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Environmental Science and Engineering
Environmental Engineering
For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/7487
Shree Nath SinghEditor
Microbial Degradationof Xenobiotics
123
Shree Nath SinghEnvironmental Science DivisionNational Botanical Research InstituteRana Pratap Marg226001 LucknowIndiae-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 1863-5520ISBN 978-3-642-23788-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-23789-8DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23789-8Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011938665
� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcast-ing, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of thispublication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law ofSeptember 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained fromSpringer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
In loving memory of my parents
Preface
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment playing an important role inbiogeochemical cycling. However, their ability to metabolize xenobiotic com-pounds has received much attention in recent years due to their environmentalpersistence and toxicity. Hence, microbial degradation of xenobiotics is, today,seen as both cost-effective and eco-friendly technology for removing these pol-lutants by a process known as bioremediation. Earlier researchers have confirmedthat microbes are capable of degrading a wide range of organic pollutants.However, process of biodegradation is generally very slow and hence, this processmay be accelerated by augmenting pure and mixed cultures of microorganisms inboth aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Metabolic intermediates formed in thedegradative pathways were also examined for their toxicity assessments usingbacteria and higher organisms. Many of degradative genes responsible for xeno-biotic metabolism are present on plasmids, transposons or are grouped in clusterson chromosomes. This indicates evolution of degradative pathways and makes thegenetic manipulation easier. Development of the transgenic microbial strainshighly capable of degrading xenobiotics is now possible through biotechnologicalapproaches. Besides, several catabolic enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolismhave been isolated and characterized. A number of environmental factors,including pH, temperature, bioavailability, nutrient supply and oxygen availabilityhave been shown to affect biodegradation process. These factors have to beoptimized to obtain an effective microbial treatment process for the industrialorganic wastes at bench and pilot scales. However, in the field scale treatment, allenvironmental factors cannot be manipulated to enhance the degradation process.
To update the knowledge on bioremediation which is a natural attenuationprocess, I present before you an edited volume on ‘Microbial degradation ofxenobiotics’ which has focused on different aspects of microbial degradation ofxenobiotic compounds, like poly aromatics hydrocarbons, polychlorophenols,polyurethane, dye containing wastewater, water soluble polymers, azo dyes,explosives, chloroorganic pollutants, styrene, trinitrophenol and high molecularweight alkanes. These aspects have been discussed in 17 chapters contributed bythe leading scientists drawn from all over the world.
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In this endeavor, I am not alone, but assisted by many fellow workers. First ofall, I would like to acknowledge all the contributors who responded to my requestand very enthusiastically contributed their chapters containing the latest devel-opments on the relevant issues. The services rendered by my own research scholarsMrs. Babita Kumari, Ms. Shweta Mishra, and Mrs. Sadhna Tiwari in this endeavorare remarkable and highly appreciable. Besides, laboratory trainees Ms. NamarataPandey, Ms. Jyoti, Ms. Rashi Singhal, Ms. Deepika Verma, Ms. Radha Verma,Ms. Shilpi Dupey and Ms. Shilpi Kumari are also duly acknowledged for theirmultifaceted help and support. Mr. Dilip Chakraborty deserves special apprecia-tion for computer work for preparing the manuscript on the book format.
Lastly, I express my sincere thanks to my family members Mrs. ManormaSingh (wife), Dr. Ragini Singh (daughter), Mr. Pritish Kumar Singh (son) and thelittle champ Antra for their inspiration, endurance and moral boost up in thisendeavor.
S. N. Singh
viii Preface
Contents
1 Microbial Degradation of Polychlorophenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Luying Xun
2 Degradation of Chloro-organic Pollutants by White Rot Fungi . . . 31Ernest Marco-Urrea and C. A. Reddy
3 Microbial Styrene Degradation: From Basics to Biotechnology . . . 67Dirk Tischler and Stefan R. Kaschabek
4 Bacterial Decolorization and Degradation of Azo Dyes. . . . . . . . . 101Poonam Singh, Leela Iyengar and Anjali Pandey
5 Biodegradation of the Explosives TNT, RDX and HMX . . . . . . . . 135Anat Bernstein and Zeev Ronen
6 Biodegradation of Mono-Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Fungi . . . . . 177Christian Kennes and María C. Veiga
7 Bacterial Degradation of High Molecular Weight PolynuclearAromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Suparna Mukherji and Indrani Ghosh
8 Microbial Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene: Applicationto Explosives Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Toshinari Maeda and Hiroaki I. Ogawa
9 Biodegradation of Military Explosives RDX and HMX . . . . . . . . 235Rita Singh and Antaryami Singh
ix
10 Microbial Degradation of PAHs: Organismsand Environmental Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Elisa Rojo-Nieto and José A. Perales-Vargas-Machuca
11 Biodegradation of Aromatic Pollutants by LigninolyticFungal Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Tomáš Cajthaml and Katerina Svobodová
12 Microbial Degradation of Dye-Containing Wastewater. . . . . . . . . 317Pijush Kanti Mondal and Brajesh Chauhan
13 Bacterial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . 339A. Rajasekar, S. Maruthamuthu, Y. P. Ting, R. Balasubramanianand Pattanathu K. S. M. Rahman
14 Polyurethane Biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Gary T. Howard
15 Microbial Degradation of Recalcitrant PAHs-MicrobialDiversity Involving Remediation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Shelly Sinha, Pritam Chattopadhyay and Sukanta K. Sen
16 Microbial Degradation of Plastics and Water-Soluble Polymers. . . 411Fusako Kawai
17 Microbial Degradation of Alkanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439S. N. Singh, B. Kumari and Shweta Mishra
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
x Contents
Contributors
R. Balasubramanian Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576,Singapore
Anat Bernstein Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology,Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research,Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990 Beer-Sheva,Israel
Tomáš Cajthaml Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute ofMicrobiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083,142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected]
Pritam Chattopadhyay Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany,Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India
Indrani Ghosh Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IndianInstitute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
Gary T. Howard Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern LouisianaUniversity, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA, e-mail: [email protected]
Leela Iyengar Centre for Post graduate Studies, Jain University, Bangalore, India
Stefan R. Kaschabek Environmental Microbiology, Department of BiologicalSciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg,Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Fusako Kawai Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, Kyoto Institute ofTechnology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan, e-mail:[email protected]
Christian Kennes Faculty of Sciences, Campus da Zapateira, University of LaCoruña, Rua da Fraga 10, 15008 La Coruña, Spain, e-mail: [email protected]
xi
B. Kumari Environmental Science Division, National Botanical ResearchInstitute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
Toshinari Maeda Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, GraduateSchool of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology,2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan, e-mail: [email protected]
Ernest Marco-Urrea Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute ofEnvironmental Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona,08193 Bellaterra, Spain
S. Maruthamuthu Corrosion Protection Division, Biocorrosion Group, CentralElectrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 006, India
Shweta Mishra Environmental Science Division, National Botanical ResearchInstitute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
Pijush Kanti Mondal Environmental Research laboratory, Department of AppliedChemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University,Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202 002, India, e-mail: [email protected]
Suparna Mukherji Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IndianInstitute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
Hiroaki I. Ogawa Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, Grad-uate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute ofTechnology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
Anjali Pandey Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur,India, e-mail: [email protected]
José A. Perales-Vargas-Machuca Department of Environmental Technologies,Andalusian Centre of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Universityof Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Cadiz, Spain
Pattanathu K. S. M. Rahman Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group,School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TeesValley, TS13BA, UK, e-mail: [email protected]
A. Rajasekar Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore,e-mail: e-mail: [email protected]
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University ofSingapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117576, Singapore, e-mail:[email protected]
C. A. Reddy Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and The NSFCenter for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48824-4320, USA, e-mail: [email protected]
xii Contributors
Elisa Rojo-Nieto Department of Environmental Technologies, Andalusian Centreof Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), University of Cadiz, PuertoReal, 11510, Cadiz, Spain, e-mail: [email protected]
Zeev Ronen Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology,Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research,Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990 Beer-Sheva,Israel, e-mail: [email protected]
Sukanta K. Sen Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati,Santiniketan, India, e-mail: [email protected]
Antaryami Singh Defence Laboratory, Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganization, Jodhpur 342 011, India
Poonam Singh Division of Toxicology, Central Drug Research Institute,Lucknow, India
Rita Singh Defence Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organiza-tion, Jodhpur 342 011, India, e-mail: [email protected]
S. N. Singh Environmental Science Division, National Botanical Research Insti-tute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India, e-mail: [email protected]
Shelly Sinha Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, Champadanga, Hooghly, West Bengal,India
Katerina Svobodová Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute ofMicrobiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083,142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
Y. P. Ting Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
Dirk Tischler Environmental Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences,Faculty of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29,09599 Freiberg, Germany, e-mail: [email protected]
María C. Veiga Faculty of Sciences, Campus da Zapateira, University of LaCoruña, Rua da Fraga 10, 15008 La Coruña, Spain
Luying Xun School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, LifeSciences Building, Room 202, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA, e-mail:[email protected]
Contributors xiii
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