Environmental Impact of Non-Ferrous

7/31/2019 Environmental Impact of Non-Ferrous

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fl kjk!gl~~j|s al}hds slo}j~ ojar~`sls }fl s|nm`w`s`jks9

}}r9**uuu+ols+``so+l~kl}+`k*lkl~ep*FO>52500*FMD*LKW*lkwlk*wjd>?>+f}a &8 jg 86)27*2>*>225 2892=988 r+a+
http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/HDL/ENV/enven/begin2.htm#Contentshttp://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/HDL/ENV/enven/vol231.htm#3.%20Notes%20on%20the%20analysis%20and%20evaluation%20of%20environmental%20impactshttp://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/HDL/ENV/enven/vol233.htm#51.%20Mechanical%20engineering,%20workshops,%20shipyardshttp://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/HDL/ENV/enven/vol233.htm#51.%20Mechanical%20engineering,%20workshops,%20shipyardshttp://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/HDL/ENV/enven/vol233.htm#51.%20Mechanical%20engineering,%20workshops,%20shipyardshttp://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/HDL/ENV/enven/vol231.htm#3.%20Notes%20on%20the%20analysis%20and%20evaluation%20of%20environmental%20impactshttp://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/HDL/ENV/enven/vol231.htm#3.%20Notes%20on%20the%20analysis%20and%20evaluation%20of%20environmental%20impactshttp://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/HDL/ENV/enven/begin2.htm#Contents


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Lkw`~jkalk}hd àrho}s hkm r~j}lo}`wl alhs|~ls

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kol ajs} r~jolssls elkl~h}l kj`sl$ }fl rjss`n`d`}p jg kj`sl rjdd|}`jk joo|~~`ke nj}f `k }fl uj~c!rdhm `k }fl klèfnj|~fjjm a|s} nl }hclk `k}j hooj|k}+

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l s}hels jg ~jhs}`ke$ dlhof`ke$ kl|}~hd`yh}`jk$ dlhofh}l odlhk`ke hkm ldlo}~jdps`s ~lx|`~ls = cUf*ceko+ Whd|ls gj~ ojrrl~ r~jm|o}`jk h~l sjalufh} fèfl~+ Lkl~ep ~lx|`~lalk}s jgslojkmh~p sald}`khk}s h~l ojks`ml~hndp djul~9 >2, jg }fl r~àh~p sald}`ke lkl~ep ~lx|`~lalk} u`}f 822, so~hrrrl~$ h~j|km =2, u`}f 822, so~hr y`ko hkm 82, u`}f 822, so~hr hd|a`k`|a+

8 Hd|a`k`|a lv}~ho}`jk

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3/18

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k h s`kedl!r|~rjsl m|ar s|nilo} }j ojk}`k|j|s s|rl~w`s`jk+

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}}r9**uuu+ols+``so+l~kl}+`k*lkl~ep*FO>52500*FMD*LKW*lkwlk*wjd>?>+f}a &? jg 86)27*2>*>225 2892=988 r+a+


4/18


5/18

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p~jal}hdd|~eòhd Odlhk`ke ajd}lk al}hd jg jvpelk$ s|drf|~$ àr|~`}`ls ~lg`k`ke9 hkm }~har al}hds n}l~al}hddò r~lo`r`}h}`jk$ sdhee`ke hkm*j~ wjdh}`d`yh}`jk3

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lm gj~ ~jhm ojks}~|o}`jk j~ ~lr~jolss`ke$ j~ ahp fhwl }j nl m`soh~mlm+

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kjml sd|mel* _rlo`hd fpm~jal}hdd|~eòhd j~ rp~jal}hdd|~eòhd ldlo}~jdp}l9 alhs|~ls h~l }j nl lardj~ }fl rfhslm ~lojwl~p jg |slg|d ah}l~`hds hkm }fl lv}~ho}`jk jg }~har al}hds3 l+e+ ldlo}~jdp}òrjs`}`jk jg h~slkò hkm hk}àjkp j~ r~lo`r`}h}`jk jg kòcld$ `~jk j~ ojnhd}+

fl lv}~ho}`jk jg y`ko g~ja y`ko ndlkml j~ ehdal` `klw`}hndp p`ldms ? }j = ce ohma`|a rl~ }jkkl jgko hs hk hddjp ldlalk} `k o~|ml y`ko j~ `k }fl gj~a jg ~ls`m|ls+ Ohma`|a `s lv}~ho}lm `k r~àh~p y`k

ald}`ke rdhk}s np m~p hkm ul} hnsj~r}`jk r~jolssls+ ]fl elkl~hddp r~lgl~~lm ul} r~jolssls hkmlo}~jdp}ò ohma`|a lv}~ho}`jk ~ls|d} `k kj m`~lo} r~jm|o}`jk jg ohma`|a m|s}s+ ]fl uhs}l ehss|d}`ke g~ja }fl sald}`ke jg ohma`|a }j r~jm|ol ojaal~o`hd gj~ah}s ohk nl `k}~jm|olm }j }fl h`~ ghs}`ke$ `k j~ml~ }j hof`lwl }j}hd uhs}l ehs odlhk`ke+

|l }j }fl }jvò lgglo}s jg ohma`|a$ s}~ò} ~lx|`~lalk}s a|s} nl àrjslm jk uj~c!rdhol fpe`lklhs}l h`~ hkm uh}l~ odlhk`ke+ @k flhwp al}hd j~l sald}`ke jrl~h}`jks$ ah`k kj`sl sj|~ols h~lfl~lwl~ rjss`ndl }j nl ~ls}~ò}lm np lkohrs|dh}`jk hkm np alhks jg s`dlkol~s jk h`~ `k}hcls hkm j|}dlkj`sl ~lm|o}`jk rdhk sfj|dm nl r~lrh~lm h} }fl r~jilo} rdhkk`ke s}hel+ @k }fl ohsl jg jrl~h}`jkskl~h}`ke fèf dlwlds jg kj`sl$ jkl sfj|dm r~lgl~hndp nle`k np mhar`ke j~ ldà`kh}`ke joo|~~lkols h

j`sl sj|~ols ufòf h~`sl jkdp rl~`jmòhddp+

j r~j}lo} uj~c!rdhols g~ja kj`sl$ `ks}hddh}`jks sfj|dm nl lv}lks`wldp h|}jah}lm hkm lx|`rrlm u`}r~jr~`h}l ojk}~jd ~jjas+ R~j}lo}`wl lx|`ralk} `kod|mls g`~lr~jjg odj}f`ke$ n~lh}f`ke lx|`ralk} h~ r~j}lo}j~s$ mlrlkm`ke jk ufl~l }flp h~l uj~c`ke3 r~j}lo}`wl fldal}s hkm shgl}p gjj}ulh~ a|s} nlj~k `k hdd h~lhs+

lhs|~ls gj~ shgl}p `k }fl uj~c!rdhol hkm }j r~j}lo} }fl sj`d jg }fl uj~cs s`}l `kod|ml hdd r~loh|}`jks

lwlk} }fl m`sofh~el jg uh}l~!rjdd|}`ke s|ns}hkols+ _rlo`hd h}}lk}`jk `s }j nl rh`m }j `ks}hddh}`jks gjjm|o`ke$ fhkmd`ke hkm |s`ke uh}l~!rjdd|}`ke s|ns}hkols+ ^ldlwhk} r~loh|}`jks `kod|ml s}j~hel }hkc`}f dlhcr~jjg m~`r }~hps$ jwl~g`dd`ke shgle|h~ms$ slhdlm hkm àrl~alhndl gdjj~ s|~ghols hkm dlhc }ls}m }flsl sfj|dm nl sl} gj~}f `k h ahk|hd+

? _lojkmh~p sald}`ke rdhk}s

lojkmh~p sald}`ke rdhk}s r~jolss ah`kdp ~lopod`ke ah}l~`hd &sf~lmml~ so~hr$ ohndls$ nh}}l~`ls l}o+)$hw`dp ojk}ha`kh}lm a`vlm so~hr$ r~jm|o}`jk so~hr u`}f hddjp ojks}`}|lk}s }fh} h~l m`ggò|d} }j ~laj

sj sdhes$ m~jss hkm j}fl~ al}hdd`gl~j|s ~ls`m|ls+ R~lmja`khk}dp rp~jal}hdd|~eòhd r~jolssls h~lardjplm gj~ al}hd ~lojwl~p+

kw`~jkalk}hd n|~mlks s}la ah`kdp g~ja àr|~`}`ls hkm rjdd|}hk}s r~lslk} `k }fl ofh~el ah}l~e+ j`d$ rh`k}$ rdhs}òs$ sjdwlk}s j~ shd}s+

rlo`hd ofh~ho}l~`s}òs jg }fl la`ss`jks hkm s|ns}hkols hkm ~lx|`s`}l shgle|h~ms h~l hs gjddjus9



9/18

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Hd|a`k`|a so~hr ald}`ke rdhk}s

hd} sdhes9 Hd|a`k`|a so~hr `s |s|hddp ald}lm mjuk `k ~j}h~p j~ flh~}f }prl g|~khols |kml~ h dhpl~ jgx|`m shd} }j r~lwlk} `ke~lss jg h`~+ ]fl shd} hnsj~ns àr|~`}`ls r~lslk} `k }fl so~hr hkm joo|~~`ke m|~l ald}!mjuk r~jolss hkm r~jm|ols shd} sdhe &2+< }*} Hd)+

|ar`ke }flsl shd} sdhes sl~`j|sdp rjdd|}ls }fl m|ar rl~ojdh}`jk uh}l~$ }fl~lgj~l shd} sdhe sfj|dm nl

jolsslm hkm ~l}|~klm }j }fl ald}`ke r~jolss+

hs}l ehsls9 ]fl ajd}lk hd|a`k`|a `s ~lg`klm `k ojkwl~}l~s |s`ke ofdj~`kl ehs+ ]fl uhs}l ehsls ojk|s}s$ ehslj|s ofdj~`kl hkm gd|j~`kl ojarj|kms hkm ofdj~`kl ehs3 }flp ahp hdsj ojk}h`k j~ehkòns}hkols ufòf$ mlrlkm`ke jk }fl jrl~h}`ke ojkm`}`jks$ ahp `kod|ml }~hols jg lsrlo`hddpw`~jkalk}hddp fhyh~mj|s ah}l~`hds s|of hs rjdpofdj~`kh}lm m`nlkyj!m`jv`ks hkm !g|~hks+ Hmlx|h}lrh~h}`jk jg }fl m|s}s hkm `kj~ehkò ojarj|kms `s hof`lwlm np m~p hnsj~r}`jk hkm ghn~ò g`d}l~s+a`ss`jks jg j~ehkò s|ns}hkols ohk nl a`kà`ylm np so~hr sj~}`ke hkm odlhk`ke j~ np srlo`hd }fl~a}l~n|~k`ke jg }fl uhs}l ehsls+

Ojrrl~ so~hr ald}`ke rdhk}s

|s}9 Uflk ald}`ke mjuk ojrrl~!nlh~`ke ~ls`m|ls$ }fl `k}l~olr}`jk hkm m~p slrh~h}`jk jg la`ss`jksjm|olm jk ofh~e`ke hkm ~|kk`ke!jgg h~l rh~}ò|dh~dp àrj~}hk}+ Ufl~l j`d a`s} joo|~s m|l }j }fl

ar|~`}p jg }fl ojrrl~ so~hr$ uhs}l ehsls a|s} |kml~ej }fl~ahd hg}l~n|~k`ke nlgj~l m|s} slrh~h}`jk+ jdjeòhd hkm lojkjaò ~lhsjks$ ald}`ke mjuk sfj|dm }hcl rdhol `k h ojkwl~}l~ u`}f }jr dhkols `k hjr u`}f uhs}l h`~ ojddlo}`jk hkm odlhk`ke ~h}fl~ }fhk `k sfhg} g|~khols+

Dlhm so~hr ald}`ke rdhk}s

hs}l ehsls9 Uflk ~lopod`ke so~hr nh}}l~`ls$ RWO ~ls`m|ls ahp e`wl ~`sl }j ehslj|s `kj~ehkò ofdj~àrj|kms ufòf h~l hnsj~nlm `k }fl m|s} hkm `k }fl sdhe+

lrlkm`ke jk }fl jrl~h}`ke ojkm`}`jks$ sahdd x|hk}`}`ls jg rjdpofdj~`kh}lm m`nlkyj!m`jv`ks hkm !g|~hhp nl r~lslk} `k }fl uhs}l ehsls uflk ~lopod`ke so~hr ohndls+ La`ss`jks jg flhd}f!lkmhkel~`ke m`jvm g|~hks ohk nl ~ls}~ò}lm np oh~lg|d sj~}`ke jg so~hr dlhm$ so~hr nh}}l~`ls hkm ohndls+ ]~`hds h~l `k

je~lss jk ho}`wh}lm!ofh~ojhd!nhslm lx|`ralk} gj~ slrh~h}`jk jg }flsl s|ns}hkols+ Odlhk`ke jg so~hr}}l~`ls ~ls|d}s `k wh~p`ke x|hk}`}`ls jg nh}}l~p ho`m &s|drf|~ò ho`m) lk}l~`ke }fl uhsf`ke uh}l~+ ]flhsf`ke uh}l~ `s ojk}ha`kh}lm u`}f dlhm$ hk}àjkp$ ohma`|a$ h~slkò hkm y`ko+ _lrh~h}l `k}l~olr}`jm }~lh}alk} `s klolssh~p+

= Kjk!gl~~j|s al}hd sla`g`k`sf`ke uj~cs

sla`g`k`sf`ke uj~cs$ }fl ah`k r~jndlas jg ah`k}h`k`ke odlhk h`~ s}la g~ja }fl |rs}~lha gj~ah|km~`ls+ ]flsl |sl dh~el haj|k}s jgmlg`klm so~hr `k hmm`}`jk }j r~àh~p al}hd ufòf ahp ohdd g



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p~jal}hdd|~eòhd sald}`ke ~lg`k`ke &l+e+ u`}f ofdj~`kl ehs ojarj|kms `k }fl ohsl jg Hd)+

`dp hkm rdhs}ò!ojh}lm so~hr r~jm|ols sjj}$ j`d a`s}$ ofdj~`kl! hkm gd|j~`kl!nlh~`ke ho`m a`s} hkma`dh~ s|ns}hkols jk nl`ke ald}lm mjuk+ Gj~ah}`jk jg rjdpfhdjelkh}lm m`nlkyj!m`jv`ks hkm !g|~hkskkj} nl ~|dlm j|}+ Gj~ }f`s ~lhsjk so~hr sfj|dm nl r~lodlhklm `k g|a`ke g|~khols u`}f hg}l~n|~k`kehanl~s3 mlrlkm`ke jk }fl rl~a`ss`ndl dlwld jg r|~`}p$ uhs}l ehsls h~l }j nl odlhklm `k ldlo}~js}h}òlo`r`}h}j~s hkm*j~ ehs so~|nnl~s+

Uhs}l ehsg~ja ald}`ke g|~khols ohk ojk}h`k al}hd jv`mls$ wjdh}`dl al}hdd`gl~j|s whrj|~s hkm fhdjarj|kms ufòf a|s} nl slrh~h}lm `k m|s} g`d}l~s j~ uhs}l ehs so~|nnl~s+ ]f~j|ef r~jolss h|}jahm }fl |sl jghmm`}`jkhd ~lho}j~s$ lwlk dju!ohrho`}p slojkmh~p sald}`ke rdhk}s &>$=22 }*h) ohk hofù odlhk ehs la`ss`jk whd|ls$ l+e+ < ae*a? m|s}$ dlss }fhk 8 ae*a? gd|j~`kl ojarj|kms$ npla`sj~r}`jk ojan`klm u`}f opodjkl hkm ghn~ò g`d}l~+ _lrh~h}`jk lggò`lkop gj~ ofdj~`kl ojarj|kmk nl hs fèf hs 06,+

jjd`ke nhps gj~ ehs!la`}}`ke m~jss hkm sdhe h~l hdsj }j nl ojkklo}lm }j olk}~hd`ylm uhs}l h`~}~ho}`jk sps}las+

dchd`kl j~ ho`m sjd|}`jks sfj|dm nl |slm gj~ mle~lhs`ke$ odlhk`ke hkm ròcd`ke al}hd s|~ghols+~ehkò sjdwlk}s ojk}h`k`ke fhdjelks sfj|dm nl hwj`mlm+ Gd|sf`ke uh}l~ hkm |slm ròcd`ke hkmhsf`ke d`x|`ms h~l }j nl }~lh}lm `k kl|}~hd`yh}`jk rdhk}s+

|mel ~ls`m|ls h~l l`}fl~ rp~jal}hdd|~eòhddp r~jolsslm `k h sald}`ke rdhk} j~$ `g }flp ojk}h`k kjjdd|}hk}s$ m|arlm+ Whrj|~s g~ja flh}lm ròcd`ke hkm ~`ks`ke nh}fs a|s} nl lv}~ho}lm$ r~lo`r`}h}lms so~|nnl~s hkm kl|}~hd`ylm+ Rjdd|}lm uhs}l a|s} nl rdholm jk r~j}lo}lm m|ars u`}f ojddlo}`jk jg~ojdh}`jk uh}l~+

s kjk!gl~~j|s al}hd sla`g`k`sf`ke rdhk}s h~l g~lx|lk}dp s`}|h}lm odjsl }j ~ls`mlk}`hd yjkls$ks`ml~h}`jk a|s} nl e`wlk }j kj`sl ~lm|o}`jk alhs|~ls hkm }fl klolssh~p m`s}hkol+

Kj}ls jk }fl hkhdps`s hkm lwhd|h}`jk jg lkw`~jkalk}hd àrho}s

jk!gl~~j|s al}hd `km|s}~`hd jrl~h}`jks |s`ke }fl~ajoflaòhd j~ rp~jal}hdd|~eòhd r~jolssls r~jm|oks`ml~hndl x|hk}`}`ls jg uhs}l ehsls dhmlk u`}f lkw`~jkalk}hddp fh~ag|d s|ns}hkols+ H`~ r~j}lo}lhs|~ls a|s} }fl~lgj~l nl h r~`j~`}p+

fl gjddju`ke lvhardls `dd|s}~h}l }fl rjss`ndl rjdd|}hk} ojk}lk} jg }fl uhs}l ehsls9

! hd|a`k`|a sald}`ke rdhk}$ }jvò gd|j~`kl ojarjklk}s `k }fl hkjml ehs ~hu ehs hrr~jv+



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82 ce G*} Hd! ojrrl~ sald}`ke rdhk}$ s|drf|~ m`jv`ml `k }fl uhs}l ehs ~hu ehs hrr~jv+ >+7 } _J>*} O|

fl whd|ls `kmòh}l }fh} lwlk `k ~le`jks u`}f dju dlwlds jg lv`s}`ke rjdd|}`jk$ uhs}l ehsls g~ja al}hald}`ke rdhk}s a|s} jk kj hooj|k} nl m`sofh~elm |kodlhklm+ Ul} hkm m~p r~jolssls h~l hwh`dhndl lhk`ke$ m~p r~jolssls nl`ke r~lgl~~lm gj~ lojdjeòhd hkm lojkjaò ~lhsjks+

jk}`k|j|s ajk`}j~`ke `kwjdw`ke alhs|~lalk}s }j wl~`gp }fl lgglo}`wlklss jg }fl slrh~h}`jk sps}laolssh~p nj}f hg}l~ l~lo}`jk jg }fl rdhk} hkm m|~`ke `}s jrl~h}`jk+ Ml}h`dlm mlso~`r}`jks gj~ oh~~p`ke

a`ss`jk hkm àa`ss`jk alhs|~lalk}s h~l ojk}h`klm `k }fl e|`mld`kls jg }fl El~ahk Hssjo`h}`jk ke`kll~s WM@+ @k El~ahkp }fl jndèh}j~p la`ss`jk hkm àa`ss`jk whd|ls h~l ml}h`dlm `k ]H!D|g}lofkòhd @ks}~|o}`jks jk H`~ X|hd`}p Ojk}~jd)+

rdhk}s |s`ke fpm~jal}hdd|~eòhd r~jolssls$ }j ~lm|ol lkw`~jkalk}hddp fh~ag|d s|ns}hkols }j h`kà|a$ `k}l~alm`h}l r~jm|o}s hkm ~ls`m|ls a|s} |kml~ej ~lrlh}lm oflaòhd }~lh}alk}$ g`d}~h}`jlo}~jdp}ò r~lo`r`}h}`jk j~ so~|nn`ke u`}f s|nslx|lk} kl|}~hd`yh}`jk+ Uhs}luh}l~ g~ja ehs so~|nn`kròcd`ke rdhk}s ahp jkdp nl ~l}|~klm }j ~lol`w`ke njm`ls jg uh}l~ jkol `} fhs nllk oflaòhddp|}~hd`ylm hkm g~llm jg sjd`ms+ E|`mld`kl whd|ls gj~ rl~a`}}lm rjdd|}hk} ojkolk}~h}`jks a|s} nl}hnd`sflm gj~ m`sofh~e`ke uhs}luh}l~ `k hooj~mhkol u`}f }fl s}h}l jg h~}+ ^lgl~lkol whd|ls ahp nl

n}h`klm g~ja }fl ~le|dh}`jks `k gj~ol `k El~ahkp+ @k lwl~p ohsl oh~l a|s} nl }hclk }j lks|~l }fh}~`kc`ke uh}l~ hkm j}fl~ uh}l~ ~lsj|~ols h~l kj} àrh`~lm+ Hkhdp}òhd r~jolssls fhwl nllk mlg`klmkml~ El~ahk M@K s}hkmh~ms }j ml}l~a`kl rjdd|}hk} ojkolk}~h}`jks `k uhs}luh}l~3 `k El~ahkp }flsl}h`dlm `kHddelal`kl Wl~uhd}|keswj~sof~`g}lk SElkl~hd Hma`k`s}~h}`wl le|dh}`jksQ+ ^j|}`kllhs|~lalk}s h~l hdsj }j nl oh~~`lm j|} }j ajk`}j~ }fl lggò`lkop jg uh}l~ }~lh}alk} hkm odh~`gòh}`jhk}s+ ]fl sojrl jg alhs|~lalk}s hkm }fl `ksrlo}`jk hkm ah`k}lkhkol `k}l~whds jg uhs}luh}l~ ! hkm

hs}l ehs ! odlhk`ke sps}las a|s} nl mlg`klm `k hk jrl~h}`ke ahk|hd+

jk}ha`kh}lm ah}l~`hd `s }j nl s}j~lm `k s|of h uhp hs }j r~lwlk} sj`d hkm e~j|kmuh}l~ ojk}ha`kh}`jfl~l rjss`ndl$ s`kedl!r|~rjsl m|ars sfj|dm nl ls}hnd`sflm$ u`}f slhd`ke hkm rl~ojdh}`jk uh}l~ddlo}`jk hkm }~lh}alk} sps}las ufòf sh}`sgp s}~`kelk} ~lx|`~lalk}s+

s `k El~ahkp$ uj~cs lkw`~jkalk}hd r~j}lo}`jk jggòl~s sfj|dm nl mlrdjplm `k kjk!gl~~j|s al}hdj~cs ufj h~l }j}hddp `kmlrlkmlk} jg }fl r~jm|o}`jk s`ml+ ]flp h~l jndèlm }j ajk`}j~ hmfl~lkol }j }e|dh}`jks+

hmm`}`jk }j ajk`}j~`ke lv}l~khd rjdd|}hk} m`sofh~el$ `k}l~khd uj~c!rdhols a|s} hdsj nl `ksrlo}lm gjdd|}hk} ojkolk}~h}`jks$ kj`sl hkm shgl}p+ _|`}hndp x|hd`g`lm shgl}p jggòl~s hkm h uj~cs mjo}j~ sfj

hrrj`k}lm gj~ }flsl r|~rjsls+

@k}l~ho}`jk u`}f j}fl~ slo}j~s



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j~ahd hkk|hd r~jm|o}`jk ohrho`}`ls jg klul~ kjk!gl~~j|s al}hd sald}`ke rdhk}s h~l nl}ullk 52500*FMD*LKW*lkwlk*wjd>?>+f}a &8> jg 86)27*2>*>225 2892=988 r+a+


13/18

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l}hds+

p~jal}hdd|~eòhd r~jolssls oh|sl ah`kdp h`~ rjdd|}`jk `k }fl gj~a jg ehsls$ a`s}s hkm m|s}s ufòf|s} nl a`kà`ylm `k ehs so~|nnl~s j~ ~l}|~klm gj~ g|~}fl~ r~jolss`ke+ Hrh~} g~ja }fl lojdjeòhd nlk`s gj~a jgla`ss`jk ~lm|o}`jk fhs }fl lojkjaò nlklg`} jg~lojwl~`ke whd|hndl al}hds j~ r~jm|o`drf|~ò ho`ms+ _à`dh~ ojkm`}`jks lv`s} gj~ slojkmh~p sald}`ke rdhk}s n|} u`}f }fl hmm`}`jkhd r~jndrjdd|}lm ofh~el ah}l~`hds+ Mlrlkm`ke jk }fl jrl~h}`ke ojkm`}`jks$ fhdjelk!nlh~`ke rjdd|}hk}s

an`klm u`}f j~ehkò ah}l~`hds h~l h rh~}ò|dh~ rj}lk}`hd sj|~ol jg rjdpfhdjelkh}lm m`jv`k hkm g|~ha`ss`jks &uhs}l ehs la`ss`jk ojkolk}~h}`jks jg }fl j~ml~ jg khkje~has)+

a`ss`jks hkm ~ls`m|ls g~ja fpm~jal}hdd|~eòhd r~jolssls jk }fl j}fl~ fhkm ohk rjdd|}l uhs}luh}m m|ars+ ^lopod`ke jg uh}l~ `k }fl o`~o|dh}`jk sps}la `s wl~p àrj~}hk}+ ]fj|ef `} `s s}h}l!jg!}flho}òl }j ~lo`~o|dh}l d`x|`m r~jolss ah}l~`hds s|of hs ho`ms$ hdchd`ls j~ sjdwlk}s np ~lelkl~h}`jk$l~lnp ~lm|o`ke~ls`m|ls$ }flsl a|s} nl s|nslx|lk}dp r~jolsslm hkm }fl uhs}l r~jm|o}s kl|}~hd`ylaj~l j~ dlss ojs}dp s}hels }j ~lojwl~ whd|hndl al}hds hkm*j~ lv}~ho} rjdd|}hk}s+ Oflocs a|s} nl ahlwl~p ohsl }j ml}l~a`kl ufl}fl~ rjdd|}`jk jg e~j|kmuh}l~ j~ s|~ghol uh}l~ `s rjss`ndl m|l }j }f

j~hel j~ la`ss`jk jg r~àh~p$ `k}l~alm`h}l j~ lkm r~jm|o}s+ Rjdd|}hk} p`ldm hkm flkol }fl klolssh~p|}dhp gj~ rjdd|}hk} ~lm|o}`jk `s sèk`gòhk}dp djul~ `k }fl ohsl jg sla`g`k`sf`ke uj~cs+

s|~wlp sfj|dm nl ojkm|o}lm `k lwl~p ohsl }j ml}l~a`kl ufl}fl~ he~ò|d}|~hd |sl jg }fl dhkm `k }fo`k`}p jg }fl uj~cs u`dd nl àrh`~lm np dh~el!h~lh rjdd|}`jk u`}f rfp}j}jvò hkm yjj}jvò flhwpl}hds$ lsrlo`hddp y`ko$ ojrrl~$ of~ja`|a$ kòcld hkm dlhm$ }hc`ke `k}j hooj|k} djke!}l~a mlrjs`}`jko|a|dh}`jk hkm ~lho}`w`}p `k }fl sj`d+ ]fl lkw`~jkalk}hd ~`sc ~ls|d}`ke g~ja flhwp al}hds `k }fl sj`|s} nl m`s}`ke|`sflm hooj~m`ke }j }fl gj~a jg njkm`ke jg }fl`~ ldlalk}s ufòf `k }|~k mlrlkms jk }fè`k+

lhwp al}hds$ lsrlo`hddp ohma`|a$ ohk nl `ki|~`j|s }j f|ahk flhd}f }f~j|ef hoo|a|dh}`jk `k }fl sm `k rdhk}s$ u`}f `ko~lhslm hnsj~r}`jk }f~j|ef }fl gjjm ofh`k$ dlhm`ke `k rh~}ò|dh~ }j c`mklp mhahe

~ldà`kh~p ohdo|dh}`jks jg }fl lvrlo}lm hmm`}`jkhd lkw`~jkalk}hd n|~mlks h~l klolssh~p gj~ hsslsslsl `km`~lo} lgglo}s w`h }fl h`~ ! sj`d ! gjjm ofh`k+ Hs h r~loh|}`jk$ `} `s hmw`shndl }j ~ls}~ò} he~ò|d}}fl àalm`h}l wò`k`}p+ Ojkgdò}s ohk nl hwj`mlm j~ mà`k`sflm np ojks|d}`ke }fl hgglo}lm

jr|dh}`jk e~j|rs h} hk lh~dp s}hel$ rjss`ndp mlwldjr`ke hkm rdhkk`ke klu sj|~ols jg lardjpalk}+ ]|ls}`jk hs }j ufl}fl~ }fl `ko~lhslm lkw`~jkalk}hd rjdd|}`jk rjsls hmm`}`jkhd flhd}f ~`scs hkmyh~ms$ l+e+ gj~ ujalk hkm of`dm~lk &m|~`ke r~lekhkop l}o+) sfj|dm nl `kwls}èh}lm$ hkm hmlx|h}l

lmòhd oh~l r~jw`mlm+ @k hmm`}`jk }j }fl rjdd|}`jk n|~mlks$ h}}lk}`jk a|s} hdsj nl rh`m }j }fl kj`sla`}}lm np }fl rdhk} ahof`kl~p+ Mlrlkm`ke jk }fl rdhk} mlsèk$ kj`sl dlwlds hs fèf hs 8>< mN&H) ah

la`}}lm+ Kj`sl dlwlds ohk nl a`kà`ylm np kj`sl ~lm|o}`jk alhs|~ls ufòf h~l }j nl srlo`g`lm `kj`sl ~lm|o}`jk rdhk+ ]fl ulh~`ke jgrl~sjkhd lh~ r~j}lo}`jk a|s} nl jndèh}j~p `k uj~crdhols u`}j`sl dlwlds `k lvolss jg 6< mN&H) hkm a|s} nl ajk`}j~lm+

j~ lkw`~jkalk}hd r~j}lo}`jk alhs|~ls }j nl lgglo}`wl$ `} `s w`}hd }fh} rl~sjkkld sfj|dm nl ahml slks`}fl `ss|ls hkm ~lol`wl hrr~jr~`h}l }~h`k`ke+ Hd}fj|ef }fl sald}`ke `km|s}~p hd~lhmp fhs h ~hkel

}}r9**uuu+ols+``so+l~kl}+`k*lkl~ep*FO>52500*FMD*LKW*lkwlk*wjd>?>+f}a &8? jg 86)27*2>*>225 2892=988 r+a+


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~jwlk al}fjms hkm r~jolssls h} `}s m`srjshd gj~ lgglo}`wl rjdd|}`jk ojk}~jd$ }fl`~ hrrdòh}`jk ohk nolss`wldp ojs}!`k}lks`wl ufl~l rjdd|}hk} la`ss`jks h~l }jj dju gj~ àr~jwlalk}s }j nl lojkjaò nj fèf }j nl lojdjeòhddp fh~adlss+ @k }flsl ohsls$ nlh~`ke `k a`km }fl djke!}l~a lgglo}s jg flhwpl}hd rjdd|}`jk$ jkl a|s} e`wl ojks`ml~hndl ulèf} }j }fl kllms jg lkw`~jkalk}hd r~j}lo}`jk$ lwl

|}}`ke }f`s nlgj~l }fl r~jg`}hn`d`}p jg }fl `km`w`m|hd rdhk}+

fl larfhs`s jg o|~~lk} mlwldjralk} uj~c `s }juh~ms }j}hddp lkodjslm o`~o|`}s `k }fl r~jm|o}`jk

s}la+ ]fl hà `s }j lkodjsl }fl o`~o|`} }j r~lwlk} fh~ag|d lgglo}s jk }fl n`jsrfl~l }f~j|ef lwl~ nl}`d`yh}`jk jg ofh~el ah}l~`hd$ r~jm|o}`jk jg r|~l `k}l~alm`h}l hkm lkm r~jm|o}s u`}fj|} ~loj|~sl }j

|ar`ke$ u`}f àr~jwlm la`ss`jk r~j}lo}`jk hkm ~lopod`ke jg slrh~h}lm m|s}s hkm sjd`ms+

^lgl~lkols

h}|}j~p r~jw`s`jks$ ~le|dh}`jks

nuhssl~}lofk`sofl Wl~l`kè|ke &H]W)9 H~nl`}sndh}} ^ 885+2>+8067$ EANd &ij`k} a`k`s}l~`hd o`~o|dh~)+ 8067$ H|se r+ 0>$ 806=$ r+ ?$ 8002$ r+ ?8+

}}r9**uuu+ols+``so+l~kl}+`k*lkl~ep*FO>52500*FMD*LKW*lkwlk*wjd>?>+f}a &8= jg 86)27*2>*>225 2892=988 r+a+


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WNd+ mls Dhkmls Flsslk$ ]l`d 8$ ?8+2?+806>+

`k`s}l~`|a g~ H~nl`}$ Els|kmfl`} |km _jy`hdls mls Dhkmls Kj~m~fl`k!Uls}ghdlk9 \auld}r~jndlal|~of _oful~al}hddl à ^h|a _}jddnl~e$ 8058 jg 28+28+8002+

M@!^òf}d`k`l >>7>9 _}h|nnlcarg|ke ha H~nl`}srdh}y$ Mlolanl~ 805?+

M@!^òf}d`k`l >>6679 La`ss`jksa`kml~|ke$ Hd|a`k`|asofaldygd|ldlc}~jdpsl$ Lk}u|~g Ihk|h~p 806

M@!^òf}d`k`l ?0>09 L~ghsslk d|g}g~laml~ _}jggl$ Lk}u|~g Ah~of 8002+

M@!^òf}d`k`l >?829 Nd}}l~ ?2 |km ?89 Ahvàhdl @aa`ss`jksul~}l g~ Ndl` &Ndh}} ?2) |km Y`kc &Nd) y|a _of|}yl ml~ dhkmu`~}sofhg}dòflk K|}y}`l~l$ I|dp 8008+

M@!^òf}d`k`l ?50>$ Ndh}} ?9 Alsslk ml~ @aa`ss`jks!U`~cmjs`s wjk Ndl` `k Rgdhkylk$ Hr~`d 8008+

l~j~mk|ke nl~ H~nl`}ss}}}lk &H~nl`}ss}}}lkwl~j~mk|ke ! H~n_}}}W) jg >2+2?+50$ 8< _of|}y elelk D~a+

l~j~mk|ke nl~ elgf~dòfl _}jggl$ Elghf~s}jggwl~j~mk|ke &Elg_}jggW) jg >7+ H|e|s} 8067$ NENd+

}}r9**uuu+ols+``so+l~kl}+`k*lkl~ep*FO>52500*FMD*LKW*lkwlk*wjd>?>+f}a &8< jg 86)27*2>*>225 2892=988 r+a+


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lml~hd Dhu Ehyl}}l @)$ r+ 8=52$ `k }fl wl~s`jk mh}lm >?+ H|e|s} 8002$ NENd+ @$ r+ 502+

l~j~mk|ke y|~ Nls}àa|ke wjk Hngddlk khof > Hns+ > mls Hnghddelsl}yls jg Hr~`d ? 8002$ NENlml~hd Dhu Ehyl}}l @)$ r+ 78=+

l~j~mk|ke y|~ Nls}àa|ke wjk ^ls}s}jgglk khof > Hns+ ? mls Hnghddelsl}yls jg Hr~`d ?$ 8002$ENd+ @ &Glml~hd Dhu Ehyl}}l @)$ r+ 7?8+

l~j~mk|ke nl~ mhs L`kshaaldk |km Nlg~ml~k sju`l nl~ m`l nl~uhof|ke wjk Hngddlk |kmls}s}jgglk jg Hr~`d ?$ 8002$ NENd+ @ &Glml~hd Dhu Ehyl}}l @)$ r+ 7=6+

l~j~mk|ke nl~ Hkdhelk y|a Dhel~k$ Hngddlk |km \asofdhelk uhssl~elgf~mlkml~ _}jggl |km m`|dhss|ke wjk Ghofnl}~`lnlk+

o`lk}`gò*}lofkòhd rhrl~s

|~lh| jg A`kls$ Uhsf`ke}jk 805?$ Ojk}~jd jg _|dg|~ Jv`ml La`ss`jks `k Ojrrl~$ Dlhm hkm Y`koald}`ke+

|ahkk$ F+9 _}hkm |km Lk}uòcd|ke mls C|rgl~~lopod`kes `k9 Gdl`sofl~$ E+$ Hnghddwl~al`m|ke `k ml}hdd`km|s}~`l$ r+ 8+

lkedl~$ F+9 Nlfhkmd|ke soful~al}hddfhd}èl~ Hnussl~ `k9 \]Y Ah}l~`hd`lk$ 80603 Ylk}~|a g~auld}}lofk`c nlà Nh}}lddl!@ks}`}|} G~hkcg|~} ha Ah`k+

l|}sofl Elslddsofhg} g~ ]lofk`sofl Y|shaalkh~nl`} &E]Y)$ Mj~k`l~!_}|m`l9 L~s}ldd|ke l`klsh}hdjels wjk La`ss`jks! |km @aa`ss`jkss}hkmh~ms$ Jo}jnl~ 806=+

lslddsofhg} Ml|}sofl~ Al}hddf}}lk! |km Nl~edl|}l$ Fh|r}wl~shaad|keswj~}~el$ _}|}}eh~} 805>$auld}sof|}y `k ml~ Al}hddf}}lk`km|s}~`l+

~k$ A+$ Ahofldl}$ N+$ Rjmdlshc$ U+9 Cjk}~jddl ml~ _oful~al}hddnldhs}|ke dhkmu`~}sofhg}dòf elk|mlk `k ml~ MM^+

h~}`kel~$ D+9 ]hsoflkn|of ml~ Hnuhssl~nlfhkmd|ke g~ m`l al}hddwl~h~nl`}lkml @km|s}~`l$ Oh~d Fh|l~dhe$ A|kòf 8057+

`~ofkl~$ E+9 M`l Nlml|}|ke wjk _lc|km~hd|a`k`|a g~ m`l Hd|a`k`|a!Wl~sj~e|ke `k9 Gdl`sofl~$



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nghddwl~al`m|ke `k ml~ Al}hdd`km|s}~`l$ r+ 85?!850$ Lg Wl~dhe g~ Lkl~e`l |km \auld}}lofk`c$ Nl~060+

djcl$ H+9 J~`lk}`l~|kesmh}lk g~ }jdl~`l~nh~l Elsha}elfhd}l l`kèl~ Ldlalk}l `k C|d}|~nmlk$ A`}}M\DGH 8062$ r+ 8 ! ? hkm 0 ! 88+

jof$ O+]+$ _llnl~el~$ I+9 cjdje`sofl Addwl~ul~}|ke$ Wl~dhe O+G+ Addl~$ Ch~ds~|fl$ 806=+

hkm}he Kj~m~fl`k!Uls}ghdlk9 Rdlkh~r~j}jcjdd 88*>6 jg 2?+2?+2=+8008+ Ahkkflà$ WM@!Nl~òf} `k Wj~nl~l`}|ke+

`lfdòf$ E+$ D|v$ U+9 L`k}~he |km Wl~genh~cl`} d|g}n~}èl~ _oful~al}hddl |km Al}hddj`ml `k NmM@!Nl~òf}l Kj+ 6?5$ 8002$ r+ >5 ! 20!>>?+

rlkhoc$ wjk H+9 @k}le~`l~}l~ \auld}sof|}y ! m`l H|gehnl ml~ Y|c|kg}$ L~yal}hdd$ == &8008)$ Kj+ > ! 5=+

rjkh$ C+$ ^hm}cl$ \+9 Ndl`!$ Ohma`|a! |km Y`kcnldhs}|ke wjk Nmlk à La`ss`jkseln`l} l`kl~kcf}}l `k M|`sn|~e$ WM@!Nl~òf}l 6?5$ 8002$ r+ 87< ! 86?+

ddahkks Lkypcdjrm`l ml~ }lofk`soflk Ofla`l$ =+ H|gdhel$ Nhkm 7 &\auld}sof|}y)$ Nhkm 5

Hd|a`k`|a)$ Nhkm 6 &Ndl`)$ Nhkm 8< &C|rgl~)$ Nhkm >= &Y`kc) ! 805=*806?+

auld}n|kmlsha} SEl~ahk Glml~hd Lkw`~jkalk}hd HelkopQ Nl~d`k$ Hr~`d 80569 _}hkm ml~ ]lofk`c nà~!Hd|a`k`|af}}lk+

auld}n|kmlsha} SEl~ahk Glml~hd Lkw`~jkalk}hd HelkopQ Nl~d`k$ Ah~of 80629 ^òf}d`k`lk g~a`ss`jksa`kml~|ke `k KL!Al}hdd`km|s}~`lk$ `kod+ h|sgf~dòfl N`nd`je~hrf`l+



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auld}n|kmlsha} SEl~ahk Glml~hd Lkw`~jkalk}hd HelkopQ$ Nl~d`k$ Ah~of 806?$ ^+ G`sofl~9hkhfalk |km L`k~òf}|kelk y|~ ^l`kfhd}|ke ml~ D|g} nl` KL!Al}hddf}}lk |km \asofaldyul~cl

auld}n|kmlsha} SEl~ahk Glml~hd Lkw`~jkalk}hd HelkopQ Nl~d`k$ 80679 Hd}hkdhelk~lrj~} 8067$ r5?+

auld}n|kmlsha} SEl~ahk Glml~hd Lkw`~jkalk}hd HelkopQ Nl~d`k9 Ihf~lsnl~òf}l 8067$ 8065$ 800

auld}n|kmlsha} SEl~ahk Glml~hd Lkw`~jkalk}hd HelkopQ Nl~d`k$ 80609 D|g}~l`kfhd}|ke %66$lkmlkylk ! R~jndlal ! Ds|kelk$ L~òf _ofa`m} Wl~dhe+

auld}n|kmlsha} W`lkkh9 Ajk}hkul~c N~`vdlee ! U`~c|kelk h|g m`l \auld}$ 8002+

M@!Cjaa`ss`jk ^l`kfhd}|ke ml~ D|g}9 _oful~al}hddl `k ml~ \auld}$ Mssldmj~g$ 806=+

M@!Nl~òf}l 6?5$ 8002$ r+ +

l~l`k Ml|}sofl~ @kelk`l|~l$ Nl~òf} >2?$ 8050$ _oful~al}hddl hds D|g}wl~|k~l`kè|ke ! Ndl`$ Y`kc$hma`|a+

`dd`has$ ^jp L+9 Uhs}l R~jm|o}`jk hkm M`srjshd `k A`k`ke$ A`dd`ke hkm Al}hdd|~eòhd @km|s}~`ls$

`ddl~ G~llahk R|nd+$ _hk G~hko`soj$ 805

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