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Environmental Pollution and Remediation Strategies in Pakistan
Hafiz Asghar Chudhary Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Total area : 881,913 km2 33rd largest nation by total area Population: 207 million Agriculture (24 % of GDP) Most populous cities : Karachi, Lahore and
Faisalabad Faisalabad has 4 public sector universities
Pakistan
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Presence of harmful substances in the air, land, water having adverse effects on living beings and the environment
Consequential after-effects of the different activities Excess output by the society into the environment Reasons Enormous increase in population Urbanization Industrial growth Decrease in forest cover Climate change pattern Ultimately situations put pressure on natural resources-
environmental quality?
Pollution
Population growth rate in Pakistan
Pakistan Bureau of statistics 2018
Population growth rate 2.4 % Urbanizing is even at faster rate By 2050, >60% of its population will be living in cities Main sources of pollution Uncontrolled sewage discharge without treatment City waste disposal system Outdated pesticides/herbicides Chemicals and medical waste Untreated discharge of industrial sector Annual cost of environmental degradation is
approximately 4.3 percent of the GDP
(suparco.gov.pk)
Current scenario
Air Pollution
Contamination of natural air by mixing of various harmful fumes and chemicals
A rapidly growing environmental problems in
developing countries like Pakistan Environmental degradation may cost Pakistan’s
economy over Rs 365 billion every year of which Urban air pollution Rs 65 billion
Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14
Common Sources of Air Pollution
Accelerated growth in number of vehicles Enhanced industrialization without adequate air
pollution control Brick kilns causing smog Open burning of crop residues/waste material
Greenhouse gases emission (GHG’s) and Climate Change
Pakistan’s ranking Total GHG per capita emissions is
135th 31st position in total GHG emissions
The Global Economy (2015) Country Ranking using Data on Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
National emissions in 1994, 2008 and 2012 by pollutant (thousand tonnes)
Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory of Pakistan for the Year 2011-2012
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of national emissions for periods 1994-2008, 2008-2012 and 1994-2012, by pollutant
Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory of Pakistan for the Year 2011-2012
National GHG emissions in 1994, 2008 and 2012, by different sector
(thousand tonnes of CO2 equivalent)
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of national GHG emissions for periods, 1994-2008, 2008-2012 and 1994-2012,
by sector
Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory of Pakistan for the Year 2011-2012
Water Pollution
Waste-water generated annually from 16 major cities exceeds 4 MAF
Both, solid and liquid effluents are the reason of water pollution
Lack of urban planning, Population growth, rapid
urbanization, water intensive farming practices and industrialization are main reasons of water pollution
Per capita water availability in Pakistan
In 1947 was 5,650 cubic meter which reached to 1038 cubic meter in 2010 and with the same pace, the water availability in 2020 will be reduced to 877 cubic meter per annum.
Ashraf, M. (2016).” Mustafa, K. (2012)
Soil Pollution
Ultimate sink of all the pollutants is soil, which are either from the air or water Ultimately get deposited to soil A hidden danger as it can not be assessed directly
and easily Get chances of entry into food chain through
crops About 20 million tons of solid waste is generated
annually with an annual growth rate of about 2.4 percent
https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/solid-waste-management-in-pakistan/
Common Sources of Soil Pollution
Chemicals produced from industrial activities Domestic and municipal wastes Leaching of chemicals from landfills Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers Land application of sewage sludge Some gaseous pollutants are also deposited in the
soil through atmosphere deposition
Name of city Existing Dump Size (Acres)
Extension of land fill/site
Peshawar 60 Maryam Zai Badaber Peshawar
Faisalabad 55 150 acres Lakhowana
Lahore 52 Lakhodair
Bahawalpur 8 Tibba badar sher
Gujranwala 6 Bakhreywala
Bannu 4 Maryam Zai
Municipal Solid Waste Disposal System (Sanitary landfills/dumps) at selected sites
Compendium on Environment statistics of Pakistan, Pakistan bureau of statistics (2015)
Disposal and Remediation Strategies
Most of the waste is dumped in landfills, while some is left open or burned
Hazardous waste is mostly autoclaved/ incinerated
Most of the industries have installed treatment units
By law industry is not allowed to release waste with out treatment
Some of the material is further utilized by recycling them through different processes such as composting or bioremediation
On the basis of bioremediation assay
and different plant growth experiments 8
bacteria were selected
Bioremediation of TPH in growth room and wire
house
Data regarding plant growth parameters and THP analysis in
soil
Bioremediation of TPH in association with plants
27 isolates had plant growth
characteristics
Evaluation of selected bacteria for plant growth promoting in growth pouches/jar trials (canola & alfalfa)
303 bacteria were isolated from
locations with the history of TPH contamination
187 were found with remediation
activity
Case Study
Location TPH (mg/kg)
Gujranwala 124
Wazirabad 442
Faisalabad 421
Shaikhupura 650
Pindi Morga 565
Sher Shah Multan 791
Jimco oil depot Muzzafargarh 674
Thermal power Muzzafargarh 651
Extent of the problem
TPH+Bacteria+Bushnell
Different stages of the study
TPH+ Bushnell (No Bacteria)
Isolate Name Identification by DNA Sequencing
PM32Y Bacillus subtilis strain CICC 10078
SFD2S2 Bacillus thuringiensis strain 1P04SC
WZ3S1 Brevibacillus brevis strain NBIGP 7
MZT72 Bacillus cereus strain BAC-B2
SP104Y Bacillus sp. AF-777
SM73 Bacillus sp. OU-73
WZ3S2 Bacillus cereus strain CMG528-03J
JM44 Bacillus sp. strain 0U-73
Bacterial isolates having potential of bioremediation
Remediation of TPH by plant-microbe interaction
[VALUE] % [VALUE] %
[VALUE] % [VALUE] %
[VALUE] %
[VALUE] %
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
GrowthRoom
WireHouse
GrowthRoom
WireHouse
GrowthRoom
WireHouse
Maize Alfalfa Canola
% T
PH d
ecre
ase
Indian Mustard, Sunflower and
Alfalfa
Field trial having history of irrigation with untreated industrial effluents
Growth parameters and lead uptake
Remediation of lead polluted land by synergistic use of plants and microbes
On the basis of plant growth
characteristic and growth pouch assay,
3 isolate were selected
Pot experiment at 0 (non spiked), 300, 600, 900 Pb (mg kg-1) level in wire house/pot trial
From 117 locations samples were collected for
isolation of bacteria
On the basis of MIC and lead tolerance 30 isolates were
selected
Case Study
Isolate Identification
S2 Pseudomonas gessardii strain BLP141
S5 Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 S6 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a S8 Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM 10701
S10 Pseudomonas fluorescens strain LMG 2189
Bacteria helping remediation and pant growth together
c
a
b bc
b ab
a
b
a c bc ab
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Control S2 S5 S10
Lead
con
tent
mg/
kg
Lead in root Lead in shoot Lead in seed
Remediation of Lead contaminated soil by plant (alfalfa) microbe
interaction
b b a
a
c
a b
b
a c bc ab
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Control S2 S5 S10
Lead
con
tent
(mg/
kg)
RootShootAchene
Remediation of Lead contaminated soil by plant (sunflower) microbe
interaction
c b
a a
c
ab a
bc
a bc bc ab
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Control S2 S5 S10
Lead
con
tent
(mg
kg-1
)
RootShootSeed
Remediation of Lead contaminated soil by plant (Indian mustard)
microbe interaction
Government Initiatives
Government Initiatives
Government Initiatives
Government Initiatives
Government Initiatives
Government Initiatives
Clean and Green Pakistan
Recently, in August 2019, a tree plantation campaign launched
“Plant for Pakistan” Government intends to plant 150
million trees in the next three months.
10 billion trees in the next 5 years to compete the environment related issues.
On August 18, it was compulsory for each person to plant at least two trees.
Role of Institutes
Laws and policies
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 This act is meant for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the environment, for the prevention and control of pollution and promotion of sustainable development. Environmental Protection Tribunal The Government has also constituted Environmental Tribunals to hear cases relating to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. Environmental protection agencies/departments monitor and take necessary action against violators on non-compliance of the laws and impose penalties and punishments; their cases are referred to the Environmental Protection Tribunal.
Non-compliance of the law
Conclusion
Updated situation of contaminants Sorting of different types of the waste Recycling/composting/bioremediation Implication of laws with more strength Polluter pay policy
Acknowledgement
Highly thank full to CRC-CARE for funding and providing me opportunity to attend Cleanup 2019 conference
ISES, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Higher Education Commission, Pakistan
