ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY

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ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY

• Develop and operate facilities and undertake activities with energy efficiency, sustainable use of renewable resources and waste generation in mind.

• Conduct or support research on the impact and ways to minimize the impacts of raw materials, products or processes, emissions and wastes.

• Modify the manufacture, marketing, or use of products and services so as to prevent serious or irreversible environmental damage. Develop and provide products and services that do not harm the environment.

• Contribute to the transfer of environmentally sound technology and management methods.

C& E News, April 8, 1991, pg. 4

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY’S RESPONSIBLE CARE PROGRAM

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SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT -- Industrial Ecology

– Cradle to Grave material design -- feedstock, manufacture, use, ultimate disposability

– ISO 14000 Series Standards

– “Life Cycle Concepts” applied to design of materials

SUSTAINABILITY/ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES

– Use of annually renewable resources– non-toxic, non-polluting (emissions & waste) reactants and

products• water-based -- no voc’s• worker saftey• Safe (TOSCA approved), easy to handle

– Biodegradability and recyclability

ENVIRONMENTAL & REGULATORY DRIVERS-- “DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT” --

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SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

• Not just a prescribed set of practices• Challenges industry to think about long-term

implications of its practices from a holistic ecological perspective

• provide for the economic and societal needs without comprising the health of the ecosystem/biosphere

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT CONCEPTS

CRADLE TO GRAVE DESIGN OF MATERIALS

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NEW INDUSTRY PARADIGM

CO2Biomass/Bio-organics

Fossil Resources(petroleum, Natural gas)

Polymers, Chemicals& Fuels Chemical Industry

Bio-chemical Industry

> 106 years1 - 10 yrs

Renewable Carbon SourcesCO2 , & Biomass

New Biochemical IndustrySmall, entrepreneurial business

Green polymers& Chemicals

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DRIVERS FOR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY SHIFTS

Time

Value

in Use

•Natural Ingredients

•Labor Intensive

•Attractive Aesthetics

•Cheap petroleum

•Ease of manufacture

•Low labor input

•Excellent functionality

•Recyclable

•Biodegradable

•Non-polluting

•Energy efficient

•Tailored Functionality

•Renewable resource based

Silk

Aramids

LycraVinyl

Polyester

Nylon

Rayon

Wool

Cotton

Feathers

Fur

?

Traditional

Materials

Synthetics Environmentally Friendly

Products/Processes

SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGYParadigm shift

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MATERIALS DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

FROM “CONCEPTION TO REINCARNATION”

FEEDSTOCK

PRODUCT MANUFACTURE

ULTIMATEDISPOSABILITY

Transform into Useful Product

Design, Use , Disposal, and Reuse of Materials Incorporating

“LIFE CYCLE THINKING”

• Impact on the Environment

• Reduced or No emissions /waste(Air, water, solid wastes)

• Energy efficiency

• Annually renewable resources

Issues to Consider:

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VISION 2020 -- PLANT-FOSSIL UTILIZATION BALANCE

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AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS RESOURCES

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PLANT-CROP BASED U.S. RESOURCES

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Bioscience Will Impact Future Material Systems

ADVANCED

MATERIALS

SYSTEMS

BIOSCIENCE

ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE MATERIALS

PROCESS SYSTEMS PRODUCT SYSTEMS

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BIOBASED PRODUCT DRIVERS -- U.S. GOVERNMENT

Presidential Executive Order 13101 (Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition, dated September 14, 1998)

• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is proposing guidelines for listing commercially available biobased products for purchase by Federal agencies.

• Biobased product is defined as a commercial or industrial product (other than food or feed) that utilizes biological products or renewable domestic agricultural (plant, animal, and marine) or forestry materials.

• USDA is listing only those products which are considered by USDA to be within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmentally Preferable Products Guidelines.

• U.S. EPA has issued “Guiding Principles” for products to be listed as “Environmentally Preferable”. Recycling, and the use of recycled products is on the top of the list of these principles.

• Composting is Biological (Organic) Recycling

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BIOBASED PRODUCT DRIVERS -- U.S. GOVERNMENT (Contd.)

The requirement for Federal agencies to consider biobased products which is environmentally preferable (U.S. EPA) is also in Office of Management and Budget (OMB)/Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) Policy Letter 92‑4 and applies to all Federal agencies.

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MATRIX FOR BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

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MATRIX FOR BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO)ISO/TC-207 ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

SCOPE

“STANDARDIZATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT”

• Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

• Environmental Audit (EA)

• Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

• Environmental Labeling (EL)

• Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)

Close working relationship with ISO/TC 176 (ISO 9000 series Quality Assurance Standards) in the field of Environmental Systems and Audits

14000 SERIES STANDARDS

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ISO/TC 207 STRUCTURECanada -- Secretariat

WG TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS

SC ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION -- USA

SC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- UK

SC ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING -- NETHERLANDS

SC LCA -- FRANCEWG Code of Practice (USA); WG Inventory Analysis (Germany); WG Impact Analysis (Sweden); WG Improvement Analysis (France)

SC ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING -- AUSTRALIA

SC ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCT STANDARDS GERMANY

ORGANIZATION ORIENTED

PRODUCT ORIENTED

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Toward a More Sustainable Campus at Michigan State

University

University Committee for a Sustainable

Campus

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University Committee for a Sustainable Campus

University Committee for a Sustainable Campus

In September 1998, the

Executive Committee of

Academic Council

Approved an Initiative to

Further the Efforts of

Michigan State University

Towards Becoming a More

Sustainable Campus.

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Developing an Infrastructure

• The proposal for a university wide committee aimed to create a committee with wide representation from throughout the campus and across all lines of employment and study.

• The proposal allowed for participation of operations staff from various units across campus, a faculty member from each college and two graduate and two undergraduate students.

• Through nominations and appointments a committee was formed and met initially at the end of January 1999.

• The committee elected a chair, discussed committee processes and worked in tandem with the seminar series steering committee to ensure the series success.

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Mission StatementIn keeping with MSU’s role as a land grant university, the mission of

the University Committee for a Sustainable Campus is to foster a collaborative learning culture that will:

• Lead the Michigan State University community to a heightened awareness of its environmental impact

• Conserve natural resources for future generations

• Establish MSU as a working model for creating a sustainable community

We envision a sustainable community as one that provides for the social and economic needs of all its members for many generations to come, without compromising the health of the biosphere

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Goals• Education - to heighten the environmental awareness of the

Campus• Research - to increase research on our campus environmental

impact and support environmentally focused research by the campus community.

• Support - to build support throughout the campus to meet the mission of the university committee for a sustainable campus.

• Outreach - to transfer knowledge of sustainability gained from MSU experiences beyond the campus.

• Assessment - to coordinate an environmental assessment of the MSU campus.

• Policy - to recommend adoption of policies which support the practice of environmental stewardship.

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Web Development

www.ecofoot.msu.edu

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ENVIRONMENTALLY (& ECONOMICALLY) SOUND PRODUCT MANUFACTURING BASED ON LIFE CYCLE

ASSESSMENT (LCA)

“Impact on the environment throughout the life cycle of a

product from raw material acquisition to ultimate disposal”

“CRADLE TO GRAVE”

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ELEMENTS OF AN LCA• Goal definition & Scope (Scoping)

• Inventory Analysis– Systems & Systems boundaries

– Data quality

• Impact assessment– Classification

• resource depletion; abiotic & biotic

• pollution; global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidant, acidification, eutrophication

• degradation of ecosystems and landscapes– Characterization

– Valuation

• Improvement Assessment

• Validation

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AVALIAÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA

DE PRODUTOS

PRODUÇÃO

RECICLAGEM

DISTRIBUIÇÃO UTILIZAÇÃO

RE-UTILIZAÇÃO

INCINERAÇÃO

ATERROMATERIAL A

OUTROS

MATERIAL B

ENERGIA

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ACV - Ciclo de vida

Extracção de matérias primas

Produção

Utilização

Reciclagem /

Reutilização

Processamento

de resíduos

Fornecimentode energia

Transporte

Fronteira do sistema

Outrossistemas

Produtos

Fluxos elementares Fluxos elementares

Produtos Outrossistemas

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Responsabilização - Quantificação

… A necessidade de uma técnica de quantificação do impacte ambiental de um produto ou Serviço.

ACV - Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida dos Produtos ou Serviços

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ACV - Contexto

Os princípios associados à ACV encontram-se em fase de normalização, nas normas ISO 14040 e seguintes. A ISO 14040 define ACV como:

Compilação dos fluxos de entradas e saídas e avaliação dos impactes ambientais associados a um produto ao longo do seu ciclo de vida.

Produto/serviço - Função, Unidade funcional

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COMPONENTES DE UMA ACV

DEFINIÇÃO DEOBJECTIVOS

ANÁLISE DEINVENTÁRIO

AVALIAÇÃO DEIMPACTOS

ÂM

BITO

INOVAÇÃO

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Cradle to Grave Concept for Material Design(Integration of Material Design with Waste Managment Infrastructure).

COMPOSTING FACILITY

COMPOSTING FACILITY

SANITARY LANDFILL

SANITARY LANDFILL

RECYCLING FACILITY

RECYCLING FACILITY

WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY

WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY

MATERIALREDESIGN

MATERIALREDESIGN

RECYCLABLE BIODEGRADABLE

RECYCLED PRODUCTS

LAND APPLICATIONrecycling polymeric carbon back to soil

ENERGY

INCINERABLE

TOXIC RESIDUALS (ASH)

?

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SOIL

CORN

COMPOSTFACILITY

RESTAURANTWASTE

BURGERKING

FAST-FOODRESTAURANT

FAST-FOODPACKAGING

AGRICULTURALFEEDSTOCKS

CO2

HUMUS

POLYMERRESIN

PROCESSING

PACKAGECONVERTER

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COMPOSTING IN WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHYCOMPOSTING IN WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

THE THREE R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) THE THREE R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)

Grass mulching and landscaping

On-Site & Home Composting

Source-separated organics (biodegradables) composting

Mixed -waste composting

Counts towards source reduction

Counts towards source reduciton

Counts towards recycling and diversion from landfill

Counts towards recycling -- lower value application

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

• Crop yields on severely eroded soil are lower than those on protected soils because erosion reduces soil fertility and water availability

• Corn yields on some severely eroded soils have been reduced by 12 to 21% in Kentucky, 0 to 24% in Illinois and Indiana, 25 to 65% in the southern Piedmont (Georgia), and 21% in Michigan.

• During a single growing season, a hectare of corn (yield, 7000 kg/ha) transpires about 4,000,000 liters of water, and an additional 2,000,000 liters ha concurrently evaporate from the soil

• In the United States an estimated 4 billion tons of soil and 130 billion tons of water are lost from the 160 million ha of cropland each year. This translates into an on-site economic loss of more than $27 billion each year, of which $20 billion is for replacement of nutrients and $7 billion for lost water and soil depth.

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COMPOSTING & THE ENVIRONMENTCOMPOSTING & THE ENVIRONMENT

COMPOSTING IS AN ECOLOGICALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND APPROACH TO TRANSFERRING BIODEGRADABLE WASTE (INCLUDES THE BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS) TO USEFUL PRODUCT

COMPOSTING IS BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING OF CARBON

COMPOST USE REDUCES CHEMICAL INPUTS, SUPRESSES CROP DISEASES, REPLENISHES ORGANIC CARBON, INCREASES WATER & NUTRIENT RETENTION, IMPROVES SOIL PRODUCTIVITY

“SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE”

SCIENCE & ENGINEERING OF COMPOSTING, HOITNIK & KEENER, EDS. 1993Narayan -- Biodegradation of polymeric materials during composting, p. 339

Narayan FIGURE 2-2. The Composting Equation.

no persistent/recalcitrant, synthetic, or toxic residue

Improved soil productivity

Supports micro and macro flora & fauna activity

Cbiomass (compost) = Ccellmass + Chumic material

2+ H O Cbiomass/compost+CCO2Cmaterial + O2 + Heat

(stabilized, slow-release formof carbon and nitrogen)

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ORGANIC/COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL(carbon source)

ORGANIC/COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL(carbon source)

HUMUS/COMPOST

HUMUS/COMPOST

NutrientsN,P,K,...

Microorganisms Oxygen Moisture

BreakdownProducts

BreakdownProducts

CELL MASS CELL MASS

death

HEAT

2CO + H O2

Chemicaldegradation

Biodegradation

Polymerization

COMPOSTING PROCESSCOMPOSTING PROCESS

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RECYCLING ORGANIC WASTES TO PRODUCE QUALITY COMPOST

• Yard Wastes• Food• Paper• Biodegradables

• Yard Wastes• Food• Paper• Biodegradables

Quality Compost Product from a Semi-Segregated Waste Stream:

• Reduces chemical input requirements

• Increases soil water and nutrient retention

• Suppresses plant disease

• Augments organic matter

Quality Compost Product from a Semi-Segregated Waste Stream:

• Reduces chemical input requirements

• Increases soil water and nutrient retention

• Suppresses plant disease

• Augments organic matter

COMPOSTINGINFRASTRUCTURE

COMPOSTINGINFRASTRUCTURE

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15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40Time (days)

C/N

40

50

60

70

80

90

DH%

Pilot Scale Composting of paper-yard waste

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0

20

40

60

80

0 20 40 60Time (days)

Mixing

%C to CO2

CPR (gC/day∙kgDW)

Pilot Scale composting of Kraft paper in yard debris mixture

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0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1988 1999#

of

Yar

d S

ites

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

To

ns

(000

's)

• Number of facilities climbing

• More emphasis on quality– Source separation

growing

• Looking for new feedstocks– Food scraps– Manure

• Becoming a Business – Not a waste option

COMPOSTING IN THE U.S.A.

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Feed-stocks

High-rateComposting

High-rateComposting CuringCuring

Product

rejects rejects

(weeks) (months)

Pre-Processing

Pre-Processing

Post-Processing

Post-Processing

STEPS IN COMPOST PROCESSING

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COMPOSTABLES IN MSW (by volume)

Misc.10%

Corrugated10%

Newsprint10%

Office Paper

2%

Mixed Paper

13%

Food3%

Yard Waste10%

Glass2%Textiles/Leat

her4%

Aluminum2%

Other Metal3%

Tin/Ferrous8%

HDPE3%

PET0.5%

Other Plastics

10%Wood

4%

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Wraps

Composition of Typical Fast-food Restaurant Waste.

Customer Orders in a Typical BK Restaurant

Major Sources of Solid Waste in a Typical Fast-food Restaurant

Design for complete compostability

Fully compostable

Source: The Wall Street Journal, April 17, 1991.

30% Dine in

70% Drive-thru takeout

4% Napkins

7% Polycoated

4% Plastics or

6% External Waste

34% Food Waste

34%

3% PlasticsMisc.

Corrugated Boxes

8%

Polycoated Cups

Wraps

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0102030405060708090

100

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44

% C conversion to CO2

time (d)

lag-phase plateau phase

biodegradation degree 65%

biodegradation curve

degradation phase

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New Logo

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DIN V 54900 (GERMAN) STANDARDS FOR COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS

DIN CERTCO (affiliate of DIN – the German Standards Organization) has set up a certification program based on DIN V54900 standard. . A product meeting the Standard would be certified and allowed to incorporate the compostability logo LOGO

US PAT 2,256,258

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CERTIFICATION PROGRAM & LOGO BASED ON CEN (EUROPEAN) STANDARD

CEN TC 261/SC4/WG2 -- Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for final acceptance of packaging

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Waste Disposal Costs(1DM~$0,70)

Recyc. Plastics

Recyc. Paper

Incin.

Landfill

Comp.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0DM 1DM 2DM 3DM

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Germany:Percentage of Cities and Districts with Biowaste

Collection (1996)H

essi

a

Bad

en-W

urtt

embe

rg

Low

er S

axon

y

Bav

aria

Nor

th R

hine

-Wes

tfa

Schl

esw

ig-H

olst

en

Saar

land

Ber

lin

Bre

men

Ham

burg

Rhe

nlan

d-Pf

alz

0102030405060708090

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Municipal Waste Management

1980 19900

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

LandfillIncin.Comp.

Fra

ctio

n (w

t%)

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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V., Rosenheim

IBAWGermany: Basic Data - Waste quantities

• 81 million citizens (EU 370, US 234)

• 226 citizens / km2 (EU 115, US 25)

• 27 mtons municipal solid waste annualy

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1850 1900 1950 2000

sp

ec

ific

am

ou

nt

of

wa

ste liters / (citizen*year)

kg / (citizen*year)

• 10 mtons biowaste annualy

• expected to be Europe´s biggest market for biodegradable materialsIncrease of Waste (City of Stuttgart)

others

paper21%

polymers7%

glass7%

organic waste41%

paperboard6%

19 % : Diapers,composites, metalls...

Ingredients of Municipal Waste

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IBAW

Ordinance on the Avoidance and Recovery of Packaging Waste ("Packaging Ordinance", Verpackungsverordnung of 21 August 1998)

Waste Legislation in Germany

Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act (Kreislaufswirtschafts- und Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz as "Overhead")

Objective: Closing Substance Cycles (Product Recycling / Recovery- not Landfill)

Producer is responsible for Product waste management (Recovery)

Framework Ordinances regulate different product classes

Objective: as described in titleObligation to accept returned Packaging or make use of a Dual System(household collection), charge Deposits and recover Packaging(Sales/Transport Packaging).Requirements for Systems (Recovery of Sales Packaging): working nationwide,comfortable access for households, fullfill recovery quotas

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IBAWRecycling-Quota (%) of collected Packaging

Packaging-Plastics:

• 1,3 mT Consumption

• approx. 0,9 mT collected

• approx. 0,6 mT recycelt

(40/60 feedstock/mechanical)

• DSD-Charge:

approx. 1.500 Euro / ton

Percentage of Recycling of collected Packaging-Waste

regulated by German Packaging Ordinance

PLastics

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IBAWGerman Packaging Ordinance (8/98)

§16 (2)

If a system is going to be established exclusively for plastic packagings, which are composed ofbiodegradable material mainly based on renewable resources (---> restriction! ) and whosecomponents are all compostable, the authority involved may accept this system according to §6Sect. 3, phrase 11 by June 30, 2002, irrespective of the usual demand for nationwide collection,provided that the system provider took adequate measures for supplying as many packagings aspossible fed to the system to composting.

Attachment I to §6, Sect. 2

... As far as plastic packagings made mainly of biodegradable materials based on renewableresources and whose components are all compostable, are collected in a separate system, at least60 per cent must be supplied to composting beginning with July, 2002.

Ordinance on the Avoidance and Recovery of Packaging Waste

("Packaging Ordinance", Verpackungsverordnung - VerpackV* of 21 August 1998)

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IBAW

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80H

essi

a

Bad

en-

Wür

ttem

berg

Low

er S

axon

y

Bav

aria

Nor

th R

hine

-W

estf

alia

Sch

lesw

ig-

Hol

stei

n

Saa

rland

Ber

lin

Bre

men

Ham

burg

Rhe

inla

nd-P

falz

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Percentage of Cities and Districts with Biowaste Collection (1996)

Average

Today:

55-60 % of households have accessto biowaste collection("biobin")

CompostingCapacity:8 Mio. Tons

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IBAWScheme: Dual System for compostable Packaging

DualSystem

Compost (-ing plant)

Biobin Community

(=Municipal Waste Management)

Contrac Agreements

FillerBottler

ConsumerRetail

TradeMaterial Flow

BDP-Manufacturing/ Processing

Financial Flow

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MATERIALPRODUCTION

DISMANTLE

PLASTICS, GLASS,RUBBER, DIRT,

FINES, ETC.

VEHICLEMANUFACTURE

VEHICLEUSE

VEHICLEDISPOSAL

SHRED

ASR-AUTOSHREDDERRESIDUE

LANDFILL

PARTS FOR REUSE

MATERIAL RECYCLING

CATALYTIC CONVERTERS,CAR BATTERIES, ETC.

FERROUS ANDNON-FERROUS METALS

Current Vehicle Recycling Infrastructure and ASR Disposal

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Improved Vehicle Recycling Vision with Elimination of Landfill

MATERIALPRODUCTION

VEHICLEMANUFACTURE

VEHICLEUSE

VEHICLE DISPOSAL

DISMANTLEVEHICLES

SHRED

ASRPROCESS

SOLVENT EXTRACTION,CATALYTIC CONVERSION,

PYROLYSIS, ETC.

INCREASEDPOST-MANUFACTURING

RECYCLINGMORE PARTS FOR

REUSE & LKQ PARTS

MORE RECYCLED MATERIALS:SEAT FOAM, GLASS, PLASTICS, ETC.

FERROUS ANDNON-FERROUS METALS

RECLAIMEDMATERIALS

AND ENERGY

Documents

ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY