Environmental Statement Appendix 14A (6.3.14.1 ... from Piling Operations ... road network and the introduction of ... Tunnel Boring Machine A machine used to excavate tunnels

Environmental Statement Appendix 14A (6.3.14.1) Construction Noise

Silvertown Tunnel

Appendix 14.A Construction Noise

Document Reference: 6.3.14.1

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Contents

1. Construction Noise Impacts ................................................................... 9

Introduction ................................................................................................... 9 1.1

Scheme description ....................................................................................... 9 1.2

Methodology................................................................................................ 11 1.3

Predicted Daytime construction noise levels ............................................... 19 1.4

Predicted Night-time Construction Noise Levels ......................................... 31 1.5

2. Vibration from Piling Operations .......................................................... 33

Intoduction................................................................................................... 33 2.1

Vibration Methodology ................................................................................ 35 2.2

Vibratory Sheet Piling .................................................................................. 37 2.3

Rotary Bored Piling ..................................................................................... 41 2.4

Percussive Piling ......................................................................................... 42 2.5

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List of Tables

Table 1-1 Envisaged construction schedule ............................................................. 10 Table 1-2 Envisaged construction plant itinerary ...................................................... 11 Table 1-3 Sound Power Levels Used in Assessment ............................................... 14 Table 1-4 Construction noise sensitive receptors - Newham ................................... 15 Table 1-5 Construction noise sensitive receptors - Greenwich ................................ 16 Table 1-6 Construction Noise Significance Thresholds ............................................ 18 Table 1-7 Daytime Construction Noise Level Ranges .............................................. 31 Table 1-8 Nightime Construction Noise Level Range ............................................... 31 Table 2-1 Historic Data on Vibration Levels Measured During Rotary Bored Piling . 35 Table 2-2 Values of Kp for use in predictions of vibration from percussive piling ..... 38 Table 2-3 Vibration Transfer Functions from Inside to Outside ................................ 39 Table 2-4 Construction Vibration Significance Thresholds on Receptors ................. 40 Table 2-5 Construction Vibration Significance Thresholds on Buildings................... 40 Table 2-6 Vibration Impacts from Rotary Bored Piling ............................................. 41 Table 2-7 Vibration Impacts from Percussive Hammer Piling (Wooden Floor) ......... 42 Table 2-8 Vibration Impacts from Percussive Hammer Piling (concrete floor) ......... 42

List of Figures Figure 1-1 Construction noise sensitive receptors northern portal ........................... 16 Figure 1-2 Construction noise sensitive receptors southern portal ........................... 17 Figure 1-3 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR1 ................................ 20 Figure 1-4 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR2 ................................ 21 Figure 1-5 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR3 ................................ 22 Figure 1-6 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR4 ................................ 23 Figure 1-7 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR5 ................................ 24 Figure 1-8 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR6 ................................ 25 Figure 1-9 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR7 ................................ 26 Figure 1-10 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR8 .............................. 27 Figure 1-11 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR9 .............................. 28 Figure 1-12 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR10 ............................ 29 Figure 1-13 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR11 ............................ 30 Figure 2-1 Area of Secant Piling - Greenwich .......................................................... 33 Figure 2-2 Area of Secant Piling - Newham ............................................................. 34 Figure 2-3 Area of Secant Piling - Newham ............................................................. 35 Figure 2-4 Vibration Levels with Distance for Rotary Bored Operations .................. 37

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List of Abbreviations

CMS Construction Method Statement

DCO Development Consent Order

EHO Environmental Health Officer

PPV Peak Particle Velocity

TBM Tunnel Boring Machine

TRL Transport Research Laboratory

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Glossary of Terms Blackwall Tunnel An existing road tunnel underneath the

River Thames in east London, linking the London Borough of Tower Hamlets with the Royal Borough of Greenwich, comprising two bores each with two lanes of traffic.

Contractor Anyone who directly employs or engages construction workers or manages construction work. Contractors include sub-contractors, any individual self-employed worker or business that carries out, manages or controls construction work.

Empirical Formula A formula giving the proportions of the elements present in a compound but not the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms.

Groundborne Vibrations that travel through the ground from a source and produce a noise as a result.

Residential Receptors Locations or areas where dwelling units or other fixed, developed sites of frequent human use occur

Rotary Bored Piling The installation of piles using drilling techniques.

Sensitive Receptors Receptors which are potentially sensitive to noise and vibration. Examples include dwellings, hospitals, schools, community facilities, designated areas (e.g. AONB, National Park, SAC, SPA, SSSI, SAM), and public rights of way.

Significant Effect It is a requirement of the EIA Regulations to determine the likely significant effects of the development on the environment which should relate to the level of an effect and the type of effect. Where possible significant effects should be mitigated. The significance of an effect gives an indication as to the degree of importance (based on the magnitude of the impact and the sensitivity of the

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receptor) that should be attached to the impact described. Whether or not an effect should be considered significant is not absolute and requires the application of professional judgement. Significant – ‘noteworthy, of considerable amount or effect or importance, not insignificant or negligible’.

The Scheme The construction of a new bored tunnel with cut and cover sections at either end under the River Thames (the Silvertown Tunnel) between the Greenwich peninsula and Silvertown, as well as necessary alterations to the connecting road network and the introduction of user charging at both Silvertown and Blackwall tunnels.

Tunnel Boring Machine A machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section. There are two main types of closed face TBMs: Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) and Slurry Shield (SS). Please see those terms (above) for further explanation

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1. Construction Noise Impacts

Introduction 1.1

1.1.1 This Appendix assesses the construction noise impacts upon identified sensitive receptors from surface operation during the construction phase of the proposed Silvertown Tunnel (hereinafter referred to as The Scheme).

1.1.2 The assessment has been based upon assumptions about the methodology to be used to construct The Scheme from the construction method statement (CMS) and is based on typical methods that a competent contractor would have the capability and experience to adopt during the construction of The Scheme.

Scheme description 1.2

1.2.1 The Scheme would provide a dual two-lane connection between the A102 Blackwall Tunnel Approach on Greenwich Peninsula and the Tidal Basin roundabout junction on the A1020 Lower Lea Crossing/Silvertown Way by means of twin tunnels under the River Thames.

1.2.2 The southern tunnel portal lies within the borough of Greenwich and the northern tunnel portal lies with the borough of Newham. Envisaged site layouts for both the northern and southern construction sites are presented in the construction statement for different phases of construction.

1.2.3 It is anticipated that the construction of the tunnel and associated infrastructure would last for approximately four years. The envisaged construction programme provided in the Construction Statement is presented in Table 1-1.

1.2.4 Hours of work would be in line with standard good practice for major construction works. All non-tunnel construction works would be undertaken within weekday daylight hours and working generally limited to 7am to 7pm weekdays and 7am to 2pm on Saturdays. Works outside these hours would generally be subject to liaison with the local Environmental Health Officer (EHO).

1.2.5 Tunnelling works will be undertaken on a 24hour, 7 days per week basis on commencement of the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) launch.

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Environmental Statement


Table 1-1 Envisaged construction schedule

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Site Preparatory WorksDredgingTBM Launch ChamberCut and CoverTunnel ConstructionRetained CutTunnel Services Building (STSB Building)Vent StationSite Reinstatement Works

Phase 1Phase 2Phase 3

Site Preparatory WorksRetained CutTunnel Fire Tanks and Pump Rooms BuildingTBM Reception ChamberCut and CoverTunnel Services Building (PTSB Building)Vent Station

Phase 1Phase 2Phase 3Phase 4

Highway Infrastructure Works

Silvertown (North)

Greenwich (South)

Highway Infrastructure Works

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Methodology 1.3

BS 5228-1:2009+A1:2014

1.3.1 ‘BS 5228-1:2009+A1:2014 Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites. Noise’ (BS5228) provides guidance concerning methods of predicting and measuring noise and assessing its impact on those exposed to it.

1.3.2 The method of predicting construction noise contained within BS5228 accounts for the following parameters:

• the type and number of plant and equipment on site;

• the sound power of the construction plant

• the relative full power operating time (on-time) of plant, as a percentage of the working day/assessment period;

• the distance to receptors;

• the intervening ground type; and

• acoustic screening by barriers or terrain.

1.3.3 The envisaged type and number of plant for each phase of construction of The Scheme is set out in the construction plant itinerary listed in Table 1-2.

Table 1-2 Envisaged construction plant itinerary

Construction Stage Plant/Equipment Quantity

Site Preparatory Works

Telehandler:5t 2 Tractor 1 Concrete Pump 2 Truck Mixer 1 Tracked Excavator 1 Dump Truck 2 Breaker 2 Rotary Piling Rig 5

TBM Launch Chamber

Rotary Piling Rig 5 Bentonite Separation Plant 2 Lime Dosing Plant 1 Batching Plant 1

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Loader 1 Tracked Excavator:30t 1 Dump Truck 2 Crane:Crawler:50t 3 Concrete Pump 3 Compactor Roller 1 Truck Mixer 1 Concrete Reclaimer 1 Crane: All Terrain: 50t 2

Cut and Cover

Tracked Excavator:30t 1 Loader 1 Concrete Pump 3 Telehandler 2 Flat Truck 2 Crane:Tower 2 Crane: All Terrain: 50t 2

Tunnel Construction

Crane:Tower 2 Crane: All Terrain: 50t 2 Crane:Crawler:50t 3 Shotcrete Pump 2 Truck Mixer 1 Concrete Pump 3 Conveyor:800t/hr 1 Rotary Piling Rig 3 Tracked Excavator 2 Grout Batcher 1 Ventilation Fan:75kW 4 Hoist 1

Retained Cut Rotary Piling Rig 3 Tracked Excavator 2

Tunnel Services Building

Truck Mixer 1 Concrete Pump 3 Telehandler:5t 2 Truck Mixer 1 Tracked Excavator 1 Crane 50t 2

Site Reinstatement Works

Dump Truck 2 Loader 1 Tractor 1 Breaker 2

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Telehandler:5t 2 Telehandler:3t 1

Road Construction Silvertown

Dumpers 3 Vibratory Roller 2 Telescopic Handler 2 Paver 2 Roller Compactor 3 Tracked Excavator 3 Road Planer 2

Road Construction Greenwich

Dumpers 3 Vibratory Roller 2 Telescopic Handler 2 Paver 2 Roller Compactor 3 Rotary Piling Rig 5 Concrete Pump 3 Truck Mixer 1 Tracked Excavator 3 Road Planer 2

Dredging

80t crane on the barge 1 Backhoe dredger 1 Crane on river edge to lift piles 1 Loading arm conveyor TS1250 1 Pile extraction CSV76 vibrator 1 Pile impact hammer HPH 6500 1 Pile vibratory equipment EMV300 1

Night time Tunnelling Works

Ventilation fans 1 Grout batching plant 1 Segment gantry crane 1 Compressors; 1 Bentonite separation plant 1 Hoist 1 Transfer conveyor; and 1 Telehandler 1

1.3.4 The assumed sound power of the construction plant has been taken from the measured levels contained within BS5228 Appendix C and D. Where construction plant does not have a reference sound power level provided in BS5228 similar plant or data from the design team has been used. The sound power levels used in the assessment are presented in Table 1-3.

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Table 1-3 Sound Power Levels Used in Assessment

Plant/Equipment Sound Power Source Sound Power LWA

Backhoe dredger BS 5228 Reference Table C.7.1 106 Batching Plant BS 5228 Reference Table D.6.11 108 Bentonite Separation Plant Provided by design team 106 Breaker BS 5228 Reference Table C.1.9 118 Compactor Roller BS 5228 Reference Table C.5.24 112 Concrete Pump BS 5228 Reference Table C.3.25 106 Concrete Reclaimer Provided by design team 108 Conveyor BS 5228 Reference Table C.10.20 105 Crane 50t BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.55 98 Crane 80t BS 5228 Reference Table C.3.30 98 Crane: All Terrain: 50t BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.52 103 Crane:Crawler:50t BS 5228 Reference Table C.3.22 108 Crane:Tower BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.54 107 Dump Truck BS 5228 Reference Table C.8.13 113 Dumpers BS 5228 Reference Table C.2.30 107 Flat Truck BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.43 98 Grout Batcher BS 5228 Reference Table D.6.13 108 Hoist BS 5228 Reference Table D.7.98 104 Lime Dosing Plant BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.89 107 Loader BS 5228 Reference Table C.6.34 104 Loading arm conveyor BS 5228 Reference Table C.10.20 105 Paver BS 5228 Reference Table C.5.32 112 Pile extraction vibrator BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.22 121 Pile impact hammer BS 5228 Reference Table C.12.3 112 Pile vibratory EMV300 BS 5228 Reference Table C.3.8 116 Road Planer BS 5228 Reference Table C.5.7 110 Roller Compactor BS 5228 Reference Table C.2.37 107 Rotary Piling Rig BS 5228 Reference Table C.3.14 111 Shotcrete Pump BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.30 107 Telehandler BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.54 107 Telehandler:3t BS 5228 Reference Table C.5.7 110 Telehandler:5t BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.54 107 Telescopic Handler BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.54 107 Tracked Excavator BS 5228 Reference Table C.8.12 102 Tracked Excavator:30t BS 5228 Reference Table C.8.12 102 Tractor BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.74 108 Truck Mixer BS 5228 Reference Table C.4.20 108

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Plant/Equipment Sound Power Source Sound Power LWA

Ventilation Fan:75kW Provided by design team 91 Vibratory Roller BS 5228 Reference Table C.2.39 102

Identified residential sensitive receptors

1.3.5 On the northern construction site situated in Newham there are a number of residential receptors located within 300m of the site. Figure 1-1 and Table 1-4 present the selected worst case residential receptors which have been assessed on the northern construction site in Newham.

Table 1-4 Construction noise sensitive receptors - Newham

ID Description X Coordinate Y Coordinate

SR1 Ardennes House 539840 180867

SR2 120 Victoria Dock Road 539885 180848

SR3 Foster Court 539917 180845

SR4 Hoola Development 539932 180736

SR5 Alaska Apartments 540107 180744

SR6 Western Beach Apartments 540086 180453

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Figure 1-1 Construction noise sensitive receptors northern portal

1.3.6 On the southern construction site situated in Greenwich there are a number of residential receptors located within 300m of the site as well as some developments which will have been completed by 2018 when construction begins. Figure 1-2 and Table 1-5 present the selected worst case residential receptors which have been assessed on the northern construction site in Greenwich.

Table 1-5 Construction noise sensitive receptors - Greenwich

ID Description X Coordinate Y Coordinate

SR7 Proposed New Developments With Residential Elements 539602 179503

SR8 River Way 539640 179395 SR9 Holly Court 539730 179164 SR10 Holiday Inn Express 539618 178985

SR11 Proposed New Hotel (planning application number 09/2796/f) 539466 178980

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Figure 1-2 Construction noise sensitive receptors southern portal

Noise modelling assumptions

1.3.7 At this stage of The Scheme design there is no main works contractor. The percentage on-time for the typical plant that would be used during the construction phase has been assumed to be a conservative 80%. In reality it is expected that the majority of the plant would have a much lower percentage on time.

1.3.8 No account for screening from existing buildings has been assumed and noise has been predicted to propagate over hard ground.

1.3.9 All predicted construction noise levels are presumed to be façade noise levels with a 3dB correction added to the resultant noise level in accordance with BS5228.

1.3.10 Construction noise predictions assume a 2m hoarding around the north and south construction sites as indicated on the construction general arrangements.

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Construction Noise Impact Criteria

1.3.11 BS 5228-1 Annex E provides examples of a number of methods for establishing a significance criteria of construction noise effects. Of these methods a precedent has been set through numerous significant infrastructure projects, taken through both public enquiry and DCO, for the use of the ABC method as the most appropriate way to establish construction noise limits for large infrastructure projects. Within the ‘ABC method’ the change in the ambient noise level with construction noise is assessed against defined threshold values. Example threshold values from within BS 5228 are reproduced below in Table 1-6.

Table 1-6 Construction Noise Significance Thresholds

Assessment category and threshold value period

Threshold level dB LAeq

Category A Category B Category C

Night-time (23.00 – 07.00) 45 dB LAeq 50 dB LAeq 55 dB LAeq

Evenings & weekends1 55 dB LAeq 60 dB LAeq 65 dB LAeq

Daytime (07.00 – 19.00) and Saturday mornings2 65 dB LAeq 70 dB LAeq 75 dB LAeq

1 19.00 - 23.00 weekdays, 13.00 - 23.00 Saturdays and 07.00 – 23.00 Sundays 2 07.00 – 13.00 Saturdays

A) Category A: threshold values to use when ambient noise levels (when rounded to the nearest 5 dB) are less than these values. B) Category B: threshold values to use when ambient noise levels (when rounded to the nearest 5 dB) are the same as category A values. C) Category C: threshold values to use when ambient noise levels (when rounded to the nearest 5 dB) are higher than category A values. Source: BS 5228-1:2009+A1:2014 ‘Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites. Noise’

1.3.12 A significant effect is deemed to occur if the construction activity LAeq noise level exceeds the threshold level for the category appropriate to the ambient noise level.

1.3.13 If the ambient noise level exceeds the threshold values given in Table 1-6 (i.e. the ambient noise level is higher than the above values), then a significant effect is deemed to occur as the total LAeq noise level for the period would increase by more than 3dB due to the construction activity.

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The significance criteria within Annex E of BS5228 apply to residential receptors only.

Predicted Daytime construction noise levels 1.4

1.4.1 Predicted construction noise levels for each selected receptor are set out in Figure 1-3 to Figure 1-13.

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Figure 1-3 Predicted Daytime Construction Noise Levels SR1

Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 59.3 59.2 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.9 60.9 63.2 64.5Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.9 60.9 60.9 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.4 62.4Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 63.5 61.5 61.5 60.5 60.5 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2 60Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.0 60.0 62.7 61.4 60.3 62.6 64.9 63.2 63.2 61.3Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 61.3 42.1 42.1 42.1 42.1 44.9 42.1 42.1 41.0

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 59.9 59.7 61.3 61.3 61.3 61.3 61.4 61.4 63.6 64.4Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 61.4 61.4 61.4 62.7 62.7 62.7 62.7 62.7 63 63Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 64.1 62.1 62.1 61 61 60.7 60.7 60.7 60.7 60.6Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.6 60.6 63.1 61.7 60.6 62.9 64.7 62.9 62.9 60.5Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.5 42.1 42.1 42.1 42.1 44.9 42.1 42.1 41.0

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 59.8 59.7 61.3 61.3 61.3 61.3 61.4 61.4 63.3 64Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 61.4 61.4 61.4 62.7 62.7 62.7 62.7 62.7 63 63Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 64 62.1 62.1 61 61 60.7 60.7 60.7 60.7 60.6Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.6 60.6 62.9 61.3 60.2 62.6 64 62.1 62.1 59.4Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 59.3 42 42 42 42 44.8 42 42 40.9

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 63.6 63.3 64.6 64.6 64.6 64.6 64.7 64.7 66.7 66.5Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 64.7 64.7 64.7 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.4 66.4Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 67.8 66 66 64.7 64.7 64.4 64.4 64.4 64.4 64.4Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 64.4 64.4 66.5 64.5 63.5 66 66.8 64.5 64.5 60.4Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.4 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.7 45.5 42.7 42.7 41.6

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 59.5 59.4 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 62.4 62.9Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 61.5 61.5 61.5 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 63.2 63.2Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 64 62.2 62.2 61.2 61.2 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.7Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.7 60.7 61.8 60.4 58.3 60.8 61.1 58.9 58.9 54.3Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 54.2 42 42 42 42 44.8 42 42 40.9

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 62.8 62.6 67 67 67 67 67 67 67.2 67.8Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 67 67 67 68.2 68.2 68.2 68.2 68.2 68.6 68.6Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 68.9 67.7 67.7 67.2 67.2 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.7Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 66.7 66.7 67 66.5 62.8 64.1 63.2 59 59 52.8Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 52.5 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 46.7 43.9 43.9 42.7

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 52.7 52.7 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 62.7 62.7 62.7 62.9Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 62.7 62.7 62.7 62.8 62.8 62.8 62.8 62.8 62.8 62.8Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 62.9 62.7 62.7 62.9 63 63 63 63 63 59.1Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 59.5 59.5 60.2 59 54.7 55.1 55.1 54.5 54.5 57.5Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 56.2 56 56 56 56 59.2 56 56 54.9

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 51.8 51.7 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 60.5 60.5 60.6 60.8Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.7 60.7 60.7 60.7 60.7 60.7 60.7Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 60.8 60.5 60.5 60.8 61 60.9 60.9 60.9 60.9 57.7Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 58.2 58.2 59.1 57.7 54.2 54.6 54.7 54.1 54.1 57.4Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 56.1 56 56 56 56 58.5 56 56 55.0

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 49.4 49.4 55.3 55.3 55.3 55.3 56.6 56.6 56.7 56.9Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 56.6 56.6 56.6 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 56.9 56.6 56.6 56.9 57.2 57.1 57.1 57.1 57.1 54.5Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 55.1 55.1 56.3 54.8 52 52.4 52.4 51.9 51.9 55.4Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 54.1 54 54 54 54 55.9 54 54 53.2

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 48.6 48.6 54.1 54.1 54.1 54.1 55.3 55.3 55.4 55.7Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 55.3 55.3 55.3 55.5 55.5 55.5 55.5 55.5 55.6 55.6Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 55.7 55.3 55.3 55.7 56.1 56.1 56.1 56.1 56.1 53.6Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 54.4 54.4 55.8 54.2 51.9 52.2 52.2 51.8 51.8 55.8Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 54.5 54.4 54.4 54.4 54.4 55.9 54.4 54.4 53.8

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Construction Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 49.4 49.4 54.7 54.7 54.7 54.7 56 56 56.1 56.3Construction Month 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 56 56 56 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.2Construction Month 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 56.3 56 56 56.5 57 57 57 57 57 54.6Construction Month 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 55.5 55.5 57.2 55.5 53.6 53.8 53.8 53.6 53.6 58Construction Month 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49Construction Noise Level dB LAeq 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8 58 56.8 56.8 56.2

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49

dB L

Aeq

Construction Month



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1.4.2 A summary of the predicted range of construction noise levels during the daytime over the construction phase period of The Scheme is presented in Table 1-7.

Table 1-7 Daytime Construction Noise Level Ranges

Receptor ID

Predicted Range Exceeds Category A Noise Level

Exceeds Category B Noise Level

Exceeds Category C Noise Level Max Min

SR1 41.0 64.9 NO NO NO SR 2 41.0 64.7 NO NO NO SR 3 40.9 64.0 NO NO NO SR 4 41.6 67.8 YES NO NO SR 5 40.9 64.0 NO NO NO SR 6 42.7 68.9 YES NO NO SR 7 52.7 63.0 NO NO NO SR 8 51.7 61.0 NO NO NO SR 9 49.4 57.2 NO NO NO SR 10 48.6 56.1 NO NO NO SR 11 49.4 58.0 NO NO NO

1.4.3 The significance of the predicted construction noise levels at SR4 and SR 6 would be dependant upon the existing ambient noise climate at these receptors.

Predicted Night-time Construction Noise Levels 1.5

1.5.1 A summary of the predicted construction noise levels during the night-time over the construction phase period of The Scheme is presented in Table 1-8.

Table 1-8 Nightime Construction Noise Level Range

Receptor ID

Predicted Level dB LAeq

Exceeds Category A Noise Level


Exceeds Category C Noise Level

SR1 46.6 YES NO NO SR 2 47.1 YES NO NO SR 3 47.1 YES NO NO

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Receptor ID

Predicted Level dB LAeq

Exceeds Category A Noise Level


Exceeds Category C Noise Level

SR 4 49.6 YES NO NO SR 5 48.3 YES NO NO SR 6 55.8 YES YES YES

1.5.2 The predicted construction noise levels presented in Table 1-8 indicate that:

• all of the identified residential recpetors would exceed category A values;

• all receptors with the exception of SR6 would be below category B threshold values; and

• SR6 would exceed all categorys during the night time.

1.5.3 The significance of the predicted construction noise during the night time would be dependant upon the existing ambient noise climate at these receptors.

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2. Vibration from Piling Operations

Intoduction 2.1

2.1.1 This section of the appendix considers the vibration impacts upon receptors from rotary bored piling for the installation of secant piles and percussive piling for the installation of a jetty in Newham, on the River Thames for the proposed Silvertown Tunnel.

2.1.2 The areas where secant piling within Greenwich and Newham would be undertaken are indicated in Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2 by the blue line.

Figure 2-1 Area of Secant Piling - Greenwich

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Figure 2-2 Area of Secant Piling - Newham

2.1.3 The area where percussive piling for the jetty within Newham would be undertaken is indicated in Figure 2-3 by the green area.

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Figure 2-3 Area of Secant Piling - Newham

Vibration Methodology 2.2

2.2.1 Predictions of peak particle velocity (PPV) have been undertaken based upon empirical formula and historical evidence provided in BS 5228-2:2009+A1:2014 ‘Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites. Vibration’ (BS5228).

Rotary Bored Piling

2.2.2 Annex D of BS 5228:2009+A1 provides historical data from rotary bored piling operations which are presented in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1 Historic Data on Vibration Levels Measured During Rotary Bored Piling

Distance (meters) Measured ppv Distance

(meters) Measured ppv

3.5 0.23 10 0.3

3.5 2.4 10 0.3

6 0.08 10 1.0

7 3.2 14 0.3

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Distance (meters) Measured ppv Distance

(meters) Measured ppv

7 1.0 14 0.2

8 0.04 14 0.8

8 1.7 15 0.1

8 0.06 20 0.05

9 0.2 20 0.23

9 0.8 20 0.3

10 0.38 20 0.55

10 1.1 20 0.44

10 0.96 26 0.1

10 0.57 26 0.02

10 0.4 30 0.03

Grey cell indicates vibration level may be just perceptible in residential environments Source: Table D6, BS 5228-2:2009+A1:2014 Code of practice for noise and

vibration control on construction and open sites – Part 2: Vibration

2.2.3 Figure 2-4 presents the PPV levels derived from the best fit characteristics based upon the historical measurement data presented in Table 2-1.

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Figure 2-4 Vibration Levels with Distance for Rotary Bored Operations

Source: Annex D, BS 5228-2:2009+A1:2014 Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites – Part 2: Vibration

2.2.4 The PPV level of vibration received at each of the identified residential receptors has been calculated based on the characteristics presented in Figure 2-4.

Vibratory Sheet Piling 2.3

2.3.1 Vibrations from percussive piling have been predicted using empirical formulae contained within BS5228-2 Annex E. The formulae used to predict the peak particle velocity (PPV) in millimetres per second (mm/s-1) is presented in equation 1:

Vres = 𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑝 �√𝑊𝑊𝑟𝑟1.3�

Where Kp = Ground Condition Factor

W = nominal hammer energy, in joules

r = Distance

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2.3.2 Different values of Kp are presented in Table 2-2. For the calculations undertaken a Kp value of 3 has been assumed. It would be unreasonable to assume that the piles were at refusal for a considerable length of time.

Table 2-2 Values of Kp for use in predictions of vibration from percussive piling

Ground conditions Value of Kp

All piles driven to refusal 5 Pile toe being driven through:

• Very stiff cohesive soils • Dense granular soils • Fill containing obstructions

which are large relative to the pile cross-section

3

Pile toe not being driven through: • Stiff cohesive soils • Medium dense granular soils • Compacted fill

1.5

Pile toe being driven through: • Soft cohesive soils • Loose granular soils • Loose fill • Organic soils

1

Source: BS 5228-2:2009+A1:2014 Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites – Part 2: Vibration

Transfer Functions

2.3.3 The predictions of vibration are primarily based upon a function of distance from the source of vibration to the sensitive receptor. In order to predict internal vibration levels a transfer function (which relates an external level to an internal level) needs to be applied.

2.3.4 Measurements were undertaken by the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) in Supplementary Report 544 ‘Ground vibrations from impact pile driving during road construction’.

2.3.5 The floor vibrations monitored in all the buildings are listed in Table 2-3. It can be seen that in buildings with concrete floors, the amplification factors

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ranged between 0.32 and 0.92, whereas in buildings with wood floors, the transfer function ranged between 1.55 and 1.76.

Table 2-3 Vibration Transfer Functions from Inside to Outside

Floor Type Building type Outside (ppv)

Inside (ppv)

Transfer Function

Concrete

Modem terraced house 4.4 2.4 0.55

Pre-1920 terraced house 11 3.5 0.32

Pre-1920 terraced house 2.3 1.2 0.52


Pre 1940 bungalow 7.6 4 0.53

Single storey office annexe 2.6 2.4 0.92

Wooden



Public Library 1.9 3.3 1.74 Source: TRL Supplementary Report 544 Ground vibrations from impact pile driving during road construction

2.3.6 The types of floor inside the buildings of the various receptors is unknown, therefore values of internal PPV will be predicted as a range applying the minimum transfer function of 0.32 for a concrete floor and maximum transfer function of 1.76 for a wooden floor.

Significance of Vibration Levels

2.3.7 BS 5228-2 Annex B provides guidance on effects of vibration levels on humans in terms of peak particle velocity (PPV). The guidance is based upon human response to vibration contained within British Standard 6472-1:2008 ‘Guide to evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings. Vibration sources other than blasting’.

2.3.8 Using the guidance provided in BS 5228-2, a significance of effect in terms of PPV for piling operations has been determined and is presented in Table 2-4.

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Table 2-4 Construction Vibration Significance Thresholds on Receptors

Vibration level (PPV) Effect Significance

0.14 mm·s−1

Vibration might be just perceptible in the most sensitive situations for most vibration frequencies associated with construction. At lower frequencies, people are less sensitive to vibration.

Neutral

0.3 mm·s−1 Vibration might be just perceptible in residential environments.

Slight Adverse

1.0 mm·s−1

It is likely that vibration of this level in residential environments will cause complaint, but can be tolerated if prior warning and explanation has been given to residents.

Moderate Adverse

10 mm·s−1 Vibration is likely to be intolerable for any more than a very brief exposure to this level.

Large Adverse

2.3.9 The significance of ground borne vibration levels from piling activities associated with The Scheme, and their potential for impacts upon buildings has been drawn from guidance provided in BS5228:Part 2.

2.3.10 The limits for transient vibration, above which cosmetic damage could occur to a building assumed in the vibration assessment, are presented in Table 2-5.

Table 2-5 Construction Vibration Significance Thresholds on Buildings

Type of building Peak component particle velocity in frequency range of predominant pulse (PPV)

4 Hz to 15 Hz 15 Hz and above Reinforced or framed structures Industrial and heavy commercial buildings

50 mm/s at 4 Hz and above

50 mm/s at 4 Hz and above

Unreinforced or light framed structures Residential or light

15 mm/s at 4 Hz increasing to 20 mm/s at 15 Hz

20 mm/s at 15 Hz increasing to 50 mm/s at 40 Hz and above

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Type of building Peak component particle velocity in frequency range of predominant pulse (PPV)

4 Hz to 15 Hz 15 Hz and above commercial buildings NOTE 1 Values referred to are at the base of the building. NOTE 2 For line 2, at frequencies below 4 Hz, a maximum displacement of 0.6 mm (zero to peak) is not to be exceeded.

Rotary Bored Piling 2.4

2.4.1 Table 2-6 presents the predicted PPV at identified sensitive receptors in both Newham and Greenwich.

Table 2-6 Vibration Impacts from Rotary Bored Piling

ID Borough Closest Distance

PPV (mm) Comment

SR1 Newham 186 < 0.14 PPV below human perception






SR7 Greenwich 333 < 0.14 PPV below human perception





2.4.2 The predicted levels of PPV presented in Table 2-6 are all below the threshold level of human perception and provide a positive indication that vibration from rotary bored activities as a result of The Scheme would not have a significant effect.

2.4.3 Further consideration of the rotary piling generated vibration levels presented in Table 2-6 in accordance with appropriate building damage

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criteria, as presented in Table 2-5, concludes the predicted levels to be significantly below any criteria for cosmetic damage to buildings.

Percussive Piling 2.5

2.5.1 Table 2-7 presents the predicted vibration levels and effects from percussive piling operations for the installation of the jetty on residential dwellings with a wooden floor.

Table 2-7 Vibration Impacts from Percussive Hammer Piling (Wooden Floor) ID Receptor PPV (mm) Impact SR1 Ardennes House 0.115 Slight Adverse

SR2 120 Victoria Dock Road 0.117 Slight Adverse

SR3 Foster Court 0.114 Slight Adverse

SR4 Hoola Development 0.150 Slight Adverse

SR5 Alaska Apartments 0.107 Slight Adverse

SR6 Western Beach Apartments 0.173 Slight Adverse

2.5.2 The greatest value predicted is 0.173 PPV. It is possible that this level is perceivable by humans but highly unlikely that it would cause any impact, especially given that the duration will be short lived.

2.5.3 The predictions for percussive piling operations indicate that vibration levels may be just perceptible and would be considered to have at worst a slight adverse impact at receptors with a wooden floor.

2.5.4 Table 2-8 presents the predicted vibration levels and effects from percussive piling operations for the installation of the jetty on residential dwellings with a concrete floor.

Table 2-8 Vibration Impacts from Percussive Hammer Piling (concrete floor) ID Receptor PPV (mm) Impact SR1 Ardennes House 0.072 Negligible

SR2 120 Victoria Dock Road 0.073 Negligible

SR3 Foster Court 0.071 Negligible

SR4 Hoola Development 0.094 Negligible

SR5 Alaska Apartments 0.067 Negligible

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ID Receptor PPV (mm) Impact SR6 Western Beach Apartments 0.108 Negligible

2.5.5 The predicted levels of PPV presented in Table 2-6 are all below the threshold level of human perception and provide a positive indication that vibration from percussive piling activities as a result of The Scheme would not have a significant effect at receptors with a concrete floor.

2.5.6 Further consideration of the percussive piling generated vibration levels presented in Table 2-6 in accordance with appropriate building damage criteria, as presented in Table 2-5, concludes the predicted levels to be significantly below any criteria for cosmetic damage to buildings.

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Documents

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