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Towards competitive European batteries
GC.NMP.2013-1 Grant. 608936
2020
1
Environmental Life Cycle
Assessment – First Life and Second Life Analysis
External WorkshopBrussels, 23rd of May 2016
GC.NMP.2013-1 Grant. 608936
2020
Luis Miguel Oliveira - VUB
CONTENTS
• Environmental assessment of project developed cells
• Manufacturing
• Use stage in EV
• Second Life
• End-of-Life/Recycling
Task description:
• System Boundaries and Assumptions
• Functional Units Choice/Description
• Life Cycle Inventory
• Results
• Discussion and Conclusions
Highlights:
3
System Boundaries and AssumptionsM
anu
fact
uri
ng
& A
sse
mb
ly
Stag
e
Raw materials Refining and production
Distribution
Energy
Raw materials Production of components
Assembly and
distribiution
Battery pack/cellsU
se S
tage
2n
dLi
fe
Recycling
functional unit is a quantified description of the performance of the product systems, for use as a reference unit.
Bo Weidema, 2004
Define and quantify the functional unit, in terms of the obligatory product properties required by the market segment.
What about when we analyze two market segments? EV use and PV backup? Km driven?
Back to the product’s physical specifities
1 kWh of delivered energy
4
Functional Unit – How to select adequately
Functional Unit:1 kWh of Energy
Delivered
5
Life Cycle Inventory – Battery Structure and Value Chain
Electrolyte
Separator
Positive
Electrode
Substrate
Negative
Electrode
Substrate
Cell
Container
Battery
Management
System
Packaging
Battery at
Factory Gate
Positive
Electrode
Paste
Negative
Electrode
Paste
Second Life
IntegrationVehicle
Integration
End-of-Life,
Recycling
and Disposal
Assumptions:
- Vehicle battery pack level
- Pack efficiency of 95%
- Electrical efficiency at cell level 96,5%
- 97 cells, 364V at pack level
- Total pack capacity ~24 kWh
- Energy consumption 186 Wh/km (real world)
- 150.000 km (over 10 years)
- 120 km range +/-10 km
6
Life Cycle Inventory & BOM
Battery/Cell Elements Mass Percentage
Positive electrode paste 23,2 %
Negative electrode paste 9,4 %
Separator 3,3 %
Substrate, positive electrode 3,6 %
Substrate, negative electrode 8,3 %
Electrolyte 12 %
Cell container, tab and terminals 20,1 %
Module and battery packaging 17 %
Battery management system (BMS) 3 %
Benchmark “G1” Gen 2
NMC 4:4:2 NMC 6:2:2
174 Wh/kg 174 Wh/kg*
Manufacturing Impact Assessment Results Overview
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2
Climate change Human toxicity Photochemical oxidant formation
Metal depletion Fossil depletion
Re
lati
ve C
on
trib
uti
on
Impact Category
Transport, assembly energy and infrastructure
(BMS)
Module and Battery Packaging
Cell container, tab and terminals
Separator
Electrolyte
Negative electrode substrate
Positive electrode substrate
Negative electrode paste
Positive electrode paste
7
8
Impact Assessment – Manufacturing Stage
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
0,04
0,045
0,05
G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2
Positive electrode paste
Negative electrode paste
Positive electrode substrate
Negative electrode substrate
Electrolyte Separator Cell container, tab and
terminals
Module and Battery
Packaging
(BMS) Transport, assembly
energy and infrastructure
kg C
O2
Eq
. / k
Wh
Climate change Contributions per kWh deliveredManufacturing of G1 and G2 Cells, Battery pack level
9
Impact Assessment – Manufacturing Stage
0
0,00002
0,00004
0,00006
0,00008
0,0001
0,00012
0,00014
0,00016
G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2
Positive electrode paste
Negative electrode paste
Positive electrode substrate
Negative electrode substrate
Electrolyte Separator Cell container, tab and
terminals
Module and Battery
Packaging
(BMS) Transport, assembly
energy and infrastructure
kg N
MV
OC
/ k
Wh
Photochemical Oxidant Form. Contributions per kWh deliveredManufacturing of G1 and G2 Cells, Battery pack level
10
Impact Assessment – Manufacturing Stage
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2
Positive electrode paste
Negative electrode paste
Positive electrode substrate
Negative electrode substrate
Electrolyte Separator Cell container, tab and
terminals
Module and Battery
Packaging
(BMS) Transport, assembly
energy and infrastructure
Kg
1,4
DB
eq
./ k
Wh
Human Toxicity Contributions per kWh deliveredManufacturing of G1 and G2 Cells, Battery pack level
11
Impact Assessment – Manufacturing Stage
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2
Positive electrode paste
Negative electrode paste
Positive electrode substrate
Negative electrode substrate
Electrolyte Separator Cell container, tab and
terminals
Module and Battery
Packaging
(BMS) Transport, assembly
energy and infrastructure
Kg
Fe E
q /
kW
h
Metal Resource Depletion Contributions per kWh deliveredManufacturing of G1 and G2 Cells, Battery pack level
12
Impact Assessment – Manufacturing Stage
0
0,001
0,002
0,003
0,004
0,005
0,006
0,007
G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2
Positive electrode paste
Negative electrode paste
Positive electrode substrate
Negative electrode substrate
Electrolyte Separator Cell container, tab and
terminals
Module and Battery
Packaging
(BMS) Transport, assembly
energy and infrastructure
Kg
Oil
Eq /
kW
h
Fossil Resource Depletion Contributions per kWh deliveredManufacturing of G1 and G2 Cells, Battery pack level
13
First and Second Life – Use Stage
First Life, Multiple EU Countries
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Climate change
Human toxicity
Photochemical oxi. formation
Metal depletion
Fossil depletion
Relative Contributions to Impact Categories, per Country
Belgium Italy Germany Denmark Spain
Kg CO2 Eq. /kWh
Kg 1,4 DB Eq. /kWh
Kg NMVOC / kWh
Kg Fe Eq. / kWh
Kg Oil Eq. / kWh
14
Second Life – Use Stage
http://www.aladdinsolar.com/pvsystems.html
15
Second Life – Use Stage
ES
DEBE
IT
DK
EC: Joint Research Center, PVGIS DB
16
Second Life – Use Stage
EC: Joint Research Center – PVGIS Database
650 kWh/m2 ≠
17
First and Second Life Comparative results Use Stage
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
First Life Second Life First Life Second Life First Life Second Life First Life Second Life First Life Second Life
Belgium Italy Germany Denmark Spain
Kg
CO
2 e
q /
kWh
Use Stage - First and Second Life Climate Change Impacts
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
First Life Second Life First Life Second Life First Life Second Life First Life Second Life First Life Second Life
Belgium Italy Germany Denmark Spain
Kg1
,4 D
B e
q /
kWh
Use Stage - First and Second Life Human Toxicity Impacts
18
End of Life – Pyro metallurgical Processing
Recycling through pyro metallurgy is driven by present market value of recovered materials.Not environmentally driven.
The main recovered materials from Lithium-ion NMC batteries are:
SteelCobaltAluminumManganese oxideCopperNickelOthers…
Umicore. N.d.
19
End of Life Results – Pyrometallurgicalrecycling
-0,016 -0,0155 -0,015 -0,0145 -0,014 -0,0135 -0,013 -0,0125
G1
G2
Rec
yclin
g P
yro
Met
allu
rgic
kg CO2 Eq. \ kWh
Recycling EOL - CLimate Change Impacts - Pyro Metallurgic Process
0,0316 0,0318 0,032 0,0322 0,0324 0,0326 0,0328 0,033 0,0332 0,0334
G1
G2
Rec
yclin
g P
yro
Met
allu
rgic
kg 1,4 DB eq. \ kWh
Recycling EOL – Human Toxicity- Pyro Metallurgic Process
20
End of Life Results – Pyrometallurgicalrecycling
-0,00012 -0,0001 -0,00008 -0,00006 -0,00004 -0,00002 0
G1
G2
Rec
yclin
g P
yro
Met
allu
rgic
kg NMVOC / kWh
Recycling EOL – Photochemical Oxidant Formation Impacts
-0,0182 -0,0181 -0,018 -0,0179 -0,0178 -0,0177 -0,0176 -0,0175 -0,0174
G1
G2
Rec
yclin
g P
yro
Met
allu
rgic
Kg F2 Eq. /kWh
Recycling EOL – Metal Depletion Impacts
Dominated mostly by the anode material processing, all impact categories;
BMS has significance regarding Human Toxicity – Mining operations for precious metals;
The electricity mix production portfolio determines the extent of the impacts;
Might not be the best “use” for some Li based battery systems;
Neighborhood applications need less battery manipulation (capacity matches application);
Repurposing impacts not accounted;
Recycling is driven by market prices. Still manages to mitigate impacts on all impact categories but human toxicity. Relevance to the role playing in resource security. Lithium not recovered (yet).
Manufacturing
Use Stage
Second Life
Recycling/EOL
21
Conclusions
Promote transmaterialization of selective components seen as “traditional”;
Promote further more second life application scenarios through robust business models while having small/reduced environmental burdens;
Increased Energy Density tends to dilute environmental impacts;
Assess the potential for hybrid electricity storage systems through the use of different cell types for added demand response flexibility;
Reduce the energy intensiveness of the manufacturing processes?
22
Suggestions
23
The End
http://mobi.vub.ac.be/