Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) · Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of 1 metric ton of fabricated corrugated reinforcing bar (rebar) for concrete reinforcement, G42

Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of 1 metric ton of fabricated corrugated reinforcing bar (rebar) for concrete reinforcement, G42 and G52, as manufactured by ArcelorMittal Mexico

ArcelorMittal México S.A. de C.V. 9/7/18 Lázaro Cárdenas, México

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ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION ARCELORMITTAL MEXICO

Table of Contents EPD Owner .............................................................................................................................................. 2

Contact: ............................................................................................................................................... 2

Site Location: ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Company Information .......................................................................................................................... 2

Product Information ................................................................................................................................ 2

Product Name: ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Product Identification: ......................................................................................................................... 2

UN CPC Code: ...................................................................................................................................... 4

Product Description: ............................................................................................................................ 4

Geographical Scope: ............................................................................................................................ 4

LCA Information....................................................................................................................................... 4

Functional Unit/Declared Unit: ............................................................................................................ 4

Time Representativeness: .................................................................................................................... 5

Database and LCA Software Used: ....................................................................................................... 5

System Boundaries: ............................................................................................................................. 5

Excluded Lifecycle Stages: .................................................................................................................... 6

More Information: ............................................................................................................................... 7

Allocation......................................................................................................................................... 7

Cut-off Criteria ................................................................................................................................. 8

Data Variability and Quality.............................................................................................................. 8

Content Declaration................................................................................................................................. 9

Product: ............................................................................................................................................... 9

Packaging: ......................................................................................................................................... 10

Recycled Content: .............................................................................................................................. 10

Environmental Performance .................................................................................................................. 11

Potential Environmental Impact: ........................................................................................................ 11

Use of Resources & Waste Production: .............................................................................................. 12

Additional Environmental, Health, and Safety Information..................................................................... 13

Quality ............................................................................................................................................... 14

Safety ................................................................................................................................................ 14

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Statements about this EPD .................................................................................................................... 15

Contact Information: ............................................................................................................................. 16

References............................................................................................................................................. 16

EPD Owner

ArcelorMittal México S.A. de C.V.

Contact:

Alberto Vargas, [email protected]

Site Location:

ArcelorMittal manufacturing plant located at Av. Francisco J. Mugica 1, Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán 60950, Mexico.

Company Information

ArcelorMittal México is a Public Limited Company with Variable Capital, whose main operation is located

in Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán; their steel plant has a territorial extension of 1016 hectares. At the

national level, they have more than 8,000 direct collaborators and close to 50,000 indirect employees.

ArcelorMittal Mexico has the necessary technologies to manufacture a huge range of ultra-low carbon

steels, micro alloy steel, high carbon steel, bitter gas resistant steel, among others. Long products

include rebar for the construction industry from grade 42 to grade 80. In addition, they produce wire rod

for the high, medium and low carbon wire drawing industry, as well as carbon billet for the steel

industry.

Product Information

Product Name:

1 metric ton of fabricated corrugated reinforcing bar (rebar) for concrete reinforcement, Grade 42 and Grade 52.

Product Identification:

ArcelorMittal manufactures rebar to specific sizes and standards, and each bar has a designated number

based on its dimensions. Further product designation explanation is provided in the technical

descriptions and corresponding figure below.

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Figure 1: ArcelorMittal rebar with nomenclature description

LOGO (A) Manufacturer's brand

PURE IRON ORE Pure iron ore. Being made 100% out of iron ore, this rebar guarantees best resistance, malleability and ductility qualities, which are very necessary especially in seismic zones.

DESIGNATION NUMBER (B) According to the caliber dimension

ORIGIN OF STEEL (C) Continuous casting

MECHANICAL GRADE (D) Grade 42 means 42kg/mm2 as a minimum in the test for "fluency limit" (stress). Also the tests for resistance to tension, elongation and bending were greatly improved in our values, scoring higher than those set by international standards, which translates into reliability.

Technical Information/Specifications for G42:

• Meets NMX-B-506-CANACERO-2011.

• Diameters range from 3/8” (#3) up to 1 ¾” (#14) (Intermediate diameters 7, 9, 11).

• Minimum Fluency effort 42 kg/mm2

• Resistance to Tension 63 kg/mm2,

• Elongation percentage: 9% minimum for #3 to 6; 8% minimum for #7 to 8; and 7% minimum for

#9 to 14.

• Folds at 180° (up to #12) and at 90° (higher than #12) according to nominal diameter.

• For all designation numbers, the tolerance in mass is +/-6%.

• Standard length of the products is 12 m although there are special sizes. Also, it’s available in a

roll for #3 and 4.

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Technical Information/Specifications G52:

• Complies with NMX-B-506-CANACERO-2011.

• Diameters range from 3/8” (#3) up to 1 ¾” (#14) (Intermediate diameters 7, 9, 11).

• Minimum Fluency effort 52 kg/mm2

• Resistance to Tension 72 kg/mm2

• Eongation percentage: 7% Mín. for #3 to 8; 6% Min. for #9 to 14.

• Folds at 180° (up to #12) and at 90° (#14) inside diameter for support in accordance to nominal

diameter

• For all designation numbers, the tolerance in mass is +/-6%.

• Standard length of the products is 12 m although there are special sizes. Also, it’s available in a

roll for #3 and 4.

UN CPC Code:

CPC 4124: Bars and rods, hot rolled, of iron or steel.

Product Description:

The products analyzed for this EPD are rated as structural grade material suitable in construction

applications. Steel rebar is used as a tension mechanism in concrete structures, to help preserve the

concrete as it is compressed. The purpose of the rebar, and the concrete it is reinforcing, are to work

under combined loads. Steel is an alloy of iron with varying levels of carbon content depending on its

grade. Other elements may also be part of the alloy. The different grades of steel depend on the

carbon content and other included alloys, and this allows for many different use cases. (1) Both grades

of steel rebar, G42 and G52, modeled for this study are high carbon steel rebar.

Geographical Scope:

This EPD covers the steel reinforcing bar manufactured at the ArcelorMittal at Av. Francisco J. Mugica 1,

Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán 60950, Mexico.

LCA Information

Functional Unit/Declared Unit:

1 metric ton of fabricated corrugated reinforcing bar (rebar) for concrete reinforcement, G42 and G52,

as manufactured by ArcelorMittal Mexico including the Las Truchas-Largos mines and ArcelorMittal

Mexico plant.

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Time Representativeness:

All primary data reported by ArcelorMittal Mexico stem from the 2017 calendar year from utility bills

and primary company records.

Database and LCA Software Used:

To perform the LCA for this EPD, OpenLCA software with ecoinvent v3.4 database was used.

System Boundaries:

This is a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle analysis reported in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR)

v2.2 2012:01. The following three life cycle stages are included:

A1: Raw material supply (upstream processes)- Extraction, handling, and processing of the materials

(including fuels) used in the production of the steel rebar.

A2: Transportation- Transportation of these materials from the supplier to the “gate” of the steel

producer.

A3: Manufacturing (core processes)- The energy used to store, move, and shape the steel and to

operate the facility (steel plant).

Exclusions to the system boundary are mentioned in the PCR and include the functional unit or

performance characteristics of the construction product when integrated into the building or the

product’s referenced service life (RSF).

The entire system is outlined in Figure 2: ArcelorMittal Las Truchas-Largos Process Map for

Manufacturing Grade 42 and Grade 52 Steel Rebar below.

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Figure 2: ArcelorMittal Las Truchas-Largos Process Map for Manufacturing Grade 42 and Grade 52 Steel Rebar and co-products for all ArcelorMittal Production 2017

Excluded Lifecycle Stages: This EPD does not require and therefore does not include the following stages:

A4-A5: Construction process stage- Transport and construction installation.

B-B7: Use stage- Use, maintenance, repair, replacement, refurbishment, operational energy use, and operational water use.

C1-C4: End of life stage- De-construction demolition, transport, waste processing, and disposal.

D: Resource recovery stage- Reuse-recycling-recovery potential.

A summary of the limitations of this EPD include the following:

• This “cradle-to-gate” EPD is to understand the environmental impacts of the products listed and

is not a comparative study.

• No environmental claim can be implied about the environmental superiority of the products

modeled in this study. The EPD reporting process does not make statements that the products

modeled in an LCA, or the resulting EPD, are environmentally better or worse than other

products.

• The LCIA results do not predict actual impacts and are a direct result of the information modeled

only.

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• This EPD does not report all the environmental impacts due to manufacturing of the product,

but instead the environmental impacts for categories with established LCA-based methods to

track and report. Unreported environmental impacts include, but are not limited to, factors

attributed to human health, land use changes, and habitat destruction.

• In addition, the manufacturer can report on best practices in sustainability, including social

indicators outside this EPD, in an attempt to illustrate a more complete picture of their

sustainability practices that cannot be captured in this EPD.

More Information:

Allocation

The PCR, version 2012:01 v2.2, outlines scenarios where allocation is necessary. These areas include: a).

a multi-output subprocess delivering goods that are treated equally, b). co-production on electricity and

heat, and c). co-production of goods and energy. (2)

ArcelorMittal has six total coproducts that they sell in outside markets. These are all by products of their

main manufacturing processes. The table below outlines each product. To allocate inputs/outputs at

each multi-product process to the primary product mass allocation was performed. The following

formula was used to adjust all primary raw data including energy, water, and waste utilized or generated

in the accounting year:

𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙. 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 × 𝛼66 ∗1𝑃𝑃

where Annual.Flows is the raw inputs/outputs consumed/generated in the given accounting

year across the given process, and PP is the annual production of the primary product (PP) and αPP is the

mass allocation factor for the PP:

𝛼66 =𝑃𝑃

𝑃𝑃 + 𝐶𝑃

where PP and CP are the annual mass flows of the primary and co- product(s) of the given

process, respectively. In accordance with the PCR, the procedure of allocation was performed so that it

reflects the way in which the inputs and outputs are changed by quantitative changes in the products (or

functions) delivered by the system. This means that the allocation shall be based on the resource

consumption and emissions change, following quantitative modifications. (2) As a result, each unit

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process as listed in the table above was adjusted using this method. This not only adjusts the resource

usage but any associated emissions.

Table 1: ArcelorMittal Co-Products Created and Sold as a Part of the Core Manufacturing Processes

Co-Product Process

Blast furnace granulated slag Blast Furnace Fine particles of slag from BOF BOF BOF dust BOF Lamination scales Rebar Lamination Pellet fine particles (iron ore) Pelletization

Cut-off Criteria

ISO 14044:2006 and Product Category Rule (PCR) V2.2 2012:01, section 7.6. requires the LCA model to

contain a minimum of 95% of the total inflows (mass and energy) to the upstream and core modules be

included in this study. The cut-off criteria were applied to all other processes unless noted above as

follows:

• A 1% cut-off is considered for all renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption

and the total mass of inputs within a unit process where the total of the neglected inputs does

not exceed 5%.

Data Variability and Quality

This EPD was created using plant-specific data for upstream materials. Potential variations due to

supplier locations, manufacturing processes and efficiencies of fuel use are not accounted for in this

EPD.

Data differences can occur with changing suppliers, mine locations, manufacturing equipment, and

overall efficiency. Data quality is judged based on the five indicators below. These indicators apply to the

impact categories reported in this study based on the information obtained and used for the model.

The corresponding detailed data clarifications are broken down to the process level. The five indicators

included are:

Technical representativeness: The degree to which the data reflects the actual technology(ies) used.

Overall quality: Good to very good

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Temporal Representativeness: The degree to which the data reflects the actual time (e.g. year) or age

of the activity. Overall quality: Good with a few fair points of data

Geographical representativeness: The degree to which the data reflects the actual geographic location

of the activity (e.g. country or site). Overall quality: Good to very good

Completeness: The degree to which the data are statistically representative of the relevant activity.

Completeness includes the percentage of locations for which data is available and used out of the total

number that relates to a specific activity. Overall quality: Good

Reliability: The degree to which the sources, data collection methods and verification procedures used

to obtain the data are dependable. Overall quality: Very good

Content Declaration Both products considered for this study, grade 52 and grade 42 steel rebar, have the same

manufacturing processes and raw material input. The only difference is the number of rebar rods

manufactured per metric ton. After examination, and per the PCR, “Similar products with differences

between the mandatory impact indicators lower than ±10% (concerning A1-A3) could be presented

using the impacts of a representative product.” (4) The differences were lower than 10% therefore the

representative product chosen was G42.

Product:

Grade 42 and 52 of ArcelorMittal’s steel rebar are both considered high carbon steel alloys.

Table 2: Chemical composition of G42 and G52 high carbon steel rebar to 1000 ppm

RN Chemical Name Overall Rating Product % by Weight

7440-44-0 Graphite LT - UNK 0.2-0.5

7439-96-5 Manganese LT - P1 0.5-1.5

7440-21-3 Silicon LT - UNK 0.1-0.5

7704-34-9 Sulfur, Elemental LT - UNK 0.0-0.5

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RN Chemical Name Overall Rating Product % by Weight

7723-14-0 Phosphorus BM - 2 0.0-0.05

7440-47-3 Chromium, metallic LT - P1 0.0-0.3

7440-02-0 Nickel (Metallic) LT - 1 0.0-0.3

7439-98-7 Molybdenum LT - UNK 0.0-0.3

7440-31-5 Tin LT - P1 0.0-0.1

7440-50-8 Copper LT - P1 0.0-0.5

7440-62-2 Vanadium LT - 1 0.007-0.018

7439-89-6 Iron LT - P1 99.19-95.81

Packaging:

The rebar is tied with #55 grade wire as a packaging material. The wire is approximately 1.5 meters long

and 4 pieces are used to secure roughly 18 pieces of grade 42 or grade 52 corrugated rebar. This

packaging material was modeled and was below the 1% cutoff therefore it did not have any impact on

the results reported.

Recycled Content:

Recycled material was treated under the Polluters Pay Principal. This type of recycling is called open

loop recycling. The burden for the environmental impacts is on the original use. The four biggest

processes affected by using recycled material are the BOF in steel making, the recycling from the

Pelletization plant, the scales from the bar mill plant, and the overall recycling of water throughout the

manufacturing process. In the BOF process they recycled 12% of their own postindustrial scrap and input

9% post-consumer purchased scrap. There is also a 10.72% recycling of the BOF slag internally. The

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Pelletization process produced pellets fines. Of the 10,384 t of scales produced in the bar mill 71.60%

are recycled back into the manufacturing process.

ArcelorMittal’s corporate practices on sustainability and resource savings result in a recycling system for

fresh water that saved 2,219,311 m3 in 2017. They also have a system in place to recycle purchased

municipal waste water that conserves 8.92% of that water. In the LCA model the numbers for fresh

water and purchased waste water were not adjusted to accommodate these figures because the model

was created based on overall water used in the system and would include in it the recycled content. The

amounts assigned to each process are primary consumption added to the system and are as a result of

purchasing that amount or drawing it from the river.

Environmental Performance

Potential Environmental Impact:

Parameters describing environmental potential impacts were calculated using TRACI 2.1 and OpenLCA

Methods EPD EN:15804 Method.

Table 3: LCI Impact results with contribution analysis using TRACI and EN:15804 Methods

LCI Impact Summary Results (A1-A3) for 1 Metric Ton of G42 & G52 Steel

Rebar with Contributions by Module

Impact Category Unit A1: Raw

Materials

A2:

Transportation

A3:

Manufacturing

Total A1-A3

Acidification kg SO2 eq 1.11E+00 1.12E-01 1.45E+00 2.67E+00 41.5% 4.2% 54.3% 100.0%

Eutrophication kg N eq 7.78E+00 2.50E-02 1.55E+00 9.35E+00 83.2% 0.3% 16.6% 100.0%

Global warming kg CO2 eq 1.62E+02 2.27E+01 8.35E+02 1.02E+03 15.9% 2.2% 81.9% 100.0%

Ozone depletion kg CFC-11

eq

1.14E-05 5.2137E-06 2.06E-05 3.72E-05

30.7% 14.0% 55.3% 100.0% Smog kg O3 eq 1.92E+01 2.52E+00 1.81E+01 3.98E+01

48.2% 6.3% 45.5% 100.0%

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Use of Resources & Waste Production:

Parameters describing the use of resources were calculated using OpenLCA Method EN15804 Method,

direct LCI reporting, and Cumulative Energy Demand. Parameters describing the use of resources were

calculated using EDIP 2003 and direct LCI reporting.

Table 4: Environmental parameters describing the use of renewable and non-renewable material resources, and waste production

Impact Category Unit A1: Raw

Materials

A2:

Transportation

A3:

Manufacturing

Total A1-A3

Use of Net Fresh Water m3 1.15E-02 1.90E-03 2.60E-02 3.94E-02 29.2% 4.8% 66.0% 100.0%

Abiotic depletion

potential for fossil

resources

MJ 1.49E+03 3.33E+02 3.99E+03 5.82E+03

25.7% 5.7% 68.6% 100.0% Abiotic depletion

potential for non-fossil

resources

kg

Sb

eq.

1.13E-02 6.35E-05 3.56E-03 1.49E-02

75.7% 0.4% 23.9% 100.0% Hazardous Waste kg 1.22E-03 2.11E-04 3.49E-03 4.91E-03

24.8% 4.3% 71.1% 100.0% Non-Hazardous Waste kg 9.00E+01 15.05862 1.07E+02 2.12E+02

42.4% 7.1% 50.5% 100.0% Radioactive Waste kg 4.76E-03 2.21E-03 5.99E-03 1.30E-02

36.7% 17.1% 46.2% 100.0% Total Non-Renewable

Energy Resources

MJ 1.65E+03 3.57E+02 4.24E+03 6.24E+03

26.4% 5.7% 67.9% 100.0% Use of non- renewable

primary energy

MJ 1.65E+03 3.57E+02 4.24E+03 6.24E+03

26.4% 5.7% 67.9% 100.0% Use of non- renewable

primary energy

resources used as raw

materials

MJ

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Use of Renewable

Energy Resources

MJ 3.16E+02 4.18E+00 2.15E+02 5.35E+02

59.0% 0.8% 40.2% 100.0% 3.16E+02 4.18E+00 2.15E+02 5.35E+02

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Use of renewable

primary energy

MJ

59.0% 0.8% 40.2% 100.0% Use of renewable

primary energy

resources used as raw

materials

MJ

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Use of renewable

secondary fuels

MJ

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Use of non-renewable

secondary fuels

MJ

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Use of Secondary

Materials*

kg 9.92E+02 0.00E+00 3.15E+03 4.14E+03

23.97% 0.00% 76.03% 100.00%

Additional Environmental, Health, and Safety Information

ArcelorMittal Mexico knows how important resources are for their processes. Resources such as water,

energy and the environment in general are indispensable, therefore, they have 10 principles of

sustainable development, with the aim to develop and fulfill their social responsibility and sustainability

programs, improve their best practices in relation to the identification and control of significant

environmental aspects, research and knowledge of the life cycle of our products in order to implement

actions in each process to reduce the generation of waste, substitution of materials for more

environment-friendly ones, the savings and optimization of energy; and also the participation in

programs that promote the use of clean energy such as wind energy. Important investment projects are

in place to take advantage of water resources by improving water treatment that will cut down on fresh

water consumption, thus guaranteeing that in step of the manufacturing process the focus is on water

protection and minimizing its environmental impact.

This commitment is developing in compliance with the parameters for ISO 14001:2015 Certification,

awarded and overseen by the Instituto de Normalización y Certificación, A.C. (IMNC) in all of

ArcerloMittal’s Mexico main productive plants. Continuous revision of our environmental prevention

system is commonplace in ArcelorMittal’s processes both internally and externally. They participate in

the National Program of Voluntary Environmental Audits promoted by PROFEPA, in each manufacturing

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and services process of the business units of ArcelorMittal Mexico, to promote improvement on the

environmental performance of our organization.

Quality

ArcelorMittal is considered an important steel manufacturer and their need for raw materials allows the

use of iron scrap from internal waste processes as well as scrap purchased mainly from national

suppliers in their processes. One essential requirement is that the scrap they buy has a radioactivity-free

certificate besides being inspected to prevent the input of contaminated material to the manufacturing

process or the facilities. The raw materials availability is ensured so that the production follows national

codes: ASTM A615:2016, A706:2016, NMX-B-457-CANACERO:2013, NMX-B-506-CANACERO:2011

certified by CNCP, NTC-2289:2015 certified by ICONTEC and their Quality Management System is

certified by ISO 9001:2015 by the British Standard Instituto (BSI).

ArcelorMittal’s objective is to provide a competitive advantage that allows their clients to maximize

their profitability. ArcelorMittal believes that it is their corporate duty to operate their facilities in

accordance with all environmental laws as a way to help you reduce the negative impacts the industry

may release into our environment.

Safety

ArcelorMittal is committed to the highest standards worldwide in terms of Safety and Health Hazards.

They have the OHSAS-18001:2007 Certification, awarded by the Instituto de Normalización y

Certificación, A.C. (IMNC), which enforces the best applicability and is in compliance with legislation of

the Mexican codes upheld by STPS and the Secretary of Energy and the Department of Health.

ArcelorMittal México carries out important programs and initiatives for the management of operational

hazards and behavioral changes in workers, which have a direct impact on safety results.

Safety is the cornerstone of ArcelorMittal’s business and can be summarized in a phrase by their CEO,

“There’s nothing more important than the Safety and Health of the people who work at

ArcelorMittal”.

For ArcelorMittal Group there is no distinction among staff workers and contractors, in terms of safety,

that’s why the safety standards are unique for both and each accident that occurs is investigated and

reported in the records regardless of whether the involved parties are staff or contractors.

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ArcelorMittal’s Fatalities Prevention Standards and the Auditing Programs for Fatalities Prevention are

essential elements for the prevention of serious and fatal accidents.

Other programs such as 5S’s, WCM, Agents for Change towards Excellence in Safety, BRAVO Program,

are initiatives that strengthen ArcelorMittal’s prevention system.

The program “Return of Experiences (REX)” enables them to learn from mistakes that resulted in some

serious or fatal accident around the world and provides the opportunity to use technological elements

to spread the level of awareness to the hazard or risk and reduce the personal tolerance to the hazard

or risk.

Statements about this EPD

This environmental product declaration was conducted in accordance with ISO 14025:2006 and EN

15804. It is a declaration with all the relevant information disclosed per the governing product category

rule the International EPD® System PCR Construction products and construction services, V2.2 2012:01.

The EPD owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD. EPDs within the same

product category but from different programs may not be comparable. EPDs of construction products

may not be comparable if they do not comply with EN 15804.

Program Operator:

Labelling Sustainability Inc [email protected]

EPD registration number: AM2018-09-12I

Published: 2018-09-12

Valid until: 2023-09-12

Product Category Rules: International EPD® System PCR Construction products and construction services, V2.2 2012:01

Product group classification: UN CPC 4124

Reference year for data: 2017

Geographical scope: Mexico

CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR)

Product category rules (PCR): International EPD® System PCR Construction products and construction services, V2.2 2012:01

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PCR review was conducted by: Martin Erlandsson, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, [email protected]

Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006: ☐ EPD process certification ☒ EPD verification

Third party verifier: Geoff Guest, PhD. Ecogamut Consulting Inc. Ottawa, CA [email protected] http://ecogamut.ca Approved by: The International EPD® System

Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier: ☐ Yes ☒ No

Contact Information:

DECLARATION OWNER:

ArcelorMittal México S.A. de C.V. Av. Francisco J. Mugica 1, Lázaro Lázaro Cárdenas, México 60950 www.arcelormittal.com Alberto Vargas [email protected]

Program OPERATOR:

Labeling Sustainability, Inc. Mexico City, Mexico www.epdregistracion.com.mx

LCA AND EPD DEVELOPER:

Labeling Sustainability, Inc. +1 (310) 210-5247 http://www.labelingsustainability.com Denice Viktoria Staaf, LEED AP BD+C [email protected]

References 1. Alacero. What is Steel? Alacero.org. [Online] Alacero, 2018. [Cited: June 6, 2018.] https://www.alacero.org/en/page/el-acero/what-is-steel.

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2. EPD International. Construction Products and Construction Services, Version 2.2 2012:01. s.l. : EPD International, 2017.

3. Staaf, Denice Viktoria. A "Cradle to Gate" Life Cycle Analysis of 1 metric ton of fabricated corrugated reinforcing bar (rebar) for concrete reinforcement, G42 and G52, as manufactured by ArcelorMittal at the Las Truchas-Largos plant. Mexico City : Labeling Sustainability Inc, 2018.

Documents

Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) · Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of 1 metric ton of fabricated corrugated reinforcing bar (rebar) for concrete reinforcement, G42