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8/3/2019 environmental management _2
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Environmental Management
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Pollution and its control
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Pollution
The presence of a substance in theenvironment that prevents the functioning of
natural processes and produces undesirable
environmental and health effects.
Pollutant = any material that causes pollution
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Water Pollution
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Sources of pollution
Point Sources
Sources of pollution with specific points of discharge.
Examples:
Factories, Sewage Systems, Power Plants, Coal Mines,Oil wells etc.
Non-Point Sources
Sources of pollution that are harder to identify
Examples: Agricultural runoff, Storm waterdrainage, Acid rain
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Sources of pollution … cont‟d
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Water Pollution - Terminology
Eutrophication – water overly enriched w/ nutrients forming algal bloom (robs O2 fromwater)
Half-life – time for ½ of substance to be
destroyed, inactivated
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) – regulatory maximum amount of pollutants
allowed in water – used by EPA
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Plant Nutrients
Eutrophication of Surface Water Fertilizers increase algal growth in water
Eutrophication accelerates algal growth & O2 tie-
up
N & P are the major culprits
P pollution sources
Municipal sewage
Direct dumping of wastes
Eroded phosphate fertilizers
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Plant Nutrients … cont‟d
N in Groundwater
N easily washed away
~½ of all N applied not used by crops
Not all N pollution from agriculture
Maximize N usage by plants, minimize excessive N
fertilization
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Plant Nutrients … cont‟d
Methemoglobinemia Reduction in oxygenation of blood causing
suffocation
Cyanosis – “Blue Baby” syndrome in humans Related to high nitrate levels in drinking water
Upper limit 45ppm in drinking water
Can be a problem w/ well water
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Freshwater Shortages
Causes of water scarcity: dry climate and too many people
Stresses on world‟s major river systems
1 of 6 people have no regular access to clean water
Poverty hinders access to water
Hydrological poverty
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High None
Stress
Fig. 11-6, p. 241
Stress on World‟s River Basins
NorthAmerica
Europe
Asia
Australia
Africa
SouthAmerica
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Increasing Freshwater Supplies
Dams and reservoirs
Extracting groundwater
Desalination
Reducing water waste
Catching precipitation
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Tradeoffs of Large Dams and
ReservoirsLarge lossesof water throughevaporation
Flooded land destroysforests or cropland anddisplaces people
Downstreamflooding isreduced
Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt
Reservoir is useful forrecreation and fishing
Can producecheap electricity(hydropower)
Migration andspawning ofsome fish aredisrupted
Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland
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• Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain
coastal fisheries
• Deposit silt that maintains deltas
• Purify water
• Renew and renourish wetlands
• Provide habitats for wildlife
N a t u r a l C a p i t a l
Ecological Services of Rivers
Ecological Services of Rivers
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Aral Sea Disaster Large-scale water transfers in dry central Asia
Salinity
Wetland destruction and wildlife
Fish extinctions and fishing
Wind-blown salt
Water pollution
Climatic changes
Restoration efforts
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Shrinking Aral Sea
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Stranded Ship at the Aral Sea
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Stranded Ship at the Aral Sea
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New „Ships‟ of the Desert
T d ff f Wi hd i
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Trade-Offs
Withdrawing Groundwater
Advantages Disadvantages
Good source of water fordrinking and irrigation
Available year-round
Exists almost everywhere
Renewable if not over-
pumped or contaminated
No evaporation losses
Cheaper to extract thanmost surface waters
Aquifier depletion from over-pumping
Sinking of land (subsidence)when water removed
Polluted aquifiers unusablefor decades or centuries
Saltwater intrusion intodrinking water supplies near
coastal areas
Reduced water flows intostreams, lakes, estuaries,and wetlands
Increased cost, energy use,and contamination fromdeeper wells
Tradeoffs of WithdrawingGroundwater
S l I i i C l
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Major
irrigationwell
Well contaminated
with saltwater
SaltwaterIntrusion Normal
Interface
Freshgroundwater
aquifer
Interface
Sea LevelWatertable
Fig. 11-15, p. 247
Saltwater Intrusion into CoastalWater Wells
Interface
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Solutions
Groundwater Depletion
Prevention Control
Waste less water
Subsidize water
conservation
Ban new wells inaquifiers near surfacewaters
Buy and retire ground-water withdrawal rights in
critical areas
Do not grow water-intensive crops in dryareas
Reduce birth rates
Raise price of water todiscourage waste
Tax water pumpedfrom Wells nearsurface water
Set and enforceminimum stream flowlevels
Groundwater Depletion
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Desalination
Removal of salts from ocean or brackish waters to produce
useable water
Distillation method
Reverse osmosis method
Used in 120 countries
Major problems: high cost and a lot of brine wastes
Research is needed
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Reducing Water Waste
Benefits of water conservation
Reduce leakage and save water
Water prices, government subsidies, andwaste
Improve irrigation
Using less water in homes and businesses
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• Not depleting aquifers
• Preserving ecological health of aquaticsystems
• Preserving water quality
• Integrated watershed management
• Agreements among regions andcountries sharing surface waterresources
• Outside party mediation of waterdisputes between nations
• Marketing of water rights
•
Raising water prices
• Wasting less water
• Decreasing government subsides forsupplying water
• Increasing government subsides forreducing water waste
•Slowing population growth
Solutions
Sustainable Water Use
Sustainable Water Use
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• Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and faucet aerators
• Shower instead of taking baths, and take short showers.
• Repair water leaks.
• Turn off sink faucets while brushing teeth, shaving, or washing.
•
Wash only full loads of clothes or use the lowest possible water-levelsetting for smaller loads.
• Wash a car from a bucket of soapy water, and use the hose for rinsingonly.
• If you use a commercial car wash, try to find one that recycles itswater.
• Replace your lawn with native plants that need little if any watering.
• Water lawns and garden in the early morning or evening.
• Use drip irrigation and mulch for gardens and flowerbeds.
• Use recycled (gray) water for watering lawns and houseplants and forwashing cars.
What Can You Do?
Water Use and Waste
What Can We Do?
Fl di Aft D f t ti f
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Oxygenreleased byvegetation
Diverseecological
habitat
Evapotranspiration
Trees reduce soilerosion from heavyrain and wind
AgriculturallandSteadyriver flow
Leaf litterimprovessoil fertility
Tree roots stabilize soil
and aid water flow
Vegetation releaseswater slowly andreduces flooding
Forested Hillside
Flooding After Deforestation of aHillside
Fl di Aft D f t ti f
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Tree plantation
Evapotranspiration decreases
Ranching accelerates soilerosion by water and wind
Winds removefragile topsoil
Gullies andlandslides
Heavy rain leaches nutrientsfrom soil and erodes topsoil
Rapid runoffcauses flooding
After Deforestation
Roadsdestabilize
hillsides
Agriculture landis flooded andsilted up
Silt from erosion blocks rivers andreservoirs and causes flooding downstream
Flooding After Deforestation of aHillside
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Groundwater Pollution: Causes and
Persistence Sources of groundwater pollution
Slow flowing: slow dilution and dispersion
Consequences of lower dissolved oxygen
Fewer bacteria to decompose wastes
Cooler temperatures: slow down chemical reactions
“Degradable” and nondegradable wastes in groundwater
G d t P ll ti
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Coal stripmine runoff
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Accidentalspills
Groundwaterflow
Confinedaquifer
Discharge
Leakagefrom faultycasing
Hazardouswaste injectionwellPesticides
and fertilizers
Gasoline station
Buried gasolineand solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspoolseptic tank
De-icingroad salt
Waterpumping well
Landfill
Polluted air
Groundwater Pollution
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Extent of Groundwater Pollution
Not much is known about groundwater pollution
Organic contaminants, including fuel leaks
Arsenic
Protecting groundwater: Prevention is best
Preventing and Cleaning Up
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Pump nanoparticles ofinorganic compounds toremove pollutants (may be thecheapest, easiest, and mosteffective method but is stillbeing developed)
Find substitutes for toxicchemicalsKeep toxic chemicals out of the
environment
Install monitoring wells nearlandfills and underground tanks
Require leak detectors onunderground tanks
Ban hazardous waste disposalin landfills and injection wells
Inject microorganisms to cleanup contamination (lessexpensive but still costly)
Store harmful liquids inaboveground tanks with leakdetection and collection systems
Prevention Cleanup
Pump to surface, clean,and return to aquifer(very expensive)
Solutions
Groundwater Pollution
Fig. 11-27, p. 259
Preventing and Cleaning Up
Pollution in Groundwater
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Ocean Pollution
How much pollution can oceans tolerate?
Some pollutants degrade and dilute in oceans
Ocean dumping controversies
C t l W t P ll ti
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IndustryNitrogen oxides fromautos and smokestacks;toxicchemicals, and heavy
metals in effluents flowinto bays and estuaries.
CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.
Urban sprawlBacteria and viruses from sewersand septic tanks contaminateshellfish beds and close beaches;runoff of fertilization from lawnsadds nitrogen and phosphorus.
Construction sitesSediments are washed into waterways,choking fish and plants, cloudingwaters, and blocking sunlight.
FarmsRun off of pesticides, manure,and fertilizers adds toxins andexcess nitrogen and phosphorus.
Red tidesExcess nitrogen causesexplosive growth of toxicmicroscopic algae, poisoningfish and marine mammals.
Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-rich waterspromote growth of planktonand sea grasses, and support fish.
Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metalscontaminate shellfish beds,
kill spawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.
Closedshellfish beds
Closed
beach Oxygen-depletedzone
Coastal Water Pollution
Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight,
kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, anddegrade habitat.
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Effects of Oil on Ocean Life Crude and refined petroleum
Tanker accidents and blowouts
Volatile hydrocarbons kill larvae
Tar-like globs coat birds and marine mammals
Oil destroys insulation and buoyancy
Heavy oil sinks and kills bottom organisms
Coral reefs die
Slow recovery
Oil slicks ruin beaches
Limited effectiveness of clean up methods
Preventing and Cleaning Up
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Prevention Cleanup
Ban dumping of wastes andsewage by maritime and cruiseships in coastal waters
Reduce input of toxic pollutants
Separate sewage andstorm lines
Regulate coastaldevelopment
Recycle used oil
Require double hulls for oil tankers
Require at least secondarytreatment of coastal sewage
Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, orother methods to treat sewage
Sprinkle nanoparticles over anoil or sewage spill to dissolvethe oil or sewage withoutcreating harmful byproducts(still under development)
Protect sensitive areas from
development, oil drilling, and oilshipping
Ban ocean dumping of sludge andhazardous dredged material
Improve oil-spill cleanupcapabilities
Solutions
Coastal Water Pollution
Fig. 11-31, p. 263
Preventing and Cleaning Up
Pollution in Coastal Waters
P ti N i t S
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Preventing Nonpoint Source
Pollution
Mostly agricultural wastes
Use vegetation to reduce soil erosion
Reduce fertilizer use
Use plant buffer zones around fields
Integrated pest management: Only use pesticides when necessary
Use plant buffers around animal feedlots
Keep feedlots away from slopes, surface water and flood zones
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Sewage Treatment Systems Sewage treatment in rural and suburban areas
Septic tanks
Primary (physical) sewage treatment
Secondary (biological) sewage treatment
Urban sewage treatment (Clean Water Act)
Sewage treatment facilities in many cities fail to meet federal standards
Bleaching and disinfection
Disinfectants: chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation
T i l S i T k S
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Fig. 11-32, p. 264
Typical Septic Tank System
Householdwastewater
Perforated pipe
Distribution box
(optional)
Septic tank with manhole(for cleanout)
Drainfield
Vent pipe
Nonperforated pipe
Gravel orcrushedstone
Primary and Secondary Sewage
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Primary and Secondary Sewage
Treatment
Raw sewagefrom sewers
Bar screen Grit chamber Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tankChlorinedisinfection tank
Sludge
Sludge
digester
Activated sludge Air pump
(killsbacteria)
To river,
lake,or ocean
Sludge drying bed
Disposed ofin landfill orocean orapplied tocropland,pasture, orrangeland
Primary Secondary
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Improving Sewage Treatment
Systems that exclude hazardous wastes
Non-hazardous substitutes
Composting toilet systems
Working with nature to treat sewage
Using wetlands to treat sewage
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Air Pollution
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Definition
Air pollution may be defined as the presence inthe air (outdoor atmosphere) of one or morecontaminants or combinations thereof in such
quantities and of such durations as may be ortend to be injurious to human, animal or plant life, or property, or which unreasonablyinterferes with the comfortable enjoyment of
life or property or conduct of business.
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Air Pollutant It is a substance or effect dwelling temporarily or
permanently in the air , which adversely alters the
environment by interfering with the health, the comfort, orthe food chain, or by interfering with the property values of people.
A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular), liquid orgas .
It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source(or both).
It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have changed thecomposition of global air by less than 0.01%.
However, it is widely accepted that even a small change can
have a significant adverse effect on the climate, ecosystemand species on the planet.
Examples of these are acid rain, ozone in the loweratmosphere, and photochemical smog.
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Definitions “air pollutant” means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including
noise present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be ortend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plantsor property or environment.
“air pollution” means the presence in the atmosphere of any pollutant.
“approved appliance” means any equipment or gadget used for theburning of any combustible material or for generating or consumingany fume, gas or particulate matter and approved by State Board forthe purpose of this Act.
“approved fuel” means any fuel approved by the State Board for thepurposes of this Act.
“chimney” includes any structure with an opening or outlet from orthrough which any air pollutant may be emitted.
“control equipment” means any apparatus, device, equipment or
system to control the quality and manner of emission of any airpollutant and includes any device used for securing the efficientoperation of any industrial plant.
“emission” means any solid or liquid or gaseous substance coming outof any chimney, duct or flue or any other outlet.
“board” means the Central Board or a State Board.
C i i f A h
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Composition of Atmosphere
Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Argon – 0.934%
Water Vapor – 0 to 4% Carbon Dioxide - .037%
Other gases make up the rest
Atmospheric Gases
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t osp e c Gases
Nitrogen, oxygen,
argon, water vapor,
carbon dioxide, andmost other gases
are invisible.
Clouds are not gas,but condensed
vapor in the form of
liquid droplets.
Ground based
smog, which is
visible, contains
reactants of
nitrogen and ozone.
Ozone – is the primary ingredient of smog!
M i f Ai P ll ti
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Main causes of Air Pollution Poisonous gases and other particles emitted from
industries without any treatment. Heavy increase in the number of automobiles and
their emission.
Increased use of chemicals and petrochemicals.
Population concentration in cities.
Fast rate of de-forestation.
Tests / experiments of Atomic weapons
Tests of chemical / biochemical weapons
Un-organized mining and traditional practice of
the use of firewood etc.
S f Ai P ll ti
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Sources of Air Pollution
Air pollution is the result of the combined
effects of several pollutants. They can bedivided into the following categories based
on their:
Origin Nature
Size
Impact etc.
S f Ai P ll ti
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Sources of Air Pollution According to origin, particulate matter can be
divided into two types: natural and man-made.
Natural From volcanoes, fires, dust storms and other natural
processes.
There are natural cleansing agents that remove andrecycle natural pollutants. E.g: Hydroxyl radicals, seasalts, micro-organisms in soil etc.
Man made Major sources of man made particulates is the
combustion of hydrocarbon fuels – petroleum products,
coal, peat and wood. Combustion of solid wastes
Industrial chemicals, fly ash, refining fossil fuels,mining and smelting ores as well as pollutantsdischarged from farming activities also contribute.
S f Ai P ll ti
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Sources of Air Pollution
Another classification according to origin is
Primary and secondary pollutants.
S f Ai P ll ti
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Sources of Air Pollution According to chemical composition can be
divided into organic and inorganicpollutants
Another categorization is solid, liquid andgaseous pollutants.
Gaseous pollutants are carbon monoxide,Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and organicsulfide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride,oxides of nitrogen etc.
Particulate pollutants consist of both solid andliquid particles. Dust, fume, mist, spray andsmoke are included in this category.
So rces of Air Poll tion
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Sources of Air Pollution
According to source type, pollutants can be
classified as being produced from: Combustion
Transportation emissions
Industrial processes Use of solvents
Radioactivity
Specific phenomena related ith Air Poll tion
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Specific phenomena related with Air Pollution
Ozone is normally present in the
atmosphere at about .05ppm at sea level. Itis produced naturally by the action of
electric discharges on oxygen.
Ozone in the stratosphere (Outer layer of the atmosphere) absorbs over 99% of the
harmful UV radiation.
UV radiation damages protein and DNAand causes sunburn and cancer.
Specific phenomena related with Air Pollution
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Specific phenomena related with Air Pollution
A major threat to the ozone layer is from syntheticchemicals called „chlorofluoro-carbons (CFC).
CFCs act as transport agents moving chlorine intothe stratosphere and destroy the ozone causing„holes‟ to appear in the ozone layer.
The use of CFCs is increasing because of the
demand of „personal care products‟ such asdeodorants, hair sprays, shaving creams andcountless other cosmetic materials as well as inrefrigeration.
If the UV rays reach the earth‟s surface in fullintensity, all exposed bacteria would be destroyed;plant and animal tissues would be severelydamaged.
Specific phenomena related with Air Pollution
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Specific phenomena related with Air Pollution
Acid rain is the outcome of Sulfur
dioxide(SO2) gas released into the air by thecombustion of fossil fuels. This readily
forms Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the minute
water films of suspended droplets in the air
over cities.
The washout of sulfuric acid by
precipitation results in rainwater with an
abnormally high content of sulfate ion, a
condition known as acid rain.
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Air (prevention and control of pollution)
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Air (prevention and control of pollution)
Act, 1981
The Act is designed to prevent, control and abatementof air-pollution.
The provisions relate to preservation of quality of airand control of pollution.
The Act has provided for measures, which arepreventive in nature, in the cases of industries to beestablished; and in the case of industries alreadyestablished, they are remedial.
In the case of established industries, it insists on
obtaining consent of Board, making the industryamenable to the administrative control of the Board.Once a consent is given, the Board can issue orders,directions etc; which are to be complied with by theindustry.
Bodies constituted to enforce the Act
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Bodies constituted to enforce the Act
Central Pollution Control Board constituted under
section 3 of the Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was authorized to exercise the
powers and performs the functions for the prevention
and control of air pollution.
State Pollution Control Boards constituted under
section 4 of the Water (Prevention and control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 was authorized to exercise the
powers and performs the functions for the preventionand control of air pollution.
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Functions of the State Board
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Functions of the State Board In performance of its functions, State Board
shall►Plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control orabatement of air pollution and secure the execution thereof,
►collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution;
inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant, ormanufacturing process and to give, by order, such directions to suchpersons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention,control or abatement of air pollution;►advice the State Government with respect to the suitability of anypremises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to causeair pollution;
►to lay down, in consultation with the Central Board and having regardto the standards, for the quality of air laid down by the Central Board,standards for emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere fromIndustrial plants and automobiles or for the discharge of any air pollutantinto the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a ship oran aircraft;
►to perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, fromtime to time, be entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State
Government.
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Powers of the Central Government
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Powers of the Central Government
and State Government The Central Board shall be bound by such directions in writing
as the Central Government may give to it. (section 18(1)(a)
Every State Board shall be bound by such directions in writingas the Central Board or the State Government may give to it.
(section 18(1)(b) Where the Central Government is of the opinion that any State
Board has defaulted in complying with any directions given bythe Central Board under sub-section (1) and as a result of suchdefault a grave emergency has arisen and it is necessary or
expedient so to do in public interest, it may by order, direct theCentral Board to perform any of the functions of the stateBoard in relation to such area, for such period and for suchpurposes, as may be specified in the order. {section 18 (2)}
Check on State Government advice
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Check on State Government advice
Though the section 18(1)(b) of the Act gives power to
the State Government to give directions to a StateBoard but the directions do not have binding effect if those are inconsistent with the provisions of the Act.
There is no provision under which the Parliament has
vested any discretion with the State Government togrant exemption to any particular industrial plant orclass of plant. The state board of Karnataka exempted115 industrial plants in its resolution purportedly on
the directions of the state government. The high courtof Karnataka quashed the resolution. (K. Muniswamy Gowda v.
State of Karnataka, 1998 (3) Kant. L.J, 594 at P. 608)
Emissions from automobiles
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Emissions from automobiles With a view to ensuring that the standards for emission of air pollutants
from automobiles laid down by the State Board under Cl. (g) of sub section
(1) of Section 17 are complied with, the State Government shall, inconsultation with the State Board, give such instructions as may be deemednecessary to the concerned authority in charge of registration of motorvehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act, (4 of 1939) and such authority shall,notwithstanding anything contained in that Act or the rules made thereunderbe bound to comply with such instructions.
Hon’ble Supreme Court of India with a view to tackle problems arising outof chaotic traffic conditions and vehicular pollution and not being satisfiedwith the steps taken by the concerned authorities in addressing themselvesto those problems, issued certain directions accepting the report of BhureLal Committee, as it was felt by the court that any further delay in theperformance of its duty by the Administration could not be remitted. ( M.C.
Mehta v. Union of India, (1998) 3 B.L.J.R. 2194 at p. 2195(SC)
Responsibility of the persons
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Responsibility of the persons
Subject to the provisions of the section 21 of the Act, noperson shall, without the previous consent of the state Board,establish or operate any Industrial Plant in an air pollutioncontrol area.
The person who wants to establish or operate any IndustrialPlant has to move an application for consent of the Boardaccompanied by prescribed fees in a prescribed form and with
the particular of the Industrial plant and other particulars asmay be prescribed.
Applicability of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
Section 7 of the Act envisaged “ No person carrying on anyindustry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permitto be discharged or emitted any environmental pollutants inexcess of such standards as may be prescribed.”
Responsibility of the State Board
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Responsibility of the State Board The State Board has to dispose off the application received by any person for
consent for establishing or to operate within a period of four months.
The State Board can grant the consent subject to conditions and for somecertain period by recording in the order.
The State Board can refuse a further consent after the expiry of the grantedconsent or cancel an already granted consent before the expiry of the period if the conditions imposed in the order have not been fulfilled after according anopportunity of hearing to the person.
Applicability of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
Section 7 of the Act envisaged “ No person carrying on any industry, operationor process shall discharge or emit or permit to be discharged or emitted anyenvironmental pollutants in excess of such standards as may be prescribed.”
It is the responsibility of the state board that it should not permit to be discharged any environmental pollutants in excess of the standards specified in schedule 1 to schedule VI of The EP Rules, 1986.
Responsibility of the person whom
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p y p
consent has been granted Every person to whom consent has been granted by the State Board
shall comply with the following conditions, namely:- The control equipment of such specifications as the state board may
approve in this behalf shall be installed and operated in the premiseswhere the industry is carried on or proposed to be carried on;
The existing control equipment, if any, shall be altered or replaced inaccordance with the directions of the State Board;
The control equipment referred to in Cl. (i) or (ii) shall be kept at alltimes in good running conditions;
Chimney, wherever necessary, of such specifications as the state boardmay approve in this behalf shall be erected or re-erected in suchpremises.
Such other conditions as the State Board, may specify in this behalf;and
The conditions referred to in Cls. (i), (ii) and (iv) shall be compliedwith within such period as the State Board may specify in this behalf.
Has to submit Environmental statement as has been made mandatoryunder section 14 of The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
Standards for Emissions of air pollutants
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Standards for Emissions of air pollutants
Till The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 waslegislated by the Parliament of India, the State Boardswere having powers to lay down the standards for airpollutants to be discharged in the atmosphere, underclause (g) of sub-section (1) of Section 17.
Since 1986, Central Government has been issuing
Standards for Emissions under the provisions of Environment protection Act and its Rules. Thesestandards has been specified in schedule 1 to VI of the Environment (Protection) Rules 1986.
Central Board or State Boards may specify morestringent standards than those specified in schedule 1to VI of the EP Rules.
Monitoring by the State Board
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Monitoring by the State Board
The officers of the Board have been empowered to take samples
of air or emission by the Act. For analyzing the samples the State Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette establish one or more StateAir Laboratories.
The State Government may, by notification in the Official
Gazette, appoint persons having the prescribed qualifications tobe Government analysts for the purpose of analysis of samplesof air or emission.
State Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, and withthe approval of the State Government, appoint persons havingprescribed qualifications to be Board analyst for the purpose of analysis of samples of air or emissions.
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Solid Waste Management
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Solid Waste
Classification of Wastes
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Classification of Wastes Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste
etc.
E-waste- discarded electronic devices like computer, TV,music systems etc.
Liquid waste- water used for different industries eg tanneries,distillaries, thermal power plants
Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.
Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.
Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants
Solid Waste in India
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Solid Waste in India
7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million
tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is
mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.
Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest
Growth of Solid Waste In India
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Waste is growing by leaps & bounds
In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2million to 12.3 million
During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown
from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonne, an increase of 67%
Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities
City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste perannum, the ever increasing waste has put pressure onhygienic condition of the city
Source: The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi
Waste Collection in India
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Waste Collection in India
Primarily by the city municipality
-No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable,glasses, polythene bags, paper shreds etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts
Local raddiwala (Rag pickers)
-Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
-Collecting glass bottles
-Collecting paper for recycling
MCD- Sophisticated DWM (Delhi Waste Management)vehicle
How solid waste affected us in recent years?
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Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewageline due to large no. of plastic bags
Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, causeddue to imported scrap from Iran
Reduction in the number of migratory birds due toconsumption of contaminated foods
Stray animals dying on streets and farmland due toconsumption of plastic bags, which blocks the foodmovement in their stomach
Hazardous / Toxic Waste & Dumping Site
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Industrialized countries have waste
management problems
Developed countries have strict environment
regulation norms
Most attractive option for them- to dump into
developing countries
Major Polluting Industries in India
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Around 2500 tanneries discharge 24 million cu
m of waste water containing high level of dissolved solids and 4,00,000 tonnes of hazardous solid waste
300 distilleries discharge 26 million kilo-litresof spend wash per year containing severalpollutants
Thermal power plants discharge huge wastematerials
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/ghost-ship-121205
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French aircraft carrier Clemenceau
French aircraft carrier Clemenceau
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December 12, 2005, Clemenceau, Ghost ship nobody wants
27,000-ton warship full of asbestos, PCBs, lead, mercury, and
other toxic chemicals Indian scrap yard of Alang (Bhavnagar district, Gujarat) , a
place where environmental regulations are lax and workers'rights are practically nonexistent
In most ship breaking nations proper waste management is
absent. There are no rules and regulations. And where rulesexist, they're unlikely to be enforced.
Basel Convention (1989) is an international treaty whichprohibits the export of hazardous waste from rich to poorcountries
Greenpeace raised awareness campaigned against the ship inIndia as well as in France
French President Chirac has announced a dramatic recall of theasbestos-laden warship Clemenceau