ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE II FINAL EXAM REVIEW

UNIT 2: ENERGY

• Final Exam will be on Wednesday June 10, 2015• The final exam is worth 20% of your final grade for the course• Please bring a pen or pencil to the exam with you. Absences: Excused absence- you will take it on the day you return Unexcused absence- you will receive a 0

*****During the exam, if your cell phone or any electronic device is on your person, you will receive a 0!!!*****

Potable: Water that is safe to drink

Water Use:• Residential Use: mostly used for personal hygiene. Not much used for drinking and cooking

• Industrial Use: power source, transport, coolant

• Agricultural Use: most of the water in the world is used for irrigation

Surface water:

•water that is above ground• Lakes, rivers, streams, runoff

Runoff:•water that does

not get absorbed into the ground•Moves down a

slope•Melting snow,

glaciers, rainfall

Groundwater:• water that is below the

ground• Water table- top of the

saturated layer of rocks• Aquifers- porous water-

saturated layer of underground rock• Zone of saturation-

aquifer- layer of saturated layer of rock• Zone of aeration-

where the water enters• Zone of discharge-

where the water leaves

Overdraft• when a body of water is drained faster than it is filled• Causes:

• Saltwater intrusion- saltwater moves in to fresh water making it unpotable• Subsidence- bedrock weakens causing it to sink

Desalination:• removing salt from water- expensive• Distillation: saltwater is boiled, evaporates, leave

behind salt, water vapor is cooled and collected in another container• Reverse osmosis: saltwater is forced through a

filter that allows water molecules to pass but not salt molecules• Freezing- saltwater is frozen, separates a brine

slush from freshwater

Water Purification• Sedimentation- passed through screens and put

into a settling tank• Filtration- sand• Aeration- exposed to oxygen, taste and smell• Sterilization- heat or chemicals are used to kill

pathogens (bacteria)

Water Pollution

1. Sewage• Water that contains organic waste from humans

and industry• Toilet, sink, dishwasher washing machines

2. Factories• Toxic chemicals• Thermal pollution- from cooling down machines• Increased temperature decreases oxygen levels

3. Agriculture

Runoff:• Pesticides• Fertilizers• Human and animal waste

Inorganic Toxic Chemicals:• Arsenic- runoff and agriculture• Copper- plumbing• Lead- old pluming, nervous system• Mercury- liquid metal, factories, nervous system• Biomagnification- the concentration increases

as it moves through the food chain

Toxic: dangerous to living things

Oil Spills• Effect on animals

• Hypothermia• Increased predation• Internal damage• Decreased production• Habitat destruction

• Methods to clean• Booms and skimmers• Dispersants • Biological agents• Naturally broken down

• Exxon Valdez• 1989, Prince William Sound, Alaska

• Deepwater Horizon• 2010, Gulf of Mexico• Explosion of Deepwater Horizon

GARBAGE

• Landfill: hole lined with plastic, layer with soil and garbage, topped with soil and grass

• Dump: hole lined with plastic, layer with soil and garbage, stays exposed

• Compost: decaying organic matter that can be used as fertilizer• Grass trimmings, vegetable

scraps, fruit, leaves• Recycle- treat or process used

or waste products to be able to reuse• Plastics, glass, paper

• “Garbage Island”- Pacific Ocean