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Environmental Science
Agriscience Applications
Forestry
• Competency– Analyze the conservation practices for
utilizing forest, wildlife, fisheries and environmental resources
Forest Management
• 1/3 of the United States is covered by forest land
Trees
• Trees– Woody perennial plants– Single stem
• Shrubs– Bushy– Multiple stems
Trees
• Softwood– Needle type– Evergreens
• Coniferous
• Hardwoods– Broad-leaf– Looses leaves every year
• Deciduous
Coniferous
Deciduous
Trees
• Softwoods– Southern Pine– Douglas fir– Frazier fir
Douglas fir
Trees
• Southern Pine• Loblolly pine• Longleaf pine• Shortleaf pine• Slash pine
– Most common for pulpwood or plywood
Plywood
Loblolly pine
Trees
• Douglas fir– Most important species of tree in the
US– Used for construction lumber and
plywood– 20% of the timber harvested each year
in the US
Trees
• Frazier fir– Used for
commercial Christmas tree production
– Grown in the mountain of North Carolina
Hardwoods
• Hardwoods– Ash– Birch– Oak (white and red)
Trees
• Ash– Handles and baseball bats– High resistance to shock
• Birch– Furniture, plywood and paneling– Verneer
• thin sheet of wood glued to a cheaper species of wood
White Ash
River Birch
Trees
• Oak– White and Red– Very strong
• Flooring• Furniture• Fencing
Forest Management
• Replacing Trees that have been harvested– “Natural seeding” lease expensive way
to replace forest– Planting trees is a surer method
Forest Management
• Managing growing timber– Prescribed burn
• Reduce the risk of wildfires• Reduce litter
– Prescribed thinning• remove competing trees
Forest Management
• Harvesting Timber– Selection cutting
• Recommended in a mixed forest consisting of trees of different ages and size
• Reduces erosion
– Clear Cutting• All trees are removed• Can cause erosion problems
Forestry Equipment
• Increment borer– Age of trees
• Planting Bar
• Tree scale stick– Estimate tree volume
• Tree tape– Most accurate in determining
circumference
Estimating Saw Timber Volume
• DBH– diameter breast height– measure at 4.5 feet– 25 inches from the dominant eye
• Tree Height– measured at 66 feet
• one chain
– determine the number of 16’ logs
Diameter Breast Height (DBH)
Diameter Breast Height (DBH)
Tree Height
Calculating Board Feet
• Measurement of volume
• Formula
# pieces X t (inches) X w (inches) X l (feet)
12 bf=
5 X 2” X 4” X 8’
12 bf=
Calculating Board Feet
• Problem:– calculate board feet if you have 5
pieces of lumber that are 2 inches thick, 4 inches wide, and all are 8 feet long
Calculating Board Feet
• Answer:
5 X 2” X 4” X 8’
12 bf=
bf= 26.6
Forestry Careers
• Foresters– Assistance in managing forest
• Recommend harvesting methods• Recommend seeding methods• Monitor disease and insects
– Average yearly salary in North Carolina• $41,184
Source: Bridges Career Explorer
Forestry Careers
• Timber cruiser– Estimate timber volume
• Outdoor work requiring physical stamina• High School diploma• Training in estimating tree volume
Wildlife Management
Wildlife Management
• Objective– Interpret wildlife management practices
as related to good environmental management
Wildlife Management
• Usually a by-product of the family operation
• Sustainable habitat and food are essential in increasing the number of wildlife on a farm– Leaving brush piles when harvesting– Leave crop residue standing
Crop Residue
Wildlife Management
• Hunting and fishing as proper management– Remove excess wildlife – Prevents:
• Overpopulation• Malnutrition• Disease• Overall decreases in population
Wildlife Management
• Carrying Capacity– Number of wildlife that can be
supported throughout the year• Hunting and fishing help maintain carrying
capacity
– Results of overpopulation• Water quality of a stream with a carrying
capacity of 20 fish will decrease if 50 fish are in the stream
Deer Overpopulation
Browse Line in Texas
Assignment
• View the protection of Wildlife DVD
• Prepare for a quiz
Quiz
1. What are the four essential elements of a Habitat?
2. What is the main purpose of predators
3. What Act of congress is designed to protect animal populations
Careers in Wildlife
Ecologist
Game Warden
Wildlife Biologist
Careers in Wildlife
• Ecologist– Studies the effect of the environment
on animal life
• Wildlife Biologist– Advises the establishment of fish/game
laws– Explores habitat improvement
programs
Careers in Wildlife
• Game Warden– Enforces hunting and fishing
regulations– Government employee under the
Wildlife Commission• Controls the harvesting of wildlife
– Should enjoy working outdoors
Aquatics
• The management of aquatic environments to increase the harvest of usable plants and animal products
Aquatics
• Cage Cultures– Production system– Aquatic animals and plants are
contained in a small area• Easier to monitor• Better growth rates• Limited movement which could cause
stress
Aquatics
• Recirculating Tanks– Production method– Processes water through a biological
filter
Recirculating Tanks
Aquatics
• Roll Over– A ponds water quality suddenly
changes– Less oxygenated water is brought to
the surface and low levels of dissolved oxygen cause fish to die
• Difficulty in managing an aquaculture system is related to the amount of fish in the system
Aquatics
• Fish adapted to aquaculture systems:– Trout (cold running water)– Catfish– Bass– Tilapia
Trout
Catfish
Largemouth Bass
Tilapia
Soil and Water
Soil & Water
• Objective– Investigate water and its properties as
it relates to the production of food and fiber
Water Properties
• Universal Solvent– It dissolves or changes more other
materials than anything else-
• Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
– The cycling of water between water sources, atmosphere, and surface water
Assignment
• Using a clean sheet of paper and colored markers, draw the water cycle.
• Use all the components necessary to complete the cycle.
Types of Water
• Capillary– Water that can be adsorbed by plant
roots
• Free Water– Gravitational– Water that drains out of soil after it has
been wetted
Water
• Permeability– The rate of movement of air and water
through the soil
• Saturation– Water is added until all the pores are
filled• Two or three inches of rain in a few hours
Soils
Soil
• Objective– Evaluate soil as related to the
production of food and fiber
Soil
• Soil profile– A Horizon Topsoil – B Horizon Subsoil– C Horizon Parent material
Soil Profile
Soil Texture
Refers to the size of soil particles
Sand – largest soil particle in soil– Sandy soils have problems holding
enough water for good plant growth.– Individual particles can be seen with
naked eye
Soil Texture
• Silt – Intermediate size soil particles but can’t be seen with naked eye.
• Clay – smallest soil particle – clayey soils hold lots of water but may be airtight, infertile for root growth, and associated with wet soils.
Soil Structure
• The way soil particles cling together to form soil units or aggregates, while leaving pore space to store air, water, nutrients, and allow root penetration
Soil Structure
• Single– grain is associated with sandy soils
• Granular– particles cling together to form rounded
aggregates – very desirable for all soil uses
• Blocky– particles cling together in angular
aggregates – typical of soils with high clay content
Blocky Structure
Granular
Structure
Soil Classification
• Land capability class– Based on physical, chemical and
topographical
• Class I & II- Intensive cultivation• Class VII- Steeply sloping (trees)• Class VIII- Wildlife and recreation
Soil Conservation
• Erosion– Sheet– Gully
Sheet Erosion
Gully Erosion
Gully Erosion
Soil Conservation
• Conventional– Disturbs soil by plowing
• Conservation– Intermediate (Conventional and no-till)
Soil Enhancement
• Use fertilizer to add nutrients
• Use lime to raise pH– Increases the availability of nutrients
Soil Enhancement
Careers in Soil & Water Management
• Four Year Degree– Soil scientist– Soil conservationist
• Implements best use practices
– Wildlife biologist
Careers in Soil & Water Management
• Two year degree or less– Soil technician
• Obtains soil samples
– Wildlife technician• Tags wildlife and gathers information