Environmental Management Rev1

8/6/2019 Environmental Management Rev1

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Management of Environment

Definition of Environment The surroundings in which an organisation

operates including air, water, land, natural

resources, flora, fauna, humans and theirinterrelation

"environment" includes water, air and land

and the inter- relationship which existsamong and between water, air and land, andhuman beings, other living creatures, plants,

micro-organism and property


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Sustainable development Meeting the needs of the present

generation without compromising theability of future generations to meettheir own needs


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Global Environmental issues

Global warming

Ozone depletion

Disappearance of tropical forests

Dwindling varieties of wildlife

Marine Pollution

Transboundary movement of Hazardous Waste

Desertification

Acid Rain

Environmental Pollution in economically developingcountries


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Global warming

Global warming is a process in which the surfacetemperature of the Earth rises because of the"greenhouse effect." The greenhouse effect is

caused by an increase in greenhouse gases (carbondioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.), whichwe produce as we go about our daily life.

The results of global warming are predicted to behigher sea levels, as the seawater expands from theheat, and harsh climatic changes. These changesare expected to exert a big effect on agriculture and

ecosystems.


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Management of Environment Ozone Layer Depletion Ozone is a natural gas that exists in large quantities in the

stratosphere, which is one of the upper layers of the Earth'satmosphere. There, ozone works to protect life on earth byabsorbing ultraviolet rays and other harmful rays from thesun. This ozone layer is steadily being destroyed bychlorofluorocarbons, halons and other ozone-depletingsubstances in the atmosphere.

As the ozone layer is destroyed, more harmful ultraviolet rays

reach the Earth's surface. This causes skin cancer, cataractsand other health problems and may exert dangerous effectson plankton, agricultural products and all kinds of plants andanimals.


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Management of Environment Acid Rain Since the industrial revolution, we have been using large

quantities of oil, coal and other fossil fuels. The combustion(burning) of fossil fuels generates large amounts of sulfuroxides and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain is rain (or mist) that haspicked up these oxides, which have been released into theatmosphere, and deposits them on the ground.

In Europe and North America, acid rain and acidification of thesoil is promoting the disappearance of forests and the

deterioration of historical ruins and other structures. Theacidification of lakes and marshes there is causing theextinction of certain fishes and having other ill effects.


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Management of Environment Disappearance of tropical forests Tropical forests are an important source of lumber. At the

same time, tropical forests serve the vital role of being wildlifehabitats and of absorbing and storing carbon dioxide, which isthe main cause of global warming. It is estimated that about1,540 hectares of tropical forest disappear each year, becauseof large-scale, slash-and-burn agricultural practices andlogging for commercial purposes.

The disappearance of tropical forests is raising concerns about

the large-scale extinction of certain species of wild life, thedestruction of ecosystems, and effects on global warming.


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Dwindling variety of wildlife There are about 1.75 million species of wild

life on this planet that have been verifiedscientifically. The actual number of species

could be 10 million or maybe even morethan 100 million! But the destruction ofwildlife habitats by human activity and the

indiscriminate catching and killing of wildlifeis causing a sharp decline in the number ofwild plants and animals on this planet. Thistrend is causing concern regarding the loss

of precious gene pools and changes inecosystems.


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Marine Pollution Pollution of the Earth's oceans and seas is

getting worse. Pollutants are flushed down

rivers and streams, and oil spills into thewater when tankers and other ships collideand through off-shore drilling and other

marine resource development. This pollutionexerts harmful effects on fish and birds, andthe resultant "red tides" cause problems forfisheries.


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Transboundary movement of Hazardous Waste

Expanded human activity has brought with it anincrease in the volume of waste generated. Thecost for handling this waste has also skyrocketed.

This has led industrialized nations to take some oftheir waste, including recyclable waste, todeveloping countries. But this waste also containstoxic substances. When the waste is not properlytreated, it pollutes the rivers, groundwater and soilof these economically developing countries andbecomes an international problem.


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Management of Environment Desertification Desertification (the changing of productive land into

barren land) occurs for various reasons: Whenregions dry out because of a decrease in rainfallcaused by climatic changes; when land is over-cultivated, overgrazed or too many trees are takenfor firewood, because of increasing populations ineconomically developing countries; when land is notgiven enough time to rest between plantings andbecomes barren; and other reasons.Today, desertification effects about one-fourth ofthe Earth's land surface and about one-sixth of itshuman population (or 900 million people).


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Environmental Pollution in developing countries

In economically developing countries, transportationfacilities, sewers, waste treatment facilities and

other parts of the basic infrastructure cannot keeppace with the rapid increase in population and thetremendous influx of people into cities. Also, anti-pollution measures at factories and other places areoften insufficient, resulting in a deterioration of thegeneral hygiene and a worsening of air, water andother forms of pollution.


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Major environmental issues in India

Intensive agricultural practices

Degradation of soils due to overuse ofchemicals, fertilizers, mono culture

degradation of groundwater quality increase in the use of pesticides leading

to health hazards, and decline in cropdiversity.


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Population explosion The failure to realize the link between

poverty and environmental sustenance All these factors have snowballed into major

environmental problems such as decline in

forest cover, increased soil erosion, silting ofreservoirs and lakes, decline in biodiversityetc.,

Problems related to industrialization andurbanization


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Lopsided development policies have resulted

in degraded soils, depletion of water tables,increased floods, desertification, waterlogging and salinity, pollution of water and

air and loss of biodiversity. Adoption of less environment friendly

technologies

Unchecked growth of the informalmanufacturing sector


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International Treaties/Conventions Stockholm Conference (1972)

Montreal Protocol (1987) Basel Convention (1989)

Rio Summit (1992) Kyoto Protocol (1997)

Johannesburg Summit (2002)


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Environmental Governance MOEF

CPCB MPCB


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National Environmental Policy


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Management of Environment Environmental Legislation in India The Water (Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1974 (1988) The Water (Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Cess Act, 1977(1992, 2003) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)

Act, 1981 (1987) The Environment Protection Act, 1986 (1991) The Environment Protection Rules, 1986

(1998,99,2001,02,03,04,06)


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Environmental Legislation in India (contd) Coastal Regulation Zone (30 notifications)

Delegation of powers (16 notifications)

Eco-mark scheme (2 notifications)

Eco-sensitive Zone (10 notifications)

Environmental Clearance (1994, 2006 Environmental Labs (1 amendment)


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Management of Environment Environmental Legislation in India (contd) Hazardous Substances Management The batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,

2000 The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999

(2003) Prohibition on the handling of Azodyes (1997) The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness

and Response) Rules, 1996


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Environmental Legislation in India (contd) Hazardous Substances Management

The Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage ofHazardous microorganisms, genetically engineered organisms orcells (1989)

MSIHC Rules, 1989 (2000)

The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989

(2000, 2003, 2008, 2009) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

(2003)


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Environmental Legislation in India(contd)

Noise Pollution (Regulation and

Control), 2000 (2000, 2002) ODS (Regulation and Control) Rules,

2000 2T Oil (Regulation of Supply and

Distribution) order


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Management of Environment Environmental Legislation in India (contd) PLI Act, 1991 (1993) and rules (and 5

notifications) The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,

1960 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (1993,

2002) The Indian Forest Act, 1927 The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (1988) The Biodiversity Act, 2002


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Book Environmental Management by Dr

Balakrishnamoorthy


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Websites www.unep.org

www.envfor.nic.in

www.cpcb.nic.in www.worldbank.org/nipr/india

www.teriin.org

www.narmada.org www.sanctuaryasia.com

www.undp.org

www.iema.net
http://www.unep.org/http://www.envfor.nic.in/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/indiahttp://www.teriin.org/http://www.narmada.org/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/http://www.undp.org/http://www.iema.net/http://www.iema.net/http://www.undp.org/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/http://www.narmada.org/http://www.teriin.org/http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/indiahttp://www.cpcb.nic.in/http://www.envfor.nic.in/http://www.unep.org/

Documents

Environmental Management Rev1