points with a maximum rate of 0.1 passes per night for both those classified as
Daubenton’s bat and those classified as Natterer’s bat, this maximum rate being
obtained at RMPC. The maximum rate of activity recorded for those classed as
the species group WAB was slightly higher, albeit remaining low (1.4 passes per
night) and was obtained at RMPB. Both these locations provide well linked,
sheltered foraging habitat.
9.106 The likelihood of any of these species/species groups roosting within the site is
considered low with the structures within the site considered to have at most a low
risk of use by roosting bats and trees generally being sound. All structures and all
trees considered to have a greater than negligible risk of use by roosting bats lie
more than 200m from the proposed turbines.
9.107 The stored bales may be used as an intermittent day roost by these species but
are unlikely to support significant roosts; these features are not permanent and
were re-built and moved around the site during the season.
9.108 The buildings off site to the east, associated with the hamlet of Fulbeck are of an
age likely to provide suitable conditions for these species to roost within and lie
within a landscape with abundant broadleaved trees, which would provide
suitable levels of cover for these species.
9.109 Consultation provided only a single roost record from this species group within 1km
of the survey area; a record of a Natterer’s bat roost within the village of
Stragglethorpe.
9.110 The site as a whole is concluded to be of local value to the species group WAB,
with the sheltered foraging areas provided by the straw bales, woodland areas
and interlinking hedgerows being particular features of importance. The open
arable fields however are considered to be of low value to this species group. The
site is considered to be of low value to Daubenton’s and Natterer’s bat, these
species recorded on a highly infrequent, low level basis.
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Great Crested Newt
9.111 It is concluded that great crested newt are most likely absent from the survey
area. The local records centre provided a single record of the species within 2km
of the survey area, a record from 2km distant, dating from 1995. The only
potentially suitable wetland habitat within the site is a fishing lake stocked with fish
and used by wildfowl. This lake had a suitability score of 0.4 indicating below
average suitability for this species.
9.112 A small number of wetlands are present in the surrounding area, within 500m of
the survey area, however these are predominantly man-made with a number
used as fishing lakes. Only a single small garden pond is known within this 500m
buffer and this lies enclosed with the walled garden of a private house.
9.113 Given the low suitability of the only wetland present within the survey area and
the small number and general unsuitability or inaccessibility of the waterbodies in
the surrounding landscape, it is considered unlikely the species is present within
the survey area.
Otter
9.114 No definitive sign of otter activity was noted within the survey area however likely
use of an area of dense scrub adjacent to the Sand Beck has been identified and
it is considered likely this watercourse is used as a commuting route. The fishing
lake provides a good foraging resource and the larger field drains to the west of
the site will also provide potential movement corridors. Disturbance levels within
the site, associated with agricultural operations, the use of the site for bale storage
and the go-kart track, are however likely to limit the value of the site and to
preclude breeding within the site.
9.115 The site as a whole is considered to be of local value to the species.
Reptiles
9.116 The Proposed Development footprint comprises arable land with limited loss of
hedgerow, tall ruderal and coarse grass vegetation. Given the nature of these
habitats and the limited footprint of the development, detailed survey for reptiles
was not considered necessary. Common lizard, slow worm and grass snake are
likely to be present in the area and may be present within the proposed
construction footprint in very small numbers.
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9.117 The residual risk of works affecting these species will be addressed through a
method statement to be adhered to during site clearance works. The survey
area, given the nature of the habitats and abundance of similar habitat in the
surrounding area, is likely to be of, at most, low value to reptiles.
Water Vole
9.118 No definitive evidence of water vole activity was recorded within the survey area
although the Sand Beck and larger field drains to the west provide some suitable
habitat. Given the lack of field signs indicating the presence of this species, the risk
of a resident population being present is low. The species is known to have
historically been present in the area with LERC providing records from the vicinity
dating from the 1970’s. The survey area is concluded to be of at most low value to
this species.
Additional Species
9.119 Brown hare, muntjac deer and roe deer are present within the survey area with a
number of individuals recorded during survey.
9.120 The survey area supports a diverse assemblage of butterflies with the matrix of
habitats providing good quality habitat for a range of species. The assemblage is
currently considered to be of parish to district value however without appropriate
future management, the value of the site is likely to decline as further scrub
encroachment occurs and grassland quality further declines through the effects
of agricultural practices.
Summary of Baseline
9.121 The table below summarises the key receptors identified through consultation and
baseline survey.
Table 9.9: Summary: Receptor importance
Receptor Value and
significance
of resource
or receptor1
Sensitivity2
Arable Land Low Low
Improved Grassland Low Low
Coarse Grassland/Ruderal Vegetation
Matrix
Low to Local Low
Scrub/Ruderal/Broadleaved Tree Matrix Local Low
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Plantation Woodland Low to Local Low
Fishing Lake Low Low
Sand Beck and larger Field Drains Parish Low
Small Drainage Ditches Low Low
Hard Standing Low Low
Badger Low Low
Nyctalus: Noctule Low Low
Nyctalus: Leisler’s Low Low
Nathusius’ pipistrelle Low Low
Barbastelle Low Low
Serotine Negligible Low
Brown long eared Low Low
Common pipistrelle Parish Low
Soprano pipistrelle Low Low
Myotis: WAB Local Low
Myotis: Daubenton’s Low Low
Myotis: Natterer’s Low Low
Great crested newt Most likely absent
Otter Local Low
Reptiles Low Low
Water vole Low Low
Butterflies Parish to District Low to Medium
Notes:
1) As assessed against Table 9.2: Value and Significance of Resource or Receptor
2) As categorised in Table 9.3: Sensitivity of Resource or Receptor
Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts
Predicted effects of the scheme: construction
Habitat Loss (for the duration of the scheme)
9.122 The Proposed Development would result in (for the lifespan of the wind farm) the
loss of approximately 2.5ha of habitat considered to be of low to local
conservation value and low sensitivity, primarily intensively farmed arable land
with some limited loss of coarse grassland and tall ruderal vegetation and two 5m
in length sections of species poor hedgerow (total loss 10m).
9.123 It is not envisaged that any tree works will be required.
9.124 Design has maximised use of the existing runways, minimising the extent of
additional track to be constructed and therefore the associated habitat loss. The
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habitats to be lost are common within the surrounding landscape which is
dominated by similar agricultural land.
9.125 Careful micro-siting of turbines and associated infrastructure will be undertaken to
ensure that a minimum six metre standoff is achieved where infrastructure is
located in the immediate vicinity of a drainage board and Environment Agency
maintained classified surface watercourse, considered to be all parts of the Site
with the exception of the bridge that crosses the Sand Beck.
9.126 The existing bridge over the Sand Beck will be subject to detailed survey at the
pre-construction stage. If necessary it will be upgraded or replaced.
9.127 Given the small area of habitat to be lost to the Proposed Development and the
low sensitivity of these habitats the Proposed Development is not predicted to
have a significant environmental effect on these receptors. The habitat to be lost
is considered to be of low sensitivity and the magnitude of change is considered
to be negligible and would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Habitat Loss (temporary – during construction)
9.128 During the construction phase of the Proposed Development the existing
compound area will be used for the temporary construction compound. This area
is currently hard standing and as such there will be no additional loss of habitat
during the construction phase.
Habitat Effects in Relation to Protected/LBAP Species
Badger
9.129 The Proposed Development would cause the long-term loss of up to 2.5 ha of
agricultural land likely to be used as foraging habitat by badger resident in the
wider landscape. However the wider survey area and broader countryside
provides extensive foraging opportunities of similar value to badger and given the
small area of habitat to be lost, it is concluded that this habitat loss would have a
negligible effect on the local population. Habitat loss would be of negligible
magnitude acting on a receptor of low sensitivity and would not give rise to a
likely significant effect.
9.130 The limited extent of additional access track to be constructed and relatively
narrow width is such that this element of the Proposed Development is unlikely to
cause severance within the landscape with regard to this species and all
remaining currently available foraging habitat will remain accessible.
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Bats
9.131 The Proposed Development would cause the long term loss of up to 2.5 ha of
habitat of low value to foraging or commuting bats comprising arable and limited
areas of tall ruderal and coarse grassland habitat and 10m of species-poor
defunct hedgerow.
9.132 Survey has indicated levels of use of these habitat types is low and limited to use
by small numbers of foraging bats, primarily common pipistrelle with very low levels
of activity by bats of the Myotis genus, noctule/Leisler’s, serotine, brown long
eared bat, barabstelle, soprano pipistrelle and Nathusius’ pipistrelle associated
with these habitat types.
9.133 All areas of higher value foraging habitat in the vicinity are located outside of the
construction area and would not be directly affected by the Proposed
Development. The Proposed Development would not result in the loss of any areas
of woodland and would not require any tree works.
9.134 Overall it is concluded that habitat loss caused by the Proposed Development will
result in a magnitude of change which is negligible, on receptors of low sensitivity,
and will not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Butterflies
9.135 The survey area is concluded to be of parish to district value to butterflies (low to
medium sensitivity). Although the Proposed Development will primarily result in the
loss of arable land, there will be some loss of tall ruderal and coarse grassland
habitats of particular value to butterflies. Given the current extent of this habitat
type within the survey area with extensive areas to remain unaffected present
around the margins of woodland and alongside the runways, this loss is
considered to be an impact of slight magnitude. This will not give rise to a likely
significant effect.
Otter
9.136 It is concluded that the survey area is of local value to otter with individuals likely
to commute through the survey area via the Sand Beck at times, potentially lying
up within an area of scrub adjacent and foraging within the fishing lake. However,
as habitat loss is limited to agricultural land and the closest area of habitat to be
lost lies over 500m distant from the Sand Beck, habitat loss is not predicted to
impact on this species and will not give rise to a likely significant effect.
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9.137 The existing bridge over the Sand Beck will be subject to detailed survey at the
pre-construction stage. If necessary it will be upgraded or replaced. Pre-
construction survey will include appropriate checking surveys in relation to otter.
Reptiles
9.138 It is considered that the wider survey area is likely to support common lizard, grass
snake and/or slow worm. However the Proposed Development will primarily effect
intensively managed agricultural land of little value to reptiles.
9.139 As such the Proposed Development is predicted to have an impact of negligible
magnitude of change on local populations of these species, which given the low
value of the development footprint and low sensitivity of this receptor, will not give
rise to a likely significant effect.
Water Vole
9.140 No definitive evidence of water vole activity was recorded within the survey area
although the Sand Beck and larger field drains to the west provide some suitable
habitat. The survey area is concluded to be of at most low value to this species.
9.141 The Proposed Development primarily uses existing access tracks and drain
crossings. Careful micro-siting of turbines and associated new infrastructure will be
undertaken to ensure that a minimum six metre standoff is achieved where
infrastructure is located in the immediate vicinity of a drainage board and
Environment Agency maintained classified surface watercourse, considered to be
all parts of the Site with the exception of the bridge that crosses Sand Beck.
9.142 Given this, no potential water vole habitat will be lost to the proposals.
9.143 The existing bridge over the Sand Beck will be subject to detailed survey at the
pre-construction stage. If necessary it will be upgraded or replaced. Pre-
construction survey will include appropriate checking surveys in relation to water
vole.
9.144 Given the above, the Proposed Development is predicted to have a negligible
magnitude impact on the local population, which given the low value of the
development footprint and low sensitivity of this receptor will not give rise to a
likely significant effect.
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Additional Species
9.145 Brown hare are present within the survey area however the average range of
individuals of this species is such that the limited scale of the habitat loss caused
by the Proposed Development would have a negligible magnitude of change on
the local population and will not give rise to a likely significant effect.
9.146 No other impacts on protected species or LBAP species are predicted through
habitat loss.
Disturbance – Construction Phase (Temporary)
9.147 The construction phase of the Proposed Development would cause short-term
disturbance of the development footprint and its immediate surroundings.
Badger
9.148 The construction phase of the Proposed Development could cause disturbance to
foraging individuals. No setts have been identified within 30m of the construction
footprint and as such no sett disturbance is predicted. A pre-construction
checking survey will be undertaken to confirm the location of any currently active
setts and any additional licensing or mitigation requirements agreed with the local
authority at this stage.
9.149 As the wider survey area and broader countryside provides habitats of a similar
nature and therefore foraging opportunities of similar value to badger, it is
considered that disturbance during the construction phase would have a
negligible magnitude of change on a receptor of low sensitivity and will not give
rise to a likely significant effect on the local badger population. It is likely that any
existing foraging activity can readily be absorbed by the abundant surrounding
farmland.
9.150 Given the presence of badger in the wider area, construction works will be
undertaken to a method statement (Appendix 9.4), detailing precautionary
working methods in order to further minimise the risk of badger being harmed
during works.
Bats
9.151 Site assessment has determined that the habitats within which the construction
footprint of the Proposed Development lies are of low value to bats with only low
levels of primarily common pipistrelle recorded, with soprano pipistrelle, Nathusius
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pipistrelle, noctule/Leisler’s, serotine, barbastelle, brown long eared and Myotis
species also recorded at very low levels.
9.152 There are no permanent man-made structures or trees which provide potential
roost sites within 200m of the construction footprint of the Proposed Development.
9.153 A number of straw bale storage areas lie within 200m of the proposed turbines.
Survey data suggests that the bale stacks may at times be used by individual bats;
however these bale stacks are transient structures that are regularly moved and
disturbed as part of on-going works at the site and use of some or all of these
areas for bale storage is likely to cease prior to wind farm construction.
9.154 Construction works are likely to largely be limited to daylight hours such that the
majority of disturbance will occur out-with the bat activity period. Works may
potentially extend into the early evening potentially dissuading foraging activity
within the construction area during the early part of the night, however, it is not
considered that this would have a significant impact on local bat populations
given the limited extent of the construction area, extent of similar habitat in the
wider area and current low levels of use.
9.155 Overall it is predicted that the construction phase would as a worst-case scenario,
have a negligible magnitude impact on the local bat population through
potential displacement of foraging bats from the construction area. Given the low
levels of use and therefore low sensitivity of the receptor, this would not give rise to
a likely significant effect.
Otter
9.156 It is concluded that otter are likely to use the Sand Beck and adjacent scrub at
times and may forage within the fishing lake.
9.157 As the closest proposed turbine lies over 500m from these features and existing
runways and access roads are to be used closer to these features and as
construction works will primarily be limited to daylight hours significant disturbance
effects are unlikely. Otter are primarily active at dusk and dawn.
9.158 The existing bridge over the Sand Beck will be subject to detailed survey at the
pre-construction stage. If necessary it will be upgraded or replaced. Pre-
construction survey will include appropriate checking surveys in relation to otter.
No evidence of otter activity was recorded in the vicinity of this bridge during
survey,
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9.159 Given the above, it is considered that the effect of constructional disturbance will
be of negligible magnitude, acting on a receptor of low sensitivity, and will not
give rise to a likely significant effect on the local otter population.
9.160 Given the potential presence of this species in the area, works will be undertaken
to a precautionary working method statement (Appendix 9.5), in order to address
the residual risk of individuals entering the construction area during works.
Reptiles
9.161 Site assessment has indicated that common lizard, grass snake and/or slow worm
are likely to be present in the survey area at low densities. However, the
construction footprint is primarily limited to arable land, where the risk of reptiles
being present and harmed or disturbed during construction works is low. In order
to address the residual risk of individuals being harmed or disturbed during
construction, vegetation clearance works will be undertaken to a method
statement (Appendix 9.6).
9.162 Overall it is considered that the construction phase would as a worst-case
scenario have only a negligible short-term magnitude of change and will not give
rise to a likely significant effect on the local reptile population.
Water Vole
9.163 No definitive evidence of water vole activity was recorded within the survey area
although the Sand Beck and larger field drains to the west provide some suitable
habitat. The survey area is concluded to be of at most low value to this species.
9.164 The Proposed Development primarily uses existing access tracks and drain
crossings and careful micro-siting of turbines and associated new infrastructure will
ensure that a minimum six metre standoff to all drains with the exception of the
bridge that crosses Sand Beck.
9.165 The existing bridge over the Sand Beck will be subject to detailed survey at the
pre-construction stage. If necessary it will be upgraded or replaced. Pre-
construction survey will include appropriate checking surveys in relation to water
vole.
9.166 Given the above, the Proposed Development is predicted to have a negligible
magnitude impact on the local population through disturbance during the
construction phase, which given the low value of the development footprint and
low sensitivity of this receptor, will not give rise to a likely significant effect.
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Additional Species
9.167 It is considered that the Proposed Development would not impact on any other
protected species or LBAP species through disturbance during construction. Brown
hare are likely to be present within the wider survey area on occasion, however
individuals of this species range on average over around 30 ha and as such, any
disturbance caused by the construction phase would not give rise to a likely
significant effect on the local population.
Predicted effects of the scheme: operation
Disturbance - Site Operation
Bats
9.168 Research has shown that bats may be affected by wind turbines in a number of
ways; through direct collision with the turbine blades, through barotrauma caused
by rapid air-pressure reduction near moving turbine blades, resulting in internal
haemorrhaging, and through disturbance causing bats to be displaced from the
vicinity of the turbines.
9.169 Survey data indicates that levels of bat activity within the wider survey area is
limited, with primarily common pipistrelle recorded, with low to very low levels of
activity attributable to soprano pipistrelle, Nathusius’ pipistrelle, Myotis bats, brown
long eared, serotine, barbastelle and Nyctalus bats.
9.170 The layout of the Proposed Development is such that the risk of both direct
mortality through collision or barotrauma and disturbance by either ultrasound or
sound in the audible range has been minimised. As recommended by Natural
England, turbines have been located at least 50m from all high risk features
including all permanent man-made structures, hedgerows, significant drains and
woodland.
9.171 The buffer between the turbine locations and these key features minimises the risk
of collision and ensures that there is no risk of disturbance of these key areas from
either ultrasonic noise or that in the audible range. High frequency sound
attenuates rapidly with distance.
9.172 All turbines are to be positioned within arable habitat, a habitat type which is
generally less well used by bats than other habitat types such as the woodland
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and wetland habitats and green corridors such as hedge lines and drainage
ditches.
9.173 Arable habitat is known to provide in general a poor quality foraging resource for
bats due the intensive management of the land, reducing the prey availability.
This assessment is supported by a range of research ( (Altringham, 2003), (Brandt,
et al., 2007), (Downs & Racey, 2006), (Ekman & De Jong, 1996), (Hundt, 2012),
(Walsh & Harris, 1996)) and the results of the bat surveys completed at this site.
9.174 Turbines will have a cut in speed of 4m/sec and at wind speeds below this level
the turbine blades will be stationary. This means that at low wind speeds or under
still conditions, the most optimal feeding conditions for bats, there will be no risk of
collision with moving blades. It is in still or low wind speed conditions when bats of
many species are most likely to be found foraging in the open, favouring sheltered
areas when wind conditions are higher.
9.175 In terms of displacement through disturbance, the worst case scenario is
considered to be the displacement of very small numbers of bats, primarily
common pipistrelle, from the immediate vicinity of the turbines, an area of poor
quality habitat where survey has recorded low levels of bat activity.
9.176 It is considered that any displacement, given the extent of similar habitat in the
surrounding landscape and lack of proven roosts in close proximity to the
proposed turbines, would equate to a negligible magnitude of change in relation
to local populations. The bat population using the wider survey area is concluded
to be of low value and therefore low sensitivity and as such an impact of this
magnitude would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
9.177 The table below details the risk of bat species being threatened at the population
level due to impacts from operational wind turbines as considered by Natural
England (Natural England, 2012).
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Table 9.10: Bat Species – Risk of Effect at Population Level
High Risk Species – Nyctalus Genus: Noctule and Leisler’s
9.178 Survey and consultation data indicate that these species are present within the
survey area very infrequently. Activity within the wider site indicates that
individuals pass through the area rather than remaining on site to forage. The calls
of these species are relatively loud with noctule potentially being recorded at
over 100m distance and Leisler’s bat at 60-80m distance (Rodrigues, et al., 2008))
and it would be expected that any more regular use of the site, for example as
part a core foraging area, would have produced a greater number of records.
9.179 Both species are primarily tree roosting species; there are no potential tree roosts
within 200m of the proposed turbines and no trees considered to have a greater
than low risk of supporting roosts within the wider survey area. This species is a
strong fast flying species which can travel substantial distances from roost sites on
a given night. Areas of higher quality habitat including mature trees likely to
provide suitable roost locations and areas of woodland, parkland and pasture
providing a high quality foraging resource, are present to the north and east of
the survey area, associated with the villages of Stragglethorpe (800m to the
north), Fulbeck (3.7km to the east) and Leadenham (4km to the north east). These
areas provide more likely roost locations for this species.
9.180 These species are considered to be at a high risk from collision with operational
wind turbines with casualties having been recorded at wind farms in other
European countries (Rydell, et al., 2010). However the level of activity of this
species within the site is considered to be low and intermittent such that the risk of
individuals colliding with any individual turbine is considered to be low.
Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk
Myotis species Serotine Noctule
Long-eared bats Barbastelle Leisler’s bat
Horseshoe bats Nathusius pipistrelle
Common pipistrelle
Soprano pipistrelle
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9.181 The risk of collision is further reduced by the cut in speed of the turbine blades,
with optimal foraging conditions, when bats are most likely to be foraging in open
habitats, coinciding with low wind speed or still conditions when the turbines will
be non-operational.
9.182 Given the above, collision risk is not predicted to give rise to a likely significant
effect on the local population..
High Risk Species – Nathusius’ pipistrelle
9.183 The level of activity recorded associated with this species indicates the survey
area is used very infrequently and most likely by individual foraging bats. There are
no potential roost sites for this species within 200m of the proposed turbine
locations. The survey area is concluded to be of low value to this species.
9.184 This species is thought to be rare within Lincolnshire (Collop, 2011) and is
considered particularly vulnerable to collision with operational turbines if these are
positioned on key migration routes.
9.185 The very few records obtained of this species were spread throughout the survey
months with no particular peak during the autumn that would indicate migratory
activity.
9.186 Given the site design, including buffers between the turbine blades and all key
features such as woodland edge and hedgerows, the cut in speed of the turbines,
and the low level infrequent use of the site by this species, the likelihood of an
impact occurring on this species is considered to be low and not give rise to a
likely significant effect.
Medium Risk: Barbastelle
9.187 The site is considered likely to be of only low value to this species, lacking the
interlinked high quality woodland habitats favoured by the species. All potential
roost sites within 200m of the proposed turbine locations, apart from the stacked
straw bales, are considered to have a negligible risk of use. Survey indicates the
straw bales may be used intermittently by individual bats, however these
structures are transient and regularly moved/disturbed.
9.188 This species was recorded on a single occasion during transect surveys; toward
the southern edge of the site during the May 2014 survey. A total of 267 passes of
this species were recorded during remote monitoring (1% of all bat passes
recorded) with records obtained during every survey month. The species was
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recorded on 79 out of the total of 528 night’s survey effort completed across all
four monitoring points.
9.189 On the majority of nights when this species was recorded, less than ten passes
were recorded across all monitoring points. The exception to this was a three night
period in July 2014 when higher levels (max. count 38 passes per night) were
recorded at the remote monitoring point which lies at a crossroads within a
plantation woodland. The location provides a sheltered feeding area with good
levels of cover, particularly suitable for this species which is generally found flying
close to vegetation. The recommended buffer of 50m has been implemented
between this woodland block and the blade tips of the turbines.
9.190 The timing of the first and last records during this period do not indicate a roost in
close proximity, with the first and last records of the species occurring between 2
and 4 hours after sunset and before sunrise.
9.191 On seven occasions the species was recorded within the survey area within one
hour of sunset. Given the emergence times for this species, these records may
indicate bats emerging from roosts within or in close proximity to the survey area.
Two of the remote monitoring points where this occurred lie adjacent to bale
storage areas and these records may indicate intermittent use of these transient
structures by individual bats. It is possible that use of these areas within 200m of the
proposed turbines for bale storage will cease prior to the construction of the wind
farm.
9.192 This species is thought to be widespread in Lincolnshire (Collop, 2011).
9.193 Given the apparent low value of the site to this species and implementation of
buffers to the key areas of activity, the likelihood of the proposed development
giving rise to a likely significant effect on this species is considered low.
Medium Risk: Serotine
9.194 This species was recorded at very low frequency with a total of only 3 records
obtained through both transect and remote monitoring surveys. The survey area is
concluded to be of negligible value to the species. Given this very low and
infrequent use of the area, the risk of collision with any individual turbine is
considered to be negligible and not predicted to give rise to a likely significant
effect on the local population.
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Low Risk: Myotis Genus – WAB/Natterer’s/Daubenton’s
9.195 The site as a whole is concluded to be of local value to the species group WAB,
with the sheltered foraging areas provided by the straw bales, woodland areas
and interlinking hedgerows being particular features of importance. The open
arable fields however are considered to be of low value to this species group. The
site is considered to be of low value to Daubenton’s and Natterer’s bat, these
species recorded on a highly infrequent, low level basis.
9.196 Natural England consider species of the Myotis genus to have a low risk of being
affected at the population level by operational turbines due to the flight
characteristics of the species and the population sizes. The incorporation of
appropriate buffer between the turbine blade tips and key foraging habitat and
commuting features such as drains and hedgerows will further reduce the risk of
impact.
9.197 Based on this, potential collision risk is not predicted to give rise to a likely
significant effect.
Low Risk – Brown long eared bat
9.198 Activity associated with this species was recorded at very low levels and it is
concluded that the site is of only low value to this species. All but one record of
this species was obtained from the crossroads within the main woodland block
within the site. Appropriate buffers have been employed ensuring a 50m stand-off
between the turbine blade tips and the edge of this woodland.
9.199 As a slow flying species which is generally found in close proximity to vegetation,
given the low level use of the site, collision risk is not predicted to give rise to a
likely significant effect.
Low Risk: Common and Soprano Pipistrelle
9.200 Over 95% of all records obtained during remote monitoring were attributable to
the common pipistrelle with a further 0.24% attributable to the soprano pipistrelle.
These species were recorded in all habitat types; although activity was generally
focused on edge habitats including tree and hedge lines and woodland edges.
Occasional pipistrelle records were made within the open fields where there is
little cover.
9.201 The areas of the site most commonly used by these species appear to be the
hedge lined tracks, woodland edges and areas where the stacked straw bales
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and adjacent ruderal and coarse grass habitats create sheltered feeding areas.
Although not specifically covered by survey, the fishing lake to the east of the site
is also likely to be of value.
9.202 The implementation of the recommended 50m buffer between the turbine blade
tips and the majority of the key features identified above including all woodland
edge and hedgerow combined with the proposed management of an area of
ruderal vegetation in proximity to T9 and T10 to reduce the foraging value of this
area will further reduce the risk of impact.
9.203 This, combined with the low risk of these species being affected at the population
level leads to the conclusion that collision risk will not give rise to a likely significant
effect on the local population.
Badger
9.204 It is considered that the operational phase of the Proposed Development will not
give rise to a likely significant effect on the local badger population.
9.205 A search of the literature has not identified any evidence that operational wind
farms have an impact on badgers, although concerns have been raised that the
motion of the turbines and noise during the operational phase may dissuade
badgers from using the habitat in the immediate vicinity of individual turbines.
9.206 Given the nature of the habitats within the areas where the turbines are to be
constructed and the abundance of similar habitats in the broader area, it is
considered that any displacement from the immediate vicinity would have be a
change of negligible magnitude in relation to the local population. An impact of
this magnitude would not give rise to a likely significant effect
Additional Species
9.207 It is considered that the operational phase of the wind farm would have no
impact on butterflies, otter, water vole, reptiles or brown hare, all either known or
likely to be present in the area, with there being no evidence of these species
being affected by the operation of wind turbines.
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Predicted effects of the scheme: decommissioning
Disturbance – De-Commissioning (Temporary)
9.208 It is predicted that the de-commissioning phase of the Proposed Development
would have impacts of similar magnitude of change on local protected species
populations as the construction process. Impacts will, if anything, be slightly lower
as some of the infrastructure is likely to be left in-situ following decommissioning for
continued use by the landowner, for example sections of the proposed access
tracks.
9.209 Checking surveys will be completed prior to decommissioning, particularly with
respect to badger, water vole and nesting birds, in order to confirm appropriate
timings, working methods and licensing requirements.
9.210 It is predicted that this phase will have a negligible magnitude of impact on local
protected species populations, which coupled with the low sensitivity of these
receptors will not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Cumulative Effects
Type 1 Cumulative Effects
9.211 The table below details the key receptors, the likely environmental effects and the
likely environmental cumulative effects of all stages of the Proposed Development
when considered together.
Table 9.11 Type 1 Cumulative Effects Key Receptors Stage of Development Predicted Effect Cumulative Effect
Habitat – 2.5ha of primarily
agricultural land with limited
coarse grass and tall ruderal
vegetation loss and 10m of
species poor hedgerow
Construction
Long-term loss of 2.5ha – negligible
effect
No cumulative effect No short term loss – temporary
construction compound to use existing
hard standing
Badger
Construction
Habitat loss – negligible effect No significant cumulative effect
predicted. Negligible effect of
habitat loss and disturbance
during construction and
operation not predicted to
have a likely significant effect
on the local population with
extensive suitable habitat for this
species present in the wider
area.
Disturbance – negligible effect
Operation Disturbance – negligible effect
De-commissioning No effect predicted
Bats Construction Habitat loss – negligible effect All potential effects are
predicted to be of negligible to
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Key Receptors Stage of Development Predicted Effect Cumulative Effect
Disturbance – negligible effect low magnitude and no likely
significant effects on the local
populations are predicted.
Site design has ensured no tree
loss, limited habitat loss to
habitats of low value to bats
and implemented buffers to
higher value habitats. In
addition, habitat management
is proposed around T9 and T10
reducing the value of this area
of ruderal vegetation to
foraging bats.
Operation
Potential displacement/mortality –
Low to Negligible effect
De-commissioning No effect predicted
Otter
Construction
Habitat loss – no impact
No cumulative effect
Disturbance – negligible effect
Operation No effect predicted
De-commissioning No effect predicted
Reptiles
Construction
Habitat loss – negligible effect No likely significant cumulative
effect. Negligible effect of
habitat loss and disturbance
during construction not
predicted to have a likely
significant effect on the local
population, with suitable habitat
for reptiles present in the wider
area and unaffected by
proposals.
Disturbance – negligible effect
Operation No effect predicted
De-commissioning No effect predicted
Water vole
Construction
Habitat loss – negligible effect No likely significant cumulative
effect. Negligible effect of
habitat loss and disturbance
during construction not
predicted to have a likely
significant effect on the local
populations of this taxa, with
extensive suitable habitat for
these species present in the
wider area and unaffected by
proposals.
Disturbance – negligible effect
Operation No effect predicted
De-commissioning No effect predicted
Type 2 Cumulative Effects
9.212 Type 2 effects (cumulative effects of multiple developments) on key receptors
have been considered over a 10km radius. Three multi-turbine renewables
schemes lie within this area: Hawton Wind Farm (3 turbine scheme - consented),
Fox Covert Wind Farm (in planning) and Temple Hill Wind Farm (5 turbine scheme -
refused).
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9.213 The table below identifies the predicted effects of each of these schemes on the
key receptors and discusses the potential in-combination effects of these schemes
with the Proposed Development.
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Table 9.12 Type 2 Cumulative Effects Predicted Effect
Key receptor Temple Hill Wind Farm Fox Covert Wind Farm Hawton Wind Farm Fulbeck Wind Farm Cumulative Effect
Habitat –
Primarily
agricultural land
with limited tall
ruderal and
coarse grass
vegetation and
species-poor
hedgerow
2.62ha permanent loss of arable land
496m of species poor hedgerow loss,
449m to be re-instated
1.6ha of arable land lost
246m of hedgerow to be
removed
Loss of 1.16ha of arable land
and 0.13ha of improved
grassland
Loss of 40m of intact species-
poor hedgerow
Loss of 2.5ha of primarily arable
land with limited coarse grass
and ruderal vegetation loss.
Loss of 10m of species poor
hedgerow. Habitat
management proposed to
enhance 1.75km of existing
hedgerow (see below).
Cumulative loss of arable land not
predicted to have a likely significant
effect given the extent of similar
habitat within the surrounding
landscape and the generally low
ecological value of this intensively
managed habitat type.
Minor loss of species poor hedgerow
considered to be off-set by
enhancement proposals such that no
likely significant cumulative effect on
this receptor envisaged.
Badger Impacts on badger setts are not
predicted.
Potential trapping/injury during
construction phase – to be addressed
through mitigation
Limited loss of foraging
habitat
Minor disturbance during
construction to population
of district value
No impact predicted Negligible effect of habitat loss
and disturbance during
construction and operation not
predicted to have a likely
significant effect on the local
population with extensive
suitable habitat for this species
present in the wider area.
No setts affected.
Cumulative loss of habitat not
predicted to be significant in context
of abundant similar habitat present in
wider landscape and low level
badger activity recorded across
majority of sites.
No likely significant cumulative effect
on local badger population
predicted.
Bats Potential loss of a noctule roost through
collision, an impact significant at a
local or district level
Risk of impacting on Nathusius pipistrelle
considered very low
Risk of impacting on barbastelle
considered low, any impact only
significant at most at a site level
Minor disturbance during
construction
Impacts of operational
turbines on common,
soprano and Nathusius
pipistrelle, brown long
eared bat and Nyctalus
species considered unlikely.
Impacts of operational
Effect of habitat loss
considered near certain to
be not significant. No roost
features or high value bat
habitats to be lost.
Potential effects of
construction related
disturbance considered near-
certain to be not significant.
All potential effects are
predicted to be of negligible to
low magnitude and no likely
significant effects on the local
populations are predicted.
Site design has ensured no tree
loss, limited habitat loss to
habitats of low value to bats
and implemented buffers to
higher value habitats. In
No likely significant effect through
habitat loss predicted.
Potential likely significant cumulative
effect during operational phase
considered unlikely.
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Predicted Effect
Key receptor Temple Hill Wind Farm Fox Covert Wind Farm Hawton Wind Farm Fulbeck Wind Farm Cumulative Effect
Risk of impacting on Leisler’s bat
considered very low or negligible
Any impact on common and/or
soprano pipistrelle only significant at a
site level
Any impact on Myotis species and
brown long eared bat predicted to be
negligible at a site level
turbines on Myotis species
and barbastelle considered
extremely unlikely.
Operational impacts:
Nathusius pipistrelle - risk of
collision unlikely
Nyctalus species – individual
fatalities cannot be ruled out
but are unlikely to adversely
affect the population. Effect
of collision probably not
significant.
Common and soprano
pipistrelle: Risk of collision to
individuals unlikely.
Brown long eared bat,
Serotine, Myotis species:
Individuals and populations
unlikely to be adversely
affected.
addition, habitat management
is proposed around T9 and T10
reducing the value of this area
of ruderal vegetation to
Great crested
newt
No evidence of species within site No impact predicted No evidence of species
within site
No impact predicted. No impact predicted at any site
therefore no likely significant
cumulative effect predicted.
Otter No evidence of species within site Impact on otter predicted
to be neutral
No evidence of species
within site
Construction disturbance
predicted to have a negligible
effect. No other impact
predicted.
Impact on species only predicted at
Fulbeck (albeit negligible effect of
construction related disturbance),
therefore no likely significant
cumulative effect.
Reptiles Unlikely to be affected by the proposed
works
No impact predicted Risk of harming or disturbing
during construction
considered extremely
unlikely. No other impacts
predicted.
Negligible effect of habitat loss
and disturbance during
construction not predicted to
have a likely significant effect
on the local population, with
suitable habitat for reptiles
No impact on this taxa predicted or
impact considered unlikely or
extremely unlikely therefore no likely
significant cumulative effect.
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Predicted Effect
Key receptor Temple Hill Wind Farm Fox Covert Wind Farm Hawton Wind Farm Fulbeck Wind Farm Cumulative Effect
present in the wider area and
unaffected by proposals.
Water Vole No evidence of species within site Impact on water vole
predicted to be neutral
No evidence of species
within site
Negligible effect of habitat loss
and disturbance during
construction not predicted to
have a likely significant effect
on the local populations of this
taxa, with extensive suitable
habitat for these species
present in the wider area and
unaffected by proposals.
Adverse impact on species only
predicted at Fulbeck (albeit negligible
effect of construction related
disturbance), therefore no likely
significant cumulative effect.
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Mitigation and Enhancement
9.214 The number and position of the proposed turbines has evolved in response to the
results of ecological survey. Turbines have been positioned to ensure appropriate
buffers between blades and key ecological features.
Badger
9.215 Two months prior to construction or decommissioning work commencing an
additional badger checking survey will be undertaken in order to confirm the
location of any currently active setts and any licensing requirements.
9.216 Based on current survey data, works will not result in either the loss or disturbance
of any setts.
9.217 As badgers are likely to be resident within the surrounding landscape and may
stray into the working area during the construction phase all works will be
undertaken in accordance with a Badger Method Statement (see Appendix 9.4).
Bats
9.218 No works affecting the man-made structures within the wider survey area are
proposed as part of the Proposed Development. No tree works are proposed. As
such there is no requirement for specific working methods relating to bats.
9.219 An area of ruderal vegetation in proximity to T9 and T10 (see Figure 9.2) is to be
managed to reduce the value of the area to foraging bats. Habitat will be
strimmed on a bi-monthly basis during the period March to September inclusive,
maintaining a sward height of 8-10cm.
9.220 Given the low levels of bat activity recorded within the survey area and the
location of the turbines within open arable land, it is not considered that post-
development monitoring of the bat population is warranted.
Otter
9.221 Otter may be present within the survey area and move through the survey area at
times. No resting sites or potential resting sites have been identified within 500m of
the closest proposed turbine and exiting runways and access roads are to be
used closer to the features that may be used by otter. Should the bridge over the
Sand Beck require upgrading or replacing, pre-construction checking surveys of
the working area and a 30m buffer zone will be completed within 2 months prior
to works commencing. Should a resting place be identified during this checking
survey in a location potentially affected by the proposed works an appropriate
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mitigation scheme, including licensing if appropriate would be agreed with the
local authority prior to works commencing.
9.222 As with badger, individual otter may stray into the working area and as such all
works will be undertaken in accordance with the Otter Method Statement (see
Appendix 9.5).
9.223 Where the proposed access tracks cross the existing ditch system, water crossing
design will ensure no severance to the ditch system, allowing otter to continue to
move through the survey area.
Reptiles
9.224 The construction footprint is relatively small and primarily limited to areas of arable
land. Site assessment has indicated that only low populations of common lizard,
grass snake and/or slow worm are likely to be present within the survey area. It is
therefore not considered that trapping out the construction area prior to works is
justified. However, vegetation clearance works will be undertaken to a method
statement in order to address the residual risk of individual reptiles being present
within the construction area (see Appendix 9.6).
Water Vole
9.225 Field survey has not confirmed the presence of water vole although the Sand
Beck and larger field drains to he west provide some suitable habitat. If the
existing bridge over the Sand Beck required upgrading or replacing further
checking surveys will be undertaken three months prior to bridge works
commencing to determine the presence/absence of the species from the
proposed working area and a 10m buffer zone.
9.226 Should water vole be found to be present, either within the proposed construction
area or within a 10m buffer zone, an appropriate mitigation strategy will be
developed in liaison with Natural England. This will include, if necessary, trapping
and removal of voles from the construction area and enhancement of habitat
outwith the working area to ensure the long term conservation status of the local
population.
9.227 All works will be undertaken to Environment Agency guidelines, to ensure
protection of the watercourses within and adjacent to the survey area ensuring
no long term adverse impacts.
9.228 Good practice working methods will be implemented, ensuring the construction
area is minimised.
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Habitat Creation/Enhancement
9.229 The text below provides a broad overview of the proposed habitat creation and
enhancement works. Proposals are illustrated within Figure 9.2 and will be subject
to a detailed management plan to be agreed with key consultees post-planning.
Hedgerow Management
9.230 The following hedgerow management will be implemented over approximately
1.75km of existing hedgerow, benefiting a range of wildlife including small
mammals and breeding passerines.
i) Trim in January or February to avoid destruction of birds nests and to allow
any berry crops to be used by wintering birds
ii) Trim on a two or three year rotation to ensure thick nesting cover is
available somewhere on site every year and to boost the berry crop and
populations of overwintering insects
iii) Avoid trimming all hedges in the same year
iv) Trim hedges to varying heights – under two metres in height benefits species
such as partridge, and linnet while turtle doves prefer wide hedgerows over
4m in height – and aim to create a wide, dense base which provides cover
for nesting birds and other wildlife
v) Plant up gaps using native species, locally sourced
vi) Plant in early winter
vii) Use plastic tubes to protect young plants from grazing
viii) Retain a grass strip at least 1m wide between the hedge and adjacent
crop to buffer the hedge from ploughing and spray drift
Nectar Rich Flower Mix
9.231 Approximately 0.9ha of nectar rich flower mix would be created. This habitat type
is of value to a range of wildlife, in particular providing a pollen and nectar food
source for a range of insects during the spring and summer. The management for
nectar rich flower mix would be as follows:
ix) A mix of 80% fine grasses and 20% legumes (such as red clover, alsike clover
and bird’s foot trefoil) to be sown at a seed rate of 15-20kg/ha
x) Establishment in March/April or July/August
xi) Half of the area to be cut in June to stimulate late flowering and the whole
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area to then be cut in September or October
xii) Mix may need to be re-established after three to four years if the flowering
plant component has become depleted.
Scrub Planting
9.2 Native scrub will be planted over an area of approximately 0.16ha, creating a
small scale mosaic with adjacent nectar rich flower mix. This will provide areas of
shelter and cover for a range of species and also a berry rich food source.
9.3 The species mix will include the following and all specimens will be locally sourced:
hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), bramble, holly (Ilex
aquifolium), hazel (Corylus avellana), elder (Sambucus nigra), dog rose (Rosa
canina), broom (Cytisus scoparius) and sweet briar (Rosa rubiginosa)
xiii) The management for areas of scrub would be as follows:
xiv) Planting will be undertaken between November and March
xv) All stock will be of local provenance
xvi) Stands will be planted in clumps and will not be planted in rows as this can
create wind tunnels, edges of stands will be scalloped and species mixed
at random to maximise diversity.
xvii) Fencing or spiral guards or tubes will be used to prevent browsing during
establishment
xviii) Manage to prevent scrub encroachment into adjacent areas through
cutting in January - February
Wildlife Ponds
9.4 A series of wildlife ponds will be created. Design will seek to maximise benefit for a
range of wildlife including amphibians and insects. Details design to be agreed
with key consultees post-planning.
Field Margin Buffer Strips
9.232 Field margin buffer strips, 6m in width, will be created along approximately 780m
of arable field edge. Management of these areas will aim to create a tussocky
sward of benefit to both nesting birds and over-wintering insects.
xix) Margins to be established in autumn (August/September)
xx) Mix to include up to 30% cocksfoot or timothy grass and fine grasses such as
fescues and bents
xxi) In the first summer, cut the sward when it is approximately 10cm tall to
control weeds
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xxii) Following first year of establishment, 3m width adjacent to the crop to be
cut annually, remaining 3m to be cut once every three years. Cutting to be
undertaken in the autumn.
Residual Effects
9.233 The table below summarises the predicted residual effects post-mitigation and
enhancement.
Table 9.13 Summary of residual effects on ecology
Impact Receptor
Sensitivity
of
Receptor
Magnitude of
Impact
(Without
mitigation)
Significance of
Predicted
Impact*
(Without
mitigation and
compensation)
Proposed
Mitigation/
Compensation
Magnitude of
Impact (With
mitigation and
compensation)
Significance of
Predicted
Impact* (With
mitigation and
compensation)
Habitat Loss (2.5ha)
Primarily arable
land with limited
loss of coarse
grass and tall
ruderal
vegetation and
10m of species-
poor hedgerow
Low Negligible Negligible Habitat
enhancement/
creation to
include
hedgerow
management,
creation of area
of nectar rich
flower, scrub
planting, wildlife
ponds and field
margin buffer
strips
Slight positive Minor
Badger Low Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Bats Low Negligible Negligible Slight positive Minor
Butterflies Low –
Medium Slight adverse
Moderate/Minor
- Minor Slight positive
Moderate/Minor
– Minor
Otter No Impact Slight positive Minor
Reptiles Low Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Water Vole Low Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Brown Hare Low Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Temporary
Disturbance
(Construction Phase)
Badger Low Negligible Negligible
Pre-construction
checking survey.
Construction
works to a
method
statement.
Negligible Negligible
Bats Low Negligible Negligible None Negligible Negligible
Otter Low Negligible Negligible
Pre-construction
checking survey.
Construction
works to a
method
statement.
Negligible Negligible
Reptiles Low Negligible Negligible
Works to a
method
statement
Negligible Negligible
Water Vole Low Negligible Negligible
Pre-construction
checking survey.
Construction
works to a
method
statement if
appropriate.
Negligible Negligible
Disturbance/Collision
(Operational Phase)
Bats Low Negligible Negligible
Site design has
ensured
appropriate
buffers to key
bat features.
Strimming of tall
ruderal
vegetation in
vicinity of T9 and
T10 will further
minimise value of
this area
Negligible Negligible
Badger Low Negligible Negligible None Negligible Negligible
Temporary Badger Low Negligible Negligible Pre-works Negligible Negligible
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Impact Receptor
Sensitivity
of
Receptor
Magnitude of
Impact
(Without
mitigation)
Significance of
Predicted
Impact*
(Without
mitigation and
compensation)
Proposed
Mitigation/
Compensation
Magnitude of
Impact (With
mitigation and
compensation)
Significance of
Predicted
Impact* (With
mitigation and
compensation)
Disturbance
(De-commissioning)
checking survey.
De-
commissioning
works to a
method
statement.
Bats Low Negligible Negligible None Negligible Negligible
Otter Low Negligible Negligible
Pre-works
checking survey.
De-
commissioning
works to a
method
statement.
Negligible Negligible
Reptiles Low Negligible Negligible
Works to a
method
statement
Negligible Negligible
Water Vole Low Negligible Negligible
Pre-works
checking survey.
De-
commissioning
works to a
method
statement if
appropriate.
Negligible Negligible
*Negligible, Minor or Moderate/Minor effects are not deemed significant for the purposes of the EIA regulations
Summary
9.234 Habitats within the survey area primarily comprise arable land, improved
grassland and hard standing of low ecological value with areas of coarse
grassland and ruderal vegetation of low to local value. Features of greater value,
including The Sand Beck and areas of woodland are present but will not be
directly affected by the proposed development and will be protected from in-
direct effects through appropriate design and working methods.
9.235 The site was historically designated as a Site of Nature Conservation Interest,
designated primarily for the presence of grasslands thought at the time of
classification to be of importance in a regional context. However the site does
not now support grasslands of sufficient quality to meet the current criteria to be
classed as a Local Wildlife Site (the designation which has superseded SNCIs) and
it is considered likely that agricultural management of the site has resulted in a
decrease in the ecological value of the grasslands such that they are now of no
more than low to local ecological value.
9.236 Survey has identified use of the site at low levels by a range of bat species and
has also identified likely use at low levels by badger and otter and potential use
by water vole and reptiles such as slow worm, common lizard and/or grass snake.
The site is also concluded likely to be of up to district value for butterflies.
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9.237 Site design has ensured potential impacts on protected or otherwise notable
species have been avoided as far as practical. The assessment concludes that
following the implementation of mitigation measures and habitat creation and
enhancement proposals, the proposed development would result in no likely
significant effects on key ecological receptors during the construction,
operational or decommissioning phases.
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REFERENCES
Altringham, J., 2003. British Bats. s.l.:Collins New Naturalist Series.
Brandt, G. et al., 2007. Habitat associations of British bat species on
lowland farmland within the Upper Thames catchment area. Centre for
Wildlife Assessment & Conservation E-Journal, Volume 1, pp. 10-19.
Collop, C., 2011. Lincolnshire Biodiversity Action Plan (3rd Edition), s.l.:
Lincolnshire Biodiversity Partnership.
Downs, N. & Racey, P., 2006. The use by bats of habitat features in mixed
farmland in Scotland. Acta Chiropterologica, Volume 8, pp. 169-185.
Ekman, M. & De Jong, J., 1996. Local patterns of distribution and resource
utilization of four bat species (Myotis brandtii, Eptesicus nilssoni, Plecotus
auritus and Pipistrellus pipistrellus) in patchy and continuous environments..
Journal of Zoology, Volume 238, pp. 571-580.
Greater Lincolnshire Nature Partnership, 2013. Local Wildlife Site Guidelines
for Greater Lincolnshire, s.l.: s.n.
Hundt, L., 2012. Bat Surveys: Good Practice Guidelines. 2nd Edition ed.
s.l.:Bat Conservation Trust.
Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, 2006. Guidelines for
Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom, s.l.: IEEM.
Joint Nature Conservancy Council, 2010. Handbook for Phase 1 Habitat
Survey. s.l.:s.n.
Natural England, 2012. Technical Information Note TIN051: Bats and
onshore wind turbines interim guidance, s.l.: s.n.
Rodrigues, L. et al., 2008. Guidelines for consideration of bats in wind farm
projects, s.l.: UNEP/EUROBATS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany.
Russ, J., 1999. The Bats of Britain and Ireland: echolocation calls, sound
analysis and species identification. s.l.:Alana Ecology Ltd.
Rydell, J. et al., 2010. Bat mortality at wind turbines in northwestern Europe.
Acta Chiropterologica, Volume 12, pp. 261-274.
Walsh, A. & Harris, S., 1996. Factors determining the abundance of
Vespertilionid bats in Britain: geographical, land class and local habitat
relationships. Journal of Applied Ecology, Volume 33, pp. 519-529.
Walsh, A. L. & Harris, S., 1996. Foraging habitat preferences of Vespertilionid
bats in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology, Volume 33, pp. 508-518.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 10: Noise
April 2015
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CONTENTS
10 NOISE 10-1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ..................................................................................... 10-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ...................................................... 10-2 Baseline Conditions ............................................................................................................. 10-7 Identification and Evaluation of Key Impacts ............................................................... 10-10 Cumulative Effects ............................................................................................................ 10-13 Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................................... 10-15 Residual Effects .................................................................................................................. 10-16 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 10-16 References ......................................................................................................................... 10-17
Tables
Table 10.1 – Free-field Noise Criteria against which Construction Noise Effects are
Assessed ..................................................................................................................................... 10-3
Table 10.2 – Summary of Consultee Comments ................................................................... 10-7
Table 10.3 – Assessment Properties in the Vicinity of the Proposed Development .......... 10-8
Table 10.4 – Day-time LA90,T Noise Limits Derived from the Baseline Noise Survey
According to ETSU-R-97 ............................................................................................................ 10-9
Table 10.5 - Night time LA90,T Noise Limits Derived from the Baseline Noise Survey
According to ETSU-R-97 .......................................................................................................... 10-10
Table 10.6 – Predicted Construction Noise Levels .............................................................. 10-11
Table 10.7 - Difference between the ETSU-R-97 Derived Day time Noise Limits and
the Cumulative Predicted LA90,T Wind Farm Noise Immission Levels at Each Noise
Assessment Location. Values are based on lower day time limit and negative
values indicate the noise immission level is below the limit. .............................................. 10-14
Table 10.8 - Difference between the ETSU-R-97 Derived Night time Noise Limits
and the Cumulative Predicted LA90,T Wind Farm Noise Immission Levels at Each
Noise Assessment Location. Negative values indicate the immission level is below
the limit ..................................................................................................................................... 10-14
Appendices
Appendix 10.1 – Environmental Assessment – Noise & Vibration
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10 NOISE
Introduction
10.1 This chapter presents an assessment of the potential construction and operational
noise impact of the Proposed Development on the residents of nearby dwellings
and also the likely impact of its de-commissioning. The assessment takes into
account residential dwellings located in the vicinity of both the Proposed
Development and the proposed construction traffic routes. An assessment of the
potential cumulative impact of the proposed wind farm with other known wind
farms is also included. The assessment has been undertaken by Hoare Lea
Acoustics. Full details of the noise assessment can be found in the Hoare Lea
Acoustics Technical Report, included as Appendix 10.1. This chapter represents a
summary of the findings of that report.
10.2 The nature of works and distances involved in the construction of a wind farm are
such that the risk of significant impacts relating to ground borne vibration are very
low. Occasional momentary vibration can arise when heavy vehicles pass
dwellings at very short separation distances, but this is not sufficient to constitute a
risk of significant impacts. Accordingly, vibration impacts do not warrant detailed
assessment and have not been considered further as part of this EIA.
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
Legislative Context
10.3 In England there are two legislative instruments which address the effects of
environmental noise with regard to construction noise, vibration, and nuisance:-
the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA) (HMSO 1990); and
the Control of Pollution Act 1974 (CoPA) (HMSO 1974).
Planning Policy and Guidance Relating to Noise
10.4 A number of relevant planning documents and standards have been referenced
in the assessment:-
the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) (Department for Communities
and Local Government 2012);
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the National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG) (Department for
Communities and Local Government 2014);
Noise Policy Statement for England (NPSE) (Department for Environment, Food
and Rural Affairs 2010);
National Policy Statement on Renewable Energy Infrastructure (Department
for Energy and Climate Change 2011);
ETSU-R-97 The Assessment and Rating of Noise from Wind Farms (The Working
Group on Noise from Wind Turbines 1996);
A Good Practice Guide (GPG) to the Application of ETSU-R-97 (Cand et al
2013); and
BS 5228:2014 Noise control on construction and open sites, BS 5228-1 noise and
BS 5228-2 vibration (British Standards Institute 2009).
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria
Vibration
10.5 The nature of the works and distances involved in the construction of a wind farm
are such that the risk of significant effects relating to ground borne vibration are
very low. Occasional momentary vibration can arise when heavy vehicles pass
dwellings at very short separation distances, but again, this is not sufficient to
constitute a risk of significant impacts in this instance. Accordingly, vibration
impacts do not warrant detailed assessment and hence are not discussed further
in this assessment.
10.6 Levels of vibration from operational wind farms are insignificant at the distances
considered in the present assessment (see Appendix 10.1, Appendix A for details)
and this aspect is therefore not considered any further in this Chapter.
Construction Noise
10.7 Analysis of construction noise has been undertaken in accordance with BS 5228
Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites,
2014 (British Standards Institute, 2014). This provides methods for predicting
construction noise levels on the basis of reference data for the noise emissions of
typical construction plant and activities. These methods include the calculation of
construction traffic along access tracks and haul routes, as well as construction
activities at fixed locations, including:-
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the bases of wind turbines;
site compounds; and
substations.
10.8 The construction noise assessment has been based on indicative data for the
types of plant likely to be used during the construction works, as presented in BS
5228. Based on: the range of guidance values set out in BS 5228; and other
reference criteria; and the relatively low ambient noise typically observed in rural
environments, impact significance criteria have been derived (see Section 3.3 of
Appendix 10.1) and summarised in Table 10.1. Negligible or minor effects are not
considered to have a likely significant environmental effect, within the meaning of
the EIA Regulations.
Table 10.1 – Free-field Noise Criteria against which Construction Noise Effects are Assessed
Level of Effect Condition
Major
Construction noise is greater than 72 dB LAeq,T for any part of
the construction works or exceeds 65 dB LAeq,T for more than 4
weeks in any 12 month period
Moderate Construction noise is less than or equal to 65 dB LAeq,T
throughout the construction period.
Minor
Construction noise is generally less than or equal to 60 dB
LAeq,T , with periods of up to 65 dB LAeq,T lasting not more than
4 weeks in any 12 month period
Negligible
Construction noise is generally less than or equal to 55 dB
LAeq,T , with periods of up to 60 dB LAeq,T lasting not more than
4 weeks in any 12 month period
10.9 When considering the impact of short-term changes in traffic associated with the
construction activities on existing roads in the vicinity of the Site, reference should
be made to the criteria set out in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Vol 12
(DMRB) (The Highways Agency, 2008). A classification of magnitudes of changes
in the predicted traffic noise level calculated using the CRTN methodology is set
out. For short-term changes, such as those associated with construction activities:
changes of less than 1 dB(A) are considered negligible; 1 to 3 dB(A) are
considered minor; 3 to 5 dB(A) moderate; and changes of more than 5 dB(A) are
considered of major magnitude. Impacts of moderate or major magnitude i.e.
greater than 3 dB(A) are considered significant within the meaning of the EIA
Regulations. This classification can be considered in addition to the criteria of
Table 10.1.
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Operational Noise
10.10 Assessment of operational noise impacts has been carried out in accordance with
the methodology set out in ETSU-R-97. ETSU-R-97 has become the accepted
standard for such developments within the UK and is commended in current UK
planning policy. To undertake the assessment of noise impact in accordance with
the methodology in ETSU-R-97, the following steps are required:-
i) specify the number and locations of the wind turbines;
ii) identify the locations of the nearest, or most sensitive, neighbours;
iii) measure the background noise levels as a function of site wind speed at
the nearest neighbours, or a representative sample of the nearest
neighbours;
iv) determine the day time and night time noise limits from the measured
background noise levels at the nearest neighbours;
v) specify the type and noise emission characteristics of the wind turbines,
including any tonal features;
vi) calculate noise immission1 levels due to the operation of the turbines of the
proposed development as well as the contribution to cumulative noise
immission levels from other nearby windfarms/turbines as a function of site
wind speed at the nearest neighbours; and
vii) Compare the calculated windfarm noise immission levels with the derived
noise limits and assess in the light of planning requirements.
10.11 This methodology has been adopted for the present assessment and is described
in more detail in Appendix 10.1. Technical guidance on best practice in the
application of the ETSU-R-97 methodology is detailed extensively in the GPG. The
acceptable limits for wind turbine operational noise are defined in ETSU-R-97. The
ETSU-R-97 assessment procedure specifies that noise limits should be set relative to
existing background noise levels at the nearest properties to the windfarm. These
limits should reflect the variation in both turbine source noise and background
noise with wind speed. The ETSU-R-97 limit is set as the greater of the predefined
lower fixed limit and 5 dB above the background noise level at each wind speed
interval of analysis.
10.12 The lower fixed portion of the limit during the day-time should lie within the range
from 35 dB(A) to 40 dB(A). In this instance, the lower fixed portion of the quiet day-
1 The term ‘noise immission’ relates to the sound pressure level (the perceived noise) at any
receptor location due to the combined operation of all wind turbines on the Development.
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time limit is proposed to be 38 dB(A). This was based on a review of the relevant
factors set out in ETSU-R-97. In particular, the high power generating capacity of
the wind farm was considered in relation to the limited number of neighbouring
properties, and the effect on generating capacity of selecting a reduced limit. In
addition, the location of the Proposed Development is such that, based on the
south-westerly direction of the prevailing wind in the UK, the properties which
would be exposed to noise during the majority of the time are relatively distant or
already exposed to noise from traffic on Stragglethorpe Lane (Appendix 10.1).
The lower fixed portion of the night-time limit, on the other hand, is 43 dB.
Financially involved properties should be given a lower fixed limit of 45 dB, for both
day and night-time limits.
10.13 Consequently, the test applied to operational noise is whether or not the
calculated cumulative windfarm noise immission levels at nearby noise sensitive
properties are within the noise limits derived in accordance with ETSU-R-97. If
predicted noise levels are within the ETSU-R-97 criteria, operational noise is
considered acceptable; if predicted noise levels are above the ETSU-R-97 criteria,
operational noise is considered unacceptable. Unacceptable noise levels are
considered likely to have a significant environmental effect within the meaning of
the EIA regulations.
10.14 The study area covers the area predicted to be potentially subject to cumulative
noise levels in excess of 35 dB LA90 at wind speeds up to 10 m/s, as recommended
within the Institute of Acoustics Good Practice Guide (IOA GPG) (M Cand et. al.,
2013). These predictions were based on the preliminary proposed layout.
10.15 The candidate turbine is a Senvion MM92 2.05 MW turbine, with a 64m hub height
and a 92 m rotor diameter. This turbine was used, as it was considered to represent
the range of noise emissions from turbines which may be installed at the Site.
10.16 Noise predictions have been carried out using the ISO 9613-2 model (ISO, 1996),
using the following parameters in accordance with the IOA GPG:-
i) receiver height = 4 m;
ii) mixed ground, i.e. G = 0.5;
iii) air absorption based on a temperature of 10°C and 70% relative humidity;
iv) screening limited to 2 dB; and
v) +3 dB correction for propagation over concave ground.
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10.17 It is assumed that the wind turbine noise will contain no audible tones. Where
tones are present a correction should be added to the measured or predicted
noise level before comparison with the recommended limits. The audibility of any
tones can be assessed by comparing the narrow band level of such tones with
the masking level contained in a band of frequencies around the tone called the
critical band. The ETSU-R-97 recommendations suggest a tone correction which
depends on the amount by which the tone exceeds the audibility threshold and
should be included as part of the consent conditions. The turbines to be used for
this Site will be chosen to ensure that the noise emitted will comply with the
requirements of ETSU-R-97 including any relevant tonality.
10.18 Full details of the operational noise assessment, including details of the noise
output of the candidate wind turbine that which has been assumed for this
project, and the calculation parameters on which predictions have been based,
can be found in Appendix 10.1.
Consultation
10.19 Prior to undertaking the background noise surveys, a summary of the proposed
monitoring locations and the approach to be used for the noise assessment were
forwarded to the Environmental Health Departments of both South Kesteven
District Council, herein referred to as SKDC, and North Kesteven District Council,
herein referred to as NKDC, for comment. Following advice from NKDC, that
background noise monitoring to the north of site should take place in the village
of Stragglethorpe, away from the A17, the suggested survey locations were
agreed to be representative of the background noise environment around the
Site for the purpose of an ETSU-R-97 assessment by NKDC. SKDC had no issues to
raise initially, although after seeking external advice had a number of queries
which were resolved in follow-up discussions. This consultation was based on a
preliminary layout which was of a similar form to the layout of the Proposed
Development.
10.20 Representatives from both NKDC and SKDC attended the initial site visit and
installation of noise monitoring equipment on 23/09/2014. Some noise monitoring
equipment was installed at locations seen by the representatives of both councils
at later dates. However, subsequent to pictures and descriptions being provided
via email, representatives from both councils confirmed satisfaction of the noise
monitoring locations selected. A summary of this is provided below in Table 10.2
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Table 10.2 – Summary of Consultee Comments
Consultee Comment / Issue Raised Response
South Kesteven
District Council
Letter issued to give
notification of proposed
development, provide an
overview of noise
assessment methodology
and seek confirmation of
satisfaction with noise
assessment locations.
External advice sought by SKDC
and considered in assessment
North Kesteven
District Council
Advised location to the north is
changed and then confirmed
satisfaction of locations.
South Kesteven
District Council
Post attendance of site
inspection and noise
monitoring equipment
installation, details of final
noise monitoring locations
forwarded on via email.
Confirmed agreement with
monitoring locations.
North Kesteven
District Council
Confirmed agreement with
monitoring locations.
Baseline Conditions
10.21 The background noise monitoring exercise was conducted in two stages. During
the first stage of noise monitoring, measurements were made from 23/09/2014 to
23/10/2014, a period of just over four weeks, with a minimum of 29 days of
concurrent noise and wind speed measurements being obtained at each of the
following three survey locations:-
i) Stragglethorpe Hall (grid reference 491328, 352088);
ii) Bees Barn (grid reference ; and
iii) 2 Court Leys Cottages.
10.22 The second stage of monitoring was conducted at the following two locations,
from 10/11/2014 to 07/12/2014, a period of just under four weeks:-
iv) Gorse Lodge (grid reference 488920, 349634); and
v) Dunstan House (grid reference 488162, 350857).
10.23 Noise monitoring was conducted in two stages, as it was not initially possible to
gain access to Gorse Lodge. Dunstan House was originally included in the first
stage of monitoring; however, a logger failure made revised measurements
necessary at this location.
10.24 The total survey period is in excess of the minimum of one week required by ETSU-
R-97 at all locations. Full details of the monitoring locations and equipment used
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can be found in Appendix 10.1. The survey was made in accordance with current
good practice (as set out in the GPG).
10.25 The results obtained from the noise survey have been used to represent the
background noise environment expected to occur at other nearby assessment
locations. This approach is consistent with the guidance provided by ETSU-R-97.
Locations where such representations have been made, and the source of the
representations, are given below in Table 10.3.
Table 10.3 – Assessment Properties in the Vicinity of the Proposed Development
Property Easting Northing Survey Location
Caravan Site 490808 351270 Bees Barn
Stragglethorpe Ln 490879 351180 Bees Barn
Grange Fm House 490929 351068 Bees Barn
Leatherbottle Fm 490780 350919 Bees Barn
Brant Rd 490942 350797 Bees Barn
Stragglethorpe Village 491204 352163 Stragglethorpe Hall
Gorse Lodge 489006 349712 Gorse Lodge
Court Leys Farm 490387 349254 2 Court Leys Cottages
Court Leys Cottages 490581 349448 2 Court Leys Cottages
Props North of Moor Fm 488399 349238 Dunstan House
Pump Ln 488200 350870 Dunstan House
Rectory Fm 488313 352128 Dunstan House
Stragglethorpe Grange 489975 352594 Stragglethorpe Hall
10.26 The noise measurement locations were chosen to minimise noise from other
sources in the area, as well as be representative of the amount of road traffic
noise and noise from natural noise sources such as wind through nearby trees and
bushes, that all the relevant assessment locations currently experience.
10.27 Wind speeds and noise measurements were performed using a 10 minute
measurement period (as required by ETSU-R-97). The average wind speed was
derived at 64m height, using measurements made at 50 and 60 m height using a
metrological mast, installed with the Site for the duration of the survey,
(approximate easting/northing 489689/351508). The measured hub height wind
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speed has been expressed at a standardised height of 10 m, to provide the
required reference to determine the prevailing background noise level during the
quiet daytime and night-time periods. Therefore this method incorporates the
impacts of site-specific wind shear (i.e. the variation of wind speed with height:
see Appendix 10.1, Appendix F – Wind Speed Calculations) in accordance with
the GPG recommendations.
10.28 The noise limits derived in accordance with ETSU-R-97, are given for each
assessment location at each integer wind speed between 4 & 12 m/s for day-time
and night-time periods respectively in Table 10.4 & Table 10.5. These limits are
equal to the greater of: the respective background noise level recorded, + 5
dB(A); and the lower fixed portion of the limit, set as 38 dB(A) during the day-time
and 43 dB(A) during the night-time.
Table 10.4 – Day-time LA90,T Noise Limits Derived from the Baseline Noise Survey According to ETSU-R-97
Property
Standardised Wind Speed at 10 m Height, m/s
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Caravan Site 38.0 38.0 38.6 41.0 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
Stragglethorpe Ln 38.0 38.0 38.6 41.0 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
Grange Fm House 38.0 38.0 38.6 41.0 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
Leatherbottle Fm 38.0 38.0 38.6 41.0 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
Brant Rd 38.0 38.0 38.6 41.0 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
Stragglethorpe Village 38.0 39.0 40.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1
Gorse Lodge 38.0 38.0 38.0 39.9 43.0 46.2 49.0 51.3 51.3
Court Leys Farm 38.0 39.0 40.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1
Court Leys Cottages 38.0 39.0 40.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1
Props North of Moor Fm 38.0 38.0 38.0 39.9 43.0 46.2 49.0 51.3 51.3
Pump Ln 38.0 38.0 38.0 39.9 43.0 46.2 49.0 51.3 51.3
Rectory Fm 38.0 38.0 38.0 39.9 43.0 46.2 49.0 51.3 51.3
Stragglethorpe Grange 38.0 39.0 40.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1
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Table 10.5 - Night time LA90,T Noise Limits Derived from the Baseline Noise Survey According to ETSU-R-97
Property
Standardised Wind Speed at 10 m Height, m/s
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Caravan Site 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 44.0 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3
Stragglethorpe Ln 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 44.0 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3
Grange Fm House 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 44.0 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3
Leatherbottle Fm 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 44.0 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3
Brant Rd 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 44.0 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3
Stragglethorpe Village 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 47.7 50.4 50.4 50.4 50.4
Gorse Lodge 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.1 48.1 50.9 50.9 50.9
Court Leys Farm 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 47.7 50.4 50.4 50.4 50.4
Court Leys Cottages 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 47.7 50.4 50.4 50.4 50.4
Props North of Moor Fm 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.1 48.1 50.9 50.9 50.9
Pump Ln 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.1 48.1 50.9 50.9 50.9
Rectory Fm 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.1 48.1 50.9 50.9 50.9
Stragglethorpe Grange 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 47.7 50.4 50.4 50.4 50.4
Identification and Evaluation of Key Impacts
Construction Phase
10.29 The noise levels at the closest noise sensitive receptors for each of the key
activities during construction of the Proposed Development are presented below
in Table 10.6. These assessments are based on the worst case predicted upper
day-time LP(A) noise levels resulting from construction.
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Table 10.6 – Predicted Construction Noise Levels
Task Name Nearest
Receiver
Minimum Distance to
Nearest Receiver (m)
Predicted Upper
Day-time Noise
Levels LAeq,T dB(A)
Upgrade Access
Track
Leatherbottle
Farm 300 58
Construct
temporary site
compounds
Leatherbottle
Farm 450 53
Construct site
tracks
Leatherbottle
Farm 40-135 66-79*
Construct Sub-
Station
Leatherbottle
Farm 260 49
Construct crane
hardstandings
Leatherbottle
Farm 800 47
Construct turbine
foundations
Leatherbottle
Farm 800 47
Excavate and lay
site cables
Leatherbottle
Farm 800 37
Erect turbines Leatherbottle
Farm 800 47
Reinstate crane
bases
Leatherbottle
Farm 800 42
Reinstate road
verges
Leatherbottle
Farm 800 42
Lay cable to sub-
stations
Stragglethorp
e Lane 200 57
*Construction of the access track will quickly move away from the nearest noise sensitive receiver
10.30 Comparing the above predicted noise levels to the range of background noise
levels measured around the Proposed Development suggests that the noisier
construction activities would be audible at various times throughout the
construction phase. However, comparing the levels to the significance criteria
presented previously indicates that the majority of construction activities will have
effects of negligible to minor significance. For construction of the access track,
which is closest to Leatherbottle Farm, the worst case predicted noise levels are
likely to represent those for a very short period of term when activity is closest to
the receptor. Noise levels will quickly diminish as construction of the access path
progresses, moving the activity further from the property. The short term nature of
this activity is comparable to brief road maintenance works and consequently the
effects are deemed to be of minor significance.
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10.31 Table 8 of Appendix 10.1 shows the predicted increases in the daytime average
traffic noise levels, calculated according to the information provided in Chapter
11 Traffic and Transportation. The maximum worst case potential increase in traffic
noise level is predicted to be 0.2 dB(A) LA10,18hour, along Stragglethorpe Lane, which
corresponds to a negligible magnitude of impact, based on the criteria set out in
the DMRB.
10.32 When taking into consideration the different phases and aspects of the proposed
construction programme, the temporary impacts of construction noises are
considered to be of negligible to minor magnitude in the majority of cases.
Construction noise is therefore not a likely significant environmental effect.
Operational Phase
10.33 Predicted noise immission levels for the Proposed Windfarm in isolation at each of
nine assessment locations and the prediction methodology are detailed in
Appendix 10.1 for each ten metre height wind speed from 4 m/s to 12 m/s
inclusive.
10.34 Senvion MM92 turbines are able to operate in various sound management modes
to reduce noise immissions levels. In this instance, turbine noise immission levels
predictions are based on turbines 2, 7 & 10 operating in mode “Sound
Management II – Type A” and the remaining 7 turbines operating in their standard
operation mode.
10.35 The predicted noise immission levels of the Proposed Development in isolation vary
between 24 and 38dB LA90 at low wind speeds (less than 7 m/s) and 33 to 40 dB
LA90 at high wind speeds (greater than 8m/s). Tables 15 and 16 in Appendix 10.1
show comparisons of the predicted noise levels against the ETSU-R-97 derived
noise limits. Graphical presentations of the predicted noise levels against the
derived noise limits are given in Figures E1 to E26 of Appendix 10.1
10.36 These results show that predicted wind farm noise immission levels from the
Proposed Development do not exceed the ETSU-R-97 criteria. Therefore, noise
impacts associated with the operation of the Proposed Development in isolation
are considered to be acceptable and to not have a likely significant
environmental effect.
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Decommissioning Phase
10.37 Decommissioning is likely to result in less noise impact than during construction of
the Proposed Development, because the majority of the turbine foundations and
access ways would not be affected. Therefore, de-commissioning will, in the worst
case, have a negligible to minor noise effect and not have a likely significant
environmental effect.
Cumulative Effects
10.38 The guidance within ETSU-R-97 states that:
‘absolute noise limits and margins above background should relate to the
cumulative effect of all wind turbines in the area which contribute to the
noise received at the properties in question. (Page 58)’
10.39 Therefore, noise assessments have also been conducted on a cumulative basis.
10.40 Temple Hill Wind Farm is a nearby development, which has been included in the
cumulative assessment of wind farm noise serving the Proposed Development.
10.41 Table 11 & Table 12 of Appendix 10.1 shows the assumed noise emission levels of
the Vestas V90-2MW turbines, understood to be the current candidate turbine for
Temple Hill Wind Farm.
10.42 If the noise immission levels from any turbine are within 10 dB of those from the
Proposed Development at any noise sensitive receptor then, in accordance with
the GPG, that turbine is to be included within the cumulative assessment of the
Proposed Development. No other turbines fulfil this criterion. Consequently, the
cumulative case only considers noise from the Proposed Development and
Temple Hill Wind Farm, on the basis that no other turbines significantly contribute
to the cumulative turbine noise immission levels.
10.43 Table 10.7 shows the result of comparing the appropriate noise limits with the
respective day-time noise immissions at wind speeds between 4-12 m/s. Likewise
Table 9 shows the comparison with the night-time noise limits.
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Table 10.7 - Difference between the ETSU-R-97 Derived Day time Noise Limits and the Cumulative Predicted LA90,T Wind Farm Noise Immission Levels at Each Noise Assessment Location. Values are based on lower day time limit and negative values indicate the noise immission level is below the limit.
Property
Standardised Wind Speed at 10 m Height, m/s
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Caravan Site -8.6 -3.4 -1.7 -2.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0
Stragglethorpe Ln -9.0 -4.8 -3.3 -2.6 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4
Grange Fm House -9.3 -4.1 -2.4 -2.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7
Leatherbottle Fm -7.8 -2.6 -0.9 -1.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.1
Brant Rd -9.3 -4.1 -2.4 -2.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6
Stragglethorpe Village -13.9 -9.7 -8.3 -7.8 -7.6 -7.6 -7.6 -7.6 -7.6
Gorse Lodge -8.3 -3.0 -0.8 -0.7 -3.1 -5.9 -8.9 -12.0 -12.0
Court Leys Farm -11.9 -6.6 -4.7 -5.5 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8
Court Leys Cottages -11.6 -6.4 -4.5 -5.2 -6.5 -6.5 -6.5 -6.5 -6.5
Props North of Moor Fm -12.2 -6.9 -4.9 -5.0 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4
Pump Ln -8.9 -3.5 -1.8 -2.0 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6
Rectory Fm -11.5 -6.1 -4.4 -4.5 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1
Stragglethorpe Grange -11.3 -7.0 -5.8 -5.4 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3
Table 10.8 - Difference between the ETSU-R-97 Derived Night time Noise Limits and the Cumulative Predicted LA90,T Wind Farm Noise Immission Levels at Each Noise Assessment Location. Negative values indicate the immission level is below the limit
Property
Standardised Wind Speed at 10 m Height, m/s
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Caravan Site -13.6 -8.4 -5.8 -4.0 -5.2 -9.5 -9.5 -9.5 -9.5
Stragglethorpe Ln -14.0 -8.8 -6.3 -4.5 -9.0 -11.6 -11.6 -11.6 -11.6
Grange Fm House -14.3 -9.1 -6.5 -4.7 -5.9 -10.2 -10.2 -10.2 -10.2
Leatherbottle Fm -12.8 -7.6 -5.0 -3.2 -4.3 -8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.6
Brant Rd -14.3 -9.1 -6.5 -4.7 -5.8 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1
Stragglethorpe Village -18.9 -13.7 -11.3 -9.6 -14.2 -16.8 -16.8 -16.8 -16.8
Gorse Lodge -13.3 -8.0 -5.8 -4.4 -4.3 -5.8 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5
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Court Leys Farm -16.9 -11.6 -9.1 -7.6 -8.3 -12.6 -12.6 -12.6 -12.6
Court Leys Cottages -16.6 -11.4 -8.9 -7.2 -8.0 -12.3 -12.3 -12.3 -12.3
Props North of Moor Fm -17.2 -11.9 -9.5 -8.2 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0
Pump Ln -13.9 -8.5 -6.4 -5.2 -5.1 -5.1 -5.1 -5.1 -5.1
Rectory Fm -16.5 -11.1 -9.0 -7.7 -7.6 -7.6 -7.6 -7.6 -7.6
Stragglethorpe Grange -16.4 -11.0 -8.8 -7.3 -11.9 -14.5 -14.5 -14.5 -14.5
10.44 Tables 10.7 & 10.8 show that the predicted cumulative operational turbine noise
immissions do not exceed the noise limits derived in accordance with ETSU-R-97 in
any instance. Cumulative operational noise is therefore not considered a likely
significant environmental effect.
Mitigation Measures
Construction Phase
10.45 The majority of construction noise effects are considered not likely to have a
significant environmental effect. Therefore, mitigation of construction noise is not
an essential requirement in the most part. Nonetheless, the following types of
mitigation measures, which will be set out within the Construction Method
Statement, are proposed to reduce the potential effects of construction noise:
i) other than emergency turbine erection works, activities which may give rise
to audible noise at the surrounding properties and heavy goods vehicle
deliveries to the site would be limited to the hours 07:00 to 19:00 Monday to
Friday and 07:00 to 13:00 on Saturdays. Turbine deliveries would only take
place outside these times with the prior consent of Lincolnshire Council and
the Police. Those activities that are unlikely to give rise to noise audible at
the site boundary will continue outside of the stated hours;
ii) all construction activities shall adhere to good practice as set out in BS
5228;
iii) all equipment will be maintained in good working order and any
associated noise attenuation such as engine casing and exhaust silencers
shall remain fitted at all times;
iv) where flexibility exists, activities will be separated from residential
neighbours by the maximum possible distances;
v) a site management regime will be developed to control the movement of
vehicles to and from the Site; and
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vi) construction plant capable of generating significant noise and vibration
levels will be operated in a manner to restrict the duration of the higher
magnitude levels.
Operational Phase
10.46 The selection of the final turbine and operating modes to be installed at the Site
would be made on the basis of enabling the relevant ETSU-R-97 noise limits to be
achieved at surrounding properties.
Residual Effects
10.47 Following the implementation of the mitigation measures set out above, there are
no significant residual effects with respect to noise and vibration.
Summary
10.48 Potential noise and vibration impacts associated with the Proposed Development
at Fulbeck Airfield have been assessed by Hoare Lea Acoustics, with full details of
this assessment included in Appendix 10.1. The potential noise impacts of
construction, operation and decommissioning meet accepted standards, or can
be mitigated where appropriate, with residual impacts not considered to be a
likely significant environmental effect.
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References
i) A Good Practice Guide to the Application of ETSU-R-97 for the Assessment and
Rating of Wind Turbine Noise 2013, M Cand, R Davis, C Jordan, M Hayes, R Perkins,
May 2013.
ii) BS 5228 1:2014 ‘Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction
and open sites – Part 1: Noise’.
iii) Control of Pollution Act, Part III, HMSO, 1974
iv) Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, section 3, Part 7, Traffic Noise
and Vibration, The Highways Agency, Transport Scotland, Transport Wales, The
Department for Regional Development (Northern Ireland), 2008.
v) Environmental Protection Act, Part III, HMSO, 1990.
vi) ETSU R 97, the Assessment and Rating of Noise from Wind Farms, Final ETSU-R-97
Report for the Department of Trade & Industry. The Working Group on Noise from
Wind Turbines, 1996.
vii) ISO 9613 2:1996 ‘Acoustics – Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors –
Part 2: General method of calculation’, International Standards Organisation,
1996.
viii) Noise Policy Statement for England, Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs, March 2010.
ix) National Planning Policy Framework, Department for Communities and Local
Government, March 2012.
x) National Planning Practice Guidance, Department for Communities and Local
Government, March 2014.
xi) The National Policy Statement on Renewable Energy Infrastructure (EN-3), Planning
for new energy infrastructure, Department of Energy and Climate Change, July
2011.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 11: Traffic and Transportation
April 2015
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CONTENTS
11 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION 11-1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 11-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ..................................................................................... 11-2 Consultation Undertaken to Date ..................................................................................... 11-3 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ...................................................... 11-3 Assumptions and limitations ............................................................................................... 11-4 Routing and Baseline Conditions ...................................................................................... 11-5 Identification and Key Evaluation of Impacts ............................................................... 11-11 Cumulative Effects and Interaction of Effects............................................................... 11-13 Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................................... 11-14 Residual Effects .................................................................................................................. 11-15 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 11-15 References ......................................................................................................................... 11-16 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 11-16 Glossary .............................................................................................................................. 11-17
Tables
Table 11.1: Two-way trips per month
Table 11.2: Two-way commercial trips per day by month
Table 11.3: ATC two-way flow data
Table 11.4: Inherent mitigation table
Table 11.5: Summary of residual effects
Figures
Fig 11.1: Regional site location
Fig 11.2: Local site layout
Fig 11.3: Delivery vehicle routing plan
Fig 11.4: Enabling works 1
Fig 11.5: Enabling works 2
Fig 11.6: Abnormal vehicle site access proposal
Fig 11.7: Operational vehicle site access proposal
Fig 11.8: Traffic count locations
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11 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
Introduction
11.1 This chapter of the Environmental Statement (ES) considers the Traffic and Transportation
impacts of the Proposed Development, with a focus on the potential issues surrounding
the transportation of materials and components to and from the Site, mainly during the
construction phase of the Proposed Development for ten wind turbines at the former
Fulbeck Airfield.
11.2 A scoping exercise has been undertaken which involved discussions with North Kesteven
District Council (NKDC) Planning officers, South Kesteven District Council (SKDC) Planning
and Highways officers and specialist logistical operators. Further to this, a separate
Transport Statement has also been submitted with the planning application to SKDC
Highways in support of the Proposed Development, a copy of this document is provided in
Appendix 11.1
11.3 The Proposed Development has been fully assessed in line with both national highways
guidance and ES best practice guidance. The Highways Agency (HA) will be consulted as
a statutory consultee as part of the planning application process.
11.4 The construction phase of the Proposed Development will require significant quantities of
steel, concrete, hard core and other building materials, along with plant and equipment,
to be transported to Site using heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). The nacelle units and turbine
blades would necessitate the use of unusually large vehicles to transport them to Site.
11.5 Once completed, unlike other forms of energy generation which require fuel
deliveries, there would be no regular traffic to the operational wind farm, apart
from occasional requirements for maintenance. When operational, the Proposed
Development will require approximately one vehicle visit per month, therefore, the
operational implications have not been considered further within this chapter.
The cumulative effects of the Proposed Development with Temple Hill Wind Farm
are considered further in Paragraphs 11.63 to 11.67.
11.6 Decommissioning is anticipated to take place 25 years after commissioning of the
Proposed Development and it is likely that, insofar as it relates to transport movements,
impacts would be less onerous compared to the construction phase; site roads, turbine
bases and below-ground structures would remain in-situ whilst landscaping materials
would be sourced from within the Site as part of a restoration scheme.
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11.7 At the end of the operational period of the proposed turbines, the ancillary infrastructure
would be decommissioned. This will involve the complete removal of the wind turbines,
transformers, substation, switchgear and other equipment over a period of approximately
six months.
11.8 The removal of the wind farm components would essentially be the reverse of the
construction process, but less onerous in highways terms than the construction process
with fewer construction vehicle movements. To ensure compliance with requirements, the
applicant will provide a decommissioning bank guarantee or insurance bond as part of a
Section 106 Agreement as part of any planning consent.
11.9 The access route would follow the A17 and then along Stragglethorpe Lane / Main Street /
Toll Bar Road between the A17 and the A1. This route was selected in consultation with
SKDC. Although the types of vehicles used to deliver turbines are large, the delivery route is
considered suitable as determined by the selecting of this preferred route for the Temple
Hill Wind Farm proposal.
11.10 Turbines would be delivered in sections and assembled onsite. Deliveries would be made
outside peak travel times, where possible, to minimise any traffic disruption. We would give
advance notice of any planned deliveries to the site.
11.11 This assessment looks at the route to Site from material/resource suppliers. The main focus
of this assessment is the predicted effects of the traffic generated during the construction
phase on the local road network, its users and adjacent land uses. This chapter of the ES
therefore focuses on the traffic generated by the construction phase of the Proposed
Development.
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
11.12 The principal guidance in compiling this chapter includes:
Department for Transport (2007) “Guidance on Transport Assessment”.
Institute of Environmental Assessment (Now known as the Institute of
Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) (1993) “Guidelines for the
Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic”.
Department for Communities and Local Government (2012) “National
Planning Policy Framework”
Secretary of State (2003) The Motor Vehicles (Authorisation of Special Types)
General Order
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11.13 Planning policy relating to the Development Proposal is detailed within Chapter 5
of this ES.
Consultation Undertaken to Date
11.14 Consultation on traffic and transportation has been undertaken through the
scoping process with NKDC, SKDC and the HA. Both Local Authorities have
requested that this ES Chapter be undertaken in line with appropriate Legislation,
Policy and Guidance as detailed in the previous sub-section. The HA confirmed
that they would consider the submission as a statutory consultee following
submission of any planning application.
11.15 A meeting was held with the director of the Port of Boston to discuss the numerous
WTG component deliveries the port has handed in the past, understood to be up
to 48m in length, in excess of the scale of blades anticipated to be used for the
Proposed Development.
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria
11.16 In order to predict and quantify the impacts that would result from the Proposed
Development on local highways, this assessment has considered:
Baseline conditions – a review of existing traffic and highways characteristics
and trends, including the nature of the highways affected, the proximity of
people and existing traffic levels.
Predicted effects and impacts - a description of the vehicle types, access
arrangements, routes, traffic volumes and timings.
Significance of the effects and impacts – an assessment of the impact of the
Proposed Development against the baseline conditions and assessment of the
cumulative impact of the Proposed Development with Temple Hill Wind Farm.
Mitigation measures – details of the proposed mitigation measures to be
incorporated into the Proposed Development that would be implemented to
avoid any significant impacts.
Residual Effects – details of any remaining effects, after mitigation measures.
Summary of Assessment.
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11.17 To quantify the impact of the Proposed Development on local highways, it is assessed
against the methodology detailed in the Institute of Environmental Assessment’s (IEMA)
document “Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic”(1993) which
states that the following criteria should be adopted to determine the need for
environmental assessment of traffic impacts associated with a development:
“Include highway links where traffic flows will increase by more than 30% (or
the number of heavy goods vehicles will increase by more than 30%).
Include any other specifically sensitive areas where traffic flows have
increased by 10%, or more”.
11.18 Increases in traffic flows of less than 10% have a negligible impact (or no likely significant
effects) as daily variance in traffic flows can be of equal magnitude.
11.19 The 30% threshold relates to the level at which assessment of the impacts should be
investigated in further detail. It is important to note that impacts above this level do not
suggest that there is a significant impact, only that further consideration is required.
11.20 To ensure robust assessment, the highest predicted daily traffic volumes have
been used; 11 two-way trips per day. These volumes are predicted to occur in
months three to six and would decrease rapidly in the following months. In
addition the total amount of construction traffic arriving (including abnormal
vehicles) has also been assessed and is detailed in this Chapter. Chapter 4 of this
ES sets out the detailed Construction Methodology and Programme for the
Proposed Development.
Assumptions and limitations
11.21 The assessment is based upon information obtained from a variety of sources as
detailed within this Chapter. WSP believes that information obtained from third
parties such as the DfT and independent traffic count companies is reliable (and
subject to appropriate quality assurance prior to the data being made available).
In preparing this chapter the following assumptions and potential limitations have
been identified:
Not all potential suppliers of construction materials have been identified prior
to the compilation of this report, but all have assumed access from the
motorway network for the bulkiest materials.
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Suppliers may have limited capacity or other commitments and it may be
necessary to buy bulk materials from more than one supplier therefore
requiring more than one construction route.
11.22 When considering the routing of both abnormal and construction vehicles, for the
purposes of this assessment it is assumed that all HGVs will follow the same route. This
ensures a robust assessment of impact by assuming all construction related traffic
movements would occur on each individual route assessed.
Routing and Baseline Conditions
11.23 Port selection has not been considered in detail in this report, although it is
considered that the ports of Goole, Immingham and Boston have the potential to
receive wind turbine components. The Ports of Goole and Immingham have an
established track record of handling WTG components, including those of similar
dimensions to the turbines proposed for installation at the Fulbeck Airfield Wind
Farm.
11.24 Discussions were held with the Port of Boston which has handled numerous WTG
components in the past up to 48m in length, in excess of the scale of blades
anticipated to be used for the Proposed Development.
11.25 The director of the Port of Boston also confirmed that the local highway authority
recently upgraded the junction at the entrance to the port (Southern End), where
the route to the site would require a 90° turn, by installing demountable traffic
signals and pedestrian guard railing.
11.26 Abnormal loads and HGVs will use the A17 and then travel along Stragglethorpe
Lane / Main Street / Toll Bar Road between the A17 and the A1, close to the Site.
As the origins of these vehicles and associated issues are different however they
are considered separately in the following sections.
Abnormal Loads
11.27 The route, close to the site, set out above was selected as the preferred delivery
route in consultation with the HA for the Temple Hill Wind Farm development.
Although vehicles used to deliver turbines are large, the delivery route is
considered suitable for decommissioning of the Proposed Development.
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11.28 A Transport Access Study was produced by Mott MacDonald to inform the Temple Hill
Wind Farm planning application. Within this document eleven route options were
identified between the principle road network and port and the site, which is located
approximately 2km to the south of the Proposed Development site. Of the eleven
identified only three were considered suitable for more detailed assessment. Following
more detailed assessment the following two routes were considered to have high
potential for use.
11.29 The preferred abnormal delivery routes from the port of Goole or Immingham are detailed
below and shown on Figure 11.3:
From Kingston upon Hull along the A63 the M62 onto the A1;
Exit the A1 at approx OS GR 481392, 355828;
Join the A17 (Long Holloway) and continue east towards Sleaford; and
Right turn onto Stragglethorpe Lane at approx OS GR 491520, 353249 and
continue south via Brandon to site.
11.30 The preferred abnormal delivery routes from the port of Boston are detailed below and
shown in Figure 11.3:
From Port of Boston, exit port onto A1138 (South End) northbound;
At traffic signals, join the A16 (John Adams Way) westbound;
At the roundabout take second exit onto the A52 westbound;
Continue west on the A52, until the Wyberton High Bridge roundabout, then
join A1121 westbound;
Follow A1121 (Boardsides) to junction with A17 (Station Road) at approx. OS
GR 521687, 343020;
Right turn onto A17 (Station Road) and continue westbound towards Newark
vis Sleaford; and
At approx. OS GR 491520, 353249, left turn onto Stragglethorpe Lane and
continue south vis Brandon to site.
11.31 The Transport Access Study undertaken by Mott MacDonald identified carriageway
widths, tight turns, street furniture or vegetation that may be considered to be an issue in
manoeuvring abnormally sized vehicles. It is not considered that there have been any
significant changes in the road layout or environment since the completion of that study,
nor has the Temple Hill wind farm been constructed. Therefore the abnormal /
construction traffic route previously agreed for the Temple Hill Wind Farm remains valid,
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subject to appropriate routing and traffic management agreements with the highway
authorities. Suitable accommodation works have been identified for the Proposed
Development which includes the temporary removal or relocation of street furniture /
pruning / removal / replanting of shrubs / trees and the use of adopted highway land.
These enabling works are detailed in Figures 11.4 and 11.5 and would require construction
prior to the movement of abnormal loads. These works would then be removed and
reinstated as existing, following all abnormal load movements.
11.32 Elsewhere, where accommodation works are not required but traffic management
measures may be needed to accommodate abnormal loads movements. Where
required, temporary contraflow or sleeving is considered acceptable in principle for the
Proposed Development.
11.33 The anticipated abnormal loads fall into two broad categories; long vehicles and heavy
vehicles. Based upon the wind turbines selected for the Proposed Development a 35m
long trailer would be required to transport the loads to Site, with the overall trailer and
blade being approximately 46m in length with a potentially short overhang to the rear of
the trailer when transporting blades, this is fully accounted for in all vehicle tracking that
has been undertaken to ensure robustness and the suitability of identified
accommodation works. Those vehicles transporting nacelle units are of a normal length
but abnormally heavy.
11.34 The construction phase of the Proposed Development will generate 30 heavy loads and
60 abnormally long loads spread over months five to nine of the construction period as
referenced in Table 11.1. Once delivery is made to Site these vehicles will return as
‘normal’ length vehicles.
11.35 During pre-application for the Temple Hill Wind Farm, SKDC Highways were consulted with
respect to the strength of structures along the preferred abnormal route and potential
construction traffic routes to site and it is understood that weight was not considered to be
an issue with respect to structures. Therefore it is not anticipated that weight of vehicles
will be an issue for road structures utilised by vehicles during the construction of the
Proposed Development. This issue is not considered further within this assessment.
11.36 It should be noted that the movement of abnormal vehicles is controlled by The Motor
Vehicles (Authorisation of Special Types) General Order 2003 and subject to management
and prior agreement with the Police, HA, NKDC and SKDC.
11.37 It is envisaged that all abnormal delivery vehicles would be escorted by a pilot car and
police escort and would be scheduled to travel during off-peak hours outside of the
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standard network traffic peaks when traffic volumes and any disruption would be at its
lowest, programmed to be between months five and nine of construction as referenced in
Table 11.1. This would ensure the safety of other road users and result in minimal disruption.
11.38 In conclusion, abnormal loads for the Proposed Development could be accommodated
and delivered to Site safely with negligible disruption to local traffic or residents.
Heavy Goods Vehicles
11.39 In terms of volume of traffic, the principle vehicle movements during the construction
phase of the Proposed Development would be concrete deliveries and bulk tippers
carrying aggregates for turbine platform foundations.
11.40 The Site benefits from extensive existing hard standing and access roads throughout the
site which reduces the level of aggregate required to provide any additionally required
access roads. The construction traffic movements have assumed construction of new
access roads where they currently do not exist on the proposed layout.
11.41 A number of potential concrete and aggregate suppliers have been identified for the
purposes of this assessment. It is envisaged that that concrete would be brought from
Newark Concreate. With regard to aggregate there is potential to find aggregates from
within the wider Site by breaking up unnecessary areas of hardstanding and reducing the
width of the existing tracks / former runway, this would be subject to detailed investigation.
Should aggregates be required from offsite it is likely that these would be sourced from
Longwood Quarries.
11.42 A HGV routing agreement would be agreed with NKDC and SKDC prior to construction to
manage the flow of HGVs. The preferred HGV route as agreed for the Temple Hill Wind
Farm proposal, understood from NKDC and SKDC to be appropriate for the Proposed
Development, is shown on Figure 11.3 and described in brief below:
Exit the A1 at approx OS GR 481392, 355828;
Join the A17 (Long Holloway) and continue east towards Sleaford; and
Right turn onto Stragglethorpe Lane at approx OS GR 491520, 353249 and
continue south via Brandon to site.
11.43 For the purposes of this assessment it is assumed that all HGVs will follow the same route.
This ensures a robust assessment by assuming all construction traffic would occur on each
individual route.
11.44 To determine the impact of the Proposed Development, traffic count data has been
obtained to assess the impact of construction traffic on the highway network.
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11.45 Automatic Traffic Count (ATC) Data has been obtained for three locations from the
Department for Transport’s (DfT) traffic flow database for 2014 traffic flows. A fourth
location, in the vicinity of the Proposed Development where DfT counts are unavailable
and therefore required a count to be undertaken by an independent count company
(Sky High Count On Us) in November 2014 covering a seven day period. The data
collected provides Annual Average Daily Flows (AADF)
11.46 AADF can be used to provide baseline data to assess the road traffic impact of the
proposed site construction traffic on the identified route. AADF provides the total average
movements of traffic at the ATC locations over a 24 hour period. This means that the
construction traffic numbers will be compared against a lower hourly average during the
daytime as typically night time traffic numbers are usually lower than daytime road traffic
use. Using average 24 hour data therefore shows the proposed construction traffic usage
of the road during daytime hours against lower averages provided by AADF..
11.47 AADFs were obtained from the following locations, each is detailed in Figure 11.8:
Site 1 – A1 North of A1/A46 (Dft Ref 36086);
Site 2 – A17 North of Coddington (Dft Ref 18614);
Site 3 – A17 East of Beckingham (Dft Ref 18719); and
Site 4 – Stragglethorpe Lane (North of Site Access).
Vehicle Types and Trip Generation
11.48 Details of traffic generation are contained within the accompanying Transport Statement
and summarised below. The construction period for the Proposed Development is 10
months, Table 11.1 shows how traffic would be distributed over the construction period.
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Activity Month
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Plant and equipment
delivery 12 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 12
Site track construction 140 98 98 98 98 98
Turbine Foundations 120 120 120 120
Removal of Temporary
Areas 48
Cabling and electrical
systems 4 4 4 4 3
Turbine delivery and
erection 12 12 12 12 12
Miscellaneous light vans 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Total 161 113 228 230 246 244 28 28 29 68
Table 11.1 : Two-way trips per month
11.49 Table 11.2 shows the number of two way trips per day for all Site activities. For the purposes
of this assessment, it is assumed that all construction traffic movements from suppliers will
be subject to a routing agreement with the LHA and will follow the same route.
11.50 It is estimated, based on previous experience, that a maximum of 20 workers would visit
the Site each day during the construction period, many potentially sharing transport,
however, the distribution of these trips is unknown and the movement of these light
vehicles would have a negligible impact on the wider network.
11.51 Table 11.2 provides details of the expected daily construction traffic movements by
factoring the total monthly construction trips in Table 11.1 on an average of 22 working
days per month, allowing for no deliveries at weekends. These numbers are to be used for
comparison with baseline data to determine the expected impact of the HGV
construction traffic.
Table 11.2: Two-way trips per day by month
Activity Month
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total Trips 7 5 10 10 11 11 1 1 1 3
11.52 Based upon a standard day of construction operating from 0700 to 1900, these estimated
daily trips would result in less than one vehicle movement per hour either to and from the
Site.
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Identification and Key Evaluation of Impacts
11.53 To assess the impact of the Proposed Development the respective count sites detailed in
section 11.47 are detailed in Table 11.3. These two-way flows provide weekday AADF
figures for car movements and HGVs (excluding buses).
Table 11.3: ATC two-way flow data
Location Cars HGVs Total
Daily
HGV
Increase
Increase
in HGV
Daily
Proportion
Site 1 - A1 North of A1 /
A46 30915 6798 37713 11 0.2%
Site 2 - A17 North of
Coddington 10499 1361 11860 11 0.8%
Site 3 - East of
Beckingham 11047 1685 12732 11 0.7%
Site 4 - Stragglethorpe
Lane 1270 47 1317 11 23.4%
Percentage Impact at Site 1 - A1 North of A1 / A46
11.54 Taking a worst case scenario, where all heavy traffic follows the same route, the
percentage increases on the A1 North of A1 / A46 would be in the order of 0.03% in total
traffic or 0.2% increase in total HGVs. Both increases are therefore considered to have no
likely significant effects.
Percentage Impact at Site 2 - A17 North of Coddington
11.55 Taking a worst case scenario, where all heavy traffic follows the same route, the
percentage increases on the A17 North of Coddington would be in the order of 0.09% in
total traffic or 0.8% increase in total HGVs. Both increases are therefore considered to have
no likely significant effects.
Percentage Impact at Site 3 – A17 East of Beckingham
11.56 Taking a worst case scenario, where all heavy traffic follows the same route, the
percentage increases on the A17 East of Beckingham would be in the order of 0.09% in
total traffic or 0.7% increase in total HGVs. Both increases are therefore considered to have
no likely significant effects.
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Percentage Impact at Site 4 - Stragglethorpe Lane
11.57 Taking a worst case scenario, where all heavy traffic follows the same route, the
percentage increases on Stragglethorpe Lane would be in the order of 0.84% in total
traffic or 23.4% increase in total HGVs. Both increases are therefore considered to have no
likely significant effects.
Site Access
11.58 Site access would be via a new site entrance onto Stragglethorpe Lane - to the east of the
Site - with suitable visibility and access splays for construction traffic. The entrance
would be gated and surfaced in bituminous macadam from the road.
11.59 Site tracks will provide access for construction and maintenance vehicles from the
site access to the substation and wind turbines. Access tracks already exist on site and
it is intended to use these to minimise the requirement for any new access track
construction. Any new access track required would be constructed at the
commencement of the construction phase and would remain until the end of the
decommissioning phase, they would have a 5.0m running width, with local widening on
corners and would be surfaced with coarse aggregate. For the purpose of assessing the
development, as detailed in Table 11.1, the construction traffic proposals assume wholly
new access track construction.
11.60 The site access point will cater for HGV movements and provide an overrun area for
abnormal vehicles. An indicative plan of the access arrangements can be seen in Figures
11.4 and 11.5.
Significance of Effects
11.61 Disturbance to local residents and other road users is likely to occur due to abnormal load
deliveries. However, given the low number of deliveries, the frequency of those deliveries
and the mitigation measures proposed, this disturbance is considered to be of negligible
significance and is therefore to have no likely significant effects.
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11.62 HGV movements will also result in some disturbance to local road users and residents by
virtue of increased vehicle movements. The significance of effects is considered to be
negligible given the short duration of the works, the short-lived peak in traffic generation
and the existing levels of traffic along most of the route, and is therefore considered to
have no likely significant effects.
Cumulative Effects and Interaction of Effects
11.63 Based on previous experience, should the Temple Hill Wind Farm and Fulbeck Airfield Wind
Farm both become operational they will each require approximately one vehicle visit per
month for checking and general maintenance by a standard LGV sized vehicle.
11.64 Should both the Proposed Developments receive planning consent and be constructed,
this single visit per month would not increase and therefore this is considered to have no
likely significant effects upon the highway network during operation of both the Temple
Hill Wind Farm and Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm prior to decommissioning.
11.65 During Scoping with NKDC and SKDC it was requested that consideration be given to
construction of both the Temple Hill Wind Farm and Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
simultaneously in order to reduce disruption to the highway network.
11.66 The Temple Hill Wind Farm proposal comprises of five wind turbines. Assuming construction
of the proposed development and the Temple Hill Wind Farm are undertaken in tandem,
based upon the routing of abnormal vehicles and HGV construction traffic, no routes
would experience an increase of HGV movements of over 30% against baseline conditions
and under EIA regulations do not require any further assessment to be undertaken.
11.67 Therefore based upon the robustly estimated construction movements and the limited
programme of construction the cumulative impact is considered to have no likely
significant effect and requires no further consideration.
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Mitigation Measures
11.68 Following consideration and previous consultation with NKDC, SKDC and the HA in regard
to routing, in order to minimise potential impacts, a number of inherent measures have
been identified and agreed. These are summarised in Table 11.4.
Table 11.4: Inherent mitigation table
Issue Measure Extent of
mitigation
Monitoring
requirements
Planning
mechanism
Construction
vehicles
depositing
mud/debris
on the
carriageway
Wheel washing
facilities to be
installed
adjacent to the
Site entrance.
Full
Monitor
condition of
carriageway
throughout
construction
period.
Planning
condition
Abnormal
loads on
traffic flow
Police escorts
and delivery
programme
timed to cause
minimal
restriction.
Substantial
None.
Controlled by
existing
legislation.
Agreement
with Police,
HA, NKDC
and SKDC
required.
Abnormal
loads on
local
highway
Accommodation
works prior to
movement and
reinstatement
subsequent to
construction.
Full
Condition
surveys
before, during
and after
construction.
Agreement
with HA,
NKDC, SKDC
and statutory
undertakers.
Creation of
access from
existing highway.
Full None.
Agreement
with NKDC
and SKDC.
Increased
HGV traffic
on local
roads
Agree specific
HGV routes and
times of
operation.
Provide
information via
local press and
leaflet drops.
Place additional
signage in the
area as
necessary.
Substantial
Monitoring
regime to be
agreed with
NKDC and
SKDC for
period of
construction.
Condition
surveys
before, during
and after
construction.
Agreement
with HA, NKDC
and SKDC.
Leaflet drops,
additional
signage and
information
through the
local press.
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Residual Effects
11.69 A summary of the predicted residual effects is provided in Table 11.5.
Table 11.5: Summary of residual effects
Potential
Effects
Significance of
primary effect
Proposed Mitigation Significance of
residual effect
Effect of
abnormal
loads on
traffic flow
No likely
significant
effect
Police escorts and delivery
programme timed to cause
minimal restriction.
No likely
significant
effect
Effects of
abnormal
loads on
highway
infrastructure
No likely
significant
effect
Accommodation works prior to
movement and reinstatement
subsequent to construction.
Initial and subsequent condition
surveys with agreement to
reinstate to original standard
subsequent to construction.
No likely
significant
effect
Summary
11.70 This traffic and transportation chapter has followed all relevant legislation, policy and
guidance in assessing the impact of the proposed development on the surrounding
highway network.
11.71 The assessment has quantified the estimated construction traffic volumes for the proposed
development including deliveries by both standard and abnormal vehicles. These
movements have been assessed against existing baseline traffic volumes and has
identified that there would be some temporary impacts on the surrounding road network.
11.72 In undertaking the assessment, it is concluded that the routing of abnormal vehicles and
HGV construction traffic would not result in any route experiencing an increase of HGV
movements of over 30% against baseline conditions and under EIA regulations therefore
does not require any further assessment to be undertaken
11.73 A package of mitigation measures is also proposed to minimise any of the temporary
adverse impacts. This results overall in the development proposal having no likely
significant effect on the highway network.
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References
1. Department for Transport (2007) “Guidance on Transport Assessment”.
2. Institute of Environmental Assessment (Now known as the Institute of
Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) (1993) “Guidelines for the
Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic”.
3. Automatic Traffic Counter data received from DfT 2014.
Abbreviations
Acronyms
AADF Annual Average Daily Flow
ATC Automatic Traffic Count
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ES Environmental Statement
HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle
LGV Light Goods Vehicle
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Abbreviations
DfT Department for Transport
HA Highways Agency
IEA Institute of Environmental Assessment
LHA Local Highway Authority(ies)
NKDC North Kesteven District Council
SKDC South Kesteven District Council
Units
km kilometre
m metre
Glossary
Effects The predicted change to the baseline environment
attributable to the project (e.g. areas of landtake, levels of
noise, degree of visual intrusion).
Impacts The consequences of the effects on environmental
resources or receptors of particular value or sensitivity (e.g.
sleep disturbance due to noise, loss of amenity due to visual
intrusion).
Swept Path Analysis Swept Path Analysis is the calculation and analysis of the
movement and path of different parts of a vehicle when
that vehicle is undertaking a turning manoeuvre.
Two Way Trips Two way trips are trips to and from a destination. i.e. 30 two
way trips is equal to 15 arrivals and 15 departures.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 12: Geology, Hydrology and
Hydrogeology
April 2015
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm ES Volume 1 Chapter 12 Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
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CONTENTS
12 GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY & HYDROGEOLOGY 12-1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12-1 Legislation and Policy Context .......................................................................................... 12-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ...................................................... 12-5 Baseline Conditions ........................................................................................................... 12-10 Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts ........................................................ 12-27 Cumulative Effects ............................................................................................................ 12-33 Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................................... 12-34 Residual Impacts ............................................................................................................... 12-39 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 12-43
Tables
12.1 – Summary of Relevant Consultation Undertaken to Date
12.2 – Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology Sensitivity Criteria
12.3 – Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology Impact Magnitude Criteria
12.4 – Significance Matrix
12.5 – Site Geological Sequence Summary
12.6 – On-site BGS Borehole Record Summary
12.7 – Hydrogeological Site Details Summary
12.8 – Summary of Surface Water Features
12.9 – Summary of Baseline Flood Risk
12.10 – Summary of Historical OS Maps and Aerial Photographs
12.11 – Petrol, Oil and Lubricant Storage Details from RAF Site Plans (1945)
12.12 – Receptor Sensitivity to Potential Contamination
12.13 – Potential Contamination Linkage Summary
12.14 – Summary of Effects for Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
Figures
Figure 12.1 – Sensitive Surface Water Receptors
Appendices
Appendix 12.1 – Geo-Environmental Phase 1 Desk Study (WSP, 2015)
Appendix 12.2 – Flood Risk Assessment (WSP, 2015)
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12 GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY & HYDROGEOLOGY
Introduction
12.1 This Chapter has been completed by WSP UK Ltd (WSP) and considers the likely significant
environmental effects of the Proposed Development upon the geology, hydrology
(including the potential for flooding) and hydrogeology of the Site and wider environment.
12.2 Prior to assessing the likely significant potential effects this Chapter summarises pertinent
legislative and policy background, the methods used to determine likely significant
environmental effects and the baseline conditions currently present on Site. The likely
significant effects associated with the Proposed Development are then established when
compared to the baseline conditions, along with proposed mitigation measures and the
subsequent anticipated residual effects.
12.3 This Chapter (and its associated appendices) is not intended to be read as a standalone
assessment and reference should be made to the initial chapters of this ES (Chapters 1 –
15), as well as Chapter 16 – Summary.
12.4 This Chapter is also supported by the following reports:
Phase 1 Geo-Environmental Desk Study (WSP 2015); and,
Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) (WSP 2015).
These reports are included within Appendix 12.1 and 12.2 respectively.
Legislation and Policy Context
Legislation
12.5 The applicable legislative framework documentation is provided as follows:
Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act, 1990 describes a regulatory role for Local
Authorities in dealing with contaminated land;
The Water Resources Act 1991 sets outs regulatory controls and restrictions that provide
protection to controlled waters through controls on abstraction, impounding and
discharges as well as identifying water quality and drought provisions;
Land Drainage Act 1994 adds environmental duties to the Land Drainage Act 1991. It
places on the Internal Drainage Board (IDB) and Local Authorities to further the
conservation and enhancement of natural beauty and the conservation of flora,
fauna and geological or physiographical features of special interest and to take into
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account any effects which the proposals would have on the beauty or amenity of any
rural or urban area or on any such flora, fauna or features;
Environment Act, 1995 creates a system whereby Local Authorities must identify and if
necessary, arrange for the remediation of contaminated sites. The provisions are set
out in Section 57, which inserts Part IIA into the Environmental Protection Act, 1990. In
addition to these requirements, the operation of the regime is subject to regulation
and statutory guidance;
Control of Hazardous Substances Hazardous to Human health 2002 (as amended)
provides an assessment of the risk to health created by work involving substances
hazardous to health;
Water Act 2003 amends the Water Resources Act 1991 and the Water Industry Act
1991 to formalise the Government’s commitment to the sustainable management and
use of water resources;
Dangerous Substances Directive (Amendment), 2006 controls the amount of
dangerous substances that are discharged into inland, coastal and territorial waters;
Construction (Design & Management) Regulations, 2007 make explicit duties that exist
under the Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974 and the Management of Health and
Safety at Work Regulations, 1999. This requires clients to use their influence to ensure
that the arrangements made by other duty holders are sufficient to safeguard the
health and safety of those working or those affected by that work;
The Groundwater (England and Wales) Regulations 2009 implement parts of the WFD
that apply to groundwater and supplement the environmental permitting (England &
Wales) Regulation (2007) and existing water pollution legislation;
Environmental Damage and Liability (Prevention and Remediation) Regulations, 2009
aim to prevent serious environmental effects or ensure that remediation is carried out.
The duty to prevent or remediate falls on operators of activities. The Regulations
specifically define three types of environmental damage: biodiversity damage - to
European Union protected species and habitats, and Sites of Special Scientific Interest;
water damage; and land damage;
The River Basin Districts Typology, Standards and Groundwater Threshold Values (water
Framework Directive) (England and Wales) Directions 2010, establishes a framework for
protecting the water environment, with the aim of achieving chemical and ecological
water quality targets;
Flood and Water Management Act 2010 requires a lead local flood authority to
develop, maintain and monitor a strategy for local flood risk management within its
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geographic remit. The Act also requires that lead local flood authorities strategies are
consistent with overall national strategies;
The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations, 2010 replace those
parts of the Water Resources Act that relate to the regulation of discharges to
controlled waters. Under the Regulations, groundwater activities relate to inputs of
pollutants to groundwater. The Regulations also replace the Groundwater Regulations,
2009 which in turn replaced the Groundwater Regulations, 1998. The Regulations also
transpose the Groundwater Directive 1980, the Water Framework Directive and
Groundwater Daughter Directive 2006 into UK law;
Control of Asbestos Regulations, 2012 prohibit the importation, supply and use of all
forms of asbestos. If existing asbestos containing materials are in good condition, they
may be left in place; their condition monitored and managed to ensure they are not
disturbed. The Control of Asbestos Regulations also include the ‘duty to manage
asbestos’ in non-domestic premises; and,
Contaminated Land (England) (Amendment) Regulations, 2012 provides a definition
of what constitutes ‘contaminated land’ and set out the responsibilities of the Local
Authority and the Environment Agency (the Agency) in the identification and
management of contaminated land.
Planning Policy
12.6 Planning policy at the national and local level and its relevance to environmental design
and assessment is discussed in (Chapter 5 – Planning Policy Context). A summary of
planning policy relevant to this Chapter is summarised below:
The National Planning Policy Framework (2012);
National Policy Statement EN3;
The South Kesteven Core Strategy (2010) The strategy includes the following
relevant policies relevant to this Chapter:
EN1: Protection and enhancement of the characters of the district;
EN2: Reducing the risk of Flooding; and,
EN3: Renewable Energy Generation.
Local Plan for South Kesteven – Wind Energy Supplementary Planning
Document (June 2013).
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Consultation Undertaken to Date
12.7 Table 12.1 provides a summary of the consultation activities undertaken in support of the
preparation of this Chapter.
Table 12.1: Summary of Relevant Consultation Undertaken to Date
Body Individual at
Body
Consultation Outcome Summary
Environment
Agency
Nicola Farr
(Planning
Advisor)
Letter dated
02.01.2014
The Agency stated that they generally agreed with the proposed
scope of the assessment outlined within the scoping document.
However, they made the following comments in relation to this
Chapter:
They note that the proposed site for the substation is outside of Flood
Zone 3 and support that approach.
They state a Flood Risk Assessment will be required as part of the
planning application and this should be considered within this Chapter.
They note that Sand Beck is a potential receptor with regards to
proposed development activities and the applicant should ensure that
there is no deterioration in the status of this water body resulting from
the Proposed Development.
They also note an intensive poultry unit is situated adjacent to the
eastern site boundary, which should be classified as a potential
receptor with regard to the proposed development activities.
SKDC
Mark Williets
(Lead Officer
Development
Management)
Letter dated
20.01.14
SKDC state that the ES should demonstrate that surface water runoff
into adjacent watercourses is not increased by the supporting
infrastructure, and that adequate attenuation will be provided for
potential increase in runoff from any new impermeable surfaces. They
also reiterate the comments made by the Agency.
Upper
Witham
Drainage
Board
Guy Hird
(Engineering
Services
Officer)
Email dated
28.11.14
The Upper Withham Internal Drainage Board made the following
pertinent comments in relation to the Proposed Development:
‘Surface water discharges from this Site should be flow regulated so as
not to exacerbate flooding problems elsewhere in the catchment.
Therefore no development should be commenced until a Scheme for
the provision, implementation and maintenance of a surface water
regulation system has been approved by and implemented to the
reasonable satisfaction of the Local Planning Authority in consultation
with the Internal Drainage Board.
Under the terms of the Land Drainage Act. 1991 and the Board's
Byelaws, the prior written consent of the Board is required for any
proposed works or structures in, under, over or within 6 metres of the top
of the bank of any watercourse.
SKDC Rowena Long
(EHO)
With regards to contamination SKDC have looked at their plans and
can confirm that they are unware of any known contamination issues
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Email dated
05.01.2015
associated with the Site. No private groundwater abstraction located
within 3km of the Site.
NKDC
Dale Brian,
(EHO)
Email dated
12.01.2015
With regards to contamination NKDC have stated that there are no
sites within 250m of the Site on their Contaminated Land Register and
they hold no details of historic or recent contamination at the Site. They
hold no record of any private water supplies within 1km of the Site.
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria
Scope of Assessment
12.8 An EIA scoping report outlining the assessment methodology was submitted in November
2013 by the Applicant to both South Kesteven District Council (SKDC) and North Kestevan
District Council (NKDC), as the Site straddles their administrative boundary. The report
outlined that the assessment will collate information to establish the baseline conditions
prior to considering the potential likely significant environmental effects associated with
the construction, operation and decommissioning of the Proposed Development. A
search radius of 3km was proposed for licenced/private water supplies and for
environmentally designated sites. Relevant scoping consultation responses are included
within Table 12.1.
Likely Significant Effects
12.9 The likely significant environmental effects that have been identified for inclusion in this
assessment are as follows:
Construction Phase
Potential increase in physical contamination (i.e. sedimentation) entering surface
water bodies and drainage features due to increased sediment loading;
Disturbance of contaminated ground and/or uncontrolled chemical discharges /
spillages during construction resulting in mobilisation of contaminants impacting
surface watercourses or groundwater;
Potential exposure to historical contamination and buried unexploded ordnance by
construction workers; and,
Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and drainage) to
earthworks and construction workers.
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Operational Phase
Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and drainage) on-site
and to third parties; and,
Uncontrolled chemical discharges / spillages from maintenance works polluting
surface water and groundwater.
Guidance
12.10 Best practice guidance documents relevant to this assessment are as follows:
CIRIA C532 (2001) ‘Control of Pollution from Construction Sites’;
Environment Agency (2004) Model Procedures for the Management of Contaminated
Land (CLR11);
Environment Agency (2012) ‘Flood Risk Standing Advice for England’ (version 3.1; and,
Environment Agency (2012) Groundwater Protection: Policy and Practice (GP3), Parts
1-4.
Method of Baseline Data Collection
12.11 The assessment has utilised information collated through consultations, a detailed Geo-
Environmental Desk Study (Appendix 12.1), a walkover survey and Flood Risk Assessment
(FRA) (Appendix 12.2). This information has been utilised to establish the current baseline
conditions of the Site prior to identifying likely significant environmental effects of the
Proposed Development on geology, hydrology and hydrogeology.
Significance Criteria
12.12 The likely significant environmental effects are assessed based on consideration of the
sensitivity of receptors and the predicted magnitude of the potential effects. The
magnitude of the affected receptor/receiving environment is assessed as substantial,
moderate, slight or slight/no effect and the sensitivity is assessed on a scale of high,
medium and low. Example scenarios for sensitivity and magnitude of the likely significant
environmental effects are provided within Tables 12.2 and 12.3 respectively.
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Table 12.2: Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology Sensitivity Criteria
Sensitivity Description
High Areas containing geological, hydrological or habitat features considered to be of
national or international interest, for example, SSSIs, SPAs.
Highly permeable superficial deposits allowing free transport of contaminants to
groundwater and surrounding surface waters.
Site located within a Source Protection Zone (SPZ) 1 or 2.
Potable groundwater abstractions located on-site.
Wetland/water body of Good Ecological and or Chemical Potential (WFD).
Highly sensitive ecological receptors.
High risk of flooding.
Medium Areas containing features of designated regional importance, for example
Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Sites (RIGS), considered
worthy of protection for their educational, research, historical or aesthetic
importance.
Site Located within an SPZ Zone 3.
Potable groundwater abstractions located within 3km of the Site.
Moderately permeable superficial deposits allowing some limited transport of
contaminants to groundwater and surrounding surface waters.
Wetland/watercourse of Moderate Ecological and / or Chemical Potential
(WFD).
Moderate risk of flooding.
Low Geological features not currently protected and not considered worthy of
protection.
Low permeability superficial deposits likely to inhibit the transport of
contaminants.
Site not located within an SPZ.
No groundwater abstraction located within 3km of the Site.
Wetland/watercourse of Poor Ecological and/or Chemical Potential or no WFD
classification.
Low risk of flooding.
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Table 12.3: Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology Impact Magnitude Criteria
Magnitude Degree of Impact
Substantial Significant (greater than 50%), or total loss of a site of recognised geological
importance, or where there would be complete alteration of a site such as to
affect the value of the site to a major degree.
Total loss of, or alteration to, key features of the baseline hydrological resource
such that post development characteristics or quality would be fundamentally
and irreversibly changed e.g. watercourse realignment.
Significant contamination identified, in excess of relevant thresholds for
protection of Water Environment.
Significant increase in downstream flood risk.
Significant impact upon human health.
Moderate /
Substantial
Partial loss (between approximately 10% to 50%) of a site of recognised
geological importance, significant alternation, major effects to the setting, or
disturbance such that the value of the site would be affected, but not to a major
degree.
Loss of, or alteration to, key features of the baseline hydrological resource such
that post development characteristics or quality would be partially changed e.g.
instream permanent bridge supports.
Localised or marginal contamination or potential but not proven contamination.
Moderate increase in downstream flood risk.
Moderate impact on human health.
Moderate Minimal effect (a loss of up to 10%) on a site of recognised geological
importance or a medium effect on its setting, or minor alternation or disturbance
such that the value of the site would not be affected.
Small changes to the baseline resource, which are detectable but the underlying
characteristics or quality of the baseline situation would be similar to pre-
development conditions e.g. culverting of very small watercourses.
No significant contamination identified, or could reasonably be expected based
on desk study findings.
Minor/insignificant increase in downstream flood risk.
Minor/insignificant impact upon human health.
Slight Very slight change from baseline conditions. Change hardly discernible, e.g. short
term compaction from machinery movements.
No contamination above relevant thresholds identified, or could reasonably be
expected based on desk study findings.
Slight change to downstream flood risk.
No Effect /
Slight
No effects on baseline conditions or those that are beneath levels of perception,
with normal bounds of variation or within the margin of forecasting error.
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12.13 The following terms have been used to define the significance of the effects:
Major effect: where the Proposed Development could be expected to have a very
significant environmental effect (either beneficial or adverse) on geology, hydrology
and hydrogeology;
Moderate effect: where the Proposed Development could be expected to have a
noticeable environmental effect (either beneficial or adverse) on geology, hydrology
and hydrogeology;
Minor effect: where the Proposed Development could be expected to result in a
small, barely noticeable environmental effect (either beneficial or adverse) on
geology, hydrology and hydrogeology; and,
Minor / Negligible: where no discernible effect is expected as a result of the Proposed
Development on geology, hydrology and hydrogeology.
12.14 The terms for potential magnitude and receptor sensitivity (importance) have been
applied using the following matrix (Table 12.4) to consistently identify the likely significant
environmental effects.
Table 12.4: Significance Matrix
Magnitude of change
Se
nsi
tiv
ity
Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible
High Major Major / Moderate Moderate Moderate /
Minor
Medium Major /
Moderate
Moderate Moderate /
Minor
Minor
Low Moderate Moderate / Minor Minor Minor /
Negligible
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12.15 Environmental effects considered to be greater than ‘Moderate/Minor’ (darker coloured
cells) are considered to be potentially significant within the context of the assessment,
which is based on professional judgement following review of the available information.
12.16 The length of time the effect is considered to endure has been quantified as short (<6
months), medium (one to two years) or long term (up to 25 years).
Mitigation Measures
12.17 As part of the assessment, where potential significant adverse environmental effects are
identified measures have been identified to avoid, minimise or mitigate those effects.
Cumulative Effects
12.18 The Proposed Development has the potential to cause effects to geology, hydrology and
hydrogeology that are cumulative with those caused by other nearby developments.
Cumulative effects have therefore been considered as part of the assessment.
Assumptions and Limitations
12.19 The assessment is based upon information obtained from a variety of sources as detailed
within the Chapter. WSP believes the information obtained from third parties is reliable but
does not guarantee its authenticity. It should also be noted that the assessment is
predominantly desk based, supported by a site walkover survey, and has been
undertaken without the availability of the results of an intrusive site investigation.
12.20 The findings of a ground investigation, required as part of any planning conditions, will be
incorporated into the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) and
foundation designs to ensure that an appropriate level of mitigation is provided. Risk
assessments will be updated following receipt of further information.
12.21 It is assumed that the proposed temporary and design drainage strategies are
implemented appropriately.
Baseline Conditions
12.22 The following section outlines the current geological, hydrological and hydrogeological
environment at the Site, assuming no development was to take place. The baseline data
for this Chapter is based upon relevant findings of the Phase 1 Geo-Environmental Desk
Study (Appendix 12.1) and the FRA (Appendix 12.2).
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Site Description
12.23 Land use observations were made during a site walkover survey undertaken by WSP on 9
December 2014. The Site was noted to be used primarily for agricultural use, with a go-
karting track located in the south and large straw bale stockpiles located on areas of
hardstanding across the Site. Infrastructure associated with the Site’s historical use as an
airfield was noted to include three former runways, a perimeter track, former hardstanding
aircraft dispersal areas and concrete foundations associated with a former technical area
located in the east of the Site. No buildings associated with the former use of the Site as an
airfield were noted. A detailed description of the Site is presented within Chapter 3.
12.24 The site topography generally falls from circa 20m above Ordnance Datum (AOD) in the
southwest to circa 14m AOD in the northeast. The Site was noted to be generally flat lying
with occasional earth mounds located immediately adjacent to sections of the former
runways and the airfield perimeter track.
Surrounding Land
12.25 The surrounding land largely comprises agricultural fields. Leatherbottle Farm, a large
poultry farm, is situated adjacent to the eastern boundary and Fulbeck Grange Farm is
also located adjacent to the eastern site boundary. The closest settlements are the small
village of Stragglethorpe, located approximately 450m to the northeast, and the village of
Brant Broughton located approximately 2km north northeast.
Soil Quality
12.26 Information on the soil quality of the Site has been obtained from the National Soil
Resource Institute1. The soils on site are described as slowly permeable seasonally wet,
slightly acid but base-rich loamy and clayey soils in the west and predominantly freely
draining lime-rich loamy soils in the east.
12.27 No sensitive soils (e.g. peats, heath) have been observed at the surface of the Site. Given
the agricultural nature of the Site they are considered unlikely to be present at shallow
depth and therefore are considered not to represent a potential receptor within the
assessment.
1 http://www.landis.org.uk/
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Geology
12.28 British Geological Survey (BGS) Mapping (Sheet 127 Grantham 1:50,000) indicates the Site
is partially underlain by superficial deposits. Fulbeck Sand and Gravel is shown to be
present across the central and eastern parts of the Site and an area located along the
western boundary. No superficial deposits are shown across the remainder of the Site.
12.29 The underlying bedrock across the central and west is indicated to be associated with
Scunthorpe Mudstone Formation, which include mudstone beds with abundant ironstone
and limestone nodules and thin limestone beds. The formation belongs to the Lias Group
Parent Formation. The eastern area of the Site is underlain by the Brant Mudstone
Formation comprising mudstone.
12.30 The local underlying geological sequence generally comprises outcropping rock units as
shown in Table 12.5 (top to bottom of geological sequence) and is shown to dip to the
east on the BGS map.
Table 12.5 Site Geological Sequence Summary
Rock Formation
Rock Unit Description Location
Brant
Mudstone
Formation
Brant Mudstone Grey mudstone
(Rock unit shown to be
c. 120m thick)
Located along the
eastern site boundary.
Sand Beck Nodule
Bed
Nodular Ironstone
sedimentary bedrock.
(Rock unit shown to be
c. 10m thick)
Band trending north to
south in the east of the
Site.
Scunthorpe
Mudstone
Formation
Foston Member Interbedded mudstone
and limestone including:
-Glebe Farm Beds;
-Stragglethorpe Grange
Limestone Beds;
-Highfield Farm
Limestone Beds; and
-Mill Lane Limestone
Beds.
(Rock unit shown to be
c. 40m thick)
Central and western
part of the Site.
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12.31 Two fault lines orientated east to west are located across the south of the Site.
12.32 The BGS Geoindex database2 identifies three available borehole records located in the
west of the Site. A summary of the borehole details is included within Table 12.6.
Table 12.6: On-site BGS Borehole Record Summary
Stratum Description Depth Encountered
Top (m) Base (m)
BGS Borehole ID SK955SW8 - located in the north of the Site
Lias Marl Dark grey Marl and little sand 0.0 35.5
Rhaetic Marl Mudstone (dark brown/red) 35.5 115.8
Bunter Sandstone Reddish sandstone 115.8 166.2
BGS Borehole ID SK85SE14 - located in the northwest of the Site
Topsoil Sandy loam 0.0 0.2
Residual soil Sandy silt – fine to medium grained
sand and silt
0.2 1.0
Brown silt 1.0 1.2
Mudstone Finely laminated purple and brown
mudstone
1.3 2.5
BGS Borehole ID SK85SE14 - located in the northwest of the Site
Mudstone Finely laminated purple grey and
brown mudstone. Stratum noted to
be very clayey within top 1m
0.0 2.5
Mining
12.33 The Site is not located in an area understood to be impacted by historical mining activities.
Hydrogeology
12.34 Pertinent hydrogeological details for the Site are summarised within Table 12. 7.
2 http://www.bgs.ac.uk/
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Table 12.7: Hydrogeological Site Details Summary
Hydrogeological Aspect
Details
Superficial Geology Fulbeck Sands and Gravel are classified by the Agency as a
Secondary A Aquifer. Secondary A aquifers are defined as
permeable layers capable of supporting water supplies at a local
rather than strategic scale, and in some cases forming an
important source of base flow to rivers.
Solid Geology Foston Member is classified as a Secondary B Aquifer. Secondary B
aquifers are predominantly lower permeability layers which may
store and yield limited amounts of groundwater due to localised
features such as fissures, thin permeable horizons and weathering.
The Sand Beck Nodule bed is classified as a Secondary A Aquifer
and the Brant Mudstone Formation is classified as Unproductive
Stratum. Unproductive Stratum is defined as rock layers with low
permeability that has negligible significance for water supply or
river base flow.
Environment Agency
River Basin
Management Plan
The Site is located within the Agency defined Anglian River Basin
district, with current groundwater chemical quality defined as
‘Good’ and Quantitative Quality as ‘Good’.
Groundwater
Safeguard Zone
Drinking water safeguard zones are designated areas in which the
use of certain substances must be carefully managed to prevent
the pollution of raw water sources that are used to provide
drinking water.
The Site is not located within a groundwater safeguard zone as
defined by the Agency.
Groundwater
Protection Zone (GPZ)
GPZs are areas identified by the Agency as particularly sensitive to
groundwater contamination, as they are located around
groundwater abstraction boreholes.
No GPZs located within 1km of the Site.
Groundwater
Abstractions
No publically recorded groundwater abstractions are located
within 3km of the Site boundary.
Private Water Supplies No private recorded groundwater abstractions have been
identified within 3km of the Site. The closest abstraction is located
approximately 5.2km to the east, utilised by three residential
properties.
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Hydrology
12.35 The Site was observed to be generally flat-lying and covered with agricultural fields during
the site walkover survey undertaken by WSP on 9 December 2014. A number of field drains
were noted around the perimeter of the agricultural fields along with redundant historical
drainage infrastructure in the form of infilled manholes and broken clay pipes adjacent to
the former runways in the south of the Site. Sand Beck was observed in the east of the Site
flowing north. A number of field drains were noted to flow into Sand Beck. An unnamed
pond was noted in the east of the Site and a large pond was also noted immediately to
the south of the Site. Figure 12.1 illustrates pertinent surface water features on and
surrounding the Site.
12.36 The Site is located within the Agency defined Anglian River Basin Management Plan and
Witham Catchment Area.
12.37 Sand Beck flows northwards through parts of the eastern section of the Site and is
maintained by the Upper Witham Internal Drainage Board (IDB). Sand Beck is also an
Agency classified surface watercourse.
12.38 Surface watercourse details that are present on or considered to be within the zone of
influence of the Site are included within Table 12. 8.
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Table 12.8: Summary of Surface Water Features
Surface Water Feature
Location (approximate)
Flow Direction Current Quality*
Agency Watercourses/Main Rivers
Sand Beck
(Catchment
tributary of the
River Brant)
On-site and
along the
eastern site
boundary.
North
(joins the River
Brant c. 2km north
northeast of the
Site)
Ecological Quality Status:
Moderate Potential
(Does not require chemical
assessment)
Upper Witham IDB
maintained water course.
River Brant 450m north North (towards the
River Witham,
located
approximately
12km north of the
Site)
Ecological Quality Status:
Moderate Potential (reduces
to Low approximately 1.8km
downstream from the Site).
(Does not require chemical
assessment).
Upper Witham IDB
maintained water course.
Other Drainage Board Mismanaged Watercourses
Little Sky Drain On-site – along
part of the
western site
boundary
North NC
Upper Witham IDB
maintained water course.
Other Watercourses
Unnamed
field/network
drains across the
Site and
surrounding area.
On-site
throughout
and off-site to
1km+ from
boundary
Various (generally
be flowing towards
Sand Beck in the
east).
NC
Ponds
Unnamed pond
located adjacent
to eastern site
boundary
On-site - NC
Ponds located
within 1km of the
Site boundary
Closest
located c. 20m
south
- NC
*NC = Not Classified by the Environment Agency
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Surface Water Abstractions
12.39 Two active surface water abstractions are located within 1km of the Site boundary. The
abstractions are located approximately 350m to the south associated with agriculture
spray irrigation obtained from a tributary of Sand Beck.
Flooding
12.40 Information within this section has been obtained from the FRA (Appendix 12.2).
Existing Flood Defences and other Structures
12.41 The Agency’s Flood Map for Planning shows flood defence structures downstream of the
Site on the River Brant. Flood defence structures are also shown on the River Witham for
the section of river flowing past the Site, approximately 3km to the west.
12.42 Landmark mapping shows the presence of two upstream sluices on a drain flowing from a
pond to the south of the Site.
12.43 The North Kesteven Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (SFRA, 2009) shows that there are no
flood storage areas within the vicinity (<50m) of the Site. The SFRA (2009) also contains
condition ratings for flood defences in the borough. The flood defences in the Upper
Witham System (the area containing the Site) are generally rated as fair or good.
Environment Agency Flood Zone
12.44 The eastern area of the Site adjacent to the banks of Sand Beck is shown on the Agency
flood maps to be within Flood Zone 3. Defined as having a 1% chance of flooding from
rivers annually. There is also an area in the east of the Site within Flood Zone 2, defined as
having 0.1% chance of flooding annually. The remainder of the Site is not shown to be at
risk from flooding (Flood Zone 1), with a less than 0.1% chance of flooding annually.
Fluvial Flood Risk
12.45 The Agency’s Flood Map for Planning3 indicates that the majority of the Site is located
within Flood Zone 1. However, there are areas of Flood Zone 2 and Flood Zone 3 in the east
and south of the Site.
12.46 The Lincolnshire County Council Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (PFRA, 2011) records of
Historic Flooding Map shows no historical flooding from any source within the vicinity of the
Site.
3 http://apps.environment-agency.gov.uk/
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12.47 The Lincolnshire County Council PFRA (2011) identified 0.5km squares where flood risk
required further investigation as part of the local strategy. The identification of these
squares is based on an assessment of the number of properties at risk with the lowest
threshold being 20 to 29 properties. The area containing the Site was not identified as
requiring investigation.
12.48 The Upper Witham IDB have confirmed that Sand Beck is known to flow to the upper bank
level at times and the poultry sheds near the main entrance have flooded in the past.
12.49 Based on the available information, the risk of fluvial flooding is considered to be low to
medium.
Tidal / Costal Flood Risk
12.50 The Site is located away from the coast (>40km) at an elevation around 16m AOD. The risk
from tidal and coastal flooding is considered to be negligible and therefore will not be
considered further in this assessment.
Groundwater Flooding
12.51 The Lincolnshire County Council PFRA (2011) does not identify the area within the vicinity of
the Site as one of the areas that has experienced a serious surface or groundwater flood
event in the past. However, the June/July 2007 floods are described to have affected
numerous houses “across the county” including 67 in North Kesteven District and 96 in
South Kesteven District. From the information provided, the effect of the June/July 2007
floods on the Site cannot be determined.
12.52 The Lincolnshire County Council PFRA (2011) Records of Historic Flooding Map shows no
flooding from any source in the vicinity of the Site.
12.53 The Areas Susceptible to Groundwater Flooding Map in the Lincolnshire County Council
PFRA (2011) shows the Site to be within an area which has <25% susceptibility to
groundwater flooding.
12.54 The BGS Groundwater Flooding Susceptibility Map indicates that the Site has potential for
groundwater flooding to occur at surface. The groundwater flooding susceptibility data
shows the degree to which areas are susceptible to groundwater flooding on the basis of
geological and hydrological conditions. It does not show the likelihood of groundwater
flooding occurring, i.e. it is a hazard based data set not a risk based data set.
12.55 Based on the available information, the risk from groundwater flooding is considered to be
low.
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Surface Water (Pluvial) Flooding
12.56 The Lincolnshire County Council PFRA (2011) does not identify the Site or the area within
the vicinity of the Site as an area that has experienced a serious surface flood event in the
past. However, the June/July 2007 floods are described to have affected numerous
houses “across the county” including 67 in North Kesteven District and 96 in South Kesteven
District. From the information provided the effect that the June/July 2007 floods had on the
Site cannot be determined.
12.57 The Lincolnshire County Council PFRA (2011) Records of Historic Flooding Map shows no
flooding from any source in the vicinity of the Site.
12.58 The Lincolnshire County Council Flood Investigations under Section 19 of the Flood and
Water Management Act 2010 found no flooding incidents in the immediate vicinity of the
Site. The following events were recorded:
Surface water flooding after intense rain 3.7 km southeast of the Site on Gorse
Hill Lane in Caythorpe; and
Overland flow 2.8 km south of the Site on Church Lane in Brandon.
12.59 The Agency’s Risk of Flooding from Surface Water Map shows that areas of the Site are
susceptible to surface water flooding.
12.60 Risk Management Solutions (RMS) flooding data has been obtained which is a modelled
dataset that uses land height, predicted rainfall and other factors to predict flooding from
rivers and surface water flooding during a 75 (1.3%), 100 (1%) and 1000 (0.1%) year storm.
These indicate that during a 1 in 75 and 1 in 100 year storm the south, east and the area
near the northwestern boundary are susceptible to surface water flooding. In a 1 in 1000
year storm the majority of the southern section of the Site and large patches in the north
are shown to be susceptible to surface water flooding.
12.61 Based on the available information the risk of flooding from surface water is considered to
be low to medium.
Surcharged Sewer Flooding
12.62 The Lincolnshire County Council PFRA (2011) Records of Historic Flooding Map shows no
flooding from any source in the vicinity of the Site.
12.63 As there are no public sewers in the vicinity of the Site the risk from surcharged sewers is
considered to be negligible.
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Flooding from Other Sources
12.64 Non-natural or artificial sources of flooding can include reservoirs, canals and other
artificial sources. The potential effects of flood risk management infrastructure and other
structures also needs to be considered. The Agency website4 indicates that the Site is not
at risk from reservoir or canal flooding, therefore, flood risk from reservoirs, canals and other
sources is considered to be negligible.
Baseline Flood risk Summary
12.65 Table 12.9 presents a summary of the baseline flood risk based on the information within
the FRA (Appendix 12.2).
Table 12.9: Summary of Baseline Flood Risk
Potential Sources of Flooding Baseline Flood risk
Fluvial Low to Medium
Tidal/coastal Negligible
Groundwater Low
Surface Water / Pluvial Low to Medium
Sewer and Drainage Infrastructure Negligible
Other Sources Negligible
Existing Public Sewers
12.66 Records from Anglian Water (Appendix 12.2) indicate that there are no public sewers
within the site boundary. The only public sewers in the vicinity of the Site are foul sewers in
the village of Fenton, located approximately 0.6km to the west of the Site.
4 http://apps.environment-agency.gov.uk/
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Existing Private Drainage
12.67 Records of the existing private site drainage have been compiled by Land Drainage
Services Ltd in 2014 (Appendix 12.2). There are several land drainage systems on site which
generally outfall to the surrounding Upper Witham IDB drains.
12.68 The runways and perimeter tracks were constructed with drains running down the sides to
drain the concrete/hardstanding areas.
12.69 Some of the drains on site are shown to be pipes whilst others are marked as open
channels and their condition varies. The pipes/manholes associated with the runways in
the south of the Site were observed to be filled with gravel/soil during the site walkover
survey.
Ecological Designations
12.70 No statutory ecological designated areas are located on site or within 1km of the site
boundary (Ref 12.)
12.71 Consideration of the physical impacts from the Proposed Development to ecology is
provided within Chapter 9.
Potential Sources of Contamination
Current Site Use
12.72 No potential sources of contamination were identified during the WSP site walkover survey.
However, it should be noted that internal areas of the go-karting track were not inspected.
The potential risks to human health from Asbestos Containing Materials (ACMs) within the
building fabric/surface fragments has not been considered further within this assessment
due to the specialised nature of qualifying the associated risks.
Historical Maps and Plans
12.73 A review of historical Ordnance Survey (OS) maps and historical aerial photography
obtained from English Heritage has been undertaken to identify potential former sources
of contamination at the Site. Table 12.10 provides a summary of the relevant observations.
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Table 12.10 Summary of Historical OS Maps and Aerial Photographs
Dates Summary of on-site land uses Summary of Off-site land uses
1886
The Site is primarily shown to comprise
agricultural fields. A number of small
ponds are located across the Site and
Sand Beck is shown flowing south to
north across the east of the Site. A
small building is shown in the north.
The Site is generally surrounded by
agricultural land and small farmsteads.
East: Fulbeck Grange Farm is shown
located immediately to the east of the
Site.
West: a small sand pit is shown
immediately adjacent to the central
western site boundary.
1906 No significant changes observed.
West: the sand pit to the west of the Site
is no longer shown, presumed to have
been infilled.
1946
The Site is shown to be an airfield
consisting of three small interlinked
runways a cluster of small buildings in
the east forming the airfield’s
technical area and five aircraft
hangars. The three runways are
surrounded by numerous aircraft
dispersal areas.
East: additional small buildings have
been constructed, likely to be
associated with the airfield. The later
maps identify the buildings to be a part
of the ‘Camp’.
1956 The Site is shown to be an airfield. No significant changes observed to the
surrounding area.
1974
The Site is identified as ‘Fulbeck
Airfield’ comprising three
interconnected small runways and
many aircraft dispersal areas.
No significant changes observed to the
surrounding area.
1982/84
The Site is labelled as ‘Airfield
(disused)’. The former technical area
in the east is identified as ‘Camp
(disused)’, a substation is shown in this
area.
East: a number of poultry houses have
been constructed adjacent to the Site
boundary.
2014 A go-karting track is shown in the
south of the Site.
South: an International go-karting circuit
is shown approximately 300m from the
Site.
12.74 Given the size, date since it was infilled and location of the infilled sand pit it is not
considered to be a potentially insignificant contamination source within the context of this
assessment. The primary potential source of contamination observed from the historical
maps is considered to be the former use of the Ste as an Airfield.
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Historical RAF Plans
12.75 Historical site plans (dated 1945) were obtained from the RAF Museum’s Research
Department (Appendix 12.1). A summary of the pertinent Site features is provided below.
12.76 A summary of on-site petrol, oil and lubricant storage sources identified on the RAF
historical plans is provided within Table 12. 11.
Table 12.11: Petrol, Oil and Lubricant Storage Details from RAF Site Plans (1945)
Storage Location Volume (L)
Comments
Bulk Petrol
Installation
East – Technical
Area adjacent to
main access track.
c. 91,000 Likely to have been used to fuel
aircraft during WWII. Area currently
overgrown, no evidence of fuel tanks
or associated infrastructure evident
during site walkover.
Fuel Store East – located to the
south of the
Technical Area.
- Relatively large building shown. The
area is currently located within
woodland, concrete foundations
remain in the area. Details of volumes
and contents not provided.
Military
Transport Petrol
Installation
East – Technical
Area, located
adjacent to bridge
crossing Sand Beck.
c. 3,800 No evidence of former structures
present during site walkover. Plans
indicate fuel storage tanks were
located below ground.
Bulk Oil
Installation
East – Technical
Area.
- Likely to be associated with vehicle
maintenance.
Bulk Oil
Installation
East – Located
immediately
adjacent to the
main access road to
the west of the bulk
petrol installation.
- Likely to be associated with vehicle
maintenance.
Bulk Petrol
Installation
Northeast – located
along a track joining
the perimeter track
with Stragglethorpe
Lane.
c.
275,000
Likely to have been used to fuel
aircraft during WWII. Area currently
overgrown, no evidence of fuel tanks
evident during site walkover. Brick
buildings and mound remain. Plan
identified the fuel storage tanks were
located below ground.
Bulk Petrol
Installation
East – Technical
Area adjacent to
main access track.
c.
182,000
Likely to have been used to fuel
aircraft during WWII. Area currently
overgrown, no evidence of fuel tanks
evident during site walkover.
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12.77 The RAF plans show two substations in the Technical Area in the east of the Site, located to
the west of Sand Beck. Due to the age of the facility the substations may have historically
contained insulating oils containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs).
12.78 The RAF plans show a large ‘Bomb Store’ located in the south of the Site consisting of:
Type D (high explosive) Bomb Store;
Component Store;
Incendiary Bomb Store;
Pyrotechnical Store;
Fusing Point; and,
Small Bomb Container Store.
12.79 A firing range is shown in the southeast of the Site. The wall associated with the range was
noted during the site walkover survey. Contamination is commonly associated with
historical firing ranges and is likely to be localised, primarily in the region of the stop-butts,
due to the potential presence of historical heavy metal deposition from rifle rounds
(largely lead).
12.80 Five Type 2 (large) and five Blister hangers are shown located around the perimeter of the
Site. During WWII the dials used on aircraft dash boards were luminised with Radium-226 (a
radioactive substance) to enhance visibility during poor lighting. Maintenance activities
would have predominantly been undertaken within hangers and luminised components
along with engine oil may have been discarded in the area historically.
Landfill Sites
No currently active or historical landfills were identified within 1km of the Site.
Unexploded Ordnance
12.81 An unexploded ordnance (UXO) desk based report was commission for the Site as part of
the Phase 1 Geo-environmental Desk Study (Appendix 12.1). The report identified that the
Site was used as a bomber command airfield during WWII and 8000 tonnes of high
explosive surplus ammunitions were sorted on the site after WWII. Due to a lack of good
practice associated with bomb storage at this type of site, along with the presence of a
bomb dump, the risk rating for the Site vary from low associated with the former runways;
medium associated with the former Technical Area in the east; to high associated with the
former bomb dump in the south. The reminder of the Site is classified as medium/high risk
rating of encountering UXOs.
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Receptor Sensitivity
12.82 The sensitive receptors to contamination are summarised within Table 12.12.
Table 12.12 Receptor Sensitivity to Potential Contamination
Receptor Sensitivity Rationale
Underlying Secondary A
and B aquifers.
Low to Medium The Site is not located with a SPZ.
No groundwater abstractions are located
on or surrounding the Site (3km).
The Agency WFD classifies the underlying
aquifer quality as ‘Good’ for its current
Chemical Quality status.
Permeable superficial deposits allowing free
transport of contaminants to groundwater
and surrounding surface waters (where
present).
Surface water features
(Sand Beck, drainage
channels and unnamed
pond).
Medium Sand Back located in the east of the Site is
classified by the
Agency as having Moderate Ecological
Quality (WFD).
Off-site third party land
(inc. Poultry Farm)
Low to Medium Site primarily surrounded by agricultural
land and a poultry farm (identified by the
Agency as a sensitive receptor in the
context of this assessment).
Human health
(construction workers and
maintenance workers)
Low to Medium No on-site residents.
Construction workers/ future maintenance
workers only likely to be on site for relatively
short periods of time and wear personal
protective equipment (PPE).
12.83 The two licenced surface water abstractions located approximately 350m to the south of
the Site are considered unlikely to be impacted by the Proposed Development as they are
located up gradient of the on-site surface watercourses and are therefore not considered
further within this assessment.
Contaminant Linkage Summary
12.84 Based on the findings of the Geo-Environmental Desk Study (Appendix 12.1) the following
potential contaminant linkages are considered to be active, subject to further intrusive
investigation (Table 12. 13).
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Table 12.13: Potential Contamination Linkage Summary
Potential Contamination Source
Pathway Receptor
Former on-site RAF Airbase
(historical fuel/oil storage,
made ground, substations,
radiological components
and explosive residues)
Ingestion of soil.
Dermal contact with
soil.
Inhalation of soil-
derived dust and
fibres.
Inhalation of vapours.
Ground workers and below ground
maintenance workers.
Infiltration and
migration of leachate
to groundwaters.
Secondary A and B aquifers.
Lateral migration via
permeable strata and
surface water run-off.
Surface Waters - Sand Beck and
surrounding land drainage/ponds.
Direct contact and
lateral migration.
Third party property (surrounding
land/poultry farm).
UXOs Direct contact. Construction workers involved in
ground works and below ground
maintenance workers.
Future Baseline
12.85 Should the Proposed Development not proceed, it is considered that the future baseline
conditions in relation to geology, hydrology and hydrogeology at the Site would remain
relatively unchanged. The volume and intensity of precipitation falling on the Site could
increase due to climate change. This could have a corresponding effect on flood risk
associated with the drainage channels and watercourses on-site and in the vicinity of the
Site.
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Identification and the Evaluation of Key Impacts
12.86 The Proposed Development has the potential to alter the current baseline conditions as it
will introduce physical changes to the land which may alter the natural hydrodynamics of
the Site. During construction, and to a significantly lesser extent during operation, the
Proposed Development has the potential to also introduce/disturb potential sources of
pollution. Contaminants associated with the construction and operation of the Proposed
Development may be both chemical (e.g. accidentally released fuels, oils, and cleaning
chemicals, etc.) as well as physical (e.g. sediment transport and deposition).
Key Impacts Relating to Construction
12.87 The construction phase includes all activities prior to the operation of the proposed wind
farm development, i.e. up to the point at which the turbines begin generating electricity.
12.88 The following outlines the likely significant environmental effects posed by construction
related activities with respect to geology, hydrology (including flooding) and
hydrogeology.
Potential Increase in physical contamination (i.e. sedimentation) entering surface
water bodies and drainage features due to increased sediment loading
12.89 Key potential surface water receptors are Sand Beck, Little Sky Drain, surface water drains
and the unnamed ponds located both on and to the south of the Site.
12.90 During the construction phase there will be a number of on-site activities which could
potentially reduce surface water quality with respect to physical contaminants
(sedimentation and siltation). These are summarised as follows:
Movement and use of static and mobile plant/construction vehicles such as
excavators, dumper trucks and haulage trucks;
Materials handling, storage, stockpiling, spillage and disposal
Upgrading of the existing access bridge crossing Sand Beck;
Construction of drainage features; and
Installation of infrastructure and roads.
12.91 The construction activities stated above may lead to the disturbance and mobilisation of
physical contaminants (i.e. sediments, silt, dust and muds), particularly during periods of
heavy rainfall. Earthworks and vehicle movements resulting in damage to soil structure
may generate increased sedimentation within surface run-off. In addition, during periods
of dry, windy weather wind-blown dusts generated by the excavation and movement of
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soils have the potential to directly reduce the quality of surface water features. Sediments
entering the watercourse via surface water run-off could cause increased sediment loads
potentially resulting in effects such as increased turbidity and a reduction in dissolved
oxygen.
12.92 Increased surface water sediment content has the potential to subsequently affect the
chemical and biological quality of surface water receptors. The biological quality could
be affected indirectly through sediment smothering feeding and breeding grounds and
physically altering the habitat.
12.93 Taking into consideration the location of the surface water bodies and development
areas likely to cause sedimentation, the sensitivity of the surface water bodies to physical
contaminants is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, prior to
mitigation moderate. Therefore there is likely to be a direct and / or indirect, temporary,
short term effect on surface waters of moderate adverse significant effect to both on-site
and off-site surface water bodies prior to the implementation of mitigation measures.
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Disturbance of contaminated ground and/or uncontrolled chemical discharge /
spillages during construction resulting in mobilisation of contaminants impacting
surface watercourses or groundwater
12.94 On-site controlled water receptors considered as being potentially susceptible to impact
from contaminants within disturbed ground as part of the assessment include on Site and
surrounding surface water courses (primarily Sand Beck) and the underlying aquifer
associated with the underlying superficial deposits and rock deposits.
12.95 The potential contaminant pathways include leaching from the unsaturated zone to
groundwater; surface water run-off, vertical and lateral migration within groundwater
resources off-site; and, towards surface water features.
12.96 There are areas of the Site which may have been impacted by potential historical sources
of contamination associated with the former use of the Site as an RAF airbase. The majority
of these areas are not located in the proximity of the Proposed Development structures.
However, the access road and bridge across Sand Beck are located immediately
adjacent to historical below ground fuel tanks. Earthworks are likely to be undertaken in
this area, associated with upgrading the access bridge, and potentially the track which
could potentially disturb and release mobile historical contamination (petroleum
hydrocarbons) located in this area and migrate towards Sand Beck/drainage channels.
12.97 The use of machinery and plant associated with construction activities (including the
establishment of a site compound and storage of chemicals or fuels) could give rise to a
contamination risk to soils, groundwater and surface water features through accidental
fuel / oil and chemical spills and leaks. Soils impacted by spills and leaks may represent a
future source of contamination to controlled waters via leaching.
12.98 There could also be a risk of contaminated runoff, including hydrocarbon contamination
and high-suspended solid loads, associated with the operation of vehicles. This has the
potential to create overland migration pathways.
12.99 The underlying Secondary A Aquifer is considered to have medium to low sensitivity given
the potential for contaminants to migrate through the strata and reach Sand Beck. Sand
Beck is an Agency classified surface watercourse which is also classified as having a
medium sensitivity.
12.100 The sensitivity of the controlled water receptors is medium and the magnitude of change,
prior to mitigation is moderate. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, temporary short to
medium term effect on controlled waters of moderate adverse significance prior to the
implementation of mitigation measures.
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Potential exposure to historical contamination or UXOs by construction workers
12.101 Potential sources of contamination have been recorded on site within the Geo-
Environmental Phase 1 Report (Appendix 12.1). Given the age of the potential
contamination sources, it is likely to be localised in nature and not widespread.
12.102 Given the historical use of the Site as a Bomber Command airfield during WWII, and the
presence of a large bomb store there is the potential for buried UXOs to be present on
Site.
12.103 The use of machinery and plant associated with site preparation, earthworks and
construction activities (including the establishment of a site compound) could give rise to
contamination risk to soils, through accidental fuel/oil spills and leaks, and storage of
chemicals or fuels. Soils impacted by fuel/oil spills and leaks may represent a future source
of contamination to both human health and controlled waters.
12.104 If human health receptors are exposed to contaminants above threshold concentrations
there is potential for both temporary and permanent health problems to arise dependent
on a number of factors including type of contaminant, characteristics of receptor and
duration of exposure.
12.105 Excavation of potentially contaminated soils (including hydrocarbons and asbestos) could
pose a health risk to site preparation and construction workers and third parties. Potential
pathways include dermal contact (i.e. direct skin contact with contaminated soils and
groundwater), ingestion (e.g. via the transfer of contaminated soils from unwashed hands
during eating) inhalation of dusts or fibres (i.e. breathing in contaminated dusts and
particulate matter generated by excavation activities, potentially including asbestos) and
inhalation of vapours (i.e. breathing in vapours from volatile contaminants in the soil and
groundwater).
12.106 Earthworks and related activities could potentially disturb historical UXOs, which could
potentially detonate leading to loss of life.
12.107 The sensitivity of human health receptors is medium and the magnitude of change, prior
to mitigation, slight to substantial (based on the potential risk of UXO detonation). In
selected areas (former bomb store, airfield) there is likely to be a direct, temporary and /
or permanent, short term effect on human health of major / moderate adverse
significance and a moderate / minor adverse significant affect associated with exposure
to historical sources of contamination.
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Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and drainage) to
construction workers and third party land
12.108 It is considered that the probability of the Site flooding from fluvial and pluvial sources is
low to medium, from groundwater sources low and negligible from all other sources.
12.109 Flooding from all sources has the potential to harm construction workers on-site and
impact third party land such as the adjacent poultry farm. In addition, groundwater has
the potential to ingress ground excavations and foundations creating health and safety
risks to construction workers.
12.110 During the construction phase there will be a number of on-site activities which could
potentially reduce infiltration rates leading to increased surface water run-off, or could
create slow drainage flows potentially leading to localised flooding. These include:
Earthworks leading to sedimentation blocking or slowing shallow drainage channels;
Infrastructure crossing surface water channels, leading to reduced surface water
drainage flows;
Increased low permeability surface cover, leading to increased surface runoff flows;
and,
Damage to subterranean field drains by below ground earthworks.
12.111 Surface water flooding, especially after extreme rainfall events, may affect the Proposed
Development Site if it is received in large volumes. Flooding would currently follow the line
of least resistance and follow natural topography to low spots within the Proposed
Development Site. The location of low spots within the Proposed Development Site could
change during the construction phase and surface water runoff volumes may increase
slightly due to a potential increase in impermeable areas.
12.112 Taking into consideration the probability of a flood event, the sensitivity of construction
workers/third party land is medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation is
moderate. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, short to long term effect on
construction workers and third party land of moderate adverse significance prior to the
implementation of mitigation measures.
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Operational
12.113 The full extent of the operational phase of the Proposed Development, as detailed within
Chapter 3, is considered to be long term. The following outlines the likely significant
environmental effects posed by operational related activities, with respect to geology,
hydrology, hydrogeology.
Uncontrolled chemical discharges / spillages from maintenance works polluting
surface water and groundwater;
12.114 On site controlled water receptors considered as being potentially susceptible to impact
from contaminants within disturbed ground and spillages relating to operational activities
are Sand Beck, Little Sky Drain, unnamed surface water drains, the unnamed ponds
located both on and to the south of the Site and the underlying Secondary A and B
aquifers.
12.115 The potential contaminant pathways include leaching from the unsaturated zone to
groundwater; vertical and lateral migration within groundwater resources off-site; and,
towards surface water features.
12.116 During the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development there will be the
need to use oils, greases and other substances bringing with them the potential for
accidental spillages and the potential pollution of surface water and groundwater.
12.117 There is the potential for fuel/oil leaks for vehicles using the access tracks, which may result
in pollution of surrounding surface water bodies.
12.118 There is also potential of pollution associated with track management in the form of
herbicides.
12.119 The sensitivity of controlled water receptors Sand Beck and underlying Secondary A and B
aquifers is low/medium to medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is
slight (as a potential uncontrolled release of contamination is likely to be localised and
migration limited due to the distance of the turbines from Sand Beck). Therefore, there is
likely to be a direct, temporary, long term effect on controlled water receptors of
moderate / minor adverse significance prior to the implementation of mitigation
measures.
Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and drainage)
on-site and to third parties;
12.120 It is considered that the probability of the Site flooding from fluvial and pluvial sources is
low to medium, from groundwater sources low and negligible from all other sources.
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12.121 Flooding could be caused by heavy periods of rainfall, flood risk management failures or
drainage management failure.
12.122 Flooding from all sources has the potential to harm maintenance workers on-site, as it
would significantly increase the potential for contact with swollen surface water bodies
potentially resulting in serious injury.
12.123 Flood waters may damage sensitive electrical equipment and assets located on third
party land (i.e. adjacent poultry farm).
12.124 During the operation and maintenance of the Proposed Development there may be an
increased flood risk due to the presence of foundation bases associated with the turbines,
substation and crane pads which will reduce infiltration rates locally, and increase surface
run-off volumes, potentially leading to localised flooding.
12.125 The drainage system, electrical infrastructure, third party land (poultry farm) and
maintenance workers are considered to be of medium sensitivity given the likelihood of
flooding and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is moderate. In selected areas
(those defined by the Agency as Flood Zone 2 and 3) there is likely to be a direct
temporary/permanent long term effect on sensitive infrastructure, third party land and
maintenance workers of moderate adverse significance.
Decommissioning
12.126 Decommissioning will occur at the end of the Proposed Development’s 25 year lifecycle.
The potential effects on the geology, hydrology and hydrogeology during such
decommissioning are similar to those during the construction phase, although the risks will
be lower as many elements of the Proposed Development will remain undisturbed, such as
turbine foundations, access tracks and underground cabling.
Cumulative Effects
12.127 The cumulative assessment considers potential effects from the Proposed Development in
combination with other proposed major development schemes in the area considered
likely to effect the geological, hydrological and hydrogeological environment when their
potential impacts are considered collectively.
12.128 It is considered unlikely that other proposed major development schemes within 2km of
the site will contribute to controlled water pollution related effects, due to attenuation and
dilution over that distance. Given the size and location of surrounding watercourses it is
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considered that proposed schemes located over 5km from the Site are unlikely to impact
the flood risk regime and siltation levels of surface watercourses at the Site.
12.129 Currently we understand there to be one proposed major development scheme within
5km of the Site. The proposed scheme is identified as Temple Hill and located
approximately 3km to the south of the Site. The Temple Hill scheme will comprise the
construction of five wind turbines and associated infrastructure.
12.130 Sand Beck is located immediately to the west of the Temple Hill scheme flowing north
towards the Site. Therefore if the scheme was constructed concurrently with the Proposed
Development there is the potential for a cumulative impact from increased sedimentation
of Sand Beck and also an increased potential of flooding at the Site.
12.131 Adequate mitigation measures to minimise any potential increase in sedimentation of
Sand Beck will be incorporated into the Proposed Development. It is understood that the
Temple Hill scheme will also incorporate adequate mitigation measures to meet the
requirements of national and local planning authority. As such the cumulative effects on
the geological, hydrological and hydrogeological environment are considered to be slight
/ negligible.
Mitigation Measures
12.132 The following outlines suitable mitigation measures specific to each effect which are to be
implemented as part of the Proposed Development.
Construction
Potential Increase in physical contamination (i.e. sedimentation) entering surface
water bodies and drainage features due to increased sediment loading
12.133 Prior to commencement of the construction phase, surface water run-off will be controlled
to mitigate both flood risks and sediment loading. It is assumed that a phased temporary
drainage network will be implemented to prevent sediment laden surface run-off from
leaving the Site or entering surface watercourses. The proposed temporary drainage
strategy for this phase of the Proposed Development will be developed during the
detailed design stage.
12.134 Good environmental site practices will also be implemented to avoid or minimise effects
at the source. Such measures include, but are not limited to, the following:
Working areas shall be clearly defined to ensure the disturbance of soils is
minimised, where possible;
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Provision of environmental awareness training for site workers; and
Installation of systems such as silt traps and swales designed to trap silty water
including adequate maintenance and monitoring of these to ensure
effectiveness, particularly after adverse weather conditions.
12.135 The position and extent of working areas should reflect the sensitivity of surrounding areas
and works being carried out. The contractor should appraise the suitability of such working
areas in this respect as part of working method statements.
12.136 Stockpiling of materials will be kept to a minimum. Where essential, stockpiles will be
located as far away as possible from surface watercourses.
12.137 Movement of materials around the Site will be managed under an appropriate Earthworks
Strategy and CEMP undertaken in line with current best practice to minimise the potential
for sediments to be entrained in surface water runoff.
12.138 Where appropriate, earthworks and construction activities should also be undertaken in
accordance with CIRIA guidance ‘C532 – Control of Pollution from Construction Sites’.
12.139 Careful micro-siting of turbines and associated infrastructure will be undertaken to ensure
that a six metre standoff is achieved where infrastructure is located in the immediate
vicinity of drainage board maintained and Agency classified surface watercourses,
considered to be all parts of the Site with the exception of the of the bridge that crosses
Sand Beck.
12.140 The upgrading of the bridge that crosses Sand Beck will be undertaken in accordance
with the requirements of Upper Witham IDB and written approval.
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Disturbance of contaminated ground and/or uncontrolled chemical discharges /
spillages during construction resulting in mobilisation of contaminants impacting
surface watercourses or groundwater
12.141 Prior to works beginning an intrusive ground investigation will be undertaken to target
potential areas of historical contamination which are located in the vicinity of proposed
development areas and infrastructure (primarily in the region of the bridge that crosses
Sand Beck). The results of the investigation will then inform suitable measures to mitigate
against potential significant environmental risks.
12.142 A CEMP will be produced and agreed with the regulator prior to works beginning on Site.
12.143 All equipment, materials and chemicals will be stored at a suitable distance away from
surface watercourses.
12.144 Chemicals, fuel and oil stores will be sited on bunded areas. Standing machinery will have
drip trays placed underneath to prevent oil or fuel leaks causing pollution. Refuelling of
vehicles and machinery will be carried out in one designated area with spill kits located
close by in the event of a spill on an impermeable surface a suitable distance away from
surface water bodies.
12.145 On-site welfare facilities will be adequately designed and maintained to ensure sewage is
disposed of appropriately.
12.146 The use of wet concrete around watercourses will be minimised and carefully controlled.
12.147 Formulation of a detailed incident response plan to mitigate potential risks should spill/
leaks occur during construction.
12.148 There will be a provision of spill kits and associated training.
12.149 Site workers will wear appropriate PPE.
12.150 Toolbox talks will be provided for site staff to advise on particular pollution risks.
12.151 Where necessary site works will be undertaken in accordance with the Agency’s PPG. In
particular, the following are considered relevant to this assessment:
PPG1 ‘General Guide to the Prevention of Water Pollution’;
PPG5 Works or Maintenance in or Near Water’;
PPG6 ‘Working at Construction and Demolition Sites’; and
PPG21 ‘Incident Response Planning’
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Potential exposure to historical contamination/UXOs by construction workers
12.152 Ground investigation is required in areas where proposed infrastructure is located on or in
the close vicinity of historical sources of contamination to confirm whether or not
contaminants are present. Based on the findings of the ground investigation appropriate
mitigation measures can be implemented to reduce the potential of construction workers
coming into contact with contamination.
12.153 Site workers will wear appropriate PPE.
12.154 Toolbox talks will be provided for site staff to provide advice on any particular
contamination/UXO risks.
12.155 There will be a requirement to undertake a non-intrusive magnetometer survey ahead of
any intrusive works/breaking ground in order to assess for the presence of UXO in areas
identified as medium and medium high risk within the Geo-Environmental Phase One
Report (Appendix 12.1).
Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and drainage) to
earthworks and construction workers
12.156 Prior to the commencement of the construction phase, surface water runoff will be
controlled to mitigate flood risk as part of a temporary drainage strategy.
12.157 Dewatering measures will be employed and managed appropriately if necessary.
12.158 Upgrading of the bridge crossing Sand Beck will be undertaken in accordance with the
requirements and written approval of the Upper Whitham IDB to ensure it does not restrict
future flows.
12.159 Where crossing Sand Beck, cables will either lie within suitable conduits to be placed
below Sand Beck or alternatively placed within the structure of the upgraded bridge
crossing Sand Beck. The laying of such conduits below ground or within the structure of
the bridge will be undertaken using construction industry best practice techniques.
12.160 It is recommended that flood risk is considered within the site-wide Health and Safety Plan
and linked to the Agency flood warning.
12.161 A flood plan / evacuation plan should be prepared so that if flooding were to occur,
appropriate actions could be taken to enhance the safety of workers on-site and to
minimise the pollution of flood water. It should also cover who should be notified once a
flood warning is received to prevent vehicles travelling into the affected area.
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12.162 Good health and safety practices such as tool box talks should ensure that workers on-site
are made aware of risks and how to mitigate them during the construction phase.
Operational
Uncontrolled chemical discharges / spillages from maintenance works polluting
surface water and groundwater
12.163 It is anticipated that proposed pollution control measures incorporated within the
drainage system will include trapped road and car park gullies, silt traps and oil
interceptors as required. These measures will ensure attenuation of contamination before
discharge. It is assumed that these facilities (and on-site drains that are used for pre-
treatment) will be subject to routine maintenance.
12.164 Throughout the operation of the Proposed Development measures to protect the
controlled waters will be taken by properly briefing site workers of the precautions
required when working near watercourses and by adopting recommendations set out in
the Agency PPG Notes.
12.165 Where necessary, a permanent drainage system will be installed. If areas of infrastructure
(i.e. access tracks) are identified in close vicinity to surface water receptors pollution
mitigation measures such as silt traps will be incorporated into the design.
12.166 Drainage channels will be inspected routinely and maintenance carried out where
necessary, to ensure adequate drainage flows are maintained.
12.167 There will be no control of weed growth by use of herbicides on access tracks or other
wind farm related infrastructure located within the close vicinity of Sand Beck and
associated drainage tributaries. This will minimise potential adverse impact on the water
quality of surface water and groundwater in the area.
Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and drainage)
on-site and to third parties
12.168 Measures to protect the Proposed Development Site from flooding and to ensure that
flood risk is not increased elsewhere are to be mitigated through the incorporation of a
permanent site drainage system, in accordance with best practice guidance.
12.169 A flood plan / evacuation plan should be prepared so that if flooding were to occur,
appropriate actions could be taken to enhance the safety of maintenance workers on-
site and to minimise the pollution of flood water. It should also cover who should be
notified once a flood warning is received to prevent vehicles travelling into the affected
area.
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12.170 The wind turbines themselves are not considered to be sensitive to flood water, however
any sensitive equipment on or within the wind turbines and the electrical substation should
be raised at least 300 mm above surrounding ground levels.
12.171 Finished site levels should be engineered to provide positive drainage and prevent
ponding. The accumulation of standing water should therefore not occur and the pluvial
flood risk should not increase.
12.172 Finished site levels should be engineered to provide positive drainage and prevent
ponding. The accumulation of standing water would therefore not occur and thus not
pose a risk to the turbines.
Decommissioning
12.173 Similar mitigation to that described for the construction phase is likely to be required to
prevent contamination, such as from silt laden run-off arising from increased vehicle
movements, during the decommissioning phase. Any new legislation or guidelines
published prior to decommissioning will be adhered to and, if required, additional
mitigation will be incorporated into the design prior to any decommissioning taking place.
Residual Impacts
12.174 The residual impacts associated with each potential effect associated with the
construction and operation of the Proposed Development are outlined below taking into
consideration the proposed mitigation measures.
Construction
Potential Increase in physical contamination (i.e. sedimentation) entering surface
water bodies and drainage features due to increased sediment loading
12.175 It is considered that, providing the measures described in the mitigation section are
implemented, the risk of increased sediment mobilisation to on-site and off-site surface
watercourses will be mitigated and there should not be a reduction in status of the WFD
RBMP chemical classification of Sand Beck (‘Moderate’ Ecological Potential).
12.176 The sensitivity of the surface water bodies is considered to be medium, and the magnitude
of change should this occur, following mitigation is negligible. Therefore, there is likely to
be a direct temporary, short term effect of minor significance to surface water bodies
following implementation of the mitigation measures.
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Disturbance of contaminated ground and/or uncontrolled chemical discharge /
spillages during construction resulting in mobilisation of contaminants impacting
surface watercourses or groundwater
12.177 It is considered that, providing the measures described in the mitigation section are
implemented, the risk of releasing pollutants to the ground will be mitigated and there
should not be a reduction in status of the WFD RBMP chemical classification of Sand Beck
or the underlying groundwater.
12.178 The sensitivity of the controlled water receptors is considered to be medium, and the
magnitude of change should this occur, following mitigation is negligible. Therefore, there
is likely to be a direct temporary, short to medium term effect of minor significance to
controlled waters following implementation of the mitigation measures.
Potential exposure to historical contamination or UXOs by construction workers
12.179 It is considered that, providing the measures described in the mitigation section are
implemented, the risk of construction workers involved in earthworks coming into contact
with harmful contamination or UXO will be mitigated and there should be no detrimental
impacts to their health.
12.180 The sensitivity of the construction workers is considered to be medium, and the magnitude
of change should this occur, following mitigation is negligible. Therefore, there is likely to
be a direct temporary, short to long term effect of minor significance to construction
workers and third party land following implementation of the mitigation measures.
Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and drainage) to
construction workers and third party land
12.181 It is considered that, providing the measures described in the mitigation section are
implemented, the risk of construction workers and third party land being at risk of localised
flooding will be mitigated and there should be no detrimental impacts to their health or
asset value.
12.182 The maintenance workers and third party land are considered to be of medium sensitivity
given the likelihood of flooding, and the magnitude of change should this occur, following
mitigation is negligible. Therefore, there is likely to be a permanent, short to long term
effect of minor significance to construction workers and third party land (poultry farm)
following implementation of the mitigation measures.
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Operational
Uncontrolled chemical discharges / spillages from maintenance works polluting
surface water and groundwater;
12.183 It is considered that, providing the measures described in the mitigation section are
implemented, the risk of releasing pollutants to the ground will be mitigated and there
should not be a reduction in status of the WFD RBMP chemical classification of Sand Beck
and the underlying groundwater.
12.184 The sensitivity of the controlled waters is considered to be low/medium to medium, and
the magnitude of change should this occur, following mitigation is negligible. Therefore,
there is likely to be a direct temporary, short to long term effect of minor significance to
controlled waters following implementation of the mitigation measures.
Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and drainage)
on-site and to third parties;
12.185 It is considered that, providing the measures described in the mitigation section are
implemented, the risk of sensitive infrastructure, third party land and maintenance workers
being at risk of localised flooding will be mitigated and there should not be no detrimental
impacts/damage to their health or asset value.
12.186 The sensitivity of drainage system, electrical infrastructure, third party land (poultry farm)
and maintenance workers is considered to be medium, and the magnitude of change
should this occur, following mitigation is negligible. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct
temporary/permanent, long term effect of minor significance to construction workers and
third party land following implementation of the mitigation measures.
12.187 A summary of the likely significant environmental effects and residual impacts after the
incorporation of the mitigation measures is provided within Table 12.14.
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Table 12.14 Summary of Effects for Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
Description Pre-Mitigation
Significance
Post-Mitigation
Significance
Construction
Phase
Potential increase in physical
contamination (i.e.
sedimentation) entering surface
water bodies and drainage
features due to increased
sediment loading.
Moderate Minor
Disturbance of contaminated
ground and/or uncontrolled
chemical discharges / spillages
during construction resulting in
mobilisation of contaminants
impacting surface watercourses
or groundwater.
Moderate Minor
Potential exposure to historical
contamination/UXOs by
construction workers.
Moderate/ Minor to
Major / Moderate
Minor
Potential increase in risk of
flooding (groundwater, fluvial,
pluvial and drainage) to
earthworks and construction
workers.
Moderate Minor
Operational
Phase
Uncontrolled chemical
discharges / spillages from
maintenance works polluting
surface water and
groundwater.
Moderate / Minor Minor
Potential increase in risk of
flooding (groundwater, fluvial,
pluvial and drainage) on-site
and to third parties.
Moderate Minor
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Summary
12.188 Superficial deposits comprising sand and gravel are shown to be present in the east of the
Site (primarily associated with Sand Beck) and along the western boundary. Where
present the superficial deposits are classified by the Agency as a Secondary A Aquifer. The
underlying bedrock comprises the Brant Mudstone Formation (Unproductive Strata) along
the eastern boundary, the Sand Beck Nodular Ironstone Formation (Secondary A Aquifer)
centrally east and the Foster Member (Secondary B Aquifer) across the central and west
of the Site.
12.189 The Site is not located within a SPZ and no publicly registered or private groundwater
abstractions have been identified on or within 3km of the Site,
12.190 One Agency classified surface watercourse is located on site, identified as Sand Beck. The
beck is classified by the Agency as having Moderate Potential for Ecological Quality and
is maintained by the Upper Witham Internal Drainage Board.
12.191 Parts of the Site adjacent to Sand Beck are located within Flood Zone 2 and 3. However,
the majority of the Site and infrastructure relating to the Proposed Development is located
within Flood Zone 1 (low probability of flooding).
12.192 A search of historical records has identified the Site was used as a WWII airfield. A number
of potential sources of contamination have been identified associated with the Site’s
historical use primarily in the east of the Site associated with historical below ground fuel/oil
storage and explosive storage.
12.193 Based on the available baseline data, it is considered that the following likely significant
effects may be associated with the Proposed Development:
Potential Increase in physical contamination (i.e. sedimentation) entering
surface water bodies and drainage features due to increased sediment
loading;
Disturbance of contaminated ground and/or uncontrolled chemical
discharges / spillages during construction resulting in mobilisation of
contaminants impacting surface watercourses or groundwater;
Potential exposure to historical contamination/UXOs by construction workers;
and,
Potential increase in risk of flooding (groundwater, fluvial, pluvial and
drainage) to earthworks during construction and maintenance workers during
the operational phase.
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12.194 A CEMP will be prepared to ensure the adoption of safe working systems and good
environmental practices during the construction phase.
12.195 Prior to breaking ground on Site a magnetometer survey will be required to assess for the
presence of buried UXOs.
12.196 A ground investigation and environmental risk assessment will be required to obtain
regulatory approval and will ensure that the Site condition is suitable for the proposed
development and does not fall under the legal definition of Contaminated Land under
Part IIA.
12.197 An appropriate drainage management strategy will be implemented to ensure the risks
associated from flooding at the site are minimal both during the construction and
operational phases of the Proposed Development.
12.198 Similar mitigation to that described for the construction phase is likely to be required to
prevent contamination, such as from silt laden run-off arising from increased vehicle
movements, during the decommissioning phase. Any new legislation or guidelines
published prior to decommissioning will be adhered to and, if required, additional
mitigation will be incorporated into the design prior to any decommissioning taking place.
12.199 Following a ground investigation to further quantify the potential contaminated land
related risks and the incorporation of mitigation measures in accordance with best
practice and relevant guidance it is considered that residual effects associated with the
construction, operation and decommissioning of the Proposed Development will be of
minor significance.
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 13: Socio-Economic and Tourism
April 2015
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CONTENTS
13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND TOURISM 13-1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13-1 Legislation and Policy Context and Guidance ............................................................... 13-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ...................................................... 13-3 Baseline Assessment ............................................................................................................ 13-6 Predicted Effects ............................................................................................................... 13-20 Cumulative ......................................................................................................................... 13-31 Mitigation and Enhancement Measures ....................................................................... 13-32 Summary and Conclusion ................................................................................................ 13-32
Tables
Table 13.1 - Sensitivity of resource or receptor
Table 13.2 - Establishing the Level of Effect and Significance
Table 13.3 – Consultation Responses
Table 13.4 – Broad Age of Population
Table 13.5 – Employment Rates
Table 13.6 – Employment by Industry (2012)
Table 13.7 and 8 - Great Britain Tourism overnight domestic trips for NKDC and
SKDC
Table 13.9 – Viewpoints
Table 13.10 – Summary of Residual Effects
Appendices
Appendix 13.1 – Consultation Responses
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13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND TOURISM
Introduction
13.1 This chapter of the Environmental Statement (ES) assesses the likely significant
effects of the Proposed Development with respect to socio-economic, tourism
and recreation issues. This chapter also describes the methods used to assess the
baseline conditions currently existing at the Site and surrounding area; the effects
of the Proposed Development; the mitigation measures required to prevent,
reduce or offset any significant negative effects; and the likely residual effects
after these measures have been adopted.
Legislation and Policy Context and Guidance
13.2 This section provides an overview of policy in relation to effects and also the
scope of the assessment. The Development Plan and other relevant planning
policies are discussed within Chapter 5: Renewable Energy and Planning Policy
and within the Planning Statement.
National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)
13.3 The NPPF provides a presumption in favour of sustainable development to assist
economic growth where proposals accord with the development plan or unless
adverse impacts would significantly and demonstrably outweigh the benefits of
the proposal.
13.4 The NPPF (paragraph 7) outlines that one of the key dimensions of sustainable
development is contributing to a strong, responsive and competitive economy. In
this theme, one of the core principles of NPPF (paragraph 17) is to:
“proactively drive and support sustainable economic development to
deliver the homes, business and infrastructure that the country needs”
13.5 Paragraph 28 states:
“Planning policies should support economic growth in rural areas in order
to create jobs and prosperity by taking a positive approach to sustainable
new development. To promote a strong rural economy, local and
neighbourhood plans should:
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support the sustainable growth and expansion of all types of
business and enterprise in rural areas…;
promote the development and diversification of agricultural and
other land-based rural businesses;
13.6 Section 5.12 of National Policy Statement for Energy Infrastructure EN-1 sets out the
requirements for socio-economic impact assessment and states that:
“This assessment should consider all relevant socio-economic impacts,
which may include:
i) the creation of jobs and training opportunities;
ii) the provision of additional local services and improvements to local
infrastructure, including the provision of educational and visitor facilities;
iii) effects on tourism;
iv) the impact of a changing influx of workers during the different
construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the energy
infrastructure. This could change the local population dynamics and could
alter the demand for services and facilities in the settlements nearest to
the construction work (including community facilities and physical
infrastructure such as energy, water, transport and waste). There could
also be effects on social cohesion depending on how populations and
service provision change as a result of the development; and
v) cumulative effects – if development consent were to be granted for a
number of projects within a region and these were developed in a similar
timeframe, there could be some short-term negative effects, for example
a potential shortage of construction workers to meet the needs of other
industries and major projects within the region.”
Local Planning Policy
13.7 With regard to Local Planning Policy the following policy or sections from relevant
policies are stated below, the full policies can be found in Chapter 5: Renewable
Energy and Planning Policy.
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South Kesteven Core Strategy (2010) Policies
13.8 Policy EN3 of the Core Strategy outlines consideration of renewable energy
development within the district and this is supported by the Supplementary
Planning Document (SPD) in relation to wind energy, which is detailed below.
13.9 Policy SP2 has regard to proposals which protect, retain or enhance existing
community assets.
North Kesteven Local Plan (2007)
13.10 Policy C5 of the Local Plan states that permission will be granted for proposals
which do not adversely affect the amenities enjoyed by other land users to an
unacceptable degree.
13.11 In relation to Policy C17 of the Local Plan this states that energy from renewable
sources will be supported provided that the environmental, economic and social
impacts can be addressed satisfactorily.
South Kesteven Wind Energy SPD
13.12 The guidance which was adopted in 2013, requires that developers undertake an
assessment to quantify the potential employment that may be generated, this
can also include the other economic activity associated with the proposal.
13.13 With regard to tourism, the guidance requires that any potential direct and
indirect impact on tourism shall be identified and assessed.
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria
13.14 The EIA Regulations themselves do not define significance and it is therefore
necessary to state how this will be defined for the Proposed Development, it is
inevitable that there will be a degree of subjectivity. In general, the conclusion
about significance is arrived at using professional judgement, with reference to
the development description, available information about potential changes that
are expected to be caused by the Proposed Development, and the receptors
that may be affected.
13.15 The adverse and beneficial effects of the Proposed Development on the baseline
situation, in terms of magnitude of change, are assessed, followed by the
identification of mitigation (where relevant) and an assessment on any residual
effects. Non-quantifiable effects are assessed using professional experience and
knowledge gained from other wind farm developments and previous studies.
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13.16 The geographic distribution of effects will depend on a variety of factors such as
geographical sourcing of goods and services and demand for labour.
13.17 In respect of socio-economic effects, the sensitivity of a receptor to change is
considered as a function of the context within which the potential effects occur.
For example, in terms of an employment effect, the creation of 100 jobs could
represent a large magnitude of change in the context of the local economy but
a negligible magnitude of change when considered within the national context.
13.18 Effects are also considered in terms of their duration, as follows:
Temporary – these effects are likely to last for a period of a few days to a few
months, they will be related to a particular activity and will cease as soon as
the activity ceases;
Short-term – this would normally be considered to be between a period of a
few months to a few years depending on the effect being discussed and the
environment’s ability to recover from an impact;
Long-term – this would typically be a period of between a few years and the
life of the Proposed Development; and
Permanent – this would typically mean an effect resulting in an irreversible
change in the environment / receptor.
13.19 The sensitivity of the resource of sensitivity will be categorised as detailed in Table
13.1:
Table 13.1 - Sensitivity of resource or receptor
Sensitivity Examples
High The resource is of international or national
importance
Medium The receptor is of regional, county or district
importance
Low The receptor is of ward, parish or local
importance.
13.20 In establishing the level of effect and significance, Table 13.2 shows how the level
of effect is categorised from the interaction of a receptor’s sensitivity to change
and the magnitude of change.
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Table 13.2 - Establishing the Level of Effect and Significance
Magnitude of change
Sensitivity Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible
High Major Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Medium Major/
Moderate
Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor
Low Moderate Moderate/
Minor
Minor Minor/
Negligible
13.21 In many cases, the divisions between categories of receptor sensitivity and
magnitude of change may not be as clearly delineated as shown and
professional judgement is applied. A level of effect of major to moderate or
greater is generally of most importance to the decision-maker and so the cells
highlighted in Table 13.3 are considered to be significant in terms of the EIA
Regulations.
Limitations and Assumptions
13.22 Various assumptions have been made during the preparation of this chapter. The
assessment also has limitations. These are summarised below and referred to
throughout the chapter (where appropriate):
Baseline conditions have been established using available published
data/statistics at the time of writing.
Calculations are based on published formulae and guidance, where
available and using qualitative methods based on professional judgment and
experience.
People’s individual opinions are subjective and therefore It is difficult to assess
the visual impacts of the Proposed Development and the corresponding
impact with respect to people’s enjoyment of recreational activities and
tourism,
Some of the published data set out in the baseline section has not been
published recently and is up to ten years old. However, in these circumstances
the data is considered to be valid and the best available.
No published data is available which specifically states the number of
construction, decommissioning and operational jobs generated by onshore
wind energy developments.
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Assumptions include the choice of study area, employment estimates and
multipliers. This is standard practice, for which direction is given in the
guidance. Assumptions are justified in the assessment as necessary.
Cumulative assessment has been undertaken using publicly available data on
the committed developments identified in Chapter 2: EIA Methodology.
Baseline Assessment
13.23 To identify the key components of the local economy, existing land use, tourism
and recreational facilities in the surrounding area, a desk-based study using
publically available information has been undertaken. The study area for this was
based on the administrative boundary for North and South Kesteven and, in
particular, the Bassingham and Brant Broughton, Heath, Cliff Villages and Loveden
wards in which the Proposed Development Site is located in or adjacent to.
13.24 The following sources of data have been used in the preparation of the
assessment:
BiGGAR Economics (2007) Review of Evidence on the Impact of Wind Farms
on Tourism and Recreation. Prepared on behalf of Novera Energy Ltd;
BiGGAR Economics (2012) Onshore wind: Direct & Wider Economic Impacts.
Prepared on behalf of Renewable UK and Department of Energy and Climate
Change (DECC);
DECC – Public attitudes tracking survey – Wave 12
(https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/public-attitudes-tracking-survey-
wave-12)
Association of Leading Visitor Attractions; 2014 Visitor Numbers
(http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=605)
Statistical information from NOMIS Official Labour Market Statistics
(www.nomisweb.co.uk);
Statistical information from Office for National Statistics Neighbourhood
Statistics (www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk);
Lincolnshire Research Observatory (http://shared.research-
lincs.org.uk/Home.aspx)
Business Register and Employment Survey, NOMIS 2011; and
2013 Great Britain Day Visits Survey (GBDVS 2013).
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Consultation
13.25 The approach to this chapter was detailed within the Scoping Report (see
Chapter 2: Approach to EIA and associated appendices) submitted to NKDC and
SKDC in December 2013. A scoping opinion was received from SKDC on the 30
January 2014 and stated in relation to this chapter:
‘…that an assessment should be included in the Society and Economic
section in accordance with Box 24 of The South Kesteven Wind Energy
SPD…There are a number of well used tourist and leisure attractions that
do contribute significantly to the local economy including Belton House,
Belvoir Castle, Caythorpe Court and Stubton Hall as well as various golf
courses, fishing lakes, equestrian centres and local public houses, hotels,
restaurants and events venues. The impact of these and other local
businesses where the character of the landscape and features within it is
integral to their success or otherwise should be considered. The assessment
could include the results of any relevant studies…’
13.26 NKDC confirmed within their Scoping response (dated 31 January 2014) that they
agreed with the views of SKDC on the potential impact of tourism and in addition
stating the following:
‘Within North Kesteven District this should also focus upon the Viking Way
walking route along the Lincoln Cliff.’
13.27 The consultation responses to the Scoping Report were also assessed to ensure
that any comments made were taken into consideration as part of this Chapter;
these include:
Lincolnshire Highways – confirmed the definitive rights of way around the Site;
and
National Trust – highlighted heritage assets for consideration; and
Natural England – confirmation that the Site does not affect any nationally
designated geological, ecological or landscape sites.
13.28 In addition to the above the following consultation was undertaken
independently of the Scoping Exercise:
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Table 12.3 – Consultation responses
Consultee Consultation
request
Consultation
response
Action Taken
Lincolnshire
Chamber of
Commerce
Information in
relation to
tourism and
visitor economy
Referred to the
South
Kesteven DC
tourism team.
None –
followed up
with South
Kesteven DC
tourism team.
South Kesteven DC
Tourism team
As above None
received.
LCC Highways West Regarding the
current use of
bridleways
surrounding the
Site
Call and
discussion with
LCC Highways
established
they did not
hold any
information /
numbers on
their use.
No further
action.
English Heritage Visitor numbers
for Attractions /
Sites
Response
signposting –
documents
and links to
visitor numbers.
Included
relevant
information
within
Chapter.
National Trust Follow up from
Scoping
Response in
relation to
Belton House
and Bellmount
Tower.
Assessment
approach
agreed.
Relevant
information
contained
within
Chapter.
Belvoir Castle Visitor numbers
for Attraction.
Referred
enquiry to
Melton
Mowbray DC.
None –
followed up
with Melton
Mowbray DC.
Melton Mowbray DC Visitor Numbers
for Belvoir
Castle.
Referred
enquiry to
Belvoir Castle
as not
associated
with the
Council.
None
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Population Overview
13.29 South and North Kesteven District have a lower population density than both the
regional (2.9 persons per hectare) and national average (4.1) of 1.4 persons per
hectare and 1.2 persons per hectare respectively. (ONS, 2011)
13.30 The Wards within the development area are even more sparsely populated than
the local authority average with the numbers of persons per hectare being
between 0.5 and 0.6.
13.31 The age of the population is summarised in Table 13.4 below:
Table 13.4 - Broad Age of Population
Resident Population
by Age Groups
Persons aged 0-19
(%)
Persons aged 20-64
years (%)
Persons aged 65
and over (%)
2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011
North Kesteven 24 22 58 57 18 21
South Kesteven 25 23 58 58 16 19
Lincolnshire 24 22 57 57 19 21
East Midlands 25 24 59 59 16 17
England 25 24 59 60 16 16
Source: Research Lincs (derived from Census 2011)
13.32 The population within both NKDC and SKDC is becoming older although this is in
line with the increase at county level, but higher than the regional and national
trends. The population trends for Lincolnshire indicate that the percentage of the
age categories over 50 will increase through to 2021. Overall NKDC has had
population growth between 2001 and 2011 higher than the national rate (14.6%
compared to the national rate of 10.4%), this is in part attributed to the growth of
the urban areas within the district and also the increased population around key
centres such as Lincoln.
13.33 SKDC population also increased in the period between 2001 and 2011 but this was
at a lower rate than the national average, 7.2%.
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Overview of Economy and Employment
National Economy
13.34 A report issued by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) in May
20121 shows onshore wind’s economic benefits at all levels. It found that in 2011
the total direct and supply chain impact of onshore wind supported 8,600 jobs
and was worth £548m to the UK economy. Of this figure 1,100 jobs were created
at the local level (i.e. local authority area), worth £84m.
13.35 The business and tourism effects of onshore wind development, which is based
upon the spending by employees in local businesses (for example on food and
accommodation) during the construction phase in 2011 contributed an estimated
£11 million to the UK economy, supporting around 300 jobs.
Regional Economy
13.36 Both NKDC and SKDC are members of the Greater Lincolnshire Local Enterprise
Partnerships (GLLEP), other members include South Holland District Council, North
and North East Lincolnshire Councils, East Lindsey District Council, Boston Borough
Council and City of Lincoln Council.
13.37 The Ambition of the Greater Lincolnshire LEP is clearly stated in their Structural and
Investment Strategy (2014- 2020):
‘The GLLEP sees growth as:
Growth of business in greater Lincolnshire creating wealth, jobs,
and contributing to UK plc
Increasing skills leading to residents contributing to the growth of
their economy…’
13.38 Once this is broken down in actions, the ambition is clearly focussed on the
investment in the ports on the southern bank of the Humber, however it is clearly
recognised in the document that there is potential for significant further growth to
1 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/onshore-wind-direct-and-wider-economic-
impacts
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serve the Humber wind farms and others, including the manufacturing of wind
turbine components.
13.39 The document also acknowledges the findings of the Low Carbon Energy in the
East Midlands report undertaken by the Land Use Consultants which shows that
Lincolnshire has the highest potential for low carbon electricity production through
onshore wind energy.
13.40 The report also recognises the importance of Tata Steel in Scunthorpe noting their
production of world-class steel which is used in wind turbines.
Local Economy
13.41 The Local employment rates within SKDC and NKDC (shown in Table 13.5) have in
the majority of years been above the East Midlands average and above the
national average. These have also reflected the regional and national trends
regarding decreasing employment rates during the recession and the recent
increase in employment.
Table 13.5 – Employment Rates
Employment Rate1 North
Kesteven (%)
South
Kesteven (%)
East
Midlands
(%)
GB (%)
12 months to Dec 2004 76.9 76.8 73.5 72.6
12 months to Dec 2005 78.1 77.2 73.9 72.6
12 months to Dec 2006 76.4 75.7 74.3 72.6
12 months to Dec 2007 72.9 74.7 73.7 72.5
12 months to Dec 2008 78.8 74.9 73.6 72.2
12 months to Dec 2009 80.1 76.9 72.2 70.7
12 months to Dec 2010 76.1 74.8 70.8 70.2
12 months to Dec 2011 72.7 77.6 70.8 69.9
12 months to Dec 2012 73.8 74.5 71.4 70.6
12 months to Dec 2013 75.9 76.2 71.5 71.3
Notes: Source: Nomis (accessed March 2015) from ONS annual population survey
1) numbers are for those aged 16 and over, % are for those of aged 16-64
13.42 The structure of the employment within NKDC and SKDC is demonstrated in Table
13.6. The table shows that SKDC and NKDC and the wider region have a diverse
range of employment. The comparison between the local authorities and the
wider region shows a clear correlation.
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13.43 The public administration sector makes up the largest employment with both
SKDC and NKDC, these figures are higher than the Regional and GB figures.
Wholesale and retail is the second largest sector employing 18.3% and 19.8% in
NKDC and SKDC respectively.
13.44 The Primary Services sector is also higher than the regional and GB average and
reflect the rural nature of the authorities. The accommodation and food services
sector accounts for 7% and 8.5% in NKDC and SKDC respectively.
Table 13.6 – Employment by Industry (2013)
Employee jobs by industry North
Kesteven
(%)
South
Kesteven
(%)
East
Midlands
(%)
GB
(%)
Primary Services (A-B: agriculture and
mining)
1.1 0.2 0.3 0.3
Energy and Water (D-E) 1.9 2.3 1.6 1.1
Manufacturing (C) 14.7 13.8 13.4 8.5
Construction (F) 6.0 3.6 3.8 4.4
Services (G-S) 76.4 80.1 81.0 85.7
Wholesale and retail, including
motor trades (G)
18.3 19.8 16.8 15.9
Transport storage (H) 4.6 2.9 5.2 4.5
Accommodation and food
services(I)
7.0 8.5 6.3 7.0
Information and communication
(J)
2.6 2.8 2.7 4.0
Financial and other business
services(K-N)
13.6 12.8 18.3 21.8
Public admin, education and
health (O-Q)
28.1 28.7 27.6 28.0
Other Services (R-S) 2.2 4.6 4.1 4.5
Notes: Source: ONS business register and employment survey (accessed via
www.nomisweb.co.uk, 08 May 2014)
Recreation and Tourism
13.45 The SKDC Economic Development Strategy 2012-2016 states within the key
priorities that they intend to deliver by 2021 ‘a place which attracts visitors and
businesses’
13.46 Within the ‘State of the District’ section the document states:
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‘The proportion of visitors to the district is growing but the challenge facing
the area is the ability to increase the number of visitors staying overnight
and attract broader customer base including business and conference
visitors’
13.47 The strategy outlines measures which it seeks to undertake that will improve the
urban realm of the main towns. This will increase their attractiveness to the visiting
population. Within the strategy there is also support for events, however, there is
no specific tourism measure that’s sole purpose is to increase tourism in a
particular area or through a particular measure.
13.48 The Great Britain Day Visit Survey (GBDVS) 2012 summarised in Table 13.8 and 9
below shows the number of overnight trips and total spend for SKDC and NKDC,
presented with 3 year averages for the period 2006 to 2012. This shows that there
has been a general increase in tourism to the area from the 2007 to 2009 period
across various categories with both districts showing a marked increase between
2009-2011 and 2010-2012. This demonstrates that the current operational turbines
which were commissioned in 2008 (Bicker Fen) and albeit of a different scale Jan
2012 (Frinkley Farm) for NKDC and SKDC respectively, did not decrease visitors or
spend during the period.
Table 13.8 Great Britain Tourism summary statistics for SKDC
Category 2006 -
2008
2007-
2009
2008-
2010
2009-
2011
2010-
2012
Total Trips (thousands) 222 188 189 216 252
Holiday Trips
(thousands) 56 54 68 89 87
Total Nights
(thousands) 554 448 444 521 663
Holiday Nights
(thousands) 171 161 197 293 296
Total Spend (£m) 25 20 21 31 39
Holiday Spend (£m) 10 7 7 14 17
Table 13.9 Great Britain Tourism summary statistics for NKDC
Category 2006 -
2008
2007-
2009
2008-
2010
2009-
2011
2010-
2012
Total Trips (thousands) 52 62 60 46 88
Holiday Trips
(thousands) 6 14 19 17 40
Total Nights 181 205 151 108 208
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(thousands)
Holiday Nights
(thousands) 50 65 41 26 78
Total Spend (£m) 7 8 6 6 10
Holiday Spend (£m) 3 4 2 1 4
13.49 With regard to Public Rights of Way (PROW), there are no identified PROW within
the Proposed Development Site. There are a number in the wider area which are
used for recreational purposes.
13.50 The designated PROW are shown on Figure 6.1 – Local Context and Public Rights
of Way. The national cycle routes are shown on Figure 6.2 – Site Location and
Landscape Policy Context, there are no national cycle routes (or links) within 5km
of the Proposal.
13.51 The nearest long distance route is the Viking Way which passes within 6.1km to the
south east at its closest point. The route runs from Oakham in Rutland to Barton
Upon Humber in Humberside. In proximity of the Proposed Development the
footpath extends east-west from Long Bennington to the B6403 (High Dyke Road),
the route then runs north south along the former Roman Road.
13.52 Within 2km of the Proposed Development the following tourism / business
destinations have been identified; PFI Karting circuit and Gorse lodge. The
sensitivity of these receptors and their anticipated magnitude of change is
considered later in this chapter.
Specific Tourist / Business Destination
13.53 The following tourist destination have been defined, either through scoping or
knowledge of the area. Other recreational receptors are also outlined within
Chapter 6: Landscape and Visual Impact.
13.54 Belvoir Castle is situated to the west of Woolsthorpe in an elevated location and is
the ancestral home of the Duke and Duchess of Rutland.
13.55 The property is Grade I listed and situated in Grade II Gardens, with various
structures / properties that are also Grade II and Grade II* situated within the
extensive grounds. The castle itself is a Norman castle which was rebuilt in the 16th
Century and again remodelled in the 18th Century.
13.56 The castle and Gardens are open to the paying public for circa 20-25 days of the
year with the Gardens open for an additional 15-20 days of the year. The castle
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also offers private hire, weddings and hunting parties with accommodation within
the castle available. The castle and grounds also hold events throughout the year.
13.57 Belton House is a Grade I listed property run by the National Trust, situated north of
Grantham. The house occupies the north eastern part of the estate, with formal /
pleasure gardens to the north and north east of the house and historic deer park
to the south and east. To the north and west of the house lies the village of Belton.
13.58 Bellmont tower situated to the East of the house on elevated ground was built to
take advantage of the views back towards the house, the landscaping from the
house creates a boulevard in which the house is framed.
13.59 The house itself is orientated to the south with a long drive connecting to
Grantham which now holds collections and is open to the public.
13.60 In addition to this, the estate has both a restaurant and garden centre for visitors,
along with playgrounds for children. The house is also licensed to hold weddings
using both the main house and the orangery situated to the north.
13.61 Belton House features in the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions top 100 of
visitor destinations in the UK for 2014, ranks the facility at number 91 attracting
319,886 visitors, an increase of 7% on the previous year’s figures. Given the
attraction value of the destination, its sensitivity is considered high given its
national importance.
13.62 Caythorpe Court is a family activity centre situated 6km from the Proposed
Development. The facility is based around a Grade II listed manor house and
former private school. The land around the buildings has been utilised for outdoor
activities and indoor sports. To the south of the main grounds they have created
purpose built lakes for water sport activity.
13.63 The grounds of the hall and the more modern buildings to the north are contained
within a mature landscaped grounds with the buildings being enclosed by large
mature tree belts.
13.64 The site is privately owned and offers family and activity holidays, with
accommodation being simple and functional. Given the anticipated popularity of
the tourism destination and the jobs which are supported it is considered that it is
of medium to low sensitivity.
13.65 Stubton Hall is a privately owned Grade II listed building originally built in the 17th
Century and rebuilt in 1813 by Sir Robert Heron using architect Sir Jeffry Wyatville
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13.66 The property has undergone extensive renovation and extension since 2006
creating an exclusive hotel and wedding venue. Given the likely tourism and the
jobs which are supported, it is considered that it is of medium to low sensitivity.
13.67 Tourist facilities which are located within the surrounding villages are considered
as groups of facilities and further details of other heritage assets are provided in
Chapter 8: Cultural Heritage and Archaeology.
13.68 Table 13.9 outlines the viewpoint numbers, grid reference and main receptors in
relation to socio- economic considerations, Figure 6.6 provides a plan of the
location of these viewpoints from the Site.
Table 13.9 – Viewpoints
Viewpoint Distance to
nearest turbine,
Direction.
Scale of effect Receptor
VP1: Fenton 1.1km, west Large PROW users and
Residents
VP2: Stragglethorpe 1.5km, north-east Large-Medium to
Medium
PROW users, Road
users and Residents
VP3: Beckingham 2.2km, north-west Large to Large-
Medium
PROW users, Road
users and Residents
VP4: Brant Broughton 2.9km, north-east Large-Medium PROW user and
Residents
VP5: Brandon 2.1km, south-east Large Road users and
Residents
VP6: Stubton 2.9km, south-west Medium Adjacent PROW
users , Road users
and Residents
VP7: Barnby in the
Willows
3.2km, north-west Large-Medium PROW user and
Residents
VP8: Claypole 4.1km, south-west Medium Residents, Road
and Rail users
VP9: Caythorpe 3.9km, south-east Medium Road users and
Residents
VP10: Leadenham 5.1km, north-east Medium PROW users and
Residents
VP11: Hough on the Hill 4.7km, south-east Medium PROW users
VP12: Houghton Road 5.4km, south Medium PROW and Road
users
VP13: Carlton-le-
Moorland
6.3km, north Small PROW and Road
users and Residents
VP14: Wellingore 9.6km, north-east Small PROW and Road
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Viewpoint Distance to
nearest turbine,
Direction.
Scale of effect Receptor
users and Residents
VP15: Woolsthorpe
Road near Belvoir
Castle
17.8km, south-
west
Negligible Tourism
VP16: Lincoln, West
Common
22km, north-east Negligible Residents and
tourism and
recreation
VP17: Normanton
Heath
7.1km, south-east Medium-Small Road Users.
VP18: Great Gonerby 11.8km, south Small-Negligible Road users and
Residents
13.69 It is acknowledged that the viewpoints located on roads could also be used by
PROW users and cyclists. Views for these users would be moving and transitory. It
should also be noted that each of the viewpoints is a 'sample' of the potential
effects, representing a wide range of receptors - including not only those actually
at the viewpoint, but also those nearby, at a similar distance and/or direction.
Public Attitudes to Wind Farms in relation to Tourism and Recreation
University of West England Research
13.70 Professor Aitchison of the University of the West of England undertook research to
provide information for a public inquiry for a proposed wind farm development at
Fullabrook, North Devon in late 2006/January 2007 (Aitchinson, 2007). Part of this
research involved the interviewing of 379 visitors to areas around two wind farms in
Cornwall and two in mid-Wales. 87% of the people interviewed considered that
the development of a wind farm would neither encourage nor discourage them
from visiting the area. Of the remaining 13%, just over half thought that a wind
farm would encourage them to visit an area. The survey also found a broad
support for renewable energy schemes in general.
BiGGAR Economics (2007) Review of Evidence on the Impact of Wind
Farms on Tourism and Recreation.
13.71 The report found that the key drivers of tourism were either major geopolitical
events or more regional/local factors, with wind farms that have been developed
not considered to have an impact on tourism trends.
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13.72 Results from the surveys reviewed were inconclusive with some suggesting that a
minority of visitors may be less likely to return to areas where wind farms are
developed with other surveys suggesting a positive response to wind farm
development with wind farms even becoming a tourist attraction in their own
right. The report reviewed research carried out by David Stewart Associates in
relation to a holiday centre in Kerrier District Cornwall, 2km from the Goonhilly wind
farm within an AONB. The report stated that the holiday centre had over 500 units
of accommodation and that each year a questionnaire was given out for visitor
comments on the park and its surroundings. Just under1,400 were received in 1995
and the report noted that the same exercise had been carried out each year
since, with the wind farm never raised in any of the responses.
13.73 The report stated that:
“There is no case study evidence that wind farm developments have a
negative impact on tourism” highlighting that “local visitor
accommodation businesses could benefit during the construction phase
and there could be longer term business opportunities associated with the
wind farm becoming an attraction in its own right and the opportunity to
market the area as a generator of renewable energy.”
Department of Energy and Climate Renewable Energy Awareness and
Attitudes Research
13.74 In 2009 the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) commissioned
independent research by GfK Social Research to explore public awareness and
attitudes towards renewable energy in Great Britain (DECC, 2009). The survey
results show that public support for renewables remains high, with 85% of the
general public supporting the use of renewable energy, and a high level of
general public support for the Government policy at the time, of generating 10%
of electricity from renewable energy by 2010 (78%).
13.75 The survey found that 81% of the general public are in favour of the use of wind
power, and 62% would be happy to live within 5km (3 miles) of a wind power
development. Those influenced by living near to a renewable energy
development were more likely to agree with this statement compared with those
who did not (79% compared to 58%).
13.76 In March 2012 the DECC began to run a survey on energy awareness and
attitudes four times a year. As part of this process, a subset of questions are asked
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quarterly with the other questions asked annually. Data is collected via an
omnibus survey using face-to-face in-home interviews with households in the UK.
13.77 Of the questions asked on an annual basis, six in ten people (59%) said in March
2014 they would be happy to have a large scale renewable energy development
in their area, consistent with 56% in March 2013 and 55% in March 2012.
13.78 The latest version of this research was released February 2015 (from surveys carried
out in December 2014 and January 2015), more than two thirds of the public (76%)
said they supported the use of renewable energy to provide the UK’s electricity,
fuel and heat, this support for renewable energy has remained high since the
research was first undertaken (all results vary between 76 and 82%). With support
for on-shore wind as a technology being 68%, and comparable with other
technologies; Off-shore wind at 74% and Biomass at 65%.
Tourism and Wind Farms
13.79 The Scottish Government published a research report entitled ‘The Economic
Impacts of Wind Farms on Scottish Tourism’ (widely known as “the Moffat Report”)
in March 2008 which is regarded as the definitive study on the likely economic
impact of wind farm developments on tourist destinations throughout Scotland.
13.80 The report included details of a survey that intercepted tourists, most of whom had
a recent experience of a wind farm primarily, to identify if the experience had
altered the likelihood of a return to Scotland. This survey clearly informs the issue of
whether wind farms will have significant adverse effects on the tourist industry. The
report states (p. 276):
“The survey sought to identify the impact of the actual and simulated wind
farm experiences on the likelihood of return. The vast majority (99%) of
those who had seen a wind farm suggested that the experience would
not have any affect. Indeed, there were as many tourists for whom the
experience increased the likelihood of return as decreased. Surprisingly,
there was no difference between those who had a close and extensive
experience and those who had a minimal experience. Those who had not
seen a farm were more likely to state a decrease in the likelihood of return,
which was even stronger when all tourists were faced with a potential
extension of the relevant wind farm. However, even then this only related
to a small minority of tourists.”
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13.81 The report also includes a literature review which examines 40 studies of the
economic impact of wind farms on tourism in the UK, Ireland, Denmark, United
States of America, Sweden, German, Australian and Norway. This literature review
concludes (p.275):
“There is often strong hostility to developments at the planning stage on
the grounds of the scenic impact and the knock on effect on tourism.
However, the most sensitive locations do not appear to have been given
approval so that where negative impacts on tourism might have been a
real outcome there is, in practice, little evidence of a negative effect.
There is a loss of value to a significant number of individuals but there are
also some who believe that wind turbines enhance the scene. An
established wind farm can be a tourist attraction in the same way as a
nuclear power station. This of course is only true whilst a visit remains an
unusual occurrence. Over time hostility to wind farms lessens and they
become an accepted even valued part of the scenery. Those closest
seem to like them most.”
13.82 This research reveals that wind farms are not seen as having a detrimental effect
on tourists’ visits and would not deter them from visiting the area in the future.
Predicted Effects
Construction and Decommissioning
Population
13.83 The main effects of the construction and decommissioning phases on the local
population would be as a result of the construction and decommissioning traffic,
noise and vibration and the temporary visual effect of the construction site, rather
that the presence of workers.
13.84 Noise effects associated with the construction and decommissioning phases of
the Proposed Development are discussed in Chapter 10: Noise of the ES. It states
that the construction noise is expected to result in negligible effects on nearby
receptors.
13.85 There would be no job displacement resulting from the Proposed Development as
no employment uses will be lost.
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13.86 Effects on the local population during construction and decommissioning phases
are considered to be of negligible magnitude, short term and not significant,
lasting for the construction and decommissioning phases only.
Economic Effects
13.87 The Proposed Development has the potential to generate a range of direct and
indirect economic benefits for local businesses as it is anticipated that a
reasonable proportion of the cost of the civil, electrical and grid connection work
will be spent locally or within the UK. Local businesses often benefit from supplying
a diverse range of services such as concrete, stone, civil engineering, fuel,
haulage of cranes, fencing, landscaping, security, accommodation, IT support
and secretarial support during the construction period.
13.88 The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) in their Review of the
Generation Costs and Deployment Potential of Renewable Energy Technologies in
the UK (2011) estimated the level of investment for a wind farm of >5MW to be
between £1.18million and £1.82million per MW installed. Using the lower figure the
capital cost of the 20.5MW Proposed Development is estimated to be £24.19
million.
13.89 The Onshore Wind Direct & Wider Economic Impacts report (BiGGAR Economics
2012) noted that on average, 45% of construction costs were spent in the UK with
7% in the local area and 29% in the region based on data from the 18 case studies
examined in the report. Average construction costs for the 18 case studies was
£1.23 million per MW, which is towards the lower end of the DECC estimates of
£1.18 to £1.82 million, and therefore higher than the £1.18 million figure used in the
preceding paragraph in estimating costs for the Proposed Development at £24.19
million. Using the £24.19 million estimate (given this represents the worst case), the
Proposed Development would contribute £1.69 million to the local area and £7.02
million to the region.
13.90 Potential spending arising from the Proposed Development within the district and
region is likely to be a short term minor beneficial effect which is not significant.
Employment
13.91 The Proposed Development also has the potential to generate local employment.
The majority of jobs will be directly related to the wind farm investment, such as
track construction, foundation installation and turbine erection. Indirect and
induced employment will be created by expenditure via the supply chain and the
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impact of wages and salaries on the local economy including increased hotel
occupancy rates. The baseline identified that the hotel and restaurant industry is
an important source of employment in the surrounding wards, and that
construction is another important employer especially within host and adjacent
wards, therefore based on the baseline employment industries there is good
reason to suggest that the local workforce will have the skills required to undertake
this work.
13.92 In the construction of other wind farms in the UK a number of local contractors
were used, this resulted in direct employment of labourers and in addition,
cleaners and secretarial services where sourced locally. In securing contracts for
the construction, local contractors will have utilised their existing workforce and
potentially enabled in-direct employment; these contractors have included Plant
Hire, Aggregates suppliers, land drainage contractors and concrete suppliers.
13.93 Most wind turbines erected in the UK to date have been manufactured in
Denmark or Germany. There has however been recent investment in the UK with
companies who assemble turbines or produce major turbine components. Those
firms that have invested are likely to be encouraged to tender for the work under
normal competition rules, with manufacturing jobs potentially retained and
created at UK manufacturing facilities as a result of the Proposed Development
going ahead.
13.94 The construction process is subject to a competitive tender, until any contracts are
let by the Applicant, it cannot be confirmed how many local jobs are likely to be
created although suitably qualified firms will be invited to bid. Indirect and
induced employment benefits will also be dependent on the extent to which
employees decide to spend their income on local goods and services. In light of
this it can be considered that there would be a minor / moderate beneficial short
term effect, which is not significant.
Recreation and Tourism
13.95 The construction and dismantling (after 25 years) of the Proposed Development
would result in short-term activities involving the movement of large vehicles and
the use of a large crane to construct each turbine. The footprint of each turbine is
relatively small and the ground works associated with the concrete base
construction would be relatively minimal. The most visible construction traffic will
be the large crane used to erect the turbines and the long vehicles delivering
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turbine components, these are likely to be on-going for approximately one month
of the construction period. Neither construction nor decommissioning activities
would give rise to significant character or visual effects over and above those of
the operational site – the primary effects arising will always be from standing
turbines, and for this reason construction effects are the same in terms of
magnitude and significance as for the operational effects, except where explicitly
noted otherwise.
13.96 The construction of the Proposed Development will extend for up to 10 months but
any potential disturbance during this period is unlikely to impact on long term
visitor numbers to the surrounding wards.
13.97 The effects on tourism and recreation during the construction and
decommissioning phases are considered to be between negligible and minor
adverse but short term, lasting for the construction and decommissioning phases
only are not considered significant. It is also possible, given the evidence that a
proportion of people who consider wind turbines (and more generally support
renewable energy) will have a positive reaction to the Proposed Development,
particularly given the long term beneficial effects in respect of climate change.
Operational Phase
Population
13.98 Once operational, the Proposed Development would be less disruptive than the
construction and decommissioning phases. Vehicles would only be required to
access the Site for periodic maintenance.
13.99 Noise impacts are assessed in Chapter 10: Noise. Based on the findings of this
assessment, it is not anticipated that there will be an adverse socio-economic
impact on the population arising from noise.
13.100 Visual impacts are assessed in Chapter 6: Landscape and Visual Impact
Assessment and within the Residential Visual Amenity Assessment which
accompanies the planning application. Based on the findings of this assessment, it
is not anticipated that there will be an adverse socio-economic impact on the
population arising from visual impacts.
13.101 It is considered that effects on population would be of negligible long-term
magnitude, which is not significant.
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Economic
13.102 DECC, in their Review of the Generation Costs and Deployment Potential of
Renewable Energy Technologies in the UK (2011), estimate the level of operational
investment for a wind farm of >5MW to be between £30,200 and £73,400 per year
per MW installed. Using the lower figure (and therefore worst case) the operational
cost of the 20.5MW Development is estimated to be £619,100 per year.
13.103 Operating costs vary throughout the life of a wind farm. Following the first five
years of the project life, operational costs increase significantly born out of the
necessity for increased maintenance. DECC identify that the limited range of
operation and maintenance suppliers may also be causing a lack of competitive
pricing which is more likely to affect smaller developers than large utilities as they
do not have the same negotiating power when discussing contract renewals with
suppliers.
13.104 The Onshore Wind Direct & Wider Economic Impacts report (BiGGAR Economics
2012) estimated that 29% of operation and maintenance costs for onshore wind
farms were spent locally, with 65% of costs spent within the region of the scheme.
Over the 25-year operational period, this will represent £179,539 per year in a
beneficial contribution to the local economy of SKDC / NKDC and the identified
wards resulting in a long term beneficial effect which is not significant.
13.105 Wind farms are liable for business rates with the Valuation Office Agency (VOA),
part of HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), allocating a rateable value for the
Proposed Development. Based on a typical rateable value for wind farms of the
type proposed of £25,000 per MW and a business rate of 48.2p (correct at April
2014 rates), based on the candidate turbine this would result in a rateable value
of £512,500 per year, the business rate payable being £247,025 per year. Over 25
years (assuming no rate increase or decrease) this would equate to a payment of
£6,175,625. It should be noted that these rates might be subject to relief or
supplements that are not known at this stage.
13.106 As of April 2013 a business rates retention scheme was introduced to provide a
direct link between business rates growth and the council spending power. The
scheme will allow councils to keep a proportion of the revenue from business rates
within their area as well as growth on the revenue, with the aim of promoting
economic growth. Business rates from renewable energy projects would be
retained in full by the local authority which means that the additional income from
the business rates applicable to the Proposed Development would be kept by
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SKDC to be spent within the district area, this has been confirmed to remain in
place until 2020 providing councils with the certainty to plan and budget. This will
be a small magnitude of change at the SKDC level, resulting in a beneficial effect
that is not significant.
13.107 The Applicant will also be setting up a community fund to be administered by
local trustees or a representative body, this is anticipated to be arranged through
a legal agreement and paid into for the lifetime of the Proposed Development;
this is in line with the Industry Protocol and backed by DECC . The fund will provide
financial support to local groups and schemes for facilities or initiatives for the
benefit of the community. These could range from improvements to community
buildings, educational initiatives, improvements to footpaths or cycle ways,
biodiversity or habitat improvements. It is therefore considered a long term
beneficial effect which is not significant.
13.108 In addition to the above the Applicant has also committed to providing a scheme
of community shared ownership, should there be sufficient demand within the
local community.
13.109 The government’s approach to shared ownership was outlined in their paper ‘The
Community Energy Strategy’ which has been followed up with their response to
the Renewable UK lead taskforce, entitled Government Response to the Shared
Ownership Taskforce dated 27 February 2015.
13.110 This approach is supported by the Applicant and the scheme will be consulted
upon at key stages of the development in line with the guidance, accepting the
limitation that the best practice has been emerging during the development
process.
13.111 Overall it is considered that the economic benefits of the Proposal would result in
a long term beneficial effect, which is not significant.
Employment
13.112 The operational stage of wind farms requires staffing, but the majority of roles
supported consist of support staff employed directly by the Applicant. There will
be potential for some local employment creation through the requirement for
maintenance staff or alternatively some ongoing maintenance activities could be
contracted out to suitably qualified local businesses. Routine maintenance and
servicing inspections are anticipated to occur every six months with the main
service undertaken annually and a minor service in the intervening six months,
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however, this is subject to final contract and turbine choice. There is also usually
an initial service three months after commissioning in the first year of operation.
13.113 Overall, the increase in employment is beneficial but expected to be of negligible
magnitude in terms of the overall employment quantum within South and North
Kesteven District Council. Therefore, the effect would be long term negligible and
not significant.
Recreation and Tourism
13.114 There have been a number of surveys which have been undertaken , which have
concluded that wind farms have no effect, and in some cases a positive effect,
on the tourism industry (see Baseline section).
13.115 As shown from Table 13.8 and 13.9 tourism visits and spend has continually
increased during the period 2006 - 2011, since a number of onshore wind turbine
schemes have been developed within SKDC and NKDC (operational wind farms
within the Landscape study area are shown on Figure 6.8). This suggests that wind
farm development to date has not had a negative effect on tourism in the area.
13.116 An assessment of road users, some of whom will be tourists visiting the tourism
assets in the area, has been conducted as part of Chapter 6: Landscape and
Visual Impact Assessment.
13.117 From the surrounding road network no significant landscape and visual impacts
are considered to occur and views if possible are generally intermittent and in
most cases screened by roadside hedges.
13.118 Landscape and visual effects on key viewpoints in relation to Outdoor recreation
and enjoyment of the landscape are provided within Chapter 6: Landscape and
Visual Impact Assessment and are summarised below.
13.119 With regard to the PROW in the local area, it is anticipated that the impact on the
PROWs within close vicinity to the Proposed Development 0-2.5km would be of
major-moderate significance but of neutral impact. The Proposed Development
would not impact on the use of these footpaths by the surrounding population for
recreational purposes.
13.120 The Viking Way which runs generally to the east of the Proposed Development,
the ZTV illustrates (Figure 6.6) that potential visibility is confined to small sections of
the route. This does not account.
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13.121 Appendix 6.7 also provides sequential route graphs along Viking Way,
demonstrating the overall visibility of the Proposed Development and Cumulative
turbines.
13.122 The conclusion within Chapter 6: Landscape and Visual assessment is that the
overall effect on views from the route would not be significant.
Local Tourism / Business Destinations
13.123 The Karting Circuit to the south of the Site, whilst a private facility, has been
requested to be included within the assessment. The purpose of the circuit is to
provide a first class facility for racing karts. The Proposed Development will not
impact upon the enjoyment of this facility for this purpose. The facility is
surrounded by banking / bunding which is landscaped, this will mitigate any visual
impact experienced by the users of the Proposed Development incidental to the
main purpose of their visit.
13.124 Given the above there is no indication that the viability of the business will be
impacted upon.
13.125 Gorse lodge which is also located to the south of the Site, has been marketed in
the past for both a wedding venue and as a hunting lodge. The main complex is
situated to the south west of a mature group of trees which will screen any visual
effects of the Proposed Development from within the buildings.
13.126 The grounds around the buildings will experience a visual impact from the
turbines, as defined within Appendix 6.5. The ground to the north of the mature
trees which is currently landscaped for use as a shooting range would experience
a visual impact from the turbines, however given the nature of this use and its
specific purpose as a shooting range there is no indication that the facility would
be impacted upon by the Proposed Development or impact upon the
experience of the users of the facility.
Specific Tourism / Business Destination
Belvoir Castle
13.127 The viewpoint from the road approaching the castle (viewpoint 15) can be used
to illustrate the potential impact on the views as seen from Belvoir Castle.
13.128 The clutter within the landscape created by modern infrastructure in the relative
foreground such as pylons are more prominent than the turbines which are in the
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far distance in comparison. It is considered that the scale of effect and
magnitude of change would be negligible.
13.129 Given the conclusion on the scale of effect, even without consideration of how
the view adds or detracts from the main purpose of the visit to the destination; it is
considered that the impact of the Proposed Development on the destination
would be long term minor adverse and not significant.
Belton House and Bellmount Tower
13.130 A detailed ZTV was presented to the National Trust in respect of Belton House and
Bellmount Tower as part of the pre-application consultation process, this was to
inform the requirement of visualisations from a landscape, heritage and tourism
perspective.
13.131 The detailed ZTV artificially increased the height to that of the tower’s viewing
platform, which is open to the public during events and by specific appointment.
This was required as the ground level ZTV (represented in Figure 6.6) from ground
level shows no visibility around the house and associated buildings and only very
limited visibility from areas within the deer park and elevated areas in proximity to
the tower.
13.132 It was agreed that in consultation with the National Trust that a visualisation was
not required from either the house roof or Bellmount Tower given the limited
visibility and the distance from the turbines (circa 12km).
13.133 The above ZTV assessment has demonstrated the very limited theoretical visibility
of the turbines, once the buildings and local landscaping is accounted for this
would reduce ensuring that visitors experiencing the House would not have
visibility of the turbines. It is considered that there may be a possibility of visibility of
the turbines from the tower viewing platform and areas within the estate. Given
the limited nature, and the distance, it is considered that there would be no
magnitude of change in the setting of the buildings or the wider estate.
13.134 There is potential for views of the tips of the Proposed Development from the
tower and the wider estate outwards, however, given the distance involved and
the context of these features within the wider landscape setting it is not
considered to have a detrimental impact upon the setting or the tourist
experience.
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13.135 The Proposed Development will have no impact on other aspects of the tourism
offer of the Park and given this, it is considered that the overall magnitude of
change is negligible and the level of effect would be minor adverse long term
and not significant.
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Stubton Hall
13.136 The Hall and associated buildings is situated over 2km to the south west of the Site.
13.137 The ZTV indicates that much of the grounds to the north of the property will be
screened from direct views of the wind turbines due to the woodland which
extends along the northern boundary of the Hall and then extends east forming
the boundary of adjacent agricultural fields.
13.138 Consideration has also been given to the orientation of the principal buildings and
their principal elevations and the views from the buildings:
With regard to the former Stables which is being converted to a Spa and
bedrooms, the principal elevations are facing west north west and east south
east. Given this and intervening vegetation / buildings, it is not anticipated
that occupation of rooms will have views of the Wind Farm;
Function Room / Orangery is on a similar orientation to the principal opening
of the Orangery which is overlooking the grounds to the south of the hall.
Given this, it is anticipated those using the building will not have views of the
wind farm;
The Hall, the views out from the northern orientated windows will have views of
the wind farm (offset to the east) broken by intervening vegetation, the
southern elevation will not have views of the wind farm.
13.139 It has also been published that the views from the house and towards the south
east are most sensitive to change, this correlates with the main rooms which are
used for weddings / corporate events which overlook the formal garden south of
the property.
13.140 It is considered from a heritage perspective (outlined in Chapter 7: Cultural
Heritage and Archaeology) the Proposed Development will have a negligible
effect on the setting of the Hall.
13.141 Given this, it is considered that the magnitude of change on the overall setting of
the destination will be moderate and the impact upon the business of a low
magnitude of change. The effect will be moderate / minor adverse and long
term, which is not significant.
Caythorpe Court
13.142 Caythorpe is a well enclosed complex of properties situated around the Grade II
listed building. The mature grounds and woodland that surrounds these buildings
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ensure that the theoretical visibility of the turbines would be greatly reduced, as
demonstrated in Figure 6.6.
13.143 In light of this and the proximity of the Proposed Development, the impact upon
the destination is considered to be minor / negligible and not significant.
13.144 When considering the above visual impacts, the commentary has focused on
views towards the turbines, not the overall experience of the tourism destination or
destinations being experienced by the receptor. Users of these facilities will have
regard to their purpose and enjoyment of the overall experience.
13.145 Account also needs to be taken of those visitors who may consider the wind farm
aesthetically pleasing or not consider a view of a wind farm from a certain
receptor to have any consequence. Recent tourism numbers also indicate that
there has been no reduction of visitor numbers despite turbines becoming
operational within the district. It is considered that the Proposed Development will
not have a significant effect on tourism and recreation within the local or regional
area.
Cumulative
13.146 The cumulative wind farms schemes in the surrounding area are shown on Figure
6.8. These schemes are considered to have the potential to give rise to cumulative
socio-economic impacts. If all schemes listed on Figure 6.8 are constructed there
is likely to be a beneficial effect on the economy of both the local and regional
area as a result of the increased employment in the area and spending into the
local economy. There will also be an increase to the business rates retained by the
NKDC and SKDC.
13.147 Given the scale of these impacts the cumulative effect is considered beneficial
but not significant.
13.148 There is the potential for cumulative effects on tourism and recreation of the local
area as a result of the Proposed Development. Available evidence also confirms
continual tourism activity and spend in areas with wind farms.
13.149 Whilst the Proposed Development may result in significant cumulative visual
effects as outlined in Chapter 6, there is no substantiated evidence to indicate
that such cumulative effects will affect either visitor numbers or visitor spending
within the surrounding area, the recent figures suggest there is no bearing on
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visitor numbers or spend. The magnitude of the cumulative effect is considered to
be negligible and not significant within the SKDC and NKDC areas.
Mitigation and Enhancement Measures
13.150 No additional mitigation measures are proposed, directly in relation to Socio-
economic, Tourism and Recreation impacts. Mitigation (both embedded and
explicit) and Enhancement measures proposed within other chapters may have
an incidental mitigation benefit.
Summary and Conclusion
13.151 The following table identifies the residual effect outlined in the above chapter:
Table 13.10 – Summary of Residual Effects
Potential
Receptor and
Effect
Magnitude of Change Receptor
Sensitivity
Level of Effect
(Significant / Not
significant)
Construction and Decommission
Population Negligible– short term Low Not significant
Economy Minor beneficial – short
term
Low Not significant
Employment Minor / Moderate
beneficial – short term
Low Not significant
Tourism and
Recreation
Negligible / Minor
adverse – short term
Low Not significant
Operational
Population Negligible – long term Low Not significant
Economy Minor Beneficial /
Negligible – long term
Low / Medium Not significant
Employment Negligible – long term Low Not significant
Tourism and
Recreation
Minor adverse /
Negligible – long term
Varies Not significant
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 14: Infrastructure, Aviation and
Safety
April 2015
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CONTENTS
14 INFRASTRUCTURE, AVIATION AND SAFETY 14-1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 14-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ..................................................................................... 14-1 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ...................................................... 14-4 Baseline Conditions ............................................................................................................. 14-4 Identification and Key Evaluation of Impacts ................................................................. 14-7 Cumulative Effects and Interaction of Effects............................................................... 14-11 Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................................... 14-12 Residual Effects .................................................................................................................. 14-13 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 14-14 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 14-15
Tables
Table 14.1 Summary of relevant consultation undertaken to date
Table 14.2 Summary of relevant telecommunication links
Table 14.3 Summary of relevant aviation interests
Figures
Figure 14.1 Fulbeck Airfield ‘shadow’ zone
Figure 14.2 Fulbeck Airfield and Temple Hill ‘shadow’ zones
Appendices
Appendix 14.1 – Lincolnshire County Council Definitive Map extract
Appendix 14.2 – Linesearch enquiry
Appendix 14.3 – Route of 11kV cable
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14 INFRASTRUCTURE, AVIATION AND SAFETY
Introduction
14.1 This chapter has been completed by Energiekontor and considers the likely significant
effects of the Proposed Development upon infrastructure, aviation and safety interests of
the Site and wider environment.
14.2 Prior to assessing the likely significant effects this Chapter summarises the pertinent
legislative and policy background, the methods used to determine likely significant effects
and the baseline conditions currently present on the Site. The likely significant effects
associated with the Proposed Development are then established when compared to the
baseline conditions, along with proposed mitigation measures and the subsequent
anticipated residual effects.
14.3 This Chapter (and its associated appendices) is not intended to be read as a standalone
assessment and reference should be made to the initial Chapters of this ES (Chapters 1 – 5)
as well as Chapter 16 – Summary.
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
14.4 The applicable reference documentation is provided as follows:
Wind Farm Safety
British Standard BS61400-1:2004
Energy Review: HSE Expert Report (2006), Health and Safety Executive
Wind Turbines and Horses – Guidance for Planners and Developers (2014),
British Horse Society
Aviation
Civil Aviation Publication (CAP) CAP 168 Licensing of Aerodromes, July 2013;
CAP 764 Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Policy and Guidance on Wind Turbines
Version 5, June 2013;
CAP 670 ATS Safety Requirements Version 3, June 2013;
CAP 774 UK Flight Information Services;
CAP 738 Safeguarding of Aerodromes;
CAP 793 Safe Operating Practices at Unlicensed Aerodromes, July 2010;
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CAP 493 Safe Operating Practices at Unlicensed Aerodromes;
CAP 660 Parachuting;
Military Aviation Authority Traffic Management (3000 series) Instructions;
Military Aviation Authority Manual of Aerodrome Design and Safeguarding;
Military Aviation Authority Low Flying Manual;
UK Military Aeronautical Information Publication (MIL AIP);
UK Aeronautical Information Publications (AIP);
CAA 1:250,000 and 1:500,000 VFR Charts; and
Joint Ministry of Defence (MoD)/CAA Wind Farm Interim Guidelines.
Television Reception
Tall Structures and their Impact on Broadcast and other Wireless Services
(2009), Ofcom
Planning Policy
14.5 Planning policy at the national and local level and its relevance to environmental design
and assessment is discussed in (Chapter 5 – Planning Policy Context). A summary of
planning policy relevant to this Chapter is summarised below:
The National Planning Policy Framework (2012);
National Planning Practice Guidance Online;
National Policy Statement EN-3;
The South Kesteven Core Strategy (2010). The strategy includes the following
policies relevant to this Chapter:
EN1: Protection and enhancement of the characters of the district; and
EN3: Renewable energy generation.
Local Plan for South Kesteven – Wind Energy Supplementary Planning
Document (June 2013).
The North Kesteven Local Plan (2007). The Plan includes the following policies
relevant to this Chapter:
C2: Development in the countryside;
C5: Effects upon amenities;
C17: Renewable energy; and
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C18: Design.
Consultation
14.6 In accordance with policy guidance the organisations listed in Table 14.1 have been
consulted to establish the baseline conditions relating to potential electromagnetic
interference, aviation interests, telecommunications and existing infrastructure issues.
Table 14.1: Summary of Relevant Consultation Undertaken to Date
Body Consultation Outcome Summary
Wind Farm Safety
South Kesteven
District Council
(SKDC)
The ES should include an assessment of the likelihood of horses being
frightened or ‘spooked’ by the proposal.
Lincolnshire County
Council (LCC)
Details of public rights of way (PRoW) provided in the vicinity of the Site
from the Definitive Map.
Telecommunications
SKDC An assessment of telecommunication effects should be carried out.
Ofcom Details provided of fixed telecommunication links operating in the area.
British Telecom (BT) Details provided of fixed telecommunication links operating in the area.
Potential effects and mitigation are discussed in detail below.
Everything
Everywhere Ltd Details provided of fixed telecommunication links operating in the area.
Vodafone Details provided of fixed telecommunication links operating in the area.
Joint Radio
Company (JRC) Details provided of fixed telecommunication links operating in the area.
Aviation
SKDC Advise to liaise with the CAA, NATS and MOD to ensure that the impact
on aviation interests are fully assessed.
North Kesteven
District Council
(NKDC)
Advise to liaise with the CAA, MOD and NATS. Recommend further
discussions with the MOD to establish whether its initial objection can be
resolved through mitigation.
CAA
The CAA has withdrawn from its voluntary involvement in the pre-
planning process due to diminishing requirements and resource
limitations.
MoD
Initial objection received in relation to potential effects on its ATC radars
at Coningsby, Cranwell and Waddington and its PAR radars at
Coningsby, Cranwell and Waddington. Further consultation was carried
out on different design iterations. Potential effects and mitigation are
discussed below.
National Air Traffic
Services (NATS)
Initial objection received in relation to potential effects on Claxby ATC
radar. Potential effects and mitigation are discussed in detail below.
Television Reception
SKDC An assessment of television effects should be carried out.
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NKDC Include reference to the reduced potential for television interference
following digital switchover.
Buried Infastructure
Linesearch Details provided of any pipeline infrastructure crossing the Site.
Western Power
Distribution Details provided of electrical infrastructure in the vicinity of the Site.
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria
14.7 In order to predict and quantify the impacts that would result from the Proposed
Development on infrastructure, aviation and safety, this assessment has considered:
Baseline conditions – a review of existing information in relation to existing
public rights of way, telecommunication links, aviation, television reception
and existing infrastructure on the Site and local area.
Significance of the effects and impacts – an assessment of the impact of the
Proposed Development against the baseline conditions and assessment of the
cumulative impact of the Proposed Development with any other existing,
consented or proposed wind turbine development in the area.
Mitigation measures – details of the proposed mitigation measures to be
incorporated into the Proposed Development that would be implemented to
avoid any significant impacts.
Residual effects – an assessment of any residual effects following the
implementation of mitigation measures.
Summary of Assessment.
Baseline Conditions
Wind Farm Safety
14.8 Information on PRoW is provided on LCC’s Definitive Map which is reproduced at
Appendix 14.1. The closest bridleway to the Site is located to the south east
(approximately 390m from turbine 10 at its closest point) which runs west from
Stragglethorpe Lane before turning south after the PFI karting circuit. A further bridleway to
the south west of the Site is located approximately 565m from turbine 5 at its closest point
which leads between Gorse Lodge and Fenton. The closest footpath to the Site is located
approximately 65m north west of turbine 5 which runs east from Fenton and terminates at
boundary of Fulbeck Airfield.
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Telecommunications
14.9 A number of existing telecommunication links cross in the vicinity of the Site. Details of
these have been provided by the relevant link operators as detailed in Table 14.2 and
shown on Figure 3.11.
Table 14.2: Summary of Relevant Telecommunication Links
Telecommunication Link Operator / Organisation
Carlton Scroop BT RS to Balderton Bull Pit Lane BT
Carlton Scroop BT RS to Balderton Fen Pylon BT
Carlton Scroop BT RS to Coddington Drove Lane BT
JEEMAMS1 Waddington EME (Lincs) to JEEMAM026 Dry
Doddg Rd PMR (Stubton) JRC
JGTFDS1 Alma Wood NWG (Lincs) to LGTFD01 Eagle PSR
(Lincs) JRC
JEEMAMS1 Waddington EME (Lincs) to JEEMAM038
Melton Rd PMR (UBroughtn) JRC
JEEMAXS1 Waddington EME (Lincs) to JEEMAX049
Doddngtn La PMR (Claypole) JRC
JEEMAXS1 Waddington EME (Lincs) to JEEMAX051 Gt Nth
Rd PMR (Lg Bengtn) JRC
Aviation
14.10 The Site is located in the Military Air Traffic Zones for Cranwell, Waddington, Scampton and
Barkston Heath being located to the east and north of the Site. Royal Air Force (RAF)
Syerston, which is home to one of the RAF’s main gliding schools, is located to the west.
14.11 The MOD has produced a map which indicates areas in the UK where the MOD is more or
less likely to object to wind turbine planning applications on the ground of interference
with low flying operations. The map identifies the Site as being within a low priority military
low flying area which is less likely to raise concerns.
14.12 At Hougham there is a microlight site which is approximately 4.5km south of the Site.
Overlying the whole area is the Lincolnshire Area of Intense Aerial Activity.
14.13 CAP 764 sets out that the criteria for assessing the impacts on various types of airfield
include:
Airfield with a surveillance radar – 30km;
Non radar licensed aerodrome with a runway of more than 1,100m – 17km;
Non radar licensed aerodrome with a runway of less than 1,100m – 5km;
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Licensed aerodromes where the turbines would be located within airspace
coincidental with any published Instrument Flight Procedure (IFP);
Unlicensed aerodromes with runways of more than 800m – 4km;
Unlicensed aerodromes with runways of less than 800m – 3km;
Gliding sites – 10km; and
Other aviation activity such as parachute sites and microlight sites within 3km –
in such instances developers are referred to appropriate organisations.
14.14 In accordance with CAP 764, Table 14.3 below sets out details of all relevant aviation
interests in the area along with their distance from the Site.
Table 14.3: Summary of Relevant Aviation Interests
Aviation Interest Distance
from Site
MOD Airfields
Cranwell 11km
Barkston Heath 12km
Waddington 16km
Syerston 17km
Scampton 29km
MOD Air Defence Radars
Staxton Wold 127km
NATS
Claxby ATC radar 49km
Civil Aerodromes, Unlicensed Aerodromes and Other Aviation Sites
There are none within the relevant distance criteria set
out in CAP 764
Television Reception
14.15 Given the topography of the area it is likely that the majority of receivers will be positioned
towards either the Belmont transmitter near Market Rasen or the Waltham transmitter near
Waltham on the Wolds.
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Buried Infrastructure
14.2 A Linesearch enquiry has been undertaken which shows that there is no buried pipeline
infrastructure located across the Site. A short section of 11kV cable is present under part of
the Site leading to the former Fulbeck Army Training Camp electrical substation, however,
the Proposed Development would not affect the route of this cable. No adverse effects
on buried infrastructure are therefore anticipated and this issue is not considered further. A
copy of the Linesearch enquiry is provided at Appendix 14.2 and a plan showing the
location of the 11kV cable is Appendix 14.3.
Identification and Key Evaluation of Impacts
Wind Farm Safety
14.16 Modern wind turbines are designed and manufactured to withstand the most extreme
weather conditions which arise in the United Kingdom in terms of wind speeds, turbulence
and temperature. The structural parts of the turbines and all aspects relating to the
foundations and associated infrastructure would be designed to survive the worst weather
conditions that could be anticipated and would meet the relevant structural safety
legislation.
14.17 Turbine control and monitoring systems operate with several levels of redundancy to
protect the plant from damage. In the case of faults arising, including situations where the
speed of the blades or power production exceeds set parameters, or loss of grid
connection, turbines shut down automatically through the installation of failsafe braking
mechanisms. In addition, turbines are fitted with vibration sensors so that, if in the unlikely
event a blade is damaged or significantly ices, the turbines would automatically shut
down.
14.18 The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) prepared an expert report in 2006 which examined
the potential risks relating to health and safety at work that might arise from some specific
energy development. This report ‘The 2006: Energy Review: HSE Expert Report’ states:
“The planning process also has an important role to play in helping identify and
address health and safety issues prior to development and construction, such as
turbine location”.
14.19 It also states:
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“Full consideration of issues such as turbine location relative to other structures,
highways and areas where public have access will help ensure the continued
safe development and reputation of the wind industry. The application of
sensible risk assessment as an integral part of the planning process should help to
identify risks and highlight any measures require to reduce them to an
acceptable level”.
14.20 Several British Standards (including BS61400-1:2004) were identified within the HSE report
that apply to wind turbine generators and their safety requirements. These standards
specify requirements for safety of onshore wind turbine generator systems irrespective of
location or environment, including design, installation, maintenance and operation under
specified environmental conditions. They also cover all subsystems, including control and
protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, support structures, foundations and the
electrical interconnection equipment. The standards are concerned with quality
assurance during design and manufacture and also with the adequacy of the assembly,
installation, maintenance and operational procedures.
14.21 The HSE report recognises that wind turbines are frequently located on land open to the
public, so account needs to be taken of hazards such as whole or partial blade failure,
falling ice, fire and lightning. The report also acknowledges that the history of the industry
indicates that the likelihood of occurrence of incidents from these hazards is low.
14.22 Properly designed and maintained wind turbines are a safe technology. The very few
accidents that have occurred involving injury to humans have been caused by failure to
observe manufacturers’ and operators’ instructions for the operation of machines. There
has been no record of injury to a member of the public.
14.23 In relation to equestrian use of bridleways in the area around the Site, the British Horse
Society document Wind Turbines and Horses – Guidance for Planners and Developers
(2014) recommends that a separation distance of 200m or three times blade tip height
(whichever is greater) should be provided between turbines and bridleways. The South
Kesteven Wind Energy SPD recommends a minimum separation distance of 200m. For the
Proposed Development the closest distance between a proposed turbine and a
bridleway is approximately 390m, which is in excess of the recommended minimum
distances. No likely significant effects on the safety of equestrian users are therefore
predicted.
14.24 Given the safety features and safety record of wind turbines, coupled with the separation
distances provided between the wind turbines and PRoW, no likely significant effects are
predicted in relation to wind farm safety.
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Telecommunications
14.25 Ofcom holds a central register of all civil radio communications operators in the UK and
acts as a central point of contact for identifying specific consultees relevant to a site.
Ofcom has been consulted by the Applicant on the Proposed Development and details
of the link paths passing in close proximity to the proposed wind turbines have been
provided by the relevant link operators.
14.26 The link paths have been plotted by the Applicant and any requested separation
distances between link paths and turbine blade tips have been incorporated in the design
of the Proposed Development, therefore no adverse effects are predicted. The exception
to this is a BT link (Carlton Scroop BT RS to Coddington Drove Lane) where two of the
proposed wind turbines intrude into the requested separation distance. This will have a
likely significant adverse effect on the operation of the link.
Aviation
MoD
14.27 It is necessary to take into account the aviation and air defence activities of the MoD in
the area. The types of issues that need to be addressed include:
MoD Airfields, both radar and non-radar equipped;
MoD Air Defence Radars; and
MoD Meteorological Radars.
14.28 In relation to MoD airfields, pre-application consultation carried out with the MoD has
indicated that the only MoD airfield likely to be affected by the Proposed Development is
the Waddington, specifically the Air Traffic Control (ATC) radar. Here the proposed
turbines would be in line of sight of the ATC radar, potentially generating clutter in the form
of unwanted radar returns and adversely affecting the operation of the radar, resulting in
a likely significant adverse effect. No other MoD radars are predicted to be within line of
sight of the proposed turbines.
14.29 In relation to MoD Air Defence Radar, the UK maintains a network of radars around the
country to provide a policing and security service for the airspace for which it is
responsible under international agreements and for National Security. The nearest Air
Defence Radar is located at Staxton Wold in the East Riding of Yorkshire.
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14.30 Radar line of sight modelling has been undertaken for the Proposed Development. The
line of sight results demonstrate that all proposed turbines would not be in line of sight to
the radar. No likely significant effects are therefore predicted on the operation of Air
Defence Radar.
14.31 In relation to Meteorological Radars, the Met Office safeguards its network of radars using
a European methodology known as OPERA. In general they will object to any turbine
within 5km in line of sight and will examine the impact of any turbines within 20km. There
are no radars which would be affected by the Proposed Development and no likely
significant effects are predicted.
14.32 In relation to MoD low flying, the Site is located within an area identified by the MoD as a
low priority military low flying area which is less likely to raise concerns. No likely significant
effects are therefore predicted on MoD low flying operations.
NATS
14.33 It is also necessary to take into account the possible effects of wind turbines upon the
NATS radar system – a network of primary and secondary radars and navigation facilities
around the country.
14.34 The Claxby radar has coverage in the area of the Site and the proposed turbines would
be in line of sight of the radar. This would generate unwanted radar returns and result in a
likely significant adverse effect.
Television Reception
14.35 Any structure will produce two zones of potential disruption to television reception. One
zone is where the development creates a ‘shadow’ and the other where it gives rise to a
‘reflection’. Shadowing occurs in an area behind the structure where the television
transmitter is effectively screened from the viewer and the strength of the signal is
reduced. In general there are three shadow zones behind a structure:
Shadow Zone A – close behind the structure (typically a few tens of metres)
there may be a large reduction in signal level with a possible complete loss of
reception;
Shadow Zone B – further away (typically a few hundred metres) the signal
reduction is less severe and the shadow will be smaller as diffraction effects
partially fill in the shadow. Depending on the size of the structure, some
locations could still lose reception completely; and
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Shadow Zone C – some distance away (1-5km) the shadow will have
completely disappeared.
14.36 The second zone of potential interference is produced by ‘reflection’ or scattering of the
signal. Analogue reception is more likely to be affected than digital terrestrial reception,
which is more robust.
14.37 In practice rarely does a turbine tower or nacelle have any effect on television reception;
the impact on reception will typically be solely on account of the rotating turbine blades.
The size of the ‘shadow’ zone is dependent on the orientation of the blades and is at a
maximum when the axis of the rotor is in line with the direction of the transmitted signal.
The received signal strength varies in a cyclic manner, in time with the blades’ rotation.
‘Reflection’ effects vary with the rotation of the blades and the orientation of the nacelle.
To complicate matters further, the strength of the reflected signal is dependent on the
length and the area of the metallic component inside the blade. Normally the blades are
constructed of non-metallic material such as glass reinforced plastic, although they
invariably contain metallic components such as a strengthening member, lightning
conductor and balancing weights.
14.38 For the purposes of assessing the likelihood of interference, the location and extent of the
‘shadow’ zone and ‘reflection’ zone depend on the relative orientation of the transmitter,
receivers and wind turbines.
14.39 Figure 14.1 illustrates the areas that could, in a worst case scenario, potentially suffer
degradation in television signal due to a ‘shadowing’ effect. However, given the distance
between the transmitters and the Site and the strength of the digital signal transmitted, it is
not anticipated that the quality of television signal will be significantly affected within
these potential shadow zones. The ‘reflection’ zone consists of a circle with a radius of
approximately 500m around the wind turbines. There are no properties located within
500m of a proposed wind turbine, therefore no significant reflection effects are predicted.
Cumulative Effects and Interaction of Effects
14.40 There is no potential for significant cumulative effects in relation to wind farm safety,
telecommunications or buried infrastructure when considered alongside the proposed
Temple Hill wind farm. The potential for significant cumulative effects in relation to aviation
and television reception is considered below in relation to Temple Hill. No significant
cumulative effects are predicted when considered alongside other existing, consented or
proposed developments.
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Aviation
MoD
14.41 The MoD originally objected to the Temple Hill planning application due to the potential
for it to generate false returns on the ATC radars at Cranwell and Coningsby. This objection
was subsequently removed subject to the imposition of a planning condition requiring
mitigation measures to be agreed. As the ATC radars affected by the Temple Hill wind
farm and Proposed Development are different, no likely significant cumulative effects are
predicted over and above the solus effects of the Proposed Development.
NATSNATS objected to Temple Hill on the grounds of technical impact on the Claxby radar
which they deemed to be unacceptable. It is understood that NATS did not object to
Temple Hill at the pre-application stage and have indicated that there is a possibility that
this could be mitigated in a similar manner to the MoD objection, however, this has not
been demonstrated to date. There is therefore the potential for a likely significant
cumulative adverse effect on the operation of Claxby radar when the Proposed
Development is considered alongside Temple Hill.
Television Reception
14.42 Figure 14.2 shows the shadowing zone from the Proposed Development together with the
shadowing zone for Temple Hill. Given the distances between the transmitters and the two
wind farm sites and the strength of the digital signal transmitted, it is not anticipated that
the quality of television signal will be significantly affected within either of these potential
shadow zones.
Mitigation Measures
14.43 Mitigation measures are proposed specifically to address the potential adverse effects of
the Proposed Development in relation to telecommunications, aviation and television
reception as set out below.
Wind Farm Safety
14.44 As set out in Chapter 3 of this ES, the design iteration process has sought to ensure that
sufficient separation is provided between wind turbines and nearby PRoW and bridleways.
This is primary mitigation inherent within the design of the Proposed Development.
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Telecommunications
14.45 The Applicant has entered into pre-application discussions with BT which have confirmed
that a solution is available to mitigate the adverse effects on the Carlton Scroop BT RS to
Coddington Drove Lane link. This will involve re-routing the link. The details of this mitigation
solution can be secured through the imposition of a suitably worded planning condition.
Aviation
MoD
14.46 In relation to the effects of the Proposed Development on the Waddington ATC radar, the
Applicant is willing to offer a technical mitigation solution for the impact on the radar. This
will be explored further through discussions with the MoD as part of the planning
application process and can be controlled through a suitably worded planning condition.
NATS
14.47 The Applicant has entered into discussions with NATS about providing mitigation to
overcome the effects on Claxby Radar. NATS has confirmed that the implementation of a
radar blanking scheme will be a suitable form of mitigation. Details of this scheme can be
secured through a suitably worded planning condition.
Television Reception
14.48 Prior to erecting any turbines the Applicant will undertake both a baseline and operational
study of television reception in the area.
14.49 Where it is proven that the operation of the Proposed Development could have an
impact on the level of television reception received then the Applicant will provide
mitigation or remedial work. This may involve repositioning receptor aerials or provision of
alternative receiver services. Such works can be controlled through the use of a suitably
worded planning condition.
Residual Effects
14.50 Following implementation of any necessary mitigation it is considered that there would be
no significant effects on infrastructure or safety as a result of the Proposed Development as
follows:
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Telecommunications
14.51 A likely significant adverse effect is predicted on the operation of the BT Carlton Scroop BT
RS to Coddington Drove link. Mitigation involving the re-routing of the link will result in no
likely significant effects.
Aviation
MOD
14.52 A likely significant adverse effect is predicted on the operation of the Waddington ATC
radar. Mitigation involving a technical radar solution will result in no likely significant
effects.
NATS
14.53 A likely significant adverse effect is predicted on the operation of the Claxby radar.
Mitigation involving a radar blanking scheme will result in no likely significant effects.
Television Reception
14.54 No likely significant effects are predicted in relation to television reception, however, the
Applicant is proposing to undertake both a baseline and an operational study of television
reception in the area to inform a mitigation strategy, should any issues arise during the
operational phase.
Summary
14.55 Consideration has been given to the potential for significant effects on infrastructure and
safety. Following implementation of any necessary mitigation it is considered that there
would be no likely significant effects on infrastructure or safety arising as a result of the
Proposed Development or in combination with any other existing, consented or proposed
wind turbine developments in the local area.
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations
ATC Air Traffic Control
BT British Telecom
CAA Civil Aviation Authority
CAP Civil Aviation Publication
HSE Health and Safety Executive
JRC Joint Radio Company
LCC Lincolnshire County Council
MoD Ministry of Defence
NATS National Air Traffic Services
NKDC North Kesteven District Council
PRoW Public rights of way
RAF Royal Air Force
SKDC South Kesteven District Council
SPD Supplementary Planning Document
Units
km kilometre
kV kilovolt
m metre
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 15: Shadow Flicker
April 2015
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CONTENTS
15 SHADOW FLICKER 15-1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15-1 Legislation, Policy and Guidance ..................................................................................... 15-2 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ...................................................... 15-5 Baseline Conditions ........................................................................................................... 15-11 Identification and Evaluation of Key Impacts ............................................................... 15-11 Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................................... 15-13 Residual Effect ................................................................................................................... 15-14 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 15-14 References ......................................................................................................................... 15-16
Tables
Table 15.1 – Consultation Responses
Table 15.2 – Turbine Locations
Table 15.3 – Sensitive Receptor Locations
Table 15.4 – Sunshine Hours
Table 15.5 – Significance Matrix
Table 15.6 – Shadow Flicker – Worst Case Scenario
Table 15.7 – Shadow Flicker – Realistic Scenario
Figures
Figure 15.1 – Shadow Flicker – Worst Case Scenario
Figure 15.2 – Shadow Flicker – Realistic Scenario
Appendices
Appendix 15.1 – Model Output
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15 SHADOW FLICKER
Introduction
15.1 This chapter has been prepared by WSP UK Ltd on behalf of Energiekontor (the
“Applicant”) in respect of their Proposed Development at Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm.
15.2 This chapter describes and assesses likely shadow flicker effects resulting from the
Proposed Development on neighbouring sensitive receptors. This chapter is not intended
to be read as a standalone assessment; reference should also be made to the description
of the Proposed Development in Chapter 3 of the Environmental Statement (ES). This
chapter is supported by Figures 15.1 and 15.2, and Appendix 15.1.
15.3 Shadow flicker is an effect which can occur during periods of sunshine, when the sun
passes behind the rotating wind turbine blades casting intermittent shadows. When
experienced through window openings this has the potential to cause a nuisance and in
some cases has been thought to aggravate medical conditions. The effect of shadow
flicker varies with seasonality and is unlikely to occur in cloudy conditions.
15.4 Blade or tower glint can also occur when the sun strikes a blade or the tower at a
particular orientation. However, the development of an industry standard light grey semi-
matt colour and surface finish on the turbine blades has greatly reduced this issue. Where
this effect does occur, it is temporary and typically disappears within a few months of
operation, once the blades have become soiled; therefore, glint (from both blades and
towers) is not considered further in this assessment (DCLG, 2014).
Consultation
15.5 Consultation was undertaken through the Scoping stage of the assessment process.
During this stage, a Scoping Report was submitted to South Kesteven District Council
(SKDC) and North Kesteven District Council (NKDC) for their comment on the proposed
scope of works. SKDC and NKDC in turn then consulted with various other bodies, both
statutory and non-statutory for their opinions on the proposed scope of works. The
comments received in relation to shadow flicker are included in Table 15.1.
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Table 15.1 Consultation Responses
Consultee Response Addressed
SKDC
The assessment should be undertaken in
accordance with Box 25 of South Kesteven
Wind Energy Supplementary Planning
Document (SPD).
The assessment has taken
cognisance of this.
NKDC
“We agree that all properties within ten
rotor diameters of any turbine should be
assessed for the incidence of shadow
flicker. Previous best practice guidance
stated that this should be applied to all
properties within 130 degrees of north,
which is the commonly accepted
approach. The duration (hours/minutes per
day) of any anticipated flicker effects
should be stated for the relevant months of
the year for any properties within the 10
rotor diameter / 130 degree area. This
should be in tabular format. We would
recommend that the results are discussed
in the context of the PB 'Review of Shadow
Flicker Evidence Base' final report, including
adopted maximum recommended flicker
exposure durations. Any required
mitigation such as timed turbine shut down
should be set out within this chapter.”
All properties within 10 rotor
diameters and130 degrees
of north from each of the
proposed turbines have
been included in the
assessment.
The results are included in
tabular format and are
discussed in relation to the
PB report.
The developer will fit shadow
flicker modules to those
turbines which could be
considered to have an
effect on properties.
Parish
Councils
“The (out of date) government guidance is
that shadow flicker is ‘unlikely to be
significant’ at greater than 10 rotor
diameters. This is not the same as ‘cannot
be significant’. The EIA should not scope
out assessment of properties just beyond the
10 x rotor zone.”
Properties outside of the 10
rotor diameter study area
have been included within
the assessment to
demonstrate no
unacceptable impacts on
the wider area.
Legislation, Policy and Guidance
15.6 No specific legislation relates directly to the assessment of shadow flicker; instead the
assessment is influenced by the National Policy Statement for Renewable Energy
Infrastructure and several guidance documents as detailed below.
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Policy
National Policy Statement for Renewable Energy Infrastructure (EN-3)
15.7 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) recommends the use of this document
when assessing the likely impacts from wind energy developments. EN-3 provides details
regarding the definition of shadow flicker and details how the significance of the effect
should be determined. Factors which can affect the significance include:
The location of the building relative to the path of the sun and the turbines;
Size of window and orientation;
Turbine dimensions;
Intervening topography, buildings or vegetation;
Local climate conditions; and
Time of year.
15.8 It is recommended that where wind turbines are within 10 rotor diameters of an existing
occupied building a shadow flicker assessment should be undertaken.
15.9 It is pointed out that:
“Modern wind turbines can be controlled such that the operation of individual wind
turbines at the periods when shadow flicker has the potential to occur at a specific
property or group of properties can be inhibited on sunny days, for those properties,
for the specific times of the day, and on specific days of the year.
In circumstances where a wind turbine has the potential to affect a property, but is
fitted with a mechanism to inhibit shadow flicker, the IPC should be able to judge the
shadow flicker impacts on that property to be of negligible significance”
15.10 The document also confirms the position that shadow flicker frequencies in the UK are not
known to induce epileptic seizures.
Guidance
South Kesteven: Wind Energy Supplementary Planning Document (2013)
15.11 SKDC, produced a guidance document for wind energy developments, which whilst not
forming part of the Development Plan, is a material consideration for the determination of
wind energy planning applications. It is recommended that wind turbines should be
located further than 10 rotor diameters from any existing occupied buildings, otherwise a
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shadow flicker assessment should be undertaken. Where shadow flicker effects are
deemed likely, mitigation measures will be required and it is suggested that these could
include:
Relocation of the turbine(s);
Screening through vegetation or the use of blinds; and
Shutting down turbines during periods when the effects are likely to occur.
15.12 Given the available evidence, SKDC were unable able to define a quantifiable limit for
what constitutes acceptable shadow flicker occurrence and recommends that each
development is considered on a case by case basis.
DCLG – Planning Practice Guidance – Renewable and Low Carbon
Energy (2014)
15.13 This document states that although issues caused by shadow flicker are rare, the impacts
should be quantified. It specifies that only properties within 130 degrees either side of north
of the turbines can be affected at UK latitudes.
“Modern wind turbines can be controlled so as to avoid shadow flicker when it
has the potential to occur. Individual turbines can be controlled to avoid
shadow flicker at a specific property or group of properties on sunny days, for
specific times of the day and on specific days of the year. Where the possibility
of shadow flicker exists, mitigation can be secured through the use of conditions.
Although problems caused by shadow flicker are rare, where proposals for wind
turbines could give rise to shadow flicker, applicants should provide an analysis
which quantifies the impact. Turbines can also cause flashes of reflected light,
which can be visible for some distance. It is possible to ameliorate the flashing
but it is not possible to eliminate it.”
DECC Update of UK Shadow Flicker Evidence Base (2011)
15.14 This document provides a review of international legislation and guidance relating to
shadow flicker assessment for wind energy developments. It concludes that the study area
should cover the area within 130 degrees either side of north from the turbine and 10 rotor
diameters from the turbine, something which is widely accepted across Europe. Several
time limits from other countries are detailed in this document, including the German limits
which are again widely accepted as the standard within European countries. The German
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limits are set at 30 hours per year or 30 minutes per day (whichever is greater) for a worst
case scenario, and eight hours per year for a realistic scenario.
Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria
Scope of the Assessment
15.15 This shadow flicker assessment has been undertaken for the candidate turbine which is
referenced in the application; the Senvion MM92 turbine. The specifications of this model
are as follows:
Hub height: 64 m
Rotor diameter: 92 m
Swept area: 6,720.0 m2
Rotor Speed Range: 7.8 – 15.0 rpm (+12.5%)
15.16 The proposed locations of the turbines, upon which this assessment is based, are as shown
in Table 15.2.
Table 15.2 Turbine Locations (British National Grid)
Turbine
Identifier Easting Northing
Elevation
(m)
1 489485 351554 15.0
2 489964 351333 15.0
3 489173 351197 16.0
4 489505 351177 15.9
5 489163 350791 17.0
6 489748 350976 15.0
7 489997 350801 15.0
8 489377 350496 17.5
9 489678 350580 16.0
10 490066 350447 15.0
Extent of the Study Area and Identification of Receptors
15.17 The study area within which to determine the potential for receptors to be affected by
shadow flicker has been set at a distance of 10 rotor diameters from the turbine location
and 130 degrees either side of north from each turbine. For this development, the area
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extends to 920 m from each turbine as illustrated in Figure 15.1 and 15.2. This figure also
shows the locations of the sensitive receptors detailed in Table 15.3.
15.18 A total of eight sensitive receptors have been considered within this assessment, as
detailed in Table 14.2. Only two of the receptors identified lie within the study area,
however in response to the comments raised during the scoping process it was decided to
also assess properties in the immediately surrounding area. Meaning that an additional
five properties and the village of Stagglethorpe, all of which lie just outside the study area,
were included in the assessment.
Table 15.3 Sensitive Receptor Locations
Sensitive
Receptor
British National Grid Elevation
(m)
Nearest
Turbine
Approx.
distance to
nearest
turbine (m)
Direction
from turbine Easting Northing
Residential
Caravan Site for
Gypsies
490768 351223 15.0 2 811.7 East
Letherbottle
Farm 490840 350873 15.0 7 846.9 East
Grange Farm
House 490918 351034 15.0 7 950.4 North-east
Fallows End 490901 351161 15.0 2 953.2 South-east
Bees Barn 490970 350790 15.0 10 967.2 North-east
Dunston House 488135 350826 19.0 5 10,28.4 West
Rectory Farm 488251 352062 16.0 3 1,263.9 North-west
Stragglethorpe
Village 491182 352168 15.0 2 1,485.8 North-east
Method of Baseline Data Collation
Desk Study
15.19 A desk based study was undertaken to identify the potential sensitive receptors using OS
mapping, Google Earth and was cross-referenced with those receptors identified within
the noise assessment (see Chapter 10). The characteristics of the local climate were also
determined through a desk based study of information held by the Met Office.
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Site Visit
15.20 A site visit was undertaken in January 2015 to determine the size and orientation of the
windows within the identified sensitive receptors.
Assessment Modelling
15.21 To assess the likely significant effects from shadow flicker, the commercial software model
WindPro 2.8 was used to calculate the expected timeframes within which shadow flicker
could be experienced at each receptor location. This model takes into account the
movement of the sun relative to the time of day and time of year, predicting the time and
duration of expected shadow flicker at each affected receptor. The input parameters
used in the model are as follows:
Turbine locations;
Turbine dimensions;
Receptor locations;
Details of the windows on each receptor; and
Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of 10 m resolution.
15.22 Two model iterations were undertaken to demonstrate both the worst case scenario and a
realistic scenario.
15.23 The effect of shadow flicker is not calculated where the sun lies less than three degrees
above the horizon, due to atmospheric diffusion, low radiation (intensity of the sun’s rays is
reduced) and a high probability of natural screening. It is generally accepted that below
three degrees shadow flicker is unlikely to occur to any significant extent.
Worst Case Scenario
15.24 The worst case scenario gives an indication of the maximum level of shadow flicker effect
which could be experienced at each of the receptors. The output from this scenario is
given as both the maximum minutes per day and the maximum hours per year.
15.25 Assumptions regarding the modelling of the worst case scenario are detailed at
paragraph 15.38.
Realistic Scenario
15.26 In order to represent a more realistic scenario the model was re-run taking in to account
the local climate characteristics. In this scenario, for much of the year, the weather
conditions will be such that pronounced shadows will not be cast and therefore will not
give rise to shadow flicker effects. In order to make an allowance for the levels of sunshine,
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the average annual sunshine hours were taken from the nearest Met office station,
Waddington (approximately 15.7 km north-east of the Site), for the period of 1981 to 2010
(Met Office, 2015) as shown in Table 15.4.
Table 155.4 Sunshine Hours
Month Average Monthly
Sunshine Hours
January 61.8
February 83.2
March 117.0
April 159.6
May 205.6
June 187.5
July 206.5
August 192.7
September 144.2
October 113.3
November 71.5
December 55.4
15.27 Ideally wind data collected by the on-site met mast would be used in this assessment;
however, the met mast has only been in place for four months and does not represent a
realistic situation of the wind conditions on site. Therefore, in the absence of specific wind
data for the site, a typical 12 degree sector wind rose for the UK was used which assumes
7,370 hours of wind per year, i.e. the wind blows for 84% of the year, in a predominantly
south-westerly direction.
15.28 The output for the realistic scenario is only given as the number of hours per year within
which shadow flicker is expected to be experienced.
15.29 Assumptions regarding the modelling of the realistic scenario are detailed at paragraph
15.39.
Cumulative Assessment
15.30 In order to assess the potential for cumulative effects from other wind energy
developments within the surrounding area, a search for cumulative schemes was
conducted over a 2 km search area. This area was deemed appropriate for this
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assessment given the applied study area for the Proposed Development and the likely
rotor diameter for any cumulative development (i.e. no greater than 108 m).
15.31 No other wind energy developments were located within this search area; the closest is
located approximately 2.3 km from the Proposed Development. Therefore, there will be no
cumulative effects resulting from the addition of the Proposed Development.
Significance Criteria
15.32 Whilst there is no specific guidance or policy detailing the acceptable levels of shadow
flicker in England, this assessment will adopt the generally accepted maximum figure for
the worst case scenario of 30 minutes per day or 30 hours per year, whichever is greatest,
or the maximum figure of eight hours per year for the realistic scenario (DECC, 2011).
Should neither of these limits be exceeded the magnitude of change will be considered to
be negligible or slight. Where the limit is exceeded, professional judgement is used to
determine whether the magnitude of change is moderate or substantial.
15.33 The sensitivity of the receptors is based on professional judgement, with those deemed as
most likely to be affected classed as high sensitivity receptors.
15.34 Table 15.5 demonstrates how the magnitude of change and the sensitivity of the
receptors interact to determine the likely significance of the effect. Those effects which
are classed as major or major/moderate are deemed significant (grey cells in below
table).
Table 155.5 Significance Matrix
Magnitude of Change
Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible
Se
nsi
tiv
ity
High Major Major/
Moderate Moderate
Moderate/
Minor
Medium Major/
Moderate Moderate
Moderate/
Minor Minor
Low Moderate Moderate/
Minor Minor
Minor/
Negligible
Assumptions & Limitations
15.35 The assessment carried out is limited to the effects of shadows within buildings. Moving
shadows will also be apparent out of doors; however these do not result in flicker in the
same manner or to the same extent as the light entering windows.
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15.36 Due to a lack of access to the site and the expected transient nature of the receptors
within the residential caravan site, this receptor has been modelled as a “greenhouse”
from the point on site which is closest to the Proposed Development. This represents a
worst case scenario as it is impossible to know the precise locations and directions of the
windows. In reality the impacts are likely to be reduced from those predicted in this
assessment given that windows will not be present to the same degree as a greenhouse
on a caravan, whatever orientation it is facing at a given time.
Worst Case Scenario
15.37 The following assumptions were made:
The turbine blades are constantly rotating;
The sun shines all day, from sunrise to sunset;
Eye height is 1.5 m;
The rotor plane is always perpendicular to the line from the turbine to the sun;
More than 20 % of the sun is covered by the blade (in practice, at a distance,
the blades do not cover the sun but only partly mask it, substantially
weakening the shadow);
The receptor is occupied at all times; and
No screening is present.
Realistic Scenario
15.38 The assumptions applied in the worst case scenario result in a highly conservative
assessment for the following reasons:
The turbine blades will not turn for 365 days of the year and will turn to face
into the direction of the wind rather than the sun, in order to maximise the
energy generating potential from the wind;
It is unlikely that there will be clear skies 365 days a year;
Receptors may be unoccupied at the time when the shadow flicker impact is
experienced; and
Screening between the receptor and the turbine, such as vegetation or
curtains which could prevent any shadows being cast through the window, is
not accounted for.
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Baseline Conditions
15.39 As no other wind turbine developments are located within close proximity to the
sensitive receptors, none of the sensitive receptors will experience shadow flicker
impacts within the current baseline environment.
Future Baseline
15.40 The future baseline is envisaged to remain as described above; as there are no consented
wind energy development proposals in the study area. Likewise, existing vegetation within
the study area is unlikely to alter to a degree that would impact upon this assessment.
15.41 This assessment therefore considers the potential for the receptors to experience the
effects of shadow flicker arising from the Proposed Development in relation to the current
baseline conditions.
Identification and Evaluation of Key Impacts
Construction and Decommissioning
15.42 No shadow flicker will occur during construction or decommissioning phases of the
Proposed Development as the blades will not be rotating.
Operation
15.43 The results of the modelling exercise are presented in Appendix 15.1, with a summary
presented below.
Worst Case Scenario
15.44 The results presented in Table 15.6 below, show the maximum duration of shadow flicker
based on a worst case scenario with a visual representation in Figure 15.1.
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Table 155.6 Shadow Flicker – Worst Case Scenario
Sensitive
Receptor
Shadow
Hours per
Year
Shadow
Hours per
Day
Limits
Exceeded
Magnitude of
Change
Residential
Caravan Site 43:53 0:26
Yes – yearly
limit
exceeded
Moderate
Letherbottle
Farm 22:18 0:25 No
Slight
Grange Farm
House 27:34 0:24 No
Slight
Fallows End 22:43 0:21 No Slight
Bees Barn 26:04 0:21 No Slight
Dunston House 6:41 0:15 No Negligible
Rectory Farm 9:56 0:16 No Negligible
Stragglethorpe
Village 1:46 0:10 No
Negligible
15.45 It can be seen that the predefined limits are only exceeded at one of the sensitive
receptors, the residential caravan site, based on the number of hours per year. With the
exception of the residential caravan site, it is considered that the adverse effects of Slight
and Negligible magnitude would not give rise to likely significant effects.
15.46 Appendix 15.1 shows that for the residential caravan site the effects are experienced
between August and April (inclusive) and between the hours of 14:00 and 20:00. The pre-
defined limit is exceeded by approximately 14 hours and is thereby considered to be an
adverse impact of Moderate magnitude that would result in a likely significant effect.
Since this receptor was modelled as a greenhouse, the assessment therefore overstates
the impact, as in reality the amount of windows will be less and the direction in which they
face may not be perpendicular to the proposed development.
Realistic Scenario
15.47 The realistic scenario includes indicative wind data and average sunshine hours, which
greatly reduces the potential for shadow flicker occurrence at all of the receptors as
shown in Table 15.7, with a visual representation in Figure 15.2.
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Table 155.7 Shadow Flicker – Realistic Scenario
Sensitive
Receptor
Shadow
Hours per
Year
Limits
Exceeded
Magnitude of
Change
Residential
Caravan Site 8:07 Yes
Moderate
Letherbottle
Farm 4:27 No
Slight
Grange Farm
House 5:29 No
Slight
Fallows End 4:19 No Slight
Bees Barn 5:26 No Slight
Dunston House 1:15 No Negligible
Rectory Farm 1:17 No Negligible
Stragglethorpe
Village 0:18 No
Negligible
15.48 Again, the predefined limits are only exceeded at the residential caravan site. With the
exception of this sensitive receptor, it is considered that the adverse effects of Slight and
Negligible magnitude would not give rise to likely significant effects.
15.49 The pre-defined limit is exceeded at the residential caravan site by seven minutes,
however the model was based on a number of assumptions that require clarification, as
follows.
The receptor was modelled as a greenhouse, thus overstating the effect, as in
reality the amount of windows will be less and the direction in which they face
may not be perpendicular to the proposed development.
The model does not take account of any local screening from vegetation,
blinds or curtains, further reducing the effect in reality.
15.50 Given the above assumptions, it is considered that the adverse impact is of Slight
magnitude and would not give rise to a likely significant effect.
Mitigation Measures
15.51 As no significant effects are predicted during the operational phase of the Proposed
Development, there is no requirement for the application of mitigation measures.
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15.52 Those turbines which could be considered to have an impact on properties under the
worst case scenario will be fitted with shadow flicker modules as a matter of course by the
Applicant. This will prevent shadow flicker from occurring.
Residual Effect
15.53 No likely significant residual effects are predicted during the construction, operation or
decommissioning of the Proposed Development.
Summary
15.54 This assessment has considered whether the effect known as shadow flicker caused by the
Proposed Development has the potential for impact on sensitive receptors. The study area
within which properties could potentially be affected by shadow flicker covers a distance
of 10 rotor diameters from the turbine; 130° either side of north. For the Proposed
Development, this area extends to 920 m from each of the proposed turbines and
encompasses two properties; the residential caravan site and Letherbottle Farm. An
additional five properties and the village of Stragglethorpe were identified as lying just
outside the study area and were included in the assessment process to demonstrate that
there will be no likely significant effects within the surrounding area.
15.55 As no shadow flicker impact can occur during construction and decommissioning of the
turbine while the blades are not rotating, this assessment focused on the likely effects
during the operational phase of the Proposed Development.
15.56 The effect of shadow flicker was modelled at all sensitive receptors surrounding the
Proposed Development site for a worst case scenario and a realistic scenario. Under both
scenarios the proposal would result in no likely significant effects on all sensitive receptors
with the exception of the residential caravan site. Examination of the worst case and
realistic scenarios have indicated that based on the number of hours per year, the
residential caravan site is likely to experience shadow flicker effects which exceed the
recommended limits, as summarised below:
Worst case scenario – yearly limit exceeded by approximately 14 hours,
resulting in a likely significant effect.
Realistic scenario – yearly limit exceeded by seven minutes, however taking
account of in-situ conditions would not result in a likely significant effect.
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15.57 Whilst no likely, significant effects are predicted for the realistic scenario, preventative
shadow flicker modules will be fitted to those turbines which have the potential to cause
shadow flicker impacts during the worst case scenario.
15.58 The potential for blade and tower glint was not assessed on the basis that where the effect
does occur, it is temporary and typically disappears within a few months of operation,
once the blades and towers become soiled. Therefore there is no potential for likely
significant effects. In addition, any potential for blade or tower glint will be reduced by
covering components in industry standard non-reflective paint.
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References
Department for Communities and Local Government, National Planning Policy Framework,
2012
Department for Communities and Local Government, Planning Practice Guidance
Renewable and Low Carbon Energy, 2014
Department of Energy and Climate Change, National Policy Statement for Renewable
Energy Infrastructure (EN-3), 2011
Department for Energy and Climate Change, Update of UK Shadow Flicker Evidence
Base, 2011
Met Office, Waddington Climate Information,
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcrws0hwg accessed 14/01/2015
Local Plan for South Kesteven: Wind Energy Supplementary Planning Document, Adopted
June 2013
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm
Environmental Statement
Chapter 16: Summary of Residual Effects
April 2015
Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm ES Volume 1 Chapter 16 Summary of Residual Effects
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CONTENTS
16 SUMMARY OF RESIDUAL EFFECTS 16-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 16-1 Summary of Residual Effects .................................................................................................... 16-1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 16-3
TABLES
Table 16.1: Summary of predicted residual effects
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16 SUMMARY OF RESIDUAL EFFECTS
Introduction
16.1 This chapter presents a summary of the likely significant effects of the Proposed
Development and the conclusions to the ES as a whole.
Summary of Residual Effects
16.2 Table 16.1 summarises the predicted residual effects of the Proposed
Development, considering any proposed mitigation measures as outlined in the
technical chapters of the ES.
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Table 16.1 – Summary of predicted residual effects
Topic Predicted Residual Effects
Landscape and Visual Impact
As no additional mitigation is proposed beyond
that incorporated into the scheme layout,
residual effects are as assessed in the
Landscape and Visual effects section of
Chapter 7.
Significant effects would arise locally as follows:
Trent and Belvoir Vale landscape
character area;
Witham and Brant Vales landscape
character area;
Fenton, Brandon and Barnby in the
Willows villages;
Sections of local roads closest to the
Proposed Development to the east,
south and west, approximately up to
2.5km; and
Sections of PRoW within 2.5km north,
south, east and west of the Site.
Cumulative significant effects would arise on
the following receptors if both Temple Hill and
Fulbeck Airfield wind farms were developed
(Scenarios 2T and 3 in the cumulative
assessment):
Brandon;
Stragglethorpe Lane and minor roads
east of the Site; and
Sections of PRoW between 2.5 and
5.5km south of the Site.
Ecology
The assessment concludes that following the
implementation of mitigation measures and
habitat creation and enhancement proposals,
that significant residual effects would not
occur.
Ornithology (await revised chapter) No significant residual effects would occur
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Cultural Heritage
The construction of the Proposed Development
will not give rise to any significant effects upon
buried, designated or non-designated heritage
assets.
Noise
The potential noise impacts of construction,
operation and decommissioning meet
accepted standards, or can be mitigated
where appropriate. Therefore no residual
effects would occur.
Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Geology
No significant residual effects would occur.
Traffic and Transportation
No significant residual effects would occur.
Socio-Economic, Tourism and
Recreation
No significant residual effects would occur.
Infrastructure and Safety
No significant residual effects would occur.
Shadow Flicker
No significant residual effects would occur.
Conclusions
16.3 The design of the Proposed Development has been an iterative process, taking
into account the outcome of various environmental assessments, and
consultation responses. The layout of the turbines and associated infrastructure
has been designed to avoid or minimise any potential significant environmental
effects. Mitigation has been proposed to reduce or offset those effects which
cannot be avoided.
16.4 The ES demonstrates that the residual effects upon the majority of environmental
resources will not be significant in EIA terms.
16.5 Limited significant effects are predicted upon landscape character and visual
amenity, however these would be localised in extent. The changes arising from
the Proposed Development may engender beneficial or adverse responses
depending on individual perceptions regarding the merits of wind energy
development. The same project may be seen by some as an attractive,
acceptable and contributing to the wellbeing of the natural environment, while
others may take a negative stance, regarding the project as unattractive and
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unacceptable. The assessment has taken a precautionary approach in
considering that all effects on the landscape and on which would result from the
construction and operation of the Proposed Development will be adverse,
noting that not all people will consider the effects to be adverse and this may
not be the case in every landscape situation.
16.6 The predicted significant effects are reversible; when the Proposed
Development is decommissioned, the turbines would be dismantled and
removed from Site and the Site fully restored.
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