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Certificate of State Environmental Protection Administration Project Serial No. 0502 No. 2902, Grade A
Guangxi Integrated Forestry
Development and Conservation Project
Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Environmental Protection Research Institute
of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
November, 2005
E1392v 1
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Consigning Unit: Project Management Office of Guangxi Forestry Bureau
Assessment Unit: Environmental Protection Research Institute
of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Name of Project: Environmental Impact Assessment on Guangxi Integrated
Forestry Development and Conservation Project
Legal Representative: Li Min (Director)
Examined and Approved by: Zhong Shanjin (Senior Engineer, with a Certificate of
Personal Responsibility for Environmental Assessment
(CPREA) No. A29020020 )
Verified by: Zeng Guangqing (Senior Engineer, with a CPREA No. A29020015 )
Person in Charge of the Project: Fan Zhenhui (Senior Engineer, with a CPREA No.
A29020004 )
Division of Work Table for Report Compilers Name Professiona
l Title Number of
CPREA Contents of Compilation Educational Background and Degree
Period of Work
Fan Zhenhui
Senior Engineer
A29020004 Background of the project, policies, laws, rules and regulations, environmental impact analysis and measures of alleviation, conclusion and suggestions
Bachelor of Environmental Science
5 months
Luo Yaxue
Senior Engineer
A29020006 General development situation of natural environment and social economy, environmental management and monitoring plan
Bachelor of Atmospheric Environment
5 months
Yu Wanli Senior Engineer
A29020014 Alternative analysis Bachelor of Atmospheric Environment
1 month
Wen
Yuanguang
Professor Ecological Expert
Ecological impact, alternative analysis
Master of Ecology
1.5 months
Huang yong
Senior Engineer
Forestry Expert
Project description Bachelor of Forestry
1 month
Zhao Tingkun
Senior Engineer
Forest
diseases and
pests control
expert
Comprehensive forest disease and pest control
Bachelor of entomology
Liang Jing
Assistant Engineer
Public participation Bachelor of informatics
Introduction
Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project is a project combined the
functions of commercial timber forests and forestry ecological protection that is planned to be
constructed with the funds of the World Bank. Construction contents consist four components:
first, developing commercial timber forests; second, forestry ecological protection and
management, including establishment of multiple-use protection forests and the management of
degradation forests (by closure hills for forest natural regeneration), pilot trial of BioCarbon
sequestration; third, strengthening protection and management of biodiversity in natural reserves
in Karst areas; fourth, strengthening capability construction and project monitoring and
evaluation.
The implementation area of the project covers 48 counties, cities and districts. There are 38
counties (cities), 13 state-owned forest farms will participate in the component of commercial
timber plantation establishment; 25 counties will participate in the component of forestry
ecological protection and management, 4 forest farms will participate in the planting material
development; 5 natural reserves will participate in the component of protection of biodiversity in
Karst areas. The implementation period of the project will be 6 years.
Total cost of the project construction is 1,574.25 million yuan, including ① World Bank
loan of US$100 million (converted to RMB 809 million yuan), 51.39% of the total investment,
which will be used for establishment of commercial timber plantation; ② GEF grant of
US$5,208,600 (converted to RMB 42,137,700 yuan), 2.68% of the total investment, which will
be used for protection of biodiversity in Karst areas; ③ domestic counterpart fund will be
723.1157 million yuan, 45.93% of the total investment. According to Environmental Impact
Assessment Law of P.R.China and related laws, as well as related environmental assessment
requirements of the World Bank, the environmental assessment of the project will be carried out
2
in light of Category B. Both People’s Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and
the World Bank pay close attention to the environmental assessment of the project, even at the
preparatory stage of the project, the work of environmental assessment has begun. In January of
2005, an expert seminar for preparatory work of “Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and
Conservation Project” was held jointly by the project manager of the World Bank Office, Beijing
and Guangxi Forestry Bureau in Nanning, six experts of environmental assessment come from
home and overseas were invited to carry out environmental assessment of the project. At the
same time, as an environmental impact assessment unit for “Guangxi Integrated Forestry
Development and Conservation Project”, Environmental Protection Research Institute of
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was entrusted by Project Management Office of Guangxi
Forestry Bureau in February of 2005 to compile a project environmental impact assessment
report. After accepting the task, Guangxi Environmental Protection Research Institute began to
work out their work plan and carry out on-the-spot investigation according to the requirements of
environmental assessment of the project. Project environmental assessment experts jointly drew
up work outline for environmental assessment and environmental management, they also made
investigation in some project cities, counties and districts, such as Cenxi City, Huangjiang
County and Xingbin District. After soliciting the opinions from the public participation,
investigating in environmental situation in project areas and collecting sufficient data, the experts
made analysis and assessment, then a draft of environmental impact assessment report on
“Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project” has been completed in
June of 2005. When going through procedures of soliciting the opinions of the environmental
protection bureaus and forestry bureaus of project cities, counties and districts, as well as having
been assessed, examined and discussed by the experts organized by Environmental Protection
Bureau of Guangxi, the report has been revised, at last, the official Environmental Impact
Assessment Report has finished.
1
Content
Environmental Impact Assessment Report .......................................1
Division of Work Table for Report Compilers..............................................................１ 1 Introduction and Project Background .........................................................................................1
1.1 Project Origin ..............................................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose of Making EA Report .................................................................................3 1.3 Brief Introduction to the EA Report .......................................................................3 1.4 Bases of Assessment ..................................................................................................4 1.5 Relation to Feasibility Study ....................................................................................6 1.6 EA Team .......................................................................................................................6 1.7 Assessment Scope and Period Covered .................................................................7 1.8 Assessment Factors ....................................................................................................8 1.9 Assessment Categorization.....................................................................................11 1.10 Assessment Criteria ...............................................................................................11 1.11 Assessment Focus...................................................................................................11 1.12 Assessment Procedure...........................................................................................12
2 Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework ....................................................................14 2.1 Organizations and Administrative Framework...................................................14 2.2 Relevant National Policies and Strategies for Environmental Protection.....15 2.3 WB Requirements.....................................................................................................18
3 Project Description..................................................................................................................20 3.1 The Main Goals of the Project ...............................................................................20 3.2 Project Objective.......................................................................................................20 3.3 Project Components .................................................................................................20 3.4 Project Distribution ..................................................................................................22 3.5 Technical design of commercial plantation and ecological forest management .........................................................................................................................23 3.6 Project Investment ....................................................................................................25 3.7 Target of the project success ..................................................................................25
4 Description of Existing Environment........................................................................................26 4.1 Ecological Environment ..........................................................................................26 4.2 Physical Environment ..............................................................................................27 4.3 Social Development .................................................................................................30 4.4 Economic Development ..........................................................................................31 4.5 Land Tenure and Ownership...................................................................................31
5 Public Participation ..................................................................................................................33 5.1 Consultation Methods and Subjects......................................................................33 5.2 Public Participation Consultation Results Analysis and Public Ideas ...........34 5.3 Information Disclosures and Feedback................................................................38 5.4 Conclusions of Public Participation Process.......................................................38
6 Analysis of Alternatives ............................................................................................................40
2
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................40 6.2 Analysis of different environment impacts resulting from “with project” or “do nothing”.........................................................................................................................40 6.3 Analysis of Project Implementation Design .......................................................42 6.4 Comprehensive Evaluation.....................................................................................46
7. Environmental Impacts Analysis & Proposed Mitigation Measures........................................47 7.1 Environmental Impacts Summarization...............................................................47 7.2 Commercial Timber Plantation Establishment Component.............................47 7.3 Impacts of Eucalyptus Plantation on Environment and Mitigations Analysis.................................................................................................................................52 7.4 Ecological Forest Management Component .......................................................56 7.5 Biodiversity Conservation Component ................................................................56 7.6 Risk Analysis and Prevention Measures ..............................................................57
8 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ...................................................................61 8.1 Implementation Organizations and Responsibilities .........................................61 8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ............................................................................76 8.3 Environmental Training/Institutional Strengthening Plan................................90 8.4 Budget .........................................................................................................................91
9 Conclusion and Recommendations ...........................................................................................94 9.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................................94 9.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................................95
Annex
Entrustment Letter
Tables and other information (refer to the file s of appendix)
1
1 Introduction and Project Background 1.1 Project Origin
1.1.1 The Project Background Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR) is located in the south part of China, with Yunnan & Guizhou Plateau to the west, Nanling Upland to the north and the North Bay to the south. Twelve nationalities like Zhuang, Han, Yao, Miao and Dong and so on are living together here. GZAR is the only ethnic minority autonomous region that borders sea, border and river, and is considered as one of 12 western provinces (regions) of PRC. The county level regionalism of GZAR is 109 counties (city or district at county level), among which, 49 are poor counties with 28 of national poor counties. The population of GZAR is 48.89 million with 18.68 million of ethnic groups. In 2004, the gross product of GZAR is 33.2 billion yuan with the average per-capita of 7,196 yuan, ranking as the 28th of all the provinces in China. Now there still are 1.08 million people can’t have enough food and clothing, 4.95 million people are poor population with low income. GZAR is a province (region) mainly is mountainous area. Forestry lands of GZAR are 13.66 million ha, forested areas are 9.81 million ha, forest coverage is 41.33%, standing timber stock volume is 403 million cubic meters. GZAR, bordering Tropical Ocean to the south, has a sub-tropical monsoon climatic regime with sufficient rainfall. Rainy season and hot season in GZAR almost occur at the same time, providing favorable combination of water and heat unit availability for plant growth. GZAR is the crucial part of “South Use” in implementing the development strategy layout of “East Expand, West Control, South Develop, North Cease” in national forestry. In 2001, GZAR finished forestry zoning management division, which vigorously advanced the construction of forestry ecological system and industry system. Hereafter, GZAR also strengthen the construction of key ecological projects like Land Conversion Project, the Shelterbelt Program for the Pearl River Valley, the Coastal Shelterbelt Development Program, Wildlife Conversion Project and Nature Reserve Management Project and so on. In order to speed up the development of forestry, improve eco-environment and help the mass in mountainous areas eliminate poverty, from the year of 2001 to 2005, GZAR developed fast-growing and high-yielding timber plantation at the speed of average annually developed 1,330,000 ha that never had before. Project construction also is the concrete measure to assort with the construction of ecological province, in order to realize ecological GZAR and enrich GZAR. As to raise money and increase development strength, in 2003, Forestry Bureau of GZAR lodged application to Development and Reform Commission of GZAR and Finance Bureau of GZAR and applied for the implementation of Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conversion Project (GIFDCP) to State Development and Reform Commission and Finance Ministry. Water and soil erosion and stony desertification are the serious ecological problem in GZAR. The total area suffering water and soil erosion is 3.06 million ha, taking up 12.9% of the total area of GZAR. Meanwhile, it is one of the provinces (districts) suffering serious stony desertification in southwest of China, with an area of 7.88 million square meter, taking up 33% of the total, and the stony desertification is particular serious in Red River Basin, Left River Basin and Right River Basin. GZAR is one of the Province having very diverse wildlife communities. There are 8,354 known wild vascular plant species and 884 wild terrestrial
2
vertebrates, with a lot of special species as well as rare and precious species. The karst topography of GZAR is the most typical and most centralized in the China and even in the world, including many unique biological types. Many special species in GZAR is of fatally scientific significance and inheritance resource value, with globally significance. However, as the increase of population and the misuse of land, many species and their environment had been destroyed, suffering danger and even on the verge of extinction. Taking account ecological forest management and biodiversity conversion in karst areas into the implementation of the project to embody multiple and furling integrated benefits, is the hope of GZAR and the request of the World Bank.
1.1.2 The Experience in Implementing World Bank(WB) Loaned Plantation in
GZAR (1) Experience in developing multi-purpose forest and environment and biodiversity conversion. During afforestation in NAP, mixed forest was established based on actual conditions with camellia oleifera, Pinus massoniana and other broadleaf species as the main tree species for mixed forest. Broadleaf forestland could not be encroached for establishing Eucalyptus pure forest. Besides, a number of measures were taken to prevent/reduce the negative impacts of afforestation on biodiversity, e.g.: 1) Carefully selected plantation sites, protecting existing vegetation; 2) Constructed a mixed forest by properly distributing material forest base; 3) Selected appropriate site preparation methods based on landform and physiographic features of plantation sites, matching species with site; 4) Allow for regeneration after harvest, using relay cropping with other tree species; and 5) Continue to carry out an intensive management and tendering. The above combination and distribution of plant was found conducive of improving quality of forest stand and ecological environment, and decreasing negative impacts of plantation base on biodiversity. (2) Experience in water and soil control, and soil productivity Protection. The approaches were: 1) During the plantation design, peripheral vegetation of forestland was retained as much as possible to increase biodiversity; 2) Regulated that reforestation could only be carried out three years after harvest when fallen leaves and branches turned decomposed; 3) During afforestation, applied compound fertilizer with P as the majority fertilizer; 4) Reasonably design plantation density to maintain that there are enough herbage coverage under the forest; and 5) Not to clear deadwood and defoliation, leaving the slash retained in forestland. These measures maintained the long-term soil production in forest stand. (3) Experience in Pest and Disease Control in Forestland. In artificial afforestation, inter-planting with other tree species and planting of more mixed forest assist in (1) development of mixed shrubbery and herbaceous under story on the forest floor, (2) maintaining stable biodiversity, (3) enhancing timber forest’s ability to resist ecological risks, (4) enhancing the ability to resist against pests and diseases, and (5) reducing occurrence of plant diseases; while planting with clones, a number of clones should be used to prevent mono products that causes reduced plant resistance to diseases.
The project planning and plantation mode design should learn from the successful experience and scientific achievements of NAP, FRDPP, and FDPA to adopt more appropriate and scientifically based measures to decrease the negative impacts on environment.
3
1.1.3 Significance of Project Construction The GIFDCP is the key project during GZAR implementing forestry sustainable development. The project complied with Guangxi Eco-Environment Construction Program, Guangxi Forestry, the Eleventh Five-Year, and Development Plan of 2020 and Guangxi Ecological Province Construction Plan, through the construction of intensive management commercial timber plantation base to develop forest resource, in order to quickly and efficiently increase timber supply and reduce the fell of natural forest; realize forestry and wood processing industry sustainable development and enhance forestry economic strength; through the management of ecological forest to improve the shelterbelt system of the Pearl River Basin; carry out globally significant biodiversity conservation in karst areas and establish the management mode of community participation and condominium, in order to realize the purpose of biodiversity conservation and eco-environment management. To realize the synchronous advancement of conservation, development, resources utilization and income increase of farmers, and establish demonstrative mode for forestry sustainable management in Guangxi and even in the southwest of China, is of great significance. With the implementation of the project: 1) to meet the market demand for timber supply; ensure the sustainable supply of raw materials for forest product processing industry, protect the natural forest and realize the benign circulation and sustainable development of forestry economy; 2) to introduce into the management mode and advanced technology of international ecological project construction, which will have positive impact and promotion on the forestry ecological construction in Guangxi; 3) to use multi-purpose forest as the carbon sequestration, test and carbon trade pilot test forest, which set up standard for World Bank and China to establish operation mode of carbon trade and carbon exchange; and 4) to introduce into international advanced artificial plantation and nature reserve construction technology, management mode, monitoring methodology and etc, so as to improve forestry management technology and management level. 1.2 Purpose of Making EA Report The aims of this EA report include:
Qualitative analysis and assessment of present natural environment and the socio-economic conditions in the project area and determine the scope and extent of future impacts. The implementation of the project is reviewed and examined in terms of environmental protection;
To determine the potential environmental impacts and to disseminate the findings to the project development and implementation teams; and prepare mitigation measures to reduce/eliminate the identified potential negative impacts and prepare an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP) for pre-implementation, implementation and operation of the project.
1.3 Brief Introduction to the EA Report
1.3.1 Importance of the Project The GIFDCP project areas are located in Southern China where the ecological and social environment is rather sensitive. There are many minority nationalities that make up about 38% of the total population of GZAR. Natural forests are somewhat degraded due to both poor management and over use, resulting development of areas of low productivity and/or degraded forests in the project counties. The project areas are economically less developed compared to the rest of the PRC and integrated projects such as GIFDCP could have significant effect in
4
improving the opportunities for betterment of the livelihood of the project beneficiaries. Implementation of the proposed project could have significant impact on methodology used to improve the status and quality of forest resources (both natural and planted) and forest related natural resources (water and soil resources use efficiency). In addition, other people living within the neighboring counties could also adapt the lessons learned from the project implementation that could provide additional intangible project benefits.
1.3.2 Structure of the Report The report provides an assessment of the environmental impacts of the development of GIFDCP. It is arranged in the format provided by the World Bank for rural development projects and slightly modified to include, as much as possible, the additional environmental requirements of the PRC. Chapter 2 describes the institutional and administrative framework and the national policies and strategies in relation to such development schemes. Chapter 3 provides a description of the proposed development project, while Chapter 4 provides a description of the existing physical (natural), ecological and socio-economical environment, which is specific to the proposed project and neighboring areas. Chapter 5 describes the public participation whereas Chapter 6 describes the alternatives that have been considered in the project planning process. Chapter 7 identifies the potential impacts that could be expected from the proposed project both during implementation and operation and proposes viable mitigation measures for to minimize these impacts. Chapter 8 is devoted to the presentation of an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP) for the proposed project including the implementation framework, mitigation plan, monitoring plan for the pre-implementation, implementation and operation periods and a training plan, while Chapter 9 presents the general conclusions and recommendations. In addition two annex figures, three annexes and nine appendixes had been included.
1.4 Bases of Assessment This assessment was carried out according to the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the World Bank technical documents. A list of the material used for the preparation of this report is presented below.
1.4.1 Laws and Regulations The Law on Environmental Protection (December 1989);
Water and Soil Conservation Law of the PRC (June, 1991);
Regulations on the Management of Environmental Protection in Construction Projects (State Council Decree No. 253 of 1998);
Circular on Strengthening EIA Management in Construction projects Financed by International Financial Organizations (NEPA, June 21, 1993):
The Administrative Rules of the Water & Soil Conservation Law of the PRC (June, 1991);
The Administrative Rules of The Land Administration Law of the PRC (August, 1998);
The Land Administration Law of the PRC (January,1999);
Administrative Regulations of Environment Protection for Development Projects (The State Council Decree No.253, November, 1998);
List of Construction Project Environmental Protection Classification Management (Order No. 14 of SEPA, October 2002);
Proposal on Strengthening Ecological Protection Work (SEPA, Order No.785, November 1997);
5
The Regulations on Nature reserves of the PRC (The State Council Decree No. 167, September 2, 1994);
The Regulations on Protection of Wild Flora of the PRC (The State Council Decree No. 204, September 30, 1996);
Notice on Further Strengthening the Administration of Nature reserves in the PRC (The State Council, No.111, 1998);
Stipulations on Environmental Administration Issues for Development Projects (State Environment Development (88) No.117);
Forestry Law (September 1984);
Guangxi Environmental Protection Regulations.
1.4.2 WB Requirements 0.D4.01 The World Bank Environmental Assessment Guideline;
0.D4.01 The World Bank Business Guideline
1.4.3 Technical Documents Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93);
Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment Non-pollution Biological Impacts (HJ/T19-1997);
Synthetic Management Criterion for Water and Soil Conservation (GB/T16453.1-16453.6-1996);
Technical Criterion of Water and Soil Conservation for Development Construction Project (SL204-98);
The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (Environmental Assessment), 4.04 (Natural Habitat), 4.09 (Pest Management), 4.11 (Cultural Property), 4.36 (Forestry); the World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information; and
Terms of References (TOR) for an Environmental Assessment of the GIFDCP.
1.4.4 Documents Related to Project Construction Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project Suggestion Note;
Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project Implementation Plan/Feasibility Study Report;
Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project Identification Mission Aide-Memoire (Sep, 2004);
Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project Aide-Memoire ---Small-Preparation Mission (May, 2005);
Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project Aide-Memoire ---Preparation Mission (July, 2005);
Terms of References (TOR) for an Environmental Assessment of the GIFDCP.
1.4.5 Principle of Environmental Impact Assessment This EA has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of the World Bank, State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and Guangxi Environment Protection Bureau (GEPB) on environmental impact assessment of development projects. The principles of the sustainable development objective and scientific evaluation are followed in the EIA
Since the project is generally a natural resource (forest) improvement project and does not
6
include any major construction activity or clearing of natural forest or pristine, high biodiversity shrub land/grassland, it is classified as a Category B project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01). Therefore, the EA is carried out in a “simplified way” with main attention of the study being on the significant environmental issues (SEI) likely to be caused by the project. This assessment was made based on the consultations with the World Bank consultants, Chinese Environmental specialists and GEPB.
An assessment method of environmental matrices is used for this EA. This method has been widely used in the environmental assessment of various projects since proposed by Leopold, et al. 1 (1971). An environmental matrix employs a list of project activities and a list of environmental parameters or impact indicators. The two are related in a matrix in order to identify cause–effect relationships. Column headings generally list the project activities while the row headings show the environmental parameters of the affected system. Entries in the resulting matrix cells may simply show that an interaction takes place or they may be qualitative or quantitative estimates of the interaction. Table 1.8-1 represents the preliminary identification matrix, prepared for the GIFDCP.
1.5 Relation to Feasibility Study According to the provisions in Clause 9 and 17 of Environmental Protection Regulations for Construction Projects of the PRC, project implementation unit should submit its EA report to the pertinent environmental protection agency with authority to review and approve, and the approval should be obtained during the feasibility study of the project. In the preliminary design report, a specific chapter should cover environmental protection, inclusive of related national environmental standards, environmental impact mitigations and relevant design. In addition, it should also cover the possible environmental impact from the project, mitigative or preventive measures to reduce/prevent environmental impact and potential causes of environmental pollution.
As required by the World Bank, the EA report was prepared simultaneously with project preparation. Report was prepared in close cooperation with the Guangxi Provincial Project Management Office (PPMO), the social assessment (SA) teams, other project teams working on different project components, review of the feasibility study report and consultation with the local communities, farmers and foresters. The EA team has conducted extensive discussions with the SA teams, both during the workshops, and field visits to ensure full understanding of social impacts of the project. This EA was prepared in close association with the SA and feasibility study teams and should be considered as an integral part of the feasibility study. A section must be added in the feasibility report to cover all environmental issues discussed in this report and the EMMP costs should also be included in the project budget.
1.6 EA Team The EA team is composed of 6 senior specialists and experts for environmental impact assessment, assisted by Dr. Farzad Dadgari, the international environmental consultant. The team members are primarily pertinent researchers from GEPRI, and staff from Forestry College of Guangxi University in Nanning. The posts of each EA team member, specialties, and tasks in this EA and the man-months used by each member are listed in Annex B.
Approximately 1,000 EIA projects have undertaken by the Institute. These EIAs cover many projects with significant environmental impacts, such as EIA of Guangxi Large-scale Coastal Industrial Garden (Qinzhou) Project and Naji Shipping Hub Engineering Project, etc. The institute has carried out a series of similar regional environmental planning projects and environmental impact assessments for development projects of large scale lately, including four for the World Bank financed projects.
Source: Leopold, L.B., Clarke, F.E., Manshaw, B.B. and Balsley, J.R. (1971), A Procedure for Evaluating Environmental Impacts, U.S. Geological Survey Circular No. 645, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
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1.7 Assessment Scope and Period Covered
1.7.1 Assessment Scope The study area covered in the EA study includes 48 administrative counties (district), and counties included forest farms and nature reserves. Among of which, 40 are project counties (included counties that 5 state forest farms and 4 nature reserve that located in, and 8 counties that 8 project forest farms and 1 nature reserve located in. The counties (district) of the assessment scope detailed in the following table 1.7-1:
Table 1.7-1 Environmental Assessment Scope
Classification Number Administrative county (district) Project counties taking part in
commercial plantation component, ecological forest management component and nature reserves
3 Ziyuan County, Huanjiang County, Shanglin County
Project counties taking part in commercial plantation component,
ecological forest management component
22 Yongfu County, Sanjiang County, Xingbin District, Nandan County,
Luocheng Couty, Yizhou City, Tianlin County, Longlin County, Lingyun County, Napo County,
Tiandong County, Pingguo County, Fusui County, Jiangzhou District
(in Chongzuo City), Tiandeng County, Guiping City, Zhaoping County, Cangwu County, Cenxi
County, Rongxian County, Shangsi County.
Project counties taking part in commercial plantation component
and nature reserves
1 Ningming County
Project counties taking part in commercial plantation component
20 Longsheng County, Lipu County, Wuxuan County, Bama County, Hengxian County, Babu District,
Rongxian County, Zhongshan County, Mengshan County, Bobai County, Pubei county, Gangkou
District, Fangcheng District, Xilin County, Luzhai County, Leye
County, Yongning District, Liangqing District, Xinye County,
Pingxiang County Project counties taking part in nature
reserves component 2 Longzhou County, Xing’an County
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1.7.2 Periods Covered The project will be developed in phases. The duration of project activities are:
1) Design Stage
2) Implementation Period (6 years)
3) Operation Period (6 Years)
Since the project will be developed in phases, the environmental assessment will be implemented during the first phase of project development in selected representative sites, and will cover design stage (pre-implementation), the first year of project implementation, and the following five years of project operation.
1.8 Assessment Factors The proposed project is an integrated forestry development project, comprising timber plantation development, ecological forest management, nature reserve management, training and capacity building and monitoring and evaluation, and market system development. Therefore, the environmental impacts and their interactions are complex. The assessment factors are identified using an environmental interactive matrix (Table 1-1) based on field surveys, collection of secondary data, consultation with the other study teams, the environmental sensitivities of the project areas, and lessons learned from other similar forestry development projects in Southern China, such as NAP, FRDPP, FDPA and SFDP and so on.
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Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Environmental Impact Factors of GIFDCP Environmental Parameters
Physical Environment Biological Environment Social Environment
Project Components/Activities
Wat
er h
ydro
logy
Wat
er q
ualit
y
Noi
se
Soil
eros
ion
Solid
Was
te
Am
bien
t air
Topo
grap
hy/P
hysi
ogra
phy
Flor
a an
d Fa
una
Nat
ure
rese
rves
Fres
h w
ater
fish
erie
s
Wet
land
s
Soil
Ferti
lity
Stat
us
Rar
e/en
dang
ered
spec
ies
Pest
eco
logi
cal b
alan
ce
Land
use
Res
ettle
men
t
Villa
ge T
raffi
c
Soci
al-e
cono
my
Cul
tura
l rel
ics
Min
ority
Gro
ups
Publ
ic h
ealth
Empl
oym
ent
Dow
nstre
am w
ater
use
rs
1. Establishment of Timber Plantation Conversion of sloped farmland/degraded land (“wasteland”) to plantation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1* 2 -1 1 -1* 1 1
Construction of access roads -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1* -1* -1 -1 1 1
Land Preparation -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1* -2* 1 1
Nursery Establishment/expansion -1 -1 1 1 1
Capacity building for Nursery management 1 1
Induced use of fertilizer -1 -1* -1 -1
Induced use of pesticides -1 -1 -1 -1* 1 -1
Tending/Thinning/weeding -1 -1 1 1 -1
2. Strengthening Watershed Management 2a. Multi-purpose Protection Forest Development Land Preparation -1 -1 -1 -1 -1* 1 1
Establishment of forest corridors (biodiversity enhancement) 1 1 1 1 2 1* 1
Conversion of sloped farmland/degraded land (“wasteland”) to plantation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1* 2 -1 1 1 -1 1
10
Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Environmental Impact Factors of GIFDCP Environmental Parameters
Physical Environment Biological Environment Social Environment
Project Components/Activities
Wat
er h
ydro
logy
Wat
er q
ualit
y
Noi
se
Soil
eros
ion
Solid
Was
te
Am
bien
t air
Topo
grap
hy/P
hysi
ogra
phy
Flor
a an
d Fa
una
Nat
ure
rese
rves
Fres
h w
ater
fish
erie
s
Wet
land
s
Soil
Ferti
lity
Stat
us
Rar
e/en
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Establishment of pilot plantation for carbon sequestration 1 1
Induced use of fertilizer, if used -1 1 -1* 1
Induced use of pesticides, if used -1 -1 -1 -1* -1* 1 -1 -1
2b. Closure 2 2 2 1 2 1* 1 2* 2 -1 -1 -2 2
3. Improvement of Nature Reserve Management (GEF) Capacity building/Management plan development 2 2 1* 1* 1
Co-management practices close to nature 2 2 1* 1+ 1
Scientific studies 1
Biodiversity Improvement 1 1 1 3 2 1 2* 2 1
4. Capacity Building and M&E
Nature reserve management capacity development 2 2 2* 1+
Applied forestry research programs 1 2 1 1
Monitoring and Evaluation 1
Notes 1 =Slight impact. 2 =Moderate impact. 3 =Significant impact. - =Negative impact + =Positive impact * =If present + =If minorities are directly involved.
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1.9 Assessment Categorization
The special topic assessment category and basis for classification of environment set by China General Bureau of Environment Protection is presented in accordance with the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2.1~2.3—93, HJ/T2.4~1995, HJ/T19~1997). The assessment focuses project impact on the ecological environment, water environment and social environment during implementation and operation phases. Furthermore, water quality, land use, soil erosion and forest and biodiversity degradation are identified as the main factors of this EA based on potential environmental impacts. The water quality assessment focuses on the impact of land preparation during plantation development and timber harvesting and pesticide application during operation on surface and ground water, while land use assessment focuses on the changes in land use practices through potential increase of mono culture timber plantation, afforestation and change in forest use practices.
1.10 Assessment Criteria According to the environmental function zoning of the environmental protection administrative departments in the project counties, the following standards will be adopted for this assessment. The assessment standards include quality standards and discharge standards. Only national and regional quality standards that are considered as pertinent to protection of environmental functions in the recipient environment in view of pollution inflow will be applied. If available, corresponding discharge standards for forestry sector will also be applied. If specific standards are not available, pertinent discharge standards will be applied for each special pollutant. Based on the geographical distribution and environmental features in the project areas, the following standards are identified as relevant and will be applied to the development of GIFDCP.
1.10.1 Environment Quality Standards Surface water environment quality adopts Water Quality Standard Class III of Environment
Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002), Standard Class II for partial rive segment;
Ambient Air quality in construction zone environment adopts Standard for Ambient Air Quality (GB3095-1996), Class II of the standard is adopted during construction period and first-level standard is adopted during operation period;
Sound environment quality in construction zone adopts Standards for Sound in Urban Area Environment (GB3096-93), therein to standard category 4 is adopted during construction period, standard category 1 is adopted with schools around and standard category 2 within residence area; and
Soil quality standards, Class of Environmental Quality Standard for Soil (GB 15618-1995).
1.10.2 Pollutant Discharge Standards Sewage discharge adopts first-level standard of Standard for Sewage General Discharge
(GB9878-1996);
Air pollutant emission adopts in organized emission inspection concentration limit of Standard for Air Pollutant General Emission (GB 16297-1996);
Noise pollution adopts construction noise limit values (GB12523-90); and
Standard for Safe Use of Pesticide (GB4285-89). The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2004-01 (WHO/PCS/01.4).
1.11 Assessment Focus Engineering analysis is the basis for assessment work, and is an important means that
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guarantees the project advancement and ensures the effect analysis of environmental protection establishment;
A greater impact of project implementation on natural environment occurs during implementation period. Thus environment impact during implementation period is one of the important assessment points and is an assessment focus area;
Greater impact on bio-environment also occurs during operation period that deserves to be considered as important assessment point, an assessment focus point; and
Public participation is important assessment aspect in the World Bank project, and is considered as an important aspect and an assessment focus in this EA report.
Since the proposed project is generally a natural resource (forestry) and watershed, biodiversity and nature reserve management/improvement project and does not include any major land clearing of pristine forest or high value shrub land/grasslands or long construction activities, it is classified as a Category B project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01).
The goals of this study are to ensure that the project will not have any significant impact on the physical, ecological and/or social environment of GZAR. This study focuses on the potential impact of the project on forest, soil and water resources; the health of human inhabitants, domesticated and wild animals in project areas; the biodiversity; and aims at ensuring that sustainable growth within the project areas will continue.
1.12 Assessment Procedure
The procedure for this assessment is presented in Figure 1-1.
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Fig. 1-1 Environmental Impact Assessment Process
Assignment of EA Tasks
Field investigation
Determine environmental assessment objectives
Select environment assessment factors (biological, physical, and social)
Environmental Impact Analysis Alternative analysis
Project impact assessment on social biological and physical environment
Environmental Standards
Mitigation measures
Compilation of Environmental Monitoring and Management Plans
Compilation of Final EA report
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2 Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework
2.1 Organizations and Administrative Framework
2.1.1 Organizations Framework
Fig. 2-1 Organizational Structure of Environmental Administrative Framework
The State Council
Concerned Ministries/Commissions SEPA
Management Organizations of Main River Basins EP departments of
Ministry/Commission Provincial/Regional EPB
EP Organization of Provincial Lined
Departments
Municipal EPB
EP Organs of Big & Medium
Enterprises
EP Organs of Industrial Sector of Prefecture/City Governments
EP Office of Industrial Sectors of
County EPB
Environmental Staff in Township/community
EP Office of Small Enterprise/Township
Enterprise
EP Organization of Main River Basins
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2.1.2 Administrative Framework
Fig2-2 Administrative Framework
2.2 Relevant National Policies and Strategies for Environmental Protection
2.2.1 Commercial Timber Plantation regulations, policies and Strategies Analysis
On June 5th, 2003, Decision on Speeding up Forestry Development (Decision) had been issued, which was another important policy I forestry development history after Decision on Forest Conservation and Forestry Development, standing for that Chinese forestry is experiencing the historical change from major in timber production to ecological construction; new Decision mobilized social power to develop forestry and quickened forestry ecological construction process, which was useful to realize the unification of ecological benefits, social benefits and economic benefits. According to different use of forests, new Decision divided national forest areas into two main types: public-welfare forest areas and commercial forest areas, and made different management system, operation system, policies and resource management system for them, which was an important innovation and breakthrough in Chinese forestry management system. Protect forest resources, prohibit or limit felling forest is to conserve ecology, which will aggravate the demand on timber supply. Therefore, Decision on Speeding up Paper Industry Material Base Construction had been issued in February 2001, and started up the Project of Fast-Growing & High-Yielding Plantation Base Construction in Key Regions. The project aimed to solve timber and timber goods demands in China and reduce existing pressure on forest resources and natural forests conservation.
Peoples’ Government of GZAR
Financial Bureau and Forestry Bureau of
GZAR
Financial Bureau and Forestry
Bureau at County Level
Executive Units of Project
Counties
PMO of GZAR Forestry
Bureau
Forest Farms
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GZAR government issued Decision on Realizing Forestry Spanning Development in April 2004, which promoted Forestry industrialized construction especially fast-growing & high-yielding plantation base construction in GZAR. In April 2002, GZAR government approved and issued Suggestion on Speeding up Fast-Growing & High-Yielding Plantation Development in GZAR, providing more favorable conditions for investors and attracting more social capital and power into the base construction. During the tenth five-year (2001-2005), GZAR had roundly finished fast-growing & high-yielding plantation development plan made by the Autonomous Region government, constructed the plantation timber bases included Eucalyptus, Acacia, Pine massoniana, Castanopsis hystrix, Betula alnoides Hamilt, Zenia insignis Chun and bamboo and etc. In the plan for the eleventh five-year, State Forestry Ministry brought up the development strategy of “East Expand, West Control, South Develop, North Cease”, and “South Develop” means to develop fast-growing & high-yielding plantation base in southern areas. This strategy brings a lot of opportunities for fast-growing & high-yielding plantation developing in Guangxi.
2.2.2 Regulations, Policies and Implementation of Ecological Forest Management
(1) Ecological Forest Management and Mountain Closure
China, as a country that faces serious water management and soil erosion issues, has a long history in watershed management and soil conservation. Ecological forest management is to restrain water source, control water & soil erosion and conserve biodiversity, carry out mountain closure, and bring forest regeneration into full play, gradually establish complete, comprehensive and high-efficient shelterbelt system, so as to improve environment and promote rural economic development. This management mode is Chinese successful experience in controlling water & soil erosion. Though China made great achievement in water and soil control, it still faces serious challenge in 21st century. The conflict between population, resource, environment and social economic development is still prominent. Statistically, there are about 2 million square kilometer areas suffering water & soil erosion, even if there won’t be new areas suffering erosion, it will take half a century to primarily father the erosion according to the current fathering speed. The control task is very formidable. Mountain closure is an important technical policy for ecological management and a kind of Chinese traditional forest cultivation method, and is popularly used in China. Mountain closure is to close the mountains that eco-environment is weaker, with natural stock plants and seedlings but difficult to build shelterbelt forests, to make forest regenerate again. Mountain closure can efficiently increase forest vegetation coverage, and improve the restrain capacity of water and soil and the control capacity of forest pest and disease, and promote biodiversity conservation. Mountain closure not only close mountain but also cultivate forests, which is kind of forest cultivation method that cost less with high efficient and high benefits. The 2004 National Conference on lessons learnt in natural forest regeneration has concluded that natural regeneration, called in Chinese ‘ mountain closure for fore regeneration”, should be put on an equal footing with afforestation that has been the focus of forestry development in recent years. Early in the 1950 First National Forestry Conference, the Government selected mountain closure for natural regeneration as an important way to regreen the country as well as to expand forest resources in the whole country. Natural forest regeneration became an important policy element for the country’s forestry development as well as conscious action of the mass people. Natural regeration was before that a widely used traditional practice. A new national technical regulation on natural forest regeneration defines targeting areas as degraded forests that still have a 20%- 50% vegetation coverage rate.
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(2) Ecological Forests Management and Mountain Closure in GZAR
Ecological forest management is the management and conservation on shelterbelt forests and special-use forests. From 1990, the finance devoted on shelterbelt forests management has been gradually increased. In 2001, GZAR finished forest classification management distribution that divided forestland into ecological public-welfare forests and commercial forest/forestland, among of which, ecological forest takes up 44% of forestland area while commercial forests occupies 56%. Thus, ecological forest has obtained more protection. Since 2003, there is 2.333 million hm2 ecological forest of GZAR has been listed into state key ecological forest management. Mountain closure is the efficient way for ecological forest management. GZAR had had sound achievement in mountain closure since 1980s. Mountain closure for forest regeneration is a traditional approach to forest management in GZAR. Ethnic minority communities have a tradition to close access to shrub forest and bamboo to regenerate forest for protection purposes. Some of the “holy forests” preserved by these communities to preserve water sources are naturally regenerated forests. GZAR made regreening karst mountains a key feature of its reforestation work starting from the end of 1980s. Natural regeneration is the main reforestation means in combination with additional tree planting and the development of alternative fuels to reduce firewood consumption. Information is provided at local level, “closed hill’ signs are set up and communities set up village regulations for hill closure. Forestry sections at all level of the whole Regions devoted 40.5 million yuan into mountain closure in mountainous area. In 2000, the counterpart plantation (bamboo) for water tank in mountainous area reached to23, 077 hm2. In 2001, GZAR government stated up stony desertification fathering experimental spots in 13 counties, invested 25 million yuan, finished artificial plantation 13, 467 hm2 and hill closure 281, 33 hm2. In 2002, GZAR implemented 2 stony desertification fathering experimental counties in combination with Shelterbelt Project of the Pearl River Basin and the Project of Converting Farmland into Forestland to cure stony desertification. GZAR invested 32.294 million yuan in 55 counties (city or district at county level0 for fathering stony desertification, completed artificial plantation 21, 200 hm2 and mountain closure 16,467 hm2. The experience shows that construction of bio-gas pool in rural area leading to the success of mountain closure, which can not only solve rural needs for energy but also protect forests. Fathering stony desertification can not only improve eco-environment, but also increase farmers’ income. The stony area of Pingguo County in Baise City occupies 64% of the county’s total area. While expanding the scale of mountain closure, the County developed the plantation of Zenia insignis Chun and bamboo for the breakthrough of poverty alleviation to implement ecological poverty alleviation. Now the County has developed the plantation of Zenia insignis Chun 11,200 hm2, bamboo 7,333 hm2 and mountain closure 57,333 hm2, newly built 36,000 bio-gas pools. The vegetation increase in stony areas preserves water and soil and restrains water source. 18 springs and 26 rivers had recovered floating perennially and 4, 533 hm2 plowland was improved. The large increase of forest coverage improved the wicked environment of stony areas. Now GZAR has achieved a lot in stony desertification fathering, completed mountain closure 2.016 million hm2. The shrub coverage of 1 million hm2 stony mountains is more than 30%. Forest coverage and eco-environment as well as farmers’ income has been improved.
2.2.3 nature Reserve Management Regulations Policies and Implementation Conditions
(1) Relevant Policies and Legal Frameworks on Nature Reserve and Wildlife Conservation
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In order to strengthen the protection of valuable natural resources, natural environment, and historical cultural relics as well as rare and precious wildlife and their habitats, Forest Law of the PRC (1998 revised) had stipulated that State Forestry Ministry and Province/Autonomous Region, municipality people government through the way of dividing nature reserves to strengthen protection. The Forest Law also stipulated that it is forbidden to cut or collect the precious forests outside the reserves and the forest resources of special value in forest area without the authority of Province/Autonomous Region, and municipality forestry sections. A series of policies and legal frameworks were made to strengthen the protection of nature reserves, wildlife, and forests, for instance, the Law on the Protection of Wild Animals of the PRC, the PRC’s Regulation for the terrestrial Wildlife Protection, the PRC’s Regulation for Wildlife Protection and Regulations on Forestry Administrative Punishment Procedure and etc. According to the central government’s policies and legal frameworks and combined the need for forest resources, nature reserves management and wildlife protection, the autonomous Government successively issued many local legal frameworks like Forest Administrative regulation of GZAR, GZAR’s Regulations for Management of Terrestrial Wild Animals Protection, and GZAR’s Announce on Strengthening Wild Animals Protection and Strictly Strike illegal and criminal Activities and etc. All Nature Reserves management sections in proposed project implemented counties had made many regulations and announces according to central and GZAR’s relevant policies and legal frameworks on nature reserves and wildlife management and protection as well as local real conditions. (2) Relevant Policies and Legal Frameworks on Forest Land Ownership and Forest Resources Management
On land and forests ownership, besides Forest Law of the PRC, there are some state and local legal frameworks relevant to land management: Land Management Law of the PRC, the PRC’s Law on the Contract of Land in Rural Area, the Rules for Treatment of Dispute concerning the Ownership of Forest and Forestland, the Rules for Registration of Ownership of Forest and Forestland, and the Rules for the Management of Assessment and Approval of the Occupation and Requisition of Forestland.
(3) Implementation Conditions of Legal Framework and Policies According to investigation, the relevant policies and legal framework mostly known by the villagers in and around the reserves through the long-term publicity by forestry sections-at-all-level and nature reserve management sections. Most villagers knew the wildlife roll protected by the state and knew that killing wild animas, denudating forests and felling rare and precious plants are illegal and will suffer punishment. However, for the need of living and local tradition, some villagers constantly violate the above legal framework to collect fuel-wood, medicinal herbage, graze and hunt in nature reserves.
2.3 WB Requirements According to the WB requirements, the EIA report for GIFDCP should satisfy the following Bank policies:
1) Operational Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment
2) Operational Policy 4.04 Natural Habitats
3) Operational Policy 4.09 Pest Management
4) Operational Policy 4.10 Indigenous People
5) Operational Policy 4.11 Cultural Property
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6) Operational Policy 4.36 Forestry
7) WB Procedures 17.50 Information Disclosure
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3 Project Description 3.1 The Main Goals of the Project The main goals of GIFDCP are:
To promote the sustainable development of GZAR’s forestry through the establishment of commercial plantation, which will increase the timber product and solve the problem of timber demand and supply. It will promote the forestry industry development;
To increase the economic income of the households in mountain area and improve their life standard;
To conserve the biodiversity with the globe significance in the karst area of Guangxi and to strengthen ecosystem protection in the middle and upper reaches of Pearl River through watershed management, timber plantation establishment, and forest closure for natural regeneration;
To demonstrate improved watershed management for environmental protection in Pearl River watershed area;
To carry out the technical training and extension, setting up the monitoring and evaluation system so as to improve the comprehensive capacity of forestry sector.
3.2 Project Objective The main objectives of GIFDCP will be achieved by supporting:
(1). Adapting of advanced technologies in integrated forest management, it is planned to produce some 23,284,000 cubic meters of high quality timber and 2,490,000 tons of bamboo to reduce pressure on natural forest, assist in protecting natural forest resources and to improve income levels of local inhabitants and minority groups in mountainous areas;
(2). Implementation of “Mountain closure for natural regeneration” at the area where soil erosion is quite serious to enlarge and protect the ecological forest as well as to improve the forest quality and to consummate the Pearl River Protection System. The project will also set up a demonstration model of ecological forest management. Furthermore, a pilot trial of bio carbon sequestration will be set up, this trial will be used for reaching the bio carbon sequestration methodology and technology, it will benifit the local communities and households as well;
(3). Introduction of a market-oriented mechanism (such as shareholding arrangement) into operation and management of timber plantation entities through the different cooperation with local communities and households.;
(4). Institutional capacity building and training of local households, workers and staff of forest farms, nature reserves, wood processingt industry/enterprises to improve their technical skills and management capabilities. This should improve local economy and assist in alleviation of poverty in the project areas with added benefit of increased tax revenue base due to increase in household’s income;
(5). Enforcement of management of nature reserves and implementation of biodiversity conservation practices. Participation of local communities in these activities will be encouraged through awareness raising and capacity building activities.
3.3 Project Components In order to reach project objectives, four main project components are identified as following:
Establishment of Timber Plantations;
Establishment of Ecological Forest Management;
Biodiversity Conservation
Carbon Sequestration and Trade pilot
3.3.1 Establishment of Timber Plantations
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(1) Establishment of timber plantation for commercial purposes:
Timber plantation of some 189,400 ha will be established at the area where the site is suitable for plantation. Among which, superior indigenous species is 100,750 ha, accounting for 53.2% and exotic species (that has been introduced into Guangxi for many years) such eucalyptus and acacia is 88,650 ha, accounting for 46.8%. In the mean time, different project operation models such as households independent management, households group cooperation management as well as the cooperation between households and forest farms will be developed.
(2) Development of Superior Planting Material:
The four existed breeding bases will be enlarged and fine germplasm resources will be included. Tissue culture factories and seedling cultivation factories will be established and available facilities for tissue culture, seedlings and spraying- irrigation will be improved. The proposed scale of facility expansion is:
Dongmen Base: 8.0 ha;
Bobai Base: 10.0 ha;
Gaofeng Base: 6.0 ha; and
Huangmian Base: 8.0 ha
(3) Improvement of institutional capacities at different levesl:
The institutional capacity will be strengthened to increase their capabilities in formulation and execution of strategic plans for sustainable development of forest industry. These institutions are expected to play a major role in training personnel, promoting new technologies, and setting up simple and feasible monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems to check the implementation process and examine the extent of project goals realization. Environmental and social impacts evaluation of the project will also be implemented under the auspices of these institutions.
In addition, the manpower and material resources of management agencies will be enhanced. The office equipment and necessary audio-video education facilities will be purchased. Forest farmers, owners of enterprises, and management staff will be trained on afforestation and silviculture technology, as well as operation management, information and file management, project quality monitoring and integrated forest pests and disease management, control and prevention principles.
3.3.2 Establishment of Ecological Forest Management
(1) Establishment of multi-function, forest shelterbelts:
In cooperation with the ecological development program in the Pearl River Basin, some small watersheds at key ecological location with fragile ecology and severe soil and water erosion will be chosen for carrying out the research on ecological management models. The forest shelterbelt development pattern with the best ecological protection functions and economic benefits will be explored to guide and promote the overall development of forest shelterbelt system along the Pearl River Basin. Approximately, 18,000 ha of mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest, mixed broadleaf and bamboo forest of oak (Quercus griffithii), Zenia insignis, Toona sinensis, Dendrocalamus minor, and mixed ecological and economic forest of star anise tree (Illicium verum), Chinese cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), etc will be established. 4,000 ha of the multiple function forest is for the pilot trial of bio carbon sequestration which locates at Cangwu county and Huanjiang county.
(2) Mountain closure for natural vegetation regeneration:
Mountain closure measure in low quality brush land, open/denuded forest land, and bush land on rocky hills along both banks of the main streams of Pearl River will be strictly enforced. This activity should assist other activities such as bio gas construction that are undertaken to protect and improve the ecological environment of Pearl River Basin with limited investment. The scale of mountain closure areas for natural forest regeneration is about 100,000 ha.
This activity will link with the biodiversity conservation at the karst area, it will promote the
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recovery of forest resource and reduce the pressure on nature reserves, it will also help the local communities and households to solve the energy problems.
3.3.3 Biodiversity Conservation
(1) Program and plans of the nature reserves
This includes the development plan of the nature reserves, preparation of ecological baseline map, improvement the management level, facilities supply, basic infrastructure, as well as some scientific research.
(2) Baseline investigation of biodiversity
This part consists of further investigation of Mulun Reserve and a study of karst cave ecological system in another reserve, It will also carry out the biodiversity evaluation of Guangxi/Vietnum broad and consummate the existing boundary of the reserve. This component will also support the fast biodiversity evaluation at the selected site under the ecological forest protection area.
(3) Community Participation and Joint management
Develop land management plans for the nature reserve areas and arrange models for joint management of nature reserves with local communities. This will include the training for the Community Affairs Section of each reserve, the training for all the staff of reserves and the communities. The training will increase local awareness and knowledge of biodiversity issues. At the same time, the training for the community leaders and households will be held to assist local beneficiaries to identify revenue sources to alleviate potential threat and pressure on the nature reserves. Local communities will also be assisted in developing alternative energy projects such as utilizing biogas, using firewood-saving ovens, etc.
(4) Institutional Capacity Building
Training programs will be developed and presented to improve knowledge base of project staffs at different levels (including administrative staff, patrolling staff, etc.) for enhancing their abilities to perform their management duties in nature reserves. A systematic training net should be set up. The capacity building will be mainly concentrate on the provincial bio diversity conservation sections.
(5) Project management , monitoring and evaluation
This includes the capacity evaluation and result evaluation of nature reserves, setting up the biodiversity information system and preparing evaluation and reporting system.
3.3.4 Carbon Sequestration and Trade pilot
A total of some 4,000 ha of pilot trial plantation will be established. 2,000 ha for each of two counties, Cangwu and Huanjiang.
3.4 Project Distribution 3.4.1 The plan and selection criterion of project area
(1). The selection criterion of commercial plantation
There are mainly 3 conditions:
The counties or forest farms selected for project must own a relatively large land area where suits for commercial plantation establishment with superior natural conditions. The distribution of the project area is consistent with the forestry development strategies.
Based on the market study, the land selected for project must be close to the wood processing industries. The distance from plantation to factories is short and the cost is low so as to increase the economic profit.
The transportation is convenient with plenty of labor force, the labor has some experience of planting trees.
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(2). The selection criterion of ecological forest management
The area has significance of ecological functions, the ecological environment is fragility and rocky desertification.
It links with biodervisity conservation, mainly located at the surrounding area of nature reserves.
(3). The selection criterion of bio carbon pilot trial
With a big and continuous waste land, where has been waste land since Dec. 1989. The site is relatively poor and has no economic attraction for people to use. It is not being planned to be used for other purpose either.
The land owner would like to provide the land for bio carbon trial and there are some capable enterprises that would like to cooperate with households for the project.
(4). The selection criterion of nature reserve
Area The area of nature reserve is not smaller than 10,000 ha, but one site can cover several nature reserves and being treated as a whole site. It is feasible to establish bio corridor and effective for the management.
Biodiversity Every nature reserve selected has the feature of globe biodiversity significance. It has unique species or it can form a peculiarity ecological syetem.
Management The nature reserve has already a management structure with the permanent staff and budget from the government.
In addition to all the above conditions, the counties or farms participating to the project must promise to bear the counter part fund and has the capacity to repay the loan (not including nature reserves) and has the capacity to organize the implementation of the project.
3.4.2 The site selection
(1) Commercial plantation site
The land selected for commercial plantation must be the first grade or second grade site or with the site index equal to or higher than 14. The soil fertile must be better than the average with the soil depth of 70 cm, and 1 % of organic matter. The lands mainly waste land, low yielding forest land or sparse forest land. The total commercial plantation area is 189,400 ha. The investigation data shows that 99,885 ha is waste land, accounting for 52.7%, 70,645 ha is low yielding forest land, accounting for 37.3% and rest is sparse forest land, some 10.0%.
(2) Ecological forest management
The site for ecological forest management is mainly the waste land, sparse forest land and low yielding forest land in public welfare forest zone. The site is poor and it is difficult to naturally recover with trees. So that improved seed and vigorous seedlings have to be used and some other measures that can promote the tree growth must be taken.
3.5 Technical design of commercial plantation and ecological forest management 3.5.1 The choose of planting species Based on the economic analysis and the results of social assessment and environment assessment, the factors of economic profit, technical skills, management experience, market risk and the willingness of households have been considered. Totally 11 species were chosen for the commercial plantation, theses species are mason pine, Chinese fir, oak, xinan birch, Liquiddambar formosana, eucalyptus, acacia, mao bamboo, hybrid banmboo, Smocalamus latiflorus, Dendrocalamus minor. Among which 9 are indigenous species. Oak, xinan birch and Liquiddambar formosana are new species extensively planted in Guangxi in recent year, which can grow very fast. The species chosen for the project have include the long term harvest and short term rotation species, it also combine the indigenous and exotic species, timber species and bamboo species. The species chosen for ecological forest management has considered more factors, theses species will not only have soil erosion prevention function, water conservation function, but also economic
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benefits. 14 species were chosen, they are oak, Schima superba, Liquiddambar formosana, Zenta insignis chun,Toona sinensis, mason pine, Chinese fir, Cyptomeria fortunei, aniseed star, Magnolia afficinalis, hybrid bamboo and Dendrocalamcpsis beecheyamus. These species will be mainly planted as mixed forest.
3.5.2 Planting method
(1) Site cleaning
Fir cleaning is total forbidden. Machine or manual cleaning will cut the bush in strip along the contour. The bush and vegetation will be put into ridge and let it rot naturally. Some area such as steep slope, ridge, valley of the hill and the banks of river, the vegetation should be kept. In some other area with little vegetation, site cleaning is not necessary. The site preparation can be done directly.
(2) Site preparation
The main method of site preparation is to dig holes. In general, the size of the hole is 50 x 40 x 30 cm (surface width, depth and bottom width). For the bamboo, the size can be big. In the coast area or the flat area in middle of Guangxi, the slope is less than 15º, the over plough site preparation by machine can be adopted. But if the slope is longer than 200 meters, 3 meters vegetation protection tripe should be reserved for every 100 meters length over plough. If the slope is in between 15º - 25º, only stripe site preparation along the contour or hole digging site preparation is allowed. If the slope is in between 25º- 25º, only the hole digging site preparation along the contour is allowed.and the hole is different line should be stagger. For the site preparation of ecological forest, the hole digging should be always stagger. The size of hole should be smaller than the commcercial plantation, it should be about 40 x 40 30 cm in order to reduce the size of surface soil disturbed and reduce the soil erosion and protect the natural vegetation. If the margin of planting site is close to agriculture land, 10 meters width of vegetation protection should be reserved.
(3) Planting
The bare root seedling planting, the best season is in early spring, after rain or the sky is cloudy. For the container seedling planting there is no seasonal problem as far as some rain is available, planting can be done all the time of the year. However, earlier is better than later, especially for eucalyptus. When the seedling is planted, be careful not damaging the root. It is better to put the seedlings into muddy before planting and to use some chemistry which can promote the rooting develop.
(4) Species allocation
When we considered the project distribution, we have already thought the reservation of the wildlife corridor, river protection, the use of indigenous species and protection and recovery of natural vegetation. For the planting design, we will be also careful of the allocation of site conditions and planting species. The mixed planting of different species will be encouraged. The allocation of planting should have the different species, different provenances, different gene mixture, different age and different rotation combination. An area of a single species should be not bigger than 35 ha. It is better to mosaic with the natural forest or batural vegetation to avoid the pure species plantation. As for eucalyptus, there must be more clones planted in one area, A single clone planting area must be controlled, not bigger than 35 ha in one piece of continuous land. For each of a project implementation unit, the number of clone for plantation must be more than 10. Mixture planting is more important for ecological forest establishment, it will be the dominant method. In this case, the function of forest ecological system can be improved.
(5) Tending
Tending is mainly for timber plantation and economic crop. It includes weed control, soil loosening, pruning branches, fertilizer application. Weed control should be done before planting if necessary. The residual of tending should be kept in the field as the overlay to protect young
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trees. Fertilization regime: timber plantation will be fertilized two to three years, once or twice a year; economic crop and bamboo will be fertilized every year. The principle is to reduce the use of chemic fertilizer and encourage to use manure and green manure. The method of chemic fertilizer application must follow the guidelines of planting model, the amount of fertilizer used should be based on the soil conditions. The fertilizer should be put in the upside of the tree so as to prevent the loss of the nutrition. Ecological forest will be tending one or two year and once or twice a year. Tending should be done in strip or in blocks. Over-cultivate tending or cut all the bush and grass are forbidden. The vegetation should be regenerated naturally on the premise of young tree growing vigorously.
3.6 Project Investment In accordance with the project content, scale and investment criteria, the total project investment is estimated to be about 1,574,253,400 yuan RMB, among which, 809,000,000 yuan, equal to US$100,000,000, is the Bank loan, accounting for 51.39%; GEF grant is 42,137,700 yuan, equal to US$ 5,208,600, accounting for 2.68%; the counter part fund is 723,115,700 yuan RBM, accounting for 45.93%
3.7 Target of the project success The main targets are:
3.7.1 Economic target
The project will provide 23,790,000 m3 high quality industrial timber, 3,480,000 tones of bamboo timber. The selling income will be 1,570,000,000 yuan RMB, and 590,000,000 yuan RMB profit will be achieved.
3.7.2 Benefit of the households
During the project operation period, more than 10,000,000 worker/day will be created every year, This will provide 450,000,000 yuan RMB income for the households involved in the project and help them to get rid of poverty and become rich.
3.7.3 Technical training
The technical training will cover all the levels, the trainees of forest worker/staff will be reach 56,000 person/day, and the trainees of households will be more than 200,000 person/day. The training will improve their technical skills and cultural quality.
3.7.4 Environment quality
Through the project, 180,000 ha of new forest area will be increased, the forest cover rate will be 1.85% higher than before. 100,000 ha of ecological forest will be effectively protected, the ecological environment of upper and mid reaches of Pearl River will be improved significantly. The water of main streams of the project area will be not changed, the surface water quality can reach the II and III type standard of “Quality Standard of Surface Water” (GB3838-2002).
3.7.5 Biodiversity conservation
The area of nature reserves is not reduced. 90% of the national key protected wildlife and 90% of typical ecological system are preserved effectively. 60% of the karst caves and other biodiversity are protected effectively and 60% of the national key species is comeback and increase.
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4 Description of Existing Environment 4.1 Ecological Environment 4.1.1 Major Geographic Regions in GZAR
GZAR is located in Southwestern part of the PRC, within 20°54′ N and 26°23′ N and 104°28′ E and 112°04′ E with Tropic of Cancer running through the middle. GZAR is considered as one of 12 western provinces (regions) of PRC. GZAR is surrounded by Guizhou and Hunan provinces to the north and northeast, Yunnan to the west, Guangdong to the east, and Northern Bay and Vietnam to the south and southwest. The maximum distance from east to west is 760 km, and from south to north is 670 km. Total area of GZAR is 236,700 km2, accounting for 2.46% of total area of China. From south to north there are three prominent bioclimatic zones in GZAR; North Tropical Zone, South Subtropical Zone and Mid-subtropical Zone. GZAR enjoys 1,595 km of continental coastline and many islands (651 islands with an area of more than 500m2
during high tide). GZAR is the only minority autonomous region in China that borders open waters. GZAR is situated southeast of Yunnan & Guizhou Plateau with general northwest to southeast topographic gradient and is surrounded by mountains and hills. Majority of GZAR is categorized as mountainous with few areas of flat land. Mountains higher than 250m in altitude take up about 63.9%, of GZAR and hills of lower than 250m take up another 10.9%, mesa and plain account for 22.4%, and rivers and lakes account for 2.8%. Attached Map 1 shows the project areas for GIFDCP.
4.1.2 Major Natural Vegetation Zones in GZAR
According to the book Chinese Vegetation (Wu Zhengyi, 1980), there are three major vegetation zones in GZAR: mid-Asian tropical evergreen broad-leaf forest zone, southern Asia tropical evergreen broad-leaf forest zone, and northern tropical monsoon rainforest zone.
GZAR has very diverse plant communities. There are 8,354 known wild vascular plant species (including subspecies, varieties and forms) in GZAR, belonging to 288 families and 1,717 genus that account for 79.2, 50.6 and 28.5 percent of wild vascular plant families, genus, and species, respectively in the whole country. GZAR is ranked third in plant biodiversity in China next to Yunnan (14000 species), and Sichuan, including Chongqing (9254 species). There are 3,600 medical plants, 1,000 timber plants, 320 lipid plants, 460 fibre plants, 350 aromatic plants, 180 tannin extract plants, 800 plants that are used as health drinks, 1,200 forage plants and 1,400 ornamental plants. All these plants are found mainly in forest areas.
GZAR is rich in types of natural vegetation. There are five groups of known natural vegetation types, namely coniferous forest, broad-leaf forest, bamboo forest, shrubbery forest and grasslands (Su Zhongming, 1998; Wen Yuanguang et al. 2004).
4.1.3 Tree Plantation in GZAR
GZAR is a major timber producing region in the PRC. Current plantation area amount to 449.6×104 ha, accounting for 45.8% of the total forest area in GZAR, among which there are 228.9×104 ha of artificial forest, 201.3×104 ha of cash forest, 19.7×104 ha of bamboo plantation. Within the artificial forest, there are 222.9×104 ha of plantation for timber, among which there are 73.4×104 ha of fast-growing and high yield pine, accounting for 32.9%, there are 104.1×104 ha of fast-growing and high yield Chinese fir, accounting for 46.7%, there are 40×104 ha of Eucalyptus plantation, accounting for 17.9%, there are 3×104 ha of Acacia plantation, accounting for 1.4%, and 2.4×104 ha of other broad-leaf plantation, accounting for 1.1%.
4.1.4 GZAR Nature Reserves
GZAR is one of the pioneer provinces in China to set up nature reserves. GZAR approved the first nature reserve in 1961 – Huaping Nature Reserves. The year 2003 data indicate that as many as 65 nature reserves of different types and different levels are established in GZAR, and 31 other nature reserves are still under planning or construction. The total area of nature
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reserves is 1.6464 million ha, accounting for 6.9% of total area of GZAR. Among them eight are designated as state-level nature reserves with an area of 151,000 ha, 24 nature reserves of autonomous-region level with an area of 679,000 ha, and 30 are at prefecture and county level with an area of 800,000 ha (see Fig. 2). There are 29 nature reserves within project areas.
According to the grading standards of types of nature reserves used by the PRC, 42 nature reserves are designated as forest eco-system type with total area of 1.4376 million ha (87.32%) of total nature reserves in GZAR; 11 are designated as wildlife type with an area of 159,800 ha (9.71%); two are designated as wild plant type with an area of 37900 ha (2.3%); two are designated as ocean and coastal eco-system type with an area of 11,000 ha (0.67%); five are designated as geological relic type with an area of 62.04 ha2 (0.004%). Attached Map 2 shows distribution of nature reserves in GZAR.
In addition, according to the year 2003 data, there are 30 forest gardens above autonomous region level (1,870 km2) in GZAR, 33 scenery spot districts (7,554 km2).
4.1.5 GZAR Wildlife Protection
There are 297 species of wild animal under state and autonomous-region level protection, among which 26 species are classified as the First-grade State Protection Species, 124 species are classified as the Second-grade State Project Species, and 147 species are under autonomous-region level protection.
GZAR is enriched with wild plants. There are 165 species under state priority protection, among which 21 species are classified as the First-grade State Protection Species and 47 species as the Second-grade Protection Species.
4.2 Physical Environment 4.2.1 Physiography
The dominant topographic feature of GZAR is large areas of tall mountains with smaller areas of hills, mesas, plains and valleys, basins, and arc-shaped ridges sandwiched between high mountain regions. According to landform classification system, GZAR can be divided into basin marginal mountains, arch mountains within basins, hills inside and outside arch mountains, mesa, plains, small basins, and valleys.
4.2.2 Climate
GZAR, bordering Tropical Ocean to the south, has a sub-tropical monsoon climatic regime with sufficient rainfall. Rainy season and hot season in GZAR almost occur at the same time, providing favorable combination of water and heat unit availability for plant growth.
Sunshine Radiation: Since tropic of cancer goes through the middle part of GZAR, high sun angle leads to high sunshine radiation with total radiation quantity (including direct radiation and scattered radiation) between 4,080 to 5,130 MJ/m2·a. The difference between southern and northern parts of GZAR is about 1,050MJ/m2·a. GZAR enjoys long sunlight hours with yearly sunlight varying between 1,200 to 2,000 hours, with coastal regions of southeast and south enjoying 1,600 to 2,000 hours, and mountain areas to the north having between 1,200 to 1,600 hours.
Climate and cumulative temperature: Mean annual temperature in GZAR varies between 16.5 and 22.5 oC, mainly falling in the thermic moisture regime. Cumulative active temperature during days with mean daily temperature of ≥10 oC ranges from 5000 to 8000 oC, lasting from 270 to 330 days. Frost-free period lasts some 280 to 360 days a year. Some areas of GZAR in southern district never experience frost. The climatic differences between south and north are quite significant. In southern areas, yearly mean temperature is 21.5 to 22.5
oC, cumulative temperature with daily temperature of ≥10 oC ranges from 7,300 to 8,100 oC. In the middle areas, yearly mean temperature is between 20.0 and 21.5 oC, cumulative temperature with daily temperature of ≥10oC ranges from 6,500 to 7,200 oC, while in the north, yearly mean temperature is 16.5 to 20.0 oC, and cumulative temperature with daily temperature of ≥10 oC
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ranges from 5,000 to 6,400 oC.
Precipitation: GZAR enjoys abundant rainfall with yearly mean rainfall of 1,500mm, almost two and half times the national mean rainfall of 630mm. Dongxing City, enjoys 2755mm, the highest annual rainfall, and Xilin County receive the lowest annual rainfall of 1,080mm. However, precipitation is not evenly distributed throughout the year and there are occasional periods of drought. In the light of spatial rainfall distribution, it rains more in the north, south and east, but much less in the middle and western parts of GZAR. Seasonal rainfall distribution also varies and it rains more in summer than in winter, with almost 60 to 80% of total rainfall occurring in summer months (May to Sep.), while only 20 to 40% of rainfall happening in winter months (Oct. to April). Rainy season and hot season happens at almost the same time. Hydrothermic coefficient in GZAR is around 2.0. GZAR belongs to humid and semi-humid climate.
4.2.3 Soils
GZAR spans over large areas from south to north. Soil distribution displays pattern of latitude zonality and vertical variation due to climatic change. Non-zonal soil (recessive soils) is also developed in some areas.
Latitudinal zonal Soil distribution: From north to south, there is a general pattern of horizontal change of soils in GZAR from Red soils to Crimson soils and to Latosolic red soil. However, these three major soils are not separated by a distinctive geomorphology and the change is gradational. Soil variation is believed to be mainly influenced by geology, undulating landform and river incision, developing a strip pattern of soil on the landscape. Generally speaking, Red soils are dominant in the northern areas of tropic of cancer, Crimson soils are in the southern area and Latosolic red soil are only distributed in coastal area.
Vertical variation: Vertical distribution of soil in GZAR follows the following pattern. Usually in north and northeast of mid-Asian tropic area of GZAR, the vertical distribution is: Red mountain soil, Yellow mountain soil, Yellowish mountainous soil, and Coppice meadow soil. In south-Asian tropic mountainous the vertical distribution is: Crimson mountainous soil, Red mountainous soil, Yellow mountainous meadow soil. No mountainous meadow soil appears in low altitude.
4.2.4 Hydrology
GZAR is one of the richer regions with abundant surface and ground water resources across the nation due to high annual rainfall and humid climatic condition.
Surface Water Runoff and river flow in GZAR is mainly fed by rainfall. Runoff flow variation has a direct correlation with rainfall distribution. The depth of annual mean runoff is about 794mm. Annual runoff totals 1880×108m3, accounting for 7.2% of the national total annual runoff, and ranking fourth in the nations with regard to abundance of surface runoff.
GZAR is covered by a dense and complex river network system and large annual runoff. According to the available records, there are 937 rivers with catchment area more than 50km2 each, with total length of 43,000 km. There are 69 rivers with drainage area more than 1,000 km2 each. Density of river network is estimated at 0.18 km per km2. Rivers in GZAR are generally young and are mainly mountainous in type, with small floodplains. Therefore, rivers are winding with many canyons, waterfalls, rapids, and many dangerous shoals. Generally, rivers flow from west to east and southeast, changing direction due to dominant landform within their flow boundaries.
Ground Water GZAR not only enjoys abundant surface water and significant surface runoff, but she also enjoys abundance of ground water resources. The perennial volume of mean ground water resource in GZAR is estimated at 39.17 billion m3. There are two sources of groundwater resources in GZAR: karst topography ground water and the non-karst ground water.
4.2.5 Ambient air
The overall environmental quality of GZAR was considered favorable in 2003. Nine cities out
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of 12, where air quality was monitored reached Level Two of GB3095-1996 Environment Air Quality Standard, and two cities (Liuzhou and Laibing) reached Level Three. One city, Hechi, did not reach Level Three and was considered to have relatively poor ambient air quality.
Most project areas are located in rural districts with no or very little industrial pollution sources and enjoy good air quality, and should easily achieve Level Two or better according to Environment Air Quality Standard.
4.2.6 Surface water quality
There are a lot of rivers in GZAR among which, 25 rivers are routinely monitored for water quality status. Mean value of surface water quality that reaches or exceeds water quality of Level Three in Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) was reported. In average, 91.8% of studied rivers during low flow period measurements, 88.5% for measurements during high water period, measurement, and 95% during average flow period measurement reached or exceed level three requirements. Factors exceeding the standards in low water period are mainly dissolved oxygen and oils, while during high water period they are mainly manganese salt index and dissolved oxygen. Water quality of main rivers in GZAR is provided in Table 4.2-1 while water quality data for the main rivers in project areas are presented in Table 4.2-2.
Table 4.2-1 Water Quality of Main Rivers within Project Areas
Water Quality Category Watershed
Name River Name/Project Area Low Water High Water Level
Xijiang Hongshui River/Laibing III III III
Xijiang Xunjiang River/Guiping, Pingnan, Cangwu II II II
Xijiang Beiliu River/Rong County, Qinxi III III III
Xijiang Rong River/ Rong’an I I II
Xijiang Zuojiang River/ Longzhou, Pingxiang, Ningming, Fusui II II II
Xijiang Youjiang River/ Tianlin, Pingguo, Long’an III II II
Xijiang Yujiang River/ Heng County III III III
Xijiang Yongjiang River/ Yongning II V III
Xijiang Hejiang River/ Hezhou City III II II
Xijiang Guijiang River/ Zhaoping II II II
Xijiang Zijiang River/ Ziyuan II I II
Xijiang Nanliu River/ Luchuan, Bobai III III II
Xijiang Mingjiang River/ Ningming II II III
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Table 4.2-2 Assessment of Water Quality of Main River (Pearl R. tributaries) within Project Areas
Pollutant Watershed/Project
PH DO Permanganate Salt Index BOD NH3-N Water
Quality
Xunjiang River/ Pingnan 7.9 6.5 3.2 2.0 0.2 III
Da Huanjiang River/ Huanjiang 8.1 1.5 1.0 0.2 III
He River/ Babu District 7.8 8.7 2.4 1.0 0.2 III
Leli River/ Tianlin 8.4 7.6 2.4 2.0 0.2 III
Hongshui River/ Laibin 7.8 9.0 2.0 0.72 III
Yichang River/ Qinxi 7.2 8.3 2.4 2.0 0.2 III
4.3 Social Development 4.3.1 Population
According to the last enumeration in late 2003, total population of GZAR is 48.57 million, among whom 39.46 million (81.2%) are involved in agricultural activities, and 8.84 million (18.8%) are working in cities and towns. Population density is estimated at 205 people per km2. Natural growth rate of population is estimated at 0.7% and population increase appears to be under control, being classified as low birth rate. Total population of project areas is estimated at 23.32 million, among whom 11.08 millions are female; 2.96 millions are involved in non-agricultural activities and 20.35 million are involved in agricultural activities.
4.3.2 Cultural Background
GZAR is a minority autonomous region assembling by multiple minorities with Zhuang as the main body. She is blessed with cultural heritage of many nationalities with 12 nationalities forming the majority, namely Han, Zhuang, Yao, Miao, Dong, Mulao, Maonan, Hui, Jing, Yi, Shui and Yilao. In addition to the above who make the majority of population, there are also other nationalities, such as Man, Mangol, Bai, Zang, Li, and many others scattered throughout the region. Minority groups make up 17.9 million (38.0%) of total population in GZAR, among whom 15.38 million (32.6%) are Zhuang, Except for Zhuang minority that are scattered all over the region, most other minorities live in mountainous areas to the west, southwest, northwest and northeast of GZAR. GIFDCP covers 48 counties (cities), among which 6 are minority autonomous counties, namely Longsheng Ge, Sanjiang Dong, Huanjiang Maonan, Luocheng Mulao, Bama Yao, and Longlin Ge Autonomous Counties.
4.3.3 Public health
Medical facilities and sanitary conditions are improving in GZAR. By the end of 2003, 7,766 medical treatment facilities at different levels were established with 83,100 beds, and 121,700 medical technicians. Residence in rural districts and in cities enjoy fundamental guarantee for availability of health and medical treatment.
4.3.4 Road infrastructure
GZAR enjoys convenient traffic conditions. There are five civilian airports with 109 national and international airlines. There are also five important coastal and freshwater ports with capacity of 47,900,000t; 20 berths with more than 10,000t capacity. Transfixion railways directly lead to coastal ports. Roads transport is available to Hanoi, Vietnam. Total road length in GZAR is about 51,000 km, among which 3,400 km is in the form of highways. All project counties and towns are accessible by road.
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4.4 Economic Development In recent years, due to better economic growth in China, general standard of living is significantly improving. Achievements are evident in most social issues such as education, health, infrastructure, culture and sanitation. According to government surveys, gross annual income per capita for city and town dwellers has increased from 683 RMB in 1985 to 7,785 RMB in 2003. The net income per capita of farmers has increased from 303 RMB to 2,095 RMB in the same time span. Poverty levels have been reduced in rural areas through efficient use of poverty alleviation funds and projects. Number of absolute poor population in rural areas has decreased to 1.69 million (poverty rate of 4%). Number of scientist and technical personnel in institutions of GZAR has reached to 770,100 by the end of 2003 and their quality of life is steadily improving. Education infrastructure is also improving. There are now 29 common colleges and universities, 126 trade schools, 99 technical schools, 3,012 common junior schools, and 16,155 elementary schools in GZAR. Basic education, vocational education, adult education, and higher education have enjoyed significant progress in recent years.
GDP of GZAR in 2003 reached 273.51 billion RMB, 6.1 times higher than GDP in 1990. The main contributors to GDP are primary industry, supplying 65.23 billion RMB (3.7 times increase); secondary industry supplying 100.80 billion RMB (8.5 times increase); and service sector supplying 107.49 billion RMB (6.9 times increase). GDP structure has changed from “primary industry, service sector, secondary industry” in 1990 to “service sector, secondary industry, primary industry” structure, indicating that GZAR’s economy has changed from traditional agriculturally-centered economy to more industry based economy format.
In 2003 gross production value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery in GZAR reached 103.09 billion RMB, 4.1 times higher than that of 1990. The main contributors were foodstuff production supplying 14.85 million tons (684.8 thousand tons less than that of 1990), and fruit production supplying 4.62 million tons (1.96 million tons more than that of 1990).
Since the end of 1990s, the momentum had shifted toward development of major industries, with emphasis being on foodstuff, electricity, non-ferrous metal, construction material, machinery, textiles, electronics and chemicals as the main industries. In 2003, gross production value of industrial sector in GZAR reached 235.425 billion RMB (6.7 times higher than that of 1990). Fixed capital investment scale has been steadily increasing. Since the 8th Five-year Plan, GZAR has seized the opportunity that was offered by the Central Government to build the seaway channel in southwest China and advocating enlarging of domestic consumption by stepping up the infrastructure construction. GZAR has used all available means to try to expand investment in the region. These efforts have led to significant increase in amount of fixed capital investment increase in the region. Infrastructure construction activities such as railway network with Liuzhou as the center hub running through every main city in GZAR and main cities in Southern China, Eastern China, South-center China and Southwest China are significantly facilitate the transport of goods to other markets. In addition, the road network is now extending in all directions with Guilin-Beihai as the trunk road significantly assisting movement of economic goods. The total length of railway line is 3,109km, and length of roads is 5,8451km. Water transport and port handling have also been improving as Fangcheng Harbor, Qinzhou Harbor and Beihai Harbor have been named as major harbors in Southern China with port handling capacity reaching 440.9 billion tons of cargo.
4.5 Land Tenure and Ownership According to the sixth callback result of GZAR forestry resource census, total land area in GZAR is 23.76 million ha, among which, 13.6622 million ha is forestry land (57.5%); non-forestry land covers 10.0978 million ha (42.5%). Within the forestry land, area with forest is 9.82 million ha (71.8%); area with sparse forest is 91,300 ha (0.67%); shrubbery land area is 1.64 million ha (11.99%); area with unformed forest is 153,800 ha (1.13%); area without forest is 1.96 million ha (14.34%). Area of project counties is 12.25 million ha, accounting for 51.55% of the GZAR total land area.
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Among the 12.25 million ha, forestry area is 7.42 million ha (60.59%); non-forestry area is 4.83 million ha (39.41%). Among the 7.42 million ha, area with forest is 5.64 million ha (75.93%); area with sparse forest is 34,800 ha (0.47%); shrubbery land area is 1.36 million ha (18.34%); area with unformed forest is 78,300 ha (1.05%); area without forest is 311,800 ha (4.20%); nursery area is 400 ha (0.01%).
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5 Public Participation 5.1 Consultation Methods and Subjects 5.1.1 Public participation objectives
GZAR is a minority region mainly surrounded by mountains. The region is enriched with bio-diversity but is hindered by relatively poorly developed economy. Implementation of GIFDCP is believed to have direct and indirect impacts on living and social condition of local inhabitants and down stream water user communities along the Pearl River. The project has received the interest and attention of many people in project areas at all levels, from farmers within project areas to government and non-government organizations involved in rural development in GZAR. The implementation of the project has generally received the support of provincial and county level governments. A project leading group with Director General of GZAR Forest Department as group leader has been set up that is actively and efficiently participating in project preparation and is providing constructive suggestions and support for implementation of the project.
Public participation is planned to enable the affected individuals and communities to fully express their ideas during project preparation period. Its findings should be used by the project proponent to make appropriate changes to the project design so that ideas and aspiration of project affected people will be included in the final design of the project. The comments and knowledge of the public participants are used in developing the proposed environmental decision-making process and has had a major impact in improving the quality of this EIA report. Generally, project beneficiaries have a better understanding of their environment than outsiders, and listening and using their candid remarks with regard to social and environmental conditions should guarantee a more transparent, reliable, and responsive environmental and social assessment and provide a great help in developing a responsive decision making process.
5.1.2 Consultation Method
According to the World Bank requirements and the Environment Impact Assessment Laws of the PRC, the public within areas of potential impact was consulted to better understand and reflect their ideas with regard to the proposed project. Different consultation and information disclosure methods were used including posting of project information sheets in project areas, publishing in local newspapers, organizing meetings with people who might directly or indirectly be affected, by the project, village interviews, holding symposia, preparing public participation questionnaires and consultation with government and non-government organizations and individuals. Five symposia were arranged (two were with government experts). In addition, rural families were consulted to better understand their views with regard to the proposed project activities and to seek their ideas with regard to current condition of farmland/forestland, pesticide and fertilizer application, living conditions, public health, project comprehension and attitudes. The Social Assessment group provided appreciable support with respect to public consultation activities by carrying out in-depth investigation on social impacts of the project. Their findings have been liberally used in this report.
5.1.3 Consultation scope
Consultation with Families and Individuals
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Public consultation in this project involved all project counties (cities), forest farms, companies and nature reserves. At present, 38 counties (cities) and 13 state-owned forest farms are participating in plantation component. Counties participating in watershed management component and nature reserves component are 25 and 5, respectively. Three counties (cities): Qinxi, Laibing and Huanjiang were selected as “key counties” for interviews and direct public consultation. Local farmers were visited and interviewed in the “key counties”. Additionally, Public Participation questionnaire forms were distributed between the general public, government and non-government organizations. A total of 1,800 questionnaires were distributed of which 1,678 were returned. Consultation targets included officials in government, technicians, farmers, and other project beneficiaries. Attached Table 7 represents details of consulted areas and interviewed personnel. List of main experts is provided in Attached Table 8.
Consultations with NGOs
As a part of the public participation process letters were sent to local NGOs, providing them with project background and inviting them to partake in expert symposia and/or mailing their advices and suggestions. Results of Open Letters and received feedbacks are presented in Appendix C.
5.2 Public Participation Consultation Results Analysis and Public Ideas 5.2.1 Analysis of consultation results
Findings of Public Participation Consultation Questionnaires were analyzed and the results are summarized below:
Between the target minority groups who filled and returned the questionnaires, 99.3% believed that it will be beneficial to implement the proposed project, while 0.7% felt that it was unnecessary to implement the project due to their fears that the proposed large-scale afforestation projects may have negative impact on natural forestland and increase water and soil losses. The results indicate that the majority of minority participants (99.3%) are in favor of the project.
Between the target groups who filled the questionnaires, 99.3% believed that it is necessary to get loan from the World Bank for the project, the rest thought that project could be implemented with the funds raised domestically.
Between the target groups who filled the questionnaire, 99.4% believed that project content is reasonable.
Between the target groups who filled the questionnaires, 98.4% thought that the setting of project areas is reasonable, 0.5% were against the proposed setting and 1.1% did not have a clear understanding of the setting of project areas.
Between the target groups who filled the questionnaires, the following were identified as potential negative impacts of the project on the environment, indicating that a sector of the public has some concern about the short-term negative environmental impact of the project:
59.1% thought that project implementation can negatively affect soil quality;
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33.7% thought that accelerated soil erosion may increase during project construction;
7.2% thought that pests and diseases may increase in the project areas during operation period;
59.1% thought that project may negatively affect bio-diversity;
12.5% thought that waste water and solid waste in construction sites may have a short-term negative impacts on environment;
10.7% thought that short-term increase in water and soil loss and change in microclimate may happen due to project implementation;
2.6% thought that project may damage natural forest; and
30.3% thought that project will not have any negative environmental impact.
The target groups who filled the questionnaires identified the following as perceived positive environmental impacts of the project:
35.6% believed that project implementation will ameliorate or improve bio-environmental condition of the project areas such as soil protection, biodiversity protection, vegetation coverage, air quality, general climate, rock desertification, water and soil losses, and water resource reserves;
3.7% thought that project implementation will improve industrial structures, and will facilitate economy and improve income levels;
10.0% thought that project implementation will improve farmers’ livelihood;
2.5% thought that project implementation will boost Guangxi forest quality;
39.2% thought that project implementation will increase employment opportunities; and
9.0% thought that project implementation would not bring any benefits to the area.
5.2.2 Public opinion and suggestions
A number of constructive suggestions were provided during the interviews to not only enhance project activities on protection of the environment, but to also improve project development processes. The suggestion with regard to environmental protection enhancement are presented below:
Attempt to use appropriate scale and proportion of timber forest, non-timber forest, and the spatial distribution of project areas;
Enforce state and provincial environmental laws and regulations, strengthen environmental protection and management activities, and make every attempt to identify and resolve the problems in a timely manner;
Ensure development of mixed forests;
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Avoid use of full cultivation and complete removal of undergrowth during site preparation to reduce water and soil losses and decline in bio-diversity;
Ensure that project activities (biodiversity component) are conducted in the close proximity of nature reserves or in buffer and research zones. Avoid use of core zone of nature reserves.
Strengthen environment protection activities and institutions; and
Reduce the use of pesticides, and promote use of environmentally friendly pest management and fertilization methods.
Suggestions with regard to improving project development are summarized below:
Guide and train farmers in plantation development and tree cultivation. Train farmers in appropriate forest management technologies to improve their financial well being;
Apply appropriate attention to every aspects of the project, including use of mixed management methods.
Use a transparent project management process. Make every effort to demonstrate that project proposed activities are actually feasible to the stakeholders. Ensure a balanced approach to project management to show whether the project has economic, biological and social benefits;
Do not introduce exotic tree species without adequate understanding of their positive and negative environmental, economic and social impacts. Introduce tree species with high survival rate and pest resistant with minimal negative impact on local environment and biodiversity; and
Strengthen Forest Right Certificate management. Clearly define the property rights and promote clearance of rights for forestland use. Increase subsidy for such forestry activities that also have biological benefits.
5.2.3 Summary results of advice and suggestions by forestry specialists
Two expert consultation meetings were organized. The names of interviewed specialists and their expertise are provided in Attached Table 8. The following is a synopsis of advice and suggestions received from the interviewees:
Development and construction of the project should be included in GZAR forestry development plan. The proposed project, financed by the World Bank loan can be a boost to integrated and sustainable development of GZAR forestry industry. However, this should not be realized at the expense of biological environment. Project should only be implemented if it can be demonstrated that project activities will have minimal and manageable negative environmental impacts;
The current rate of timbering in some parts of GZAR is very high. It is necessary to control and improve efficiency. Project should present concrete measures to ensure that project will meet requirements for sustainable development;
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Planting various tree species and their proportion should be based on scientific merits. Planting of mono-crop of fast-growing tree species such as Eucalyptus should be avoided. Attention should be paid to biodiversity protection;
Use land evaluation for forestry in selection of timber plantation sites in the project areas. In other words, study and identify soil types through the study of their physical, chemical, morphological characteristics and the status of available infra-structure within proposed project areas to ensure that the proposed sites are best suited for development of timber plantation. Natural forest, ecological forest, nature reserves and special forests need special protection and should not be exploited for development of timber plantation;
Provide adequate and convincing reasoning for selection of proposed project layout, the reason for selection of proposed areas, and the size of each timber plantation block. It is an accepted principle that development of large scale, fast-growing, Eucalyptus plantation is not appropriate in West and Northwest GZAR due to high and rich biodiversity in the area. Development of large-scale fast-growing tree plantations can have a negative impact on regional biodiversity. It is also not suitable to grow fast-growing species in limestone areas with thin soil and on steep slopes. Forest closure is recommended in such areas.
Clearly state whether nature reserves with significant ecological function exist within or adjacent to proposed project areas. Project areas should be selected after their suitability for development is fully assessed to ensure that areas in proximity of nature reserves with significant ecological function are not included for plantation development;
Project’s development plan should fully consider environmental characteristics of project areas and analyze biological carrying capacity of the current natural resources such as grassland, forest land, open land and shrubbery forest before selection of project areas;
Size of fast-growing tree species plantation blocks should be carefully selected. Ensure that of connection areas with native vegetation are left between plantation blocks. Keep an appropriate proportion of primary vegetation, mixed forest and timber plantation. Fast-growing species should not be planted around the nature reserve areas. Avoid isolation of nature reserves by keeping appropriately sized biological corridors between plantations and nature reserves;
Project development must avoid use of implementation activities with potentially significant negative impact on biological environment such as cutting down of natural forests, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, significant soil and water pollution, etc. Include appropriate mitigation measures and environmental regulations in the project design to ensure minimal impact on environment;
Project construction methods must be based on scientifically proven methodologies. Full cultivation should not be allowed for land preparation for timber plantation development. Development of large-scale and continuous plantation forest with mono species should not be allowed; and
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More research should be carried out on the effect of fast-growing trees to ensure the sustainable development of fast-growing timber plantation and make clear issues such as sub-compartment area control, etc.
5.2.4 Summary of advice and suggestions provided by households
EIA team visited a number of households to consult with project beneficiaries regarding their opinions and suggestions on the project. Opinions and suggestions were received through ad-hoc questioning. Formal questionnaires were not used in this exercise. The comments and suggestions of project beneficiaries are summarized below:
They hope that farmers’ interest and their abilities for paying back the loan will be taken into account in finalizing project loan repayment policies;
Assuming that forest closure will forbid logging of timber within such areas, alternative sources of fuel should be identified as a part of the project development plan to provide for farmers’ fuel needs. Farmers requested for provision of subsidies in development of alternative sources of energy such as bio-gas tanks to reduce project impacts on their daily life; and
They hope that project will employ local people for project implementation activities to provide local employment opportunities and additional source of income.
5.3 Information Disclosures and Feedback 5.3.1 Information disclosure
On April 15, 2005, the EIA team published project content and its potential impacts in Guangxi Daily newspaper under the title of “Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project Environmental Assessment Disclosure. At the same time, project content was posted in government offices and libraries in project counties. A copy of information disclosure bulletin, posted in project areas, is presented in Annex B.
5.3.2 Feedbacks
Feedback was mainly received through phone calls from local residents. The summary of received feedbacks are provided below:
They hope that project can be arranged at household level. They show willingness to carry out the forestry development activities;
They hope that project can provide funds to finance family forest farm;
They would like to be ensured that project construction will not log natural forest;
They hope that project activities include construction of village roads; and
They hope that project has plans for solving rural energy problems as a part of the project development cost, especially after implementation of mountain closure for forest regeneration.
5.4 Conclusions of Public Participation Process Public consultation exercise strongly indicates that public has a great interest in implementation of GIFDCP. Most respondents support the project, advocating the importance of project
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implementation. They believe that proper development of the project will improve people’s livelihood, environment and economic conditions. Some of the respondents were worried that the project may cause some negative environmental and social impacts, especially during construction. Some of the respondents have high hopes for the project and would like to see speedy development of the project to increase the vegetation cover within the project areas and improve the general environmental condition. Residents in project areas strongly hope that they will be trained in appropriate technologies, and will be provided with employment opportunities by the project
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6 Analysis of Alternatives 6.1 Introduction Analysis of alternatives, firstly discusses about the land use nature in the proposed project stipulated by the national forest management regulations, then carries out comparative analysis and evaluation of the project impacts on ecological environment from the perspective of “with project” or “do nothing” respectively, recommends the programs selected for the project implementation based on the consideration of environmental effects, and provides the scientific selection basis for project implementation.
6.1.1 Relevant regulations on the proposed project by national forest management laws
National forest management laws clearly define that, forestland is only used for afforestation and forestry management. Item No. Fifteen of Forest Law of the PRC regulates that, use right of forest, timber and forestland could be transferred according to the law, and also could be regarded as the fund provision or coordinative terms for joint-venture, cooperative afforestation and forest timber management, but forestland should not be converted to non-forestland. Item Fourteen in GZAR Forest Management Measures regulate that, suitable wasteland and waste mountains should be afforested by adopting various methods. If farmers do not afforest their responsible mountains or contracted forestland within regulated time limit, forestland proprietor would order the farmers to finish afforestation within certain time limit, if farmers still do not carry out forestation, their forestland would be withdrawn and re-contracted out. Item Sixteen regulates that, forestland with mountain closure for forest reforestation condition should be closed for forest regeneration, as for the newly planted forestland, mountain closure for forest reservation should be adopted. Mountain closure for regeneration or reservation should take local residents’ production and livelihood requirements into consideration, methods of full closure, semi-closure or rotational closure could be adopted respectively. Sign should be set up around the forestland where mountain closure is adopted. Area, boundary, time and method of mountain closure should be regulated by the People’ Government at village, township or county level.
6.1.2 Object of Project Alternative Analysis
Land used in the proposed project falls into the regulated forestland for forestation in the Overall Land Use Design of the county People’s Government. Therefore, project alternative analysis only deals with the different scenario of “with project” and “do nothing”, different selection of forestation species, as well as different selection of forestation models. As well as, in this chapter, a section of Eucalyptus plantation current situation and analysis of its impacts on ecological environment are also presented. 6.2 Analysis of different environment impacts resulting from “with project” or “do nothing” Impacts on environment could be differed from with project design alternative or without project design alternative. Comparison of different environment impacts see table 6-1. Table 6-1 Table 6-1 Table of Different Impacts on Environment Resulting From With Project or Do Nothing
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Environment Impacts
With Project Do Nothing
Biological Environment
Forest resource gross and coverage rate could be increased, natural forest and biodiversity could be well protected through timber plantation, ecological forest management and mountain closure. At the same time, the proposed project could provide large quantity of timber to effectively ease the contradiction between demand and supply, meet the goal of protecting ecological forest and natural forest, and realize the target of making GZAR an ecological province. However, large area of plantation could have some potential risk such as plant disease and insect pest. And soil and water could also be potentially negatively impacted.
Proposed project areas are in the degraded lands where land biomass and forest coverage rate is low, forest quality is poor, and soil and water erosion is serious. If it is decided to forego with the proposed project, economic conditions will remain the same or will decline within these areas, causing more pressure on natural resources and more accelerated degradation of bio-ecological condition of already degraded natural resources.
Social Environment
Implementation of proposed project will accelerate forestry economy, and bring along the improvement of every walk of life. At the same time, the proposed project will increase employment opportunity, economic income for farmers and local financial revenue, improve integrated quality of local farmers, public welfare and unity of nationalities, accelerate development of timber processing industry and transportation industry, and improve condition of local education and sanity. Some project sites would engross farmers’ grazing land. And activity of mountain closure will not allow farmers to collect non-wood forest products and timber, making local farmers lose the income of selling forest products, and also impact local farmers fuel wood consumption problem.
The proposed project areas are mainly distributed in mountainous areas where natural condition is adverse and economic resource is inadequate. In the absence of the proposed project, limited sales channels for forest products and low income from forestry activities is bound to drive away many of the youth away from their traditional land to work in areas where potential job opportunities are better. The exodus of a large number of labor force will have negative impact on development of the project counties. Lack of adequate financial source and exodus of young manpower can have significant negative impact on the local economic development and can social infrastructure.
Integrated Environment Impacts
In the absence of proposed project, due to increasing demand for timber in GZAR and illicit logging activity driven by economic interest, the existing forestland faces the threat of being destroyed. The ecological environment would continue to deteriorate due to over-grazing and fuelwood collection. The proposed project GIFDCP is necessary to improve ecological and social conditions in project areas.
Recommended Scheme
Recommended Not recommended
Design of the proposed project is base on the experience drawn from former World Bank funded forestation projects in GZAR during 1990 and 2004, trying every effort to minimize the negative impacts during project implementation phase and operational phase. Besides, Environmental Protection Guidelines for Plantation Establishment and Management (Annex F) should also be strictly observed to prohibit the negative impacts on environment resulting from disordered development.
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6.3 Analysis of Project Implementation Design Project implementation design analysis compares the different impacts on environment resulting from different selections of forestland, tree species and forestation models.
6.3.1 Analysis of Project Area Selection and Forestland Selection
Selection of project area: follow the principle of importance of market, ecological locality and forest classified management. Project area selection within commercial timber plantation establishment component is in accordance with GZAR forestry development strategy, and is combined with the demand for timber species by the existing timber processing enterprises. Project area is distributed in the commercial timber plantation area near the timber processing enterprises with timber material shortage. Ecological forest management component is implemented in ecological public-welfare forest area with ecological significance, severe stony desertification and fragile ecological environment. At the same time, project area selection in ecological forest management component will combine with biodiversity conservation component, giving priority to the area near nature reserves in order to fully display the project integrated benefits. Selection of forestland for forestation: selection procedure of forestation land is: project village→project area for forestation→ commercial plantation area (commercial timber plantation) or ecological public-benefit forest area (ecological forest management)→indoor initial selection of forestation land→field investigation→sub-compartment design/forestation design. Based on the selection criteria that the stand index of commercial timber plantation site should be above 14 or the stand type should achieve Type Ⅰ or Type Ⅱ, soil fertility grade is above medium, soil depth is no less than 70 cm, organic content is above 1% with good water discharge capacity and good fertility-retaining ability, area for commercial timber plantation component is 189,400 ha, types of selected forestland after baseline investigation are: 99885.1 ha of suitable wasteland and waste mountains for forestation (57.2%); 70645.5 ha of low yield land (including Phyllostachys pubescens low yield land) (37.3%); 18869.4 ha of sparse forestland (10.0%). All the forestland in ecological forest management component is wasteland and waste mountains suitable for forestation in public-welfare forest area (including the stony desertification land in limestone area), sparse forestland and low yield forestland. Selection of forestland is conformed to the site selection requirements in Environmental Protection Guidelines for Plantation Establishment and Management. Block (compartment) area and distribution: there are 21269 forestation blocks in commercial timber plantation establishment component with an average area of 8.9 ha. Distribution of compartment is mostly non-continuous, forming group mixture with the existing forest. Forestland for forestation involves 323 villages/township and 1192 countries (excluding forest farms directly subordinated to GZAR), mean forestation area per village/township is 360 ha, and 40 compartments. Forestation area, compartment numbers and distribution of each project county in commercial timber plantation establishment component are presented in Table 6-2.
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Table 6-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 tha 12Total 448 1192 189400 99885.1 64930.5 18869.4 5715.0 21269 14591 5228
A City/County 323 1192 116200 62082.8 37508.0 10894.2 5715.0 12296 7895 31781 Ziyuan 7 24 4000 1800.0 200.0 2000.0 340 120 1552 Longsheng 10 41 2300 400.0 600.0 1300.0 339 251 713 Yongfu 8 16 3500 2647.0 853.0 241 163 694 Lipu 8 24 2300 733.3 900.1 666.6 222 184 385 Sanjiang 10 32 2000 255.0 1577.6 167.4 130 48 566 Rong'an 10 104 4000 1700.0 100.0 2200.0 691 677 147 Wuxuan 2 4 3000 1631.0 810.0 559.0 210 50 638 Xingbing 12 32 3000 2419.0 489.8 91.2 155 39 449 Huanjiang 7 28 5000 4000.0 1000.0 285 97 80
10 Nandan 6 22 2800 2800.0 0.0 174 95 4811 Luocheng 7 13 2000 220.0 0.0 1780.0 161 79 7612 Yizhou 13 69 3000 2050.0 950.0 328 234 8413 Bama 8 28 2000 1700.0 200.0 100.0 240 125 11514 Tianlin 8 28 4000 1180.6 2503.1 316.3 230 121 6115 Longlin 11 21 3000 2595.0 160.0 245.0 378 300 5316 Xilin 4 9 2700 630.2 1517.0 552.8 312 211 5117 Lingyun 8 44 2500 1651.3 518.9 329.8 147 60 4918 Napo 5 10 2000 1355.0 645.0 270 227 4319 Tiandong 3 10 3000 2405.2 594.8 535 288 16720 Pingguo 10 26 2000 1506.2 493.8 238 119 10421 Chongzuo 3 9 2900 1287.0 1613.0 396 315 8122 Tiandeng 9 21 1800 1443.0 357.0 107 8 3423 Nanning 6 17 4800 2556.0 772.0 1472.0 558 306 25224 Sanjiang 8 21 2600 1350.0 1250.0 501 50125 Hengxian 19 53 3000 2056.9 943.1 242 84 15026 Guiping 9 16 3300 1180.6 1316.3 803.1 496 360 13027 Hezhou 8 16 2400 700.0 1700.0 169 63 6028 Zhaoping 8 22 4000 800.0 3200.0 445 299 14429 Babu 8 10 2500 817.0 943.0 740.0 143 60 5130 Mengshan 8 38 4500 2500.0 1700.0 300.0 253 96 9331 Cangwu 7 52 4800 2700.0 1300.0 800.0 312 124 15032 Cenxi 12 55 5000 2374.0 1200.0 1211.0 215.0 352 80 15233 Rongxian 16 124 3000 680.0 2320.0 425 379 3634 Bobai 13 17 1800 1310.0 390.0 100.0 196 168 2835 Pubei 14 41 2800 2256.1 194.0 349.9 276 187 7836 Shangsi 8 68 2600 1200.0 1100.0 300.0 436 161 17037 Fang Chenggan 8 19 4000 3000.0 1000.0 884 786 7938 Gangkou 2 8 2300 193.4 2096.5 10.1 479 430 49
0.0B Forest Farm 125 73200 37802.3 27422.5 7975.2 9725 7460 205039 Huangmian 8 6000 4200.0 1800.0 549 369 11240 San Menjiang 12 5000 1676.3 2850.8 472.9 751 594 15741 Da Guishan 8 3200 1300.0 1900.0 597 582 1542 Weidu 14 4000 4000.0 0.0 281 106 12743 Yachang 12 4500 3630.6 869.4 404 294 9044 Pai Yangshan 15 6000 1666.0 2757.0 1577.0 725 632 9345 Dongmen 6 6000 5120.0 0.0 880.0 691 318 37346 Gaofeng 4 7000 123.4 6313.1 563.5 1074 836 20247 Qipo 12 6000 2000.0 1804.0 2196.0 1002 631 35548 Liang Fengjiang 12 7000 6540.0 460.0 904 797 10749 Liuwan 11 6000 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0 673 549 109
forestland area by type compartment num
Totallow yield
standsparseland
Project Land Selection and Distribution
city (county,forest farm)
No.bamboo
lowyieldland
total
smallerthan
10hm2
(piece)
10~20hm2
(piece)
wastelandsuitable
forforestation
village/town
(branchforestfarm)
country
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6.3.2 Analysis of Forestation Species Selection
In the project implementation design, technical principle of forestation species selection is: matching species with the site, sustainable development, diversification of species; social principle is: respecting the will of local forest farmers. Species chosen for the proposed project are of long, middle and short rotation. Species for commercial timber plantation establishment component are: Eucalyptus, Acacia, Quercus griffithii, Pinus massoniana, Chinese Fir, Phyllostachys pubescens, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Betula alnoides, Liquidambar formosana, and hybrid bamboo; species for multi-function protection forest (ecological forest) are: Quercus griffithii, Schima superba, Liquidambar formosana, Zenia insignis, Toona sinensis, Pinus massoniana, Chinese fir, Cryptomeria fortunei, Eucalyptus, Illicium verum, Cinnamomum cassia, Magnolia officinalis, hybrid bamboo and Dendrocalamus minor. There are 19 tree species selected for the project forestation, among them, there are 17 indigenous species such as Pinus massoniana, Quercus griffithii and Betula alnoides and so on with the forestation area of 117,750 ha, accounting for 56.77% of the total forestation area; 2 exotic species (Eucalyptus and Acacia) which have been successfully introduced and domesticated with forestation area of 89,650 ha, accounting for 43.23%. Forestation with multiple species will prevent the simplification of tree species. The proposed project gives priority to the development of indigenous species that will help stabilize forest ecology. But attention should also be paid that Eucalyptus plantation accounts for 40%. Therefore, in the process of project design and implementation, technical measures should be optimized to strengthen monitoring and minimize natural and ecological risks of Eucalyptus plantation.
6.3.3 Analysis of Forestation Model Selection
Selection of forestation model is actually the design of forestation technical measures, involving tree species selection, forestland selection, forestland clearance, site preparation, spacing, planting, tending and management, and fertilization, etc. Species and forestland selection has been analyzed above, this section will carry out comparative analysis of the remaining technical design in the traditional forestation model and the model adopted in the proposed project Impacts on environment of different forestation models are listed in Table 6-3.
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Table 6-3 Impacts on Environment from Different Forestation Models Impacts On Environment
Technical Measures
Project Forestation Model Traditional Forestation Model
Site Clearance
Block or strip clearance. Retain grass to mitigate water, soil and nutrient losses for biodiversity protection.
Adopt Slash and burn method which destroys most existing vegetation and leads to water, soil and nutrient losses, and goes against biodiversity protection.
Site Preparation
Block preparation. Retain grass belt. Try to minimize soil disturbance area and keep it between 10 ～ 25%. Adopt effective water conservation methods.
Strip soil preparation and full cultivation with soil disturbance area between 30～100%. Full or partial damage to vegetation which leads to severe water and soil losses.
Forestation Spacing
1250 ～ 2500 plants/ha, 800 ～ 1200 plants less than that in NAP. High transmittancy of canopy enables good growth performance of under story, healthy stand and good disease-resistant ability.
2000～3500 plants per ha. Dense spacing and low transmittancy leads to nearly zero growth of vegetation in Eucalyptus and pine plantation, poor stress-resistant ability and high occurrence rate of pest damage.
Field Planting
High utilization rate of Class One stockings. During field planting, strict observation of such measures as tearing nutrient bag and maintaining nutrient soil loosened would ensure high survival rate, fast growth and early formation of canopy.
Low utilization rate of Class One stockings. During field planting, low survival rate, slow growth and late formation of canopy would occur due to failure to observe such measures as tearing nutrient bags and keeping nutrient soil loosened.
Tending Mostly adopt strip weeding which helps with water and soil conservation, and biodiversity protection.
Mostly adopt full weeding, which is detrimental to water and soil conservation, and biodiversity protection.
Impacts on Ecological Environment
Fertilization For satisfying the forest growth demands based on nutrient content in soil, formulated fertilization will be used in all Eucalyptus and pine plantation for bringing canopy formation ahead of time and protecting water and soil.
Fertilization lacks pertinence. Formulated fertilization use is not common (especially for forestation by farmers), which delays canopy formation and is detrimental to water and soil conservation.
Integrated Evaluation
Species selection is in accordance with site condition. Make detailed design of site clearance, site preparation, planting, tending (weeding, soil loosening and top dressing), main thinning time and harvest time, as well as environmental protection measures. Implementation strictly obeys the design. Appropriate forestation spacing enables fast growth and leaves growth space for under story. Furthermore, formation of group
Inappropriate forestation design will possibly lead to full cultivation, dense planting spacing, and irrational fertilization. Extensive management will lead to poor stand growth. Dense spacing will restrain the growth of under story, decrease biodiversity and biomass, and lead to the phenomenon of “no grass is insight in Eucalyptus plantation”, go against biodiversity protection. Ecological environment would be negatively impacted and high ecological risk would exist.
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mixture retains broadleaf forest and grass belt, diminishes impacts on biodiversity. At the same time, mitigation of water and soil losses minimizes the negative impacts on bio-diversity.
Recommended Scheme
Recommended Not Recommended
6.4 Comprehensive Evaluation Scientific and careful considerations have been made to the project alternatives in GIFDCP. At present, most project counties are of poor ecological environment and backward social-economy. Bio energy is the main energy source for local farmers, and open grazing is the main form of stock raising industry. It is difficult for regional ecological environment to maintain self-recovery, and eco-environment has the tendency to continued deterioration. After the project implementation, adopting scientific planting methods does good to altering rural planting structure, developing rural economy and improving living quality. At the same time, introduction of scientific culture and knowledge makes local farmers appropriately use energy, and scientific planting does good to improving ecological environment. The overall evaluation is, advantages of project development impacts on ecological and social environment outweigh disadvantages. Project program is feasible.
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7. Environmental Impacts Analysis & Proposed Mitigation Measures 7.1 Environmental Impacts Summarization Environmental impacts assessment in this chapter consists of the environmental impact assessment on the three sub-projects, namely commercial timber plantation establishment, ecological forest management and biodiversity conservation, among which key assessment is placed on commercial timber plantation establishment. Impacts of ecological forest management and biodiversity conservation are mainly positive. Therefore, this chapter only analyzes the potential negative impacts and proposes the corresponding mitigation measures. Commercial timber plantation establishment in the proposed project does good to accelerating Guangxi commercial plantation base construction, increasing timber output, easing the contradiction between timber supply and demand, as well as protecting existing natural forest and biodiversity, improving ecological environment. However, if inappropriate measures are taken during project implementation, negative impacts could be inflicted on environment, for example, large area of pure Eucalyptus plantation could easily result in pest and soil degradation; unseemly site preparation approaches could cause new water and soil losses; inappropriate use of fertilizers and pesticide could cause environmental pollution; irresistible fire risk and damage on biodiversity during plantation management, negative impacts on environment during wood processing, etc. These potential negative impacts on environment could be effectively controlled through adopting reasonable forestland distribution method, feasible environment protection measures and scientific management measures. In order to minimize the negative impacts of proposed project on environment, after comprehensively analyzing the possible adverse impacts of project implementation on environment, mitigation measures are proposed to realize sustainable development of project. 7.2 Commercial Timber Plantation Establishment Component 7.2.1. Site Selection
Impacts: Inappropriate forestland selection, such as choosing climax shrub communities or sparse
forestland in drought areas to establish commercial timber plantation, goes against regional biodiversity conservation, natural characteristics and completeness of ecosystem.
Forestland with slops exceeding 35°would result in severe water and soil losses. Inappropriate forestland distribution, for example, forestland is too adjacent to nature reserve or
ecological forest, would possibly impact wildlife habitat or their travel/migrating rout. Mitigations:
Forestland selection must be within commercial timbre plantation area defined by the Government where altitude is below 800 meters, slopes less than 35°, site index above 14 or forestland quality falling in CategoryⅠorⅡ. Natural forest and natural secondary forestland with crown density above 0.2 are not suitable for developing plantation. Any forestland with slops exceeding 35°will not be selected for plantation in the proposed project.
Priority sites for commercial plantation establishment will be: degraded sites consisting of barren lands and exotic weed species (so called wasteland); low yield forestland; sparse forestland with dis-climax vegetation types (i.e. vegetation types that are atypical of a particular climatic zone) or sparse forestland without seed shedding regeneration capacity.
No commercial timber plantation base will be allowed closer than 1000m to a nature reserve, or
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100m to public-welfare forest, or 50m to both banks of main trunk river, or 20m to both sides of branch rivers.
Appropriately regionalize sub-compartment, properly control plantation scale, and each sub-compartment area should not exceed 35 ha.
7.2.2 Land Clearance
Impacts: Potential project impacts during site clearance include permanent or temporary disturbance to vegetation and flora resource, damage to existing vegetation and surface soil and nutrient losses. In particular, slash and burn method will destroy almost existing vegetation, causing even greater soil and nutrient loss intensity. Mitigations:
Strictly prohibit adopting slash and burn method for site clearance. Adopt block clearance or strip clearance of the weed that encumbers plantation activity, place
the cleared weed within strip or planting holes for natural decay and decomposition. Removal of vegetation on top and foot of the slopes and along riverbanks is not allowed.
7.2.3 Site Preparation, Planting and Tending Impacts: Disturbance to vegetation and surface soil body would be caused due to site preparation, planting and tending activities. Project areas and surrounding environment would be negatively impacted. Mitigations:
Different preparation methods should be used on different slopes. Full cultivation should only be allowed on less than 15 degrees slope; planting holes on contour or strip cultivation should be adopted on slopes between 16 to 25 degrees; only planting holes should be used on slopes between 26-35 degrees.
Strip preparation on contour line should be adopted on mountains, a 1m-width grass belt should be retained between adjacent strips. On slopes partially with severe water and soil loss problem, water and soil conservation measures must be carried out before site preparation for plantation establishment.
A 10m-width vegetation protection belt should be retained between the brim of plantation block and farming crop. If site preparation is on long slope face, full cultivation would be applied, and at least 3 m contour belt of existing vegetation must be retained every 100 meters.
Soil surface must be covered with deadwood debris and grass cuttings after site preparation as mulch to reduce soil erosion and improve soil water holding capacity within plantation plots. The area of each plantation block should be controlled. A space of 100 meters width should be included as wildlife’s corridor between each two plantation blocks.
Deciduous trees and shrub vegetation in the sparse & residual stands should be preserved in order to protect and rehabilitate biodiversity. Collection of fallen branches and leaves on plantation block is not allowed, in order to improve water head conservation capacity and soil fertility.
Any inter-cropping activities on sloping plantation sites should be carried out along the contour. No inter-cropping will be allowed on slopes over 25 degrees and inter-cropping of root or tuber crops will not be permitted over 15 degrees. Intercropping with nitrogen-fixation leguminous plants should be encouraged.
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7.2.4 Species Selection Impacts: Dominant plantation species in proposed project are indigenous species, also include two exotic species Eucalyptus and Acacia that have been successfully introduced. Use of monoculture plantation in large continuous area with simple forest structure and narrowing biodiversity and gene would negatively impact forest landscape and biodiversity. At the same time, pest control mechanism will be tremendously impaired and pest risk will be increased. Mitigations:
Superior indigenous species are chosen as the dominant plantation species, strictly control Eucalyptus proportion and continuous plantation scale.
In the light of species matching, mixed forest with multiple species is encouraged. Area for each species in each block (sub-compartment) should not exceed 35 ha, making group mixture with existing forest and natural vegetation.
For Eucalyptus plantation, multiple clones should be included, continuous plantation area of each clone should be controlled within 35 ha, and number of clones of Eucalyptus in each county should not be less than 10.
During project design, attention should be paid to scientific matching of site selection and species, diversified factors such as tree species, provenance, genotype and tree age are integrated. Select superior provenance and/or clones from superior indigenous species, use healthy stockings for afforestation, increase pest-resistant capacity and decrease pest risk.
Wherever practical, given the scale of the plantation, design and layout should promote the protection, restoration and conservation of natural communities by utilizing wildlife corridors, retention of native tree species, stream protection corridors and a mosaic of different age, use of accompanying native tree species, and rotation periods to mimic the landscape patterns of natural forest stands.
7.2.5 Forest Track Construction
Impacts: Potential impacts of forest track construction on environment include: Certain degree of damage to vegetation could occur. Roadbed digging and filling not only loosen soil on road surface but also form side slopes that
will lead to water and soil losses during implementation phase if corresponding conservation measures are not in place.
Bare side slopes formed during forest tract construction could impact regional natural landscape.
Mitigations: If necessary, logging roads should be connected with village roads. Every effort should be
made to construct new logging/forest roads along fire control lines and forest compartment lines to minimize land use change and to reduce soil and water losses.
Appropriate construction material, borrow sites and dump sites should be selected to minimize soil and land use disturbance.
Prepare specific soil and water conservation scheme for forest road construction and execute it during construction, such as collecting fill material by deep digging to reduce area of excavation site, balance the cut and fill, and decrease abandoned earthwork. Make every effort to synchronize excavation and road construction to minimize need for large scale cut and fill
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along a long extend of the road; Adopt appropriate measures such as side slops, drains and retaining walls to prevent/minimize
soil erosion. Use of biological soil erosion measures such as growing shrubs, arbor, climbing plants and grass on side slops and road banks to slow down soil and water erosion, and reduce river sedimentation/turbidity, etc should be encouraged.
After the construction is finished, borrow sites and dump sites should be graded and planted with grass and trees for vegetation recovery as soon as possible. Leaving land exposed after completion of work is not allowed.
7.2.6 Pesticide and Fertilizer Application Impacts:
Overuse of agrochemicals in plantation areas can have negative impact on biodiversity and species balance in project areas. Beneficial natural enemies of pests and even wild animals can be directly impacted by over-application of agrochemicals.
Water quality may be adversely impacted by over application of agrochemicals. Health of sprayers can be in danger due to potential direct contact with chemicals and/or eating
and drinking of food or polluted water, if appropriate application measures and protective gears are not used and adequate instruction on spraying methods and practices are not provided.
Random discard of packing materials such as packing-bags, pesticide containers, and tools can negatively impact water body and soil.
Mitigations: Mitigation measures to reduce ecological impacts of pesticide include:
Insist on using quarantine-free healthy stocking, select and breed superior species, varieties and clones that is disease-resistant for afforestation, enhance silviculture measures and increase disease-resistant capacity with reliance on prevention and biological control methods rather than chemical pesticides.
Chemical pesticides may be used only where justified within the framework of a comprehensive IPM system and only where the pesticide falls into World Health Organization (WHO) Class II and Class III, is specific to the particular pest, and has low toxicity to non-target organisms. In no circumstances the project should use WHO’s Class Ia or Ib pesticides.
Workers and forest farmers whoever uses pesticide must be provided with training on chemical pesticide safety management, storage and utilization, avoid direct impact or pollution on water head and foodstuff. Packaging containers of pesticides and fertilizers should be collected and disposed properly.
Utilization of organic fertilizer, green manure as well as intercropping with nitrogen-fixation leguminous under-story plants should be encouraged to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers and improvement of soil health. Allow only hole application or strip application (side-dressing). Broadcasting of fertilizers is not allowed.
Protect fallen leaves and ground vegetation in forestland, collection of residual branches and leaves is not allowed, remains in harvest areas should be retained to forestland to maintain soil fertility.
Cleaning of pesticide containers in water head is strictly forbidden, however, cleaning in water body used for agricultural irrigation, and water body without aquatics breeding and
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livestock drinking is allowable. 7.2.7 Harvesting and Skidding Impacts: Potential impact of harvesting and skidding activities on environment includes:
Increase in area of bare land during tree harvesting and skidding activities can cause significant on escalating accelerated soil erosion and soil nutrient depletion, causing loss of soil fertility.
Transport of harvested timbers will reduce soil nutrients level. Falling of trees can also potentially break or damage the neighboring trees and have negative impact on under-story vegetation.
Harvesting operations, especially in large scale and clear-cut harvesting, can disturb wild animals’ daily life, interfere with their feeding and reproduction practices, and potentially destroy their habitats.
Noise of harvesting machines and transport vehicles may disturb wild animals; The larger the proportion of short-rotation species accounts for, the more frequent harvest and
skidding will be, and the more water, soil and nutrient losses would be caused. Mitigations:
Ground vegetation should be retained as much as possible. The amount and density of skid roads should be kept to minimum.
Residual debris (tree branch, tree leaf and skin, under-story vegetation, etc.) should be left on soil surface after logging operation to reduce soil erosion, nutrient depletion and to increase soil surface coverage (mulching).
Harvested areas should be re-planted in the following year after logging operations to speed up vegetation rehabilitation.
Any logging operations must strictly follow and implement the proposed harvest regulation models of the project. Control of tree-rolling operation should be carried out to avoid development of tree- rolling routes that can induce rill and gully erosion.
Harvesting practices should strictly follow the regulations stipulated in the Forest Law and Management Measures of Forest Harvesting and Regeneration, including: (1) Block harvesting should be adopted on the slopes more than 15° with each harvest area being smaller than 5 ha and two bordering harvest stands of the same age should be at least 50 m apart. (2) On slopes of less than 15°, harvest areas should not exceed 20 ha, and the two bordering stands should be at least 100 m apart.
Dominant species for project plantation should be superior indigenous species, strictly control proportion of plantation area of short-rotation species.
7.2.8 Material and Timber Transport Impacts:
Dust and noise could be generated while transport vehicles pass by residence communities;
If not well protected during transport, fallen seedlings and material etc. could impact road environment;
Widening of partial roads would impact land; Discarded dregs would impact water body;
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Transportation environment would be impacted if there are too many timber transport vehicles.
Mitigations: For the sensitive area where dust is prone to occurring, sprinkling method could be
adopted to reduce dust level; During rest time, transport passing by sensitive area will not be arranged; Overload is not allowed, and seedlings and material should be well placed to
prevent scattering and falling; While expending roads, surplus occupation of land should be avoided, and breast
walls of roadbed should be well established. Transport vehicles numbers should be appropriately arranged to avoid traffic
congestion. 7.2.9 Indirect Aspects Impacts: Implementation of project is for making up the existing timber supply gap for current processing enterprises, not for establishing new processing enterprises. Impacts on environment are positive and negative as well. (1) Positive impacts. Due to the timber supply shortage, some processing enterprises
purchase timber from society, resulting in illegal logging and damage on natural forest. Implementation of project would make up the shortage, protect natural forest and finally realize the goal of protecting ecological environment;
(2) Negative impacts. Increase supply of timber would possibly cause the expansion of some processing enterprises, which will possibly increase the impacts on environment.
Because the processing enterprises are already in existence, if the enterprises are not expanded in scale, implementation of project will not add new pollutants. Besides, these enterprises will improve as techniques and policies are gradually becoming consummate. There are strict regulations on the newly expanded projects in China that pollutants from these projects should meet with the discharge standers. Therefore, expansion of enterprises will not exert negative impacts on environment. Mitigations: Timber will be supplied to the corresponding enterprises based on project design. 7.3 Impacts of Eucalyptus Plantation on Environment and Mitigations Analysis 7.3.1 Current Situation of Eucalyptus
By the end of 2001, total plantation area of the world is approximately 187 million ha, accounting for 5% of total area of forest. Area of Eucalyptus plantation in tropical and sub-tropical area is around 17.86 million ha, accounting for 10% of the plantation in the world. The most Eucalyptus plantation is distributed in Asia with an area of 10.994 million ha, accounting for 61.76% of the total Eucalyptus plantation in the world. Next place goes to South Africa with an area of 4.776 million ha, accounting for 26.86%. Eucalyptus plantation is distributed the least in the Oceania with only 33,000 ha, accounting for 0.19% (FAO, 2001). India is the country distributed with the largest area of Eucalyptus plantation (4.8 million ha) in the world, followed by Brazil (3.6 million ha), China occupies the third place (1.6 million ha).
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First introduction of Eucalyptus in China was in the year 1890. According to incomplete records, by 2004, 18 provinces (districts and cities) with 600 counties have planted Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus has become the most important species for making pulpwood and fiber wood in Southern China. Guangdong Province is the province (district) with the largest area of Eucalyptus plantation (470,000 ha), followed by Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (400,000 ha), Hainan Province and Yunnan Province rank the third place (200,000 ha respectively), and there is small distribution in Fujian Province and Sichuan Province, etc. GZAR is one of the earliest provinces (districts) that introduce Eucalyptus. Development speed of Eucalyptus plantation in GZAR stands first domestically. Before 1980s, Eucalyptus plantation developed slowly in GZAR. After 1980s, with the full coordination on Eucalyptus between China and Australia, GZAR has quickened the Eucalyptus development pace. Eucalyptus plantation area reached respectively to 80,000 ha and 150,000 ha during the “Eighth Five-year Plan” period and the “Ninth Five-year Plan” period. Eucalyptus plantation is populous among vast majority of farmers due to its characteristics such as fast growth, short rotation and good economic benefits. Therefore, Eucalyptus plantation area extends fast in recent years, and currently the total area exceeds 400,000 ha in GZAR. During the implementation of the first three phases of forestation project funded by the World Bank loan, the forestation area of Eucalyptus plantation was respectively 15,000 ha, 23,400 ha and 55,500 ha, accounting for 15.5%, 27.4% and 59.9% respectively of the project fast-growing and high yield plantation area. From the Eucalyptus forestation effects of the first three phases, Eucalyptus plantation was of fast growth, short rotation, mature planting techniques and high economic benefits. According to the current observation, Eucalyptus does not create obvious threat to biodiversity.
7.3.2 Eucalyptus Superior Species and Forestation Technique System in GZAR
Guangxi has long attached great importance to research on Eucalyptus species and silviculture technique, and acquired a set of scientific and rational Eucalyptus silviculture technique from large quantity of Eucalyptus plantation development practice, preventing many ecological problems. Technique and measures include:
Selection and breeding of superior varieties (clones) GZAR is not only the main forestation area of Eucalyptus in China, but also the main breeding base. Supported by the national debt investment, 7 breeding bases of superior Eucalyptus species have been set up in GZAR with Dongmen Forest Farm Superior Tree Species Breeding Center as the main body. There are 28 superior tree species that have been approved. At present, a variety of superior Eucalyptus species and clones suitable for different zones in GZAR have been selected and bred, effectively ensuring diversified forestation varieties (clones).
Change of site clearance, site preparation and tending methods Site clearance methods have changed from slash and burn to strip or block clearance. Site preparation methods have changed from full cultivation to strip cultivation mostly by manual with attention to vegetation protection. Tending methods have changed from full cultivation tending to pit-enlargement tending. Through these changes investment cost of silviculture has been greatly reduced and water and soil losses have been diminished.
Optimization of planting spacing In previous forestation practice and the forestation in the first two phases of World Bank project, planting spacing of Eucalyptus was comparatively dense, normally ranging between 1666～2500 plants/ha. In recent years, silviculture practice has optimized, planting spacing for short-rotation
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pulpwood is 1250～1666 plants/ha and spacing for mid-large dimension timber is 833～1250 plants/ha. According to recent practice effects, Eucalyptus forestation with optimized spacing grows faster and generates more economic benefits, promoting recovery and growth of under story and biodiversity protection.
Mixed forest and different clones matching Adopt different types of mixture to establish fixed forest with Eucalyptus and other species, such as row mixture, strip mixture and group mixture, try every effort to avoid large continuous area of pure Eucalyptus plantation. While establishing Eucalyptus pure forest, it is encouraged to use multiple clones.
7.3.3 Impacts of Guangxi Eucalyptus Plantation on Environment and Mitigations
(1) Land productivity degradation of Eucalyptus plantation and mitigations
In Eucalyptus forestation before the mid 1990s, site productivity degraded due to inappropriate silviculture practice. Main reasons were: (1) large scale of slash and burn, and full cultivation led to damaged soil structure, deteriorated losses of nutrient and change of physical property; (2) harvest of whole tree would lead to smaller return amount of nutrient and damaged normal cycle of nutrient; (3) small amount of fertilization and even no fertilization would lead to imbalanced soil nutrient; (4) shortened rotation would lead to increased nutrient losses; (5) continuous cropping of multiple generations, etc. At present, through selection and breeding of superior varieties (clones) and adopting scientific silviculture practice, soil fertility in Eucalyptus plantation is effectively maintained. After multiple generation management, soil fertility in most Eucalyptus plantation is not decreased, moreover, fertility in some plantation managed with high-level silviculture practice is increased steadily (Xu Daping et al., Research Progress of Eucalyptus Plantation Ecological Benefits). Main measures include: (1) changing site preparation and tending methods, mainly adopting strip preparation, manual pit digging and pit enlargement tending; (2) extending the planting of Eucalyptus hybrid clones with much more litter amount; (3) Retaining fallen branches and leaves, increasing return amount of nutrient after harvest; (4) practicing scientific formulated fertilization. According to the richness or shortage of nutrient in forest stand, apply specialized compound fertilizer for Eucalyptus, divide base fertilizer with top dressing, and ensure balanced fertilizer based on Eucalyptus nutrient requirement features; (5) combine long rotation with short rotation plantation, breed Eucalyptus large dimension timber.
(2) Impacts of Eucalyptus Plantation on Water Resource and Mitigations
Rumors in society say that Eucalyptus plantation consumes large amount of water, resulting in the decreased ground water level and drought in forestland and surrounding land. Relevant research and practice from FAO indicated that: water use efficiency of Eucalyptus is higher than that of coniferous species, Acacia species and so on. Research of “Eucalyptus and Water” co-conducted by the Chinese Forestry Academy and Australia showed that: photosynthesis of Eucalyptus is strong, water consumption is less than that of other species plantation; within Eucalyptus stand, water in soil with depth deeper than 3.0m did not show evidence of upwards flow. Many forestry experts believe that, Eucalyptus grows fast, compared with other species, Eucalyptus generates more biomass within the same time, therefore, more nutrient consumption of Eucalyptus is normal. Regarding the problem of increased forestland runoff due to Eucalyptus forestation, in GZAR
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solutions include the change of site preparation and tending methods: full cultivation by mechanics is changed into pit digging by manual, comprehensive tending is changed into pit enlargement tending, retain under story vegetation, alleviate water and soil losses in forestland.
(3) Impacts of Eucalyptus plantation on biodiversity and mitigations
Some experts think that, ecosystem species is simple in Eucalyptus plantation stand, and it is a common phenomenon of decreased biodiversity in Eucalyptus plantation. Main reasons are: (1) human disturbance. In order to improve growth increment, carry out regular weeding; (2) Eucalyptus grows fast, complete canopy could be formed within one year in young stand, leading to the restricted growth of under story vegetation. In recent days, Professor of GZAR University Wen Yuanguang et al went to Eucalyptus plantation, Acacia plantation, pine plantation, fir plantation, fruit gardens and sugar cane field planted by local farmers, as well as Asia Pulp and Paper Company and Gaofeng Group within Qinzhou City of GZAR to conduct comparison study on biodiversity within the above-mentioned species plantation, setting up 50 samples with spacing 20×20m, and 240 samples with spacing 4×4m. According to the initial study, variation of vegetation status and species in each kind of plantation was not evident. Species composition of undergrowth in each plantation was similar with that of their adjacent shrub and barren grass slope. Species composition in Eucalyptus plantation was richer than that in fruit gardens and sugar cane field. Study also discovered that, species composition in forest with different species origin was much varied. Biodiversity in Eucalyptus plantation site originally planted with sugar cane was less than that of Eucalyptus plantation site originally planted with Pinus massoniana sparse forest or shrubbery (Wen Yuanguang et al, 2004). To sum up, biodiversity in plantation does not depend on the plantation species, but depends on the human disturbance and forest stand structure. Any high-intensity, high-frequency and long-term disturbance would exert severe impacts on biodiversity in plantation. In order to maintain biodiversity, the following measures are taken in GZAR: (1) adopt rational forestation spacing; (2) change site preparation and tending methods: full cultivation by mechanics is changed into pit digging by manual, comprehensive tending is changed into pit enlargement tending; (3) successive cropping is changed into rotational cropping; (4) update management ideas, appropriately plant mid-and-large dimension timber to prolong rotations; (5) plant mixed forest; (6) inoculate nitrogen-fixing plants and rhizosphere bacteria plants in conditions-permitting project counties or forest farms.
(4) Ecological Stability Issue of Eucalyptus Plantation
Poor ecological stability of Eucalyptus mainly displays in the following aspects: weakened adaptability to climate and natural changes, and weakened stress resistant ability, large area of mono crop leads to simple stand structure, narrowing biodiversity and genes, and increased occurrence rate of pest and disease. Poor ecological stability of Eucalyptus plantation is mostly due to inappropriate design and mal-managed measures. Therefore, corresponding measures should include: (1) strictly control Eucalyptus plantation area based on project implementation design; (2) control sub-compartment area; (3) encourage mixed forest of Eucalyptus and indigenous species; (4) pay attention to select healthy seedlings; (5) introduce new Eucalyptus provenance, improve genetic biodiversity of clones; and (6) establish plantation with multiple clones. In conclusion, as long as scientifically and appropriately establish Eucalyptus plantation, economic
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benefits and ecological benefits of Eucalyptus would be guaranteed and realization of sustainable management of Eucalyptus plantation would be possible. Regarding a series of ecological issues during Eucalyptus plantation management, research should be strengthened in the following aspects: Eucalyptus gene engineering, superior selection and breeding, stress-resistant breeding, ecologically organic fertilizer, land productivity maintenance technique, forest ecosystem management, social-economic and environmental impacts assessment, etc., in order to provide strong scientific support for maintaining Eucalyptus plantation productivity and sustainable development. 7.4 Ecological Forest Management Component Impacts: Ecological forest management component aims at recovering vegetation, increasing forest resource, improving forest quality through plantation establishment on suitable wasteland within ecological forest area and closure and tending of degraded forest. Consequently, strengthen protection function of forest ecosystem, effectively control water and soil losses, decrease and restrain rocky desertification, preserve biodiversity and improve local bio-environment. Impacts on environment of this project component are primarily positive, however some degree of negative impact also exists, mainly displayed in the following two aspects: firstly, damage to vegetation and soil could also exist due to site preparation, tending and so on for establishment of multi-functional protection forest, however, due to small scale, less tending frequency, low intensity and small area of soil disturbance in site preparation of ecological forest establishment, impacts on vegetation and soil would be much less than that of commercial timber plantation; secondly, due to adoption of mountain closure and tending measures, activities such as grazing and collection of medicine and fuel wood would be restricted to some extent, economic income and fuel wood source of local farmers could be reduced. Mitigations:
Select ecological and economic dual-function tree (bamboo) species, mainly establish mixed forest, which not only maintains water and soil, reserves water head and preserves biodiversity, but also helps with increasing economic income of farmers.
Carry out implementation strictly in accordance with plantation technique program, and try every effort to minimizing negative impacts of proposed project on environment.
Take rural biogas tank construction as an important measure in ecological forest management component, fundamentally solve rural energy problem, and decrease the energy consumption of forest resource and disturbance to ecological forest.
Suitable and adequate land should be allocated as communal grazing area in each project village so that farmers have adequate resources for raising their animals. In addition other activities such as growing grass as under-story in forest areas and use of cut-and-carry instead of grazing and pen feeding should be encouraged, promoting a change from extensive to intensive livestock management.
7.5 Biodiversity Conservation Component 7.5.1 Protection Station Establishment Impacts:
Establishment of protection station would strengthen wildlife protection, decrease damage from human activities and do good to the biodiversity protection in reserve areas.
During establishment of protection station, some degree of impacts on surrounding wildlife would occur due to entrance of implementation staff.
Mitigations:
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Established regulations must be enforced and entry of unauthorized people to the core zone of nature reserves should be forbidden.
Damage to vegetation and wildlife resources and hunting activities in nature reserves must be strictly prohibited.
All primary and secondary forests, rare plants, wild animals and their habitats, and nature reserves in the project areas must be strictly protected.
Try every effort to shorten implementation period. Since the establishment of this project component is only construction of protection station with small scale, transport workload is small and mechanic noise is low, the negative impacts are believed to be short lived.
7.5.2 Inappropriate productive development Impacts: Plow land per capita in communities surrounding project nature reserves is few. Due to land property problem, some farmers carry out productive development activities such as grazing and logging in the perimeter area of nature reserves or even within nature reserves. Implementation of proposed project will prohibit these productive activities, which will cause some negative impacts on production and livelihood of these farmers. Mitigations:
Biodiversity conservation component should be organically combined with ecological forest management activity. Communities near nature reserves should have to priority to be allocated with ecological forest management activities. Select ecological and economic dual-function tree (bamboo) species, mainly establish mixed forest, which not only maintains water and soil, reserves water head and preserves biodiversity, but also helps with increasing economic income of farmers
Strengthen biogas tank construction in rural area, fundamentally solve rural energy problem, and decrease the energy consumption of forest resource and disturbance to ecological forest.
Activities such as growing grass as under-story in forest areas and use of cut-and-carry instead of grazing and pen feeding should be encouraged.
Establish community-oriented co-management committees and set up efficient forest management structure and program. Nature reserve administrative agency should fully respect and protect the surrounding community’s resource ownership.
7.6 Risk Analysis and Prevention Measures 7.6.1 Analysis of natural risk factors
Natural risks in the proposed project include fire damage, cold damage, typhoon and pest damage, etc. Risk elements and risk extent are listed in Table 7.6-1.
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Table 7.6-1 Analysis of Risk Element Identification and Extent
Type Element Analysis Risk
Extent EnvironmentRisk Extent
Fire
Forest fire frequency in 2003 and 2004 was 1015 and 1217 respectively in GZAR, affected forest area was 4807 ha and 4983 ha, fire damage ratio was 0.49‰ and 0.51‰, below national forest fire damage ratio 0.6‰ . In recent years, constructions such as ecological fire-proof forest strip and fire-combating professional team and so on under fire integrated management project construction in such five national key fire areas as northwest, north, central, south and east GZAR with total investment of 0.31 billion RMB have made contribution to improvement of forest fire prevention and combating capacity. Possibility of large-area fire damage within project areas is extremely low.
Medium Low
Cold Injury
Impacts of cold injury on tree growth are relatively high, especially for young stand of Eucalyptus and Acacia. However, cycle of cold damage occurrence is normally 3 years, and damage extent is not necessarily destructive. Through selection of cold-resistant species in the proposed project would tremendously improve cold-resistant capacity of trees.
Medium Medium
Typhoon
Coastal area in GZAR is usually impacted by typhoon, and tree growth is potentially threatened. However, greater strength has been placed on coastal protection forest system establishment, improving windbreak and dune-fixing capacity, furthermore, project areas are mainly distributed within hinterland where impacts of typhoon are small.
Medium Medium
Nature
Pest
Forest pest damage area in GZAR in 2003 and 2004 was 205,800 ha and 228,200 ha respectively, in particular, pest species and affected area of Eucalyptus, pine and bamboo have the tendency to enlarge. GZAR has stepped up measures to manage forest pest and made important breakthrough. Dendrolimus punctatus, Bursaphelenchus lignicolus and Hylobitejus xiaoi Zhang of Pinus massoniana have been effectively controlled, the same as Pseudomona solanacearum of Eucalyptus. Pest monitoring and report network has been set up with 50 newly added forest pest monitoring and report stations. Therefore, Guangxi has set up comprehensive prevention system and forest pest monitoring and report network which could forecast and manage with accuracy in a timely manner.
Normal Medium
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7.6.2 Analysis of Ecological Risk
Ecological risk in the tree species for commercial timber plantation mainly comes from Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus is exotic tree species that does not belong to pest category. However, uncontrolled development would cause potential ecological risk. Main risks are presented as follows:
Possibility of native tree species being pressured and their habitat being invaded if the establishment of large-scale Eucalyptus plantation is practiced. Such action can potentially impact landscape diversity and reduce the genetic biodiversity.
Plantation with monoculture or clone in large areas can decrease the stability and stress resistant rate in plantation forest.
Short-rotation and continuous planting with multiple generations would cause degradation of soil productivity.
Plantation with monoculture in large areas can possibly negatively impact breeding and survival of local wild animals.
7.6.3 Measures for risk prevention and mitigation
Set up and complete forest protection and fire prevention institution, strengthen forest fire prevention team, prepare detailed and specific-duty-to-specific-person forest fire prevention system to effectively prevent forest fire and protect forest. In recent years, constructions such as ecological fire-proof forest strip and fire-combating professional team and so on under fire integrated management project construction in such five national key fire areas as northwest, north, central, south and east GZAR have made great contribution to improvement of forest fire prevention and combating capacity. For the next five years, Guangxi will continue to step up efforts to complete construction of forest prevention commanding center, professional forest-combating team, communication, fire suppression tools, observatory, aerial forest fire protection base and ecological fire-proof trip, further improving forest fire management system.
Using the general principle of “prevention first, cure next”, an active system of early plant diseases and insect pests monitoring is planned to be set up in project areas to effectively forecast potential of plant disease and pest outbreaks and provide timely preventive measures. In key ecological area, important commercial plantation area, fast-growing and high yield forest base, emphasis goes to prevent and manage Dendrolimus punctatus, Bursaphelenchus lignicolus of pines, Eucalyptus disease, bamboo disease, star aniseed disease, Chinese cinnamon disease etc., implementing prevention and management of great hazardous forest pest project. Strengthen research on forest pest prevention technique for fast-growing and high yield plantation such as Eucalyptus, provide technique support and service for managing forest pest in fast-growing and high yield plantation.
Elite varieties or clones with high cold and typhoon resistance should be selected for plantation development to prevent cold injury and typhoon damage. In addition, research and scientific experimentation should continue to develop new elite tree varieties for plantation.
Plantation with mono provenance, family or clone should be avoided. Mixed forest of fast-growing species and indigenous species should be encouraged. Make mosaic distribution of fast-growing plantation with natural secondary forest or indigenous species. While extending plantation with clones, attention should be paid to genetic diversity of clones and introduction of new germplasm, preventing narrowing and simplification of gene.
Strengthen superior species selection and improvement work, extend the application of superior
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and healthy stockings. Seeds used in the proposed project should be purchased and allocated by Seed Station of Guangxi Forestry Department. Breeding should mainly rely on central nursery and fixed nursery. Unified design, fixed point breeding and directional supply should be carried out.
Strengthen ecological environment monitoring, set up fixed sample area in commercial plantation and public-welfare forest to carry out regular and fix-point monitoring, conduct cooperative ecological monitoring with relevant institutions, and regularly report the data to responsible environmental agency.
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8 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan The experiences on EIA around the world has shown that even if mitigation and monitoring plans proposed in the EIA are clearly described, the mitigation and monitoring plans may be ignored without effective and competent monitoring and enforcement procedures to supervise and ensure the implementation. Therefore, it is recommended that project proponent develop an enforceable plan, the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP), prior to commencement of the project activities as part of the overall project management operation. The EMMP identifies the responsibilities of each organization involved in the implementation of EMMP and the proposed mitigation and monitoring activities during design, construction/implementation, and operation.
For projects where International Finance Agencies (IFAs) participate in project funding, the Loan Agreement guarantees that the funds needed for establishing and operating the EMMP would be made available as an integral part of the project budget (not as a kind of “add on”).
In the early 1990s, the structure of the EIA report was modified to include a separate chapter on Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The EMP developed in the project EIA included all mitigation and monitoring requirements specified in the EIA. As soon as the feasibility study of the project including EIA is approved, an implementing institution should be established as a part of the overall PMO structure and should be responsible for implementation of project mitigation and monitoring activities.
The project’s influence on environment will occur during the construction/implementation and operation periods. In Chapter 7, all the issues affecting the environment were identified and analyzed. Corresponding mitigation measures were also proposed. In this chapter the EMMP is developed for implementation of mitigation measures identified in previous chapter, and the corresponding responsibilities for implementing institutes are identified. This orderly identification, assessment, and presentation of mitigation measures ensures that no important issues are overlooked and that negative impacts are prevented or reduced to minimum and acceptable levels.
The project involves many environmental issues, however, the impact of the project on local environment can be effectively controlled if the following major environmental issues are monitored and controlled.
8.1 Implementation Organizations and Responsibilities As indicated in the following figure 8-1, borrowed from Chapter 2, the normal process for project environmental management in China is organized within each concerned ministry and commission and is carried out by their respective environmental protection department under the supervision of SEPA and local EPBs.
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Fig. 8-1 (2-1) Organizational Structure of Environmental Administrative Framework
The State Council
Concerned Ministries/Commissions
SEPA
Management Organizations of Main River Basins EP departments of
Ministry/CommissionProvincial/Regional EPB
EP Organization of Provincial Lined Departments
Municipal EPB
EP Organs of Big & Medium
Enterprises
EP Organs of Industrial Sector of Prefecture/City Governments
EP Office of Industrial Sectors of County Government Sector
County EPB
Environmental Staff in Township/community
EP Office of Small Enterprise/Township
Enterprise
EP Organization of Main River Basins
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The Ministry of Forestry (MOF), one of the concerned ministries, is the national organization that has the responsibilities for protection and management of environment within the areas of influence of the project. The institution that has direct responsibility is the Ecological Environment Division of the Department of Science, Technology and Education of the Ministry of Forestry. Its main responsibilities are: (1) to ensure that the project adhere with the relevant environmental protection laws, regulations and standards of China, and (2) to supervise environment protection in the forest sector of the country. SEPA provides supervision and monitoring to the work of MOF. The parallel provincial institution, Guangxi Forestry Bureau (GFB), has the similar departments and personnel for environmental protection and will be responsible for supervision and monitoring of the project impact under the overall supervision of the Guangxi EPB and county EPBs (one person specially assigned for the task). PPMO is established under the direction of GFB for management and implementation of the day-to-day operation of project activities.
The provincial environment monitoring station (EMS) is a technical unit under province-level EPB and does not have administrative function. EMS is responsible for monitoring the environmental impact of various development activities within their respective jurisdictional boundaries, and for compiling the annual environmental quality reports. The responsibilities of the organization include: (1) reporting any changes in the quality of natural environment to SEPA, (2) environmental pollution control; (3) reporting progress achieved in environmental protection; and (4) handling application for discharge of important pollution source. Environment monitoring stations at city and county levels (directly under EPB at city and county levels) are responsible for monitoring changes of environmental quality of atmosphere, water, noise and natural environment and for reporting status of environment to the provincial environmental monitoring station.
However, the EPB and the environmental monitoring station (EMS) staffs are not responsible for daily inspection and monitoring of the environmental performance of the project. Therefore, the respective PMOs should provide necessary organization and manpower to ensure the effective and smooth implementation of the environmental requirements of the project. Environmental Protection Section will be set up in PPMO and one person in charge of the PPMO will be responsible for the section, and 2 professional environmental protection personnel will be assigned in the section. At county PMO, 1～2 professional environmental protection personnel will be assigned based on the plantation area and sub-compartment quantity, and afforestation technical staff will be directly responsible for the daily inspection and monitoring in the aspect of environmental protection of the overall plantation. Monitoring of physical factors such as surface water and soil fertility will be handled to city/county EMSs, monitoring of dynamic factors will be undertaken by qualified organization.
8.1.1 Implementation organization
At project feasibility study level, the EIA prepared by the project proponents has to be reviewed and approved by Guangxi Environmental Protection Bureau (GEPB) and the WB safeguards group. At this stage, GEPB also solicits comments and opinions of EPBs at city and county levels. However, during project implementation/construction and operation phases of the project, implementation of the EMMP is the responsibility of the respective PMOs.
GEPB should be requested to collect the required data, monitoring of the implementation of the EMMP and checking whether the mitigation measures of each component of the project are
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successfully undertaken. The respective county EPBs should be requested by the respective PMOs to supervise and inspect subcomponents of the project with potential environmental impact following the proposed EMMP and the relevant environment protection laws of China.
The project areas will include 48 counties and 13 forest farms in GZAR. In order to ensure smooth implementation of the project with minimum negative impact on environment, the following EMMP is formulated and must be followed by the relevant project proponents. The EMMP must be considered as a part and parcel of the project and must be budgeted as a project item in the financial feasibility report and project implementation plan.
In order to ensure successful implementation of the proposed EMMP and in line with relevant national environmental regulations, each PMO should appoint 1～2 full-time officer(s) who will have full responsibility for the successful implementation of the activities defined in mitigation and monitoring sections of the EIA report (Chapter 7) during each phase of the project implementation and at least the first five years of project operation. The CPMOs should also designate 1～2 full-time employees of their staff to be trained by the project to take the responsibility of ensuring the adoption of all EMMP activities by the project at the county/farm level. He/she should convey the environmental issues within the project to the project implementation agencies of the PPMO and the county EPBs, responsible for data collection and providing technical assistance to the environmental officer. The environmental officers identified at PMOs at every level (county, prefecture, province/region) are responsible for the preparation of the environment protection materials and documents related to project implementation for the review of SEPA, the World Bank and respective EPBs at various levels.
During operation phase, each CPMO environmental officer will assist the respective PMO with implementing the environmental monitoring program and other works included in the EMMP. However, the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that all activities identified in the EMMP are implemented rest on shoulders of the PPMOs and they must ensure smooth flow of required environmental reports/data from the counties to the regional office. The environmental management and organizations during implementation and operation phases are diagrammed in Fig.8-2 and Fig. 8-3, respectively.
Fig. 8-2 Environmental Management Organization during Construction Stage
PLG
PPMO
Environmental Officer (PPMO)
Local governmental institutions (EPBs, Forestry Bureaus, etc.)
County PMOs designated environmental Supervisors
Design Unit
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Fig. 8-3 Environmental Management Organization during Operation Stage
8.1.2 Role of PMO and environmental monitors
As discussed in 8.1.1, implementers of EMMP will be the responsibility of PMOs at various levels. They are responsible for ensuring the smooth implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring plan as is detailed in the environmental assessment report. Their major tasks include:
a. Review and ensure implementation of mitigation and monitoring activities with comments on the activities as needed to obtain minimum acceptable environmental performance level in the overall project;
b. Recommending, gaining approval for and carrying out any special studies, which are believed necessary for reaching the minimum acceptable environmental performance;
c. In close cooperation with the project design and implementation teams, make sure that the relevant mitigation measures contained in the EMMP are reflected in the final project plans and that necessary conditions for project monitoring are in place;
d. Provide for necessary training of staff of PMOs and implementers of project subcomponent on identifying environmental issues, as they may arise, and environmental inspection of the project to improve the institutional capacity of county and township personnel in implementation of EMMP activities;
e. Supervise the implementation of the environmental protection measures as specified in the EMMP;
f. Provide written guidelines whenever gaps in environmental performance are found in EMMP and to take corrective measures;
g. Perform emergency response plans during environmental emergency conditions and report any environmental accident/mishaps to the PPMO and local EPBs in a timely manner;
h. Implement the environmental monitoring plan including engaging and supervising monitoring institutions and ensure that all sampling activities as defined in the monitoring plan is completed on a timely manner;
PLG
PPMO
PPMOs, CPMOs (1 person, each)
Local governmental institutions (Provincial and County EPBs, etc.)
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i. Prepare periodic reports on environmental performance of the project’s implementation and operation to be availed to relevant environmental administrative departments/Bureaus and the World Bank;
j. Deal with the complaints concerning the environmental aspects and accept the supervision of the environmental protection departments;
k. Arrange for the visits of the Bank Mission staff, if necessary, and regulatory staff of EPB or EMS;
l. Supervise environmental issues during project implementation/construction and urge construction/implementation teams to follow relevant regulations; and
m. Be responsible for any other actions needed for implementing the EMMP.
8.1.3 Supervision organization
Under the guidance of SEPA, GEPB is the administrative department for environmental protection and is responsible for the environmental management and supervision within the jurisdiction of the respective region. The local EPBs at prefecture, city, and county levels are the administrative departments of the corresponding local governments’ environmental protection. They are responsible for environmental management and supervision within the jurisdiction of the local government. They will be responsible for environmental monitoring and supervision of project sub-components within their respective local government jurisdiction.
EPBs and EMS offices at provincial, prefecture, city and county levels should be requested to cooperate closely with clearly defined responsibilities in monitoring works of the project. Under the jurisdiction of provincial EPB, a Provincial Central Environmental Monitoring Station is established that is responsible for the monitoring of environmental quality within the jurisdiction of the province. The prefecture/county level environmental monitoring stations (EMS) established under prefecture/county EPBs are responsible for the environmental monitoring within the jurisdiction of prefectures/county. The environmental protection work of this project will be carried out under the supervision of SEPA, provincial/regional EPBs and local EPBs within the project areas. The environmental supervision plan is summarized in Table 8-1.
8.1.4 Environmental Management Plan
In order to ensure the effective implementation of the proposed environmental mitigation measures for the project, an environment management plan has been formulated and listed in Table 8-2.
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Table 8-1 Environment Supervision Plan Stage Organization Monitoring items Monitoring Objectives
Feasibility Study GZAR EPB 1. Review EIA
2. Review EMMP draft
1. Guarantee a complete environmental assessment, and appropriate subject identification, emphasize the key points.
2. Make sure it reflects the possible, significant potential problems which might
be produced by this project
3.Guarantee a concrete and practical action plan of mitigation measures
1. Review the preliminary design for environmental protection and EMMP
1. Strictly execute EMMP
2. Ensure that all national environmental laws and regulations with regards to project construction/implementation are considered.
GZAR EPB
2. Check whether investment for environment protection is in place.
3. Secure that sufficient environmental protection investment is in place
3. Check selection of project areas and cultivation/planting methods
4. Check whether the land allocated for development of artificial timber plantation is suitable, whether the vegetation in all gullies are retained, and does not encroach on areas of high biodiversity.
5. Ensure that the project areas are far away from the nature reserves buffer and core areas, and make sure that the project will not block the migration route of wild animals.
4. Inspect whether there are underground cultural relics.
6. Protect cultural relics
Design & Implementation
GZAR EPB, Local EPBs
5. Inspect the discharge and
treatment of daily sewage and waste from larger construction site.
7. Ensure that solid waste and raw sewage are disposed according to relevant national and local regulations. Ensure that surface and groundwater are not contaminated.
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Stage Organization Monitoring items Monitoring Objectives
6. Check whether construction will cause accelerated soil erosion.
8. Ensure erosion control measures according to EMMP. National and local laws are in place.
7. Check the arrangement of forestation species
9. Maintain the balance of the natural enemies, improve the balance adjustive ability of pest and disease
8. Check the energy sources and grazing problems for farmers
10. Solve the problems of energy sources and livelihood source for farmers, avoid social and ethnical conflicts
9. Check the sanitation workers’ health in construction sites
11. Avoid and decrease the possibility of epidemic spread
Operation GZAR EPB, Local EPBs
1. Inspect the implementation of EMMP in operation stage.
2. Check the implementation of monitoring plan.
3. Verify whether it is necessary to take further environmental protection measures for unforeseen environmental problem.
1. Protect the environment; minimize the environmental impact during operation phase.
2. If necessary, review and amend the EMMP to overcome unforeseen impacts.
3. Guarantee the sewage disposal process in place meets the standard.
4. Ensure that project impacts on natural resources are minimized, especially on natural forests and water resources.
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Stage Organization Monitoring items Monitoring Objectives
GZAR EPB,
Local EPBs
1. Check whether the discharge of pollutants meets the national standards.
2. Check if project is causing unforeseen pressure on natural forestland and water resources in the region.
3. Check whether the project has any impact on nature reserves, rare flora or fauna.
4. Check if project is causing accelerated soil erosion.
5. Review the use of agricultural chemicals in project areas.
5. Ensure the discharge of pollutants meets the national standards.
6. Ensure that project will not cause any additional degradation of natural forest lands.
7. Report any wrong doing to appropriate regulatory agencies.
8. Ensure that project will not cause negative impact on water resources and their availability for downstream water users. Report any wrong doings to the appropriate relevant agencies.
9. Prevent any potential project impact on nature reserves, rare flora and fauna by enforcing the EMMP.
10. Supervise and check use of agricultural chemicals in plant disease and insect pests control measures. Ensure project pest management plan is fully enforced and no Category I pesticide or any other pesticides is used that can cause pollution of surface and groundwater resources.
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Table 8-2 Environment Management Plan for GIFDCP, China Environmental Issues Mitigation Policies and Control Measures Implementer(s) Responsible
Agency(ies)
A. Design/Pre-implementation Phase
1.The Project Plan
1. Optimize project design and plan to minimize its potential negative environmental impacts.
2. Project should be planned and designed to avoid impact on environmentally sensitive areas such as core, research and buffer zones of nature reserves, wildlife habitats, natural and cultural relics, and arrange construction schedule to minimize and reduce land occupancy time.
3. Ensure minimal impact on water resources of the region, the minimum flow requirements, and water requirements of downstream users.
4. Strengthen PPMO to enforce monitoring and protection of biodiversity in project areas.
5. Ensure that migration routes of wild animals and their feeding/watering areas will not be blocked.
6. PPMO and respective agencies should provide a nature reserve/wildlife management plan for sub-community that are close to nature reserves and/or habitats of wild animals.
7. Ensure that no any natural forest/high biodiversity shrub land will be replaced by commercial timber plantation.
8. Protect the safety of native tree species from interference by exotic species.
9. Ensure the availability of alternative energy resources for the local farmers.
10. Large areas of single-clone plantation are not allowed, at least 10 clones for each project county.
PPMO and Design Units PPMO
2. Land Use 1. If construction of limited access roads is required, they should be designed to minimize land occupancy, prevent accelerated soil erosion, and
Design Units PPMO
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Environmental Issues Mitigation Policies and Control Measures Implementer(s) Responsible
Agency(ies)
avoid/minimize damage to vegetation.
2. Commercial timber plantation development should not claim any new, natural forest area.
3. Areas that are identified/considered as historic heritage or have cultural relics are not allowed to be used for establishing plantation.
4. Areas with slope of more than 35° are not allowed for establishing commercial plantation.
3. Agricultural Chemicals
1. Review of all agrochemicals that are proposed for use in the project areas and prevent use of any pesticide classified as in WHO Category I. Alternatives should be selected to replace the highly poisonous pesticides. Promote the use of low residue agrochemicals. Enforce prepared pest management plan’s recommendation. Detail please find in Annex G. Plantation Integrated Pest Management Plan which should be fully implemented.
Forestry plant disease & insect pest prevention and cure stations. PPMO
B. Implementation phase
1. Nature reserves and wildlife habitats
1. Construction machineries should be kept far away from nature reserves and wildlife habitats. If construction activities are located in proximity of buffer areas, effort should be made to reduce noise by use of such equipment as silencers and muzzles to reduce noise level to as low levels as possible.
2. It is not allowed by national laws to convert natural forest to any other uses including timber plantations. Timber plantation development should be implemented in present wasteland or low biodiversity shrub land suitable for plantation.
3. Proper disposal of wastes resulted from construction activities. Waste disposal sites should be located far from nature reserves and wildlife habitats.
4. Construction workers should not enter core, research, or buffer zones of nature reserves. Hunting and damage to wild plants should be prohibited.
Implementation Team PPMO, CPMOs
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Environmental Issues Mitigation Policies and Control Measures Implementer(s) Responsible
Agency(ies)
2. Soil Erosion
1. Full cultivation for plantation land preparation on slopes steeper than 16° is strictly forbidden. The strip cultivation or fish-scale configuration alignment (hole) cultivation should be adopted.
2. Side slope plantation should be completed at least one month before start of rainy season.
3. Avoid cultivation or digging holes and/or irrigation ditches on mountain slopes greater than 25o or on sloping land during rainy season. Sand bags, hay bales straw matt, and/or silt fence should be used on the down slope side of any cut areas to prevent soil loss and increase in sediment load of down slope water bodies.
4. After completion of construction activities or development of plantation, vegetative ground cover should be planted as soon as possible to prevent water and soil erosion.
5. Make use of the plant residue as mulch to protect ground vegetation.
6. Thinning should strictly follow the implementation plan to prevent harming of the retained trees and soil loss.
7. Adopt measures to maintain and improve soil structure, soil fertility and biology as is promoted In the plantation environmental management plan.
8. Advocate the use of organic fertilizer, environmentally friendly fertilizers and interspecific fixed plants within plantation.
9. As much as possible, apply organic fertilizer based on plantation design. Allow only hole application or strip application (side-dressing). Broadcasting of fertilizers is not allowed.
Implementation Teams GZAR PPMO, CPMOs
3. Natural and cultural relics
1. Training should be provided to contractors and construction workers on recognition of cultural relics and importance of protecting them.
2. During construction, if cultural relics are found, construction should be
County Cultural Bureaus, CPMOs
PPMO
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Environmental Issues Mitigation Policies and Control Measures Implementer(s) Responsible
Agency(ies)
stopped, construction/environmental supervisors should protect the site, and immediately inform the concerned department to review and study the finds before any construction activity can resume.
4. Minority Nationalities
1. Respect the living style and traditional customs of minority nationalities.
2. Increase awareness and respectfulness of contractors and project work force with regard to minority traditions and beliefs through pamphlets, training and awareness classes, etc.
Implementation/Construction Team, environmental supervisors PPMO
5. Pest Management
1. Plantation should be planted with multiple tree species, multiple provenance, multiple genetics and multiple age layers.
2. Quarantine the exotic species.
3. Retain the vegetation in all gullies.
4. Avoid indiscreet use of large-quantity of pesticides and/or fertilizers.
Design units PPMO
6. Society
1. No encroachment to croplands is allowed.
2. The problem of energy source for farmers should be resolved.
3. Related government agencies should help and guide farmers in intensive animal husbandry.
4. Set up contemporary epidemic prevention agency in construction sites to improve epidemic monitoring, sanitation management and publicity.
CPMOs, Epidemic Prevention Agencies PPMO
C. Operation phase
1. Flora, fauna, and nature reserves
1. The measures for protecting the nature reserves and biodiversity should be strictly implemented according to respective national and provincial laws and regulations and as per requirements of this report.
CPMO PPMO, and EPBs
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Environmental Issues Mitigation Policies and Control Measures Implementer(s) Responsible
Agency(ies)
2. Pest Management and Use of agrochemicals
1. Strictly implement the provided pest management plans (Appendix G) to improve pesticide application and selection practices and efficiency to minimize negative, long-term impacts of pesticides on natural environment.
2. Select pesticides and herbicides with short-term residual effect and low toxicity. As much as possible, use the organic and environmental-friendly fertilizers.
3. Select appropriate silvicultural techniques to improve the forest stand pest-and-disease-resistant ability.
4. Regularly monitor the pest population.
5. Implement the pest management plan and decrease the use of pesticides. Application dose and timing should be strictly monitored.
6. Hole fertilizing, covered with soil and dead branches.
7. Recycle and handle the chemicals bottles and containers properly.
CPMOs, Forestry plant disease & insect pests prevention stations PPMO
3. Soil Erosion and Soil Fertility
1. Protect the animals and plants on the forestland, protect the soil by making use of vegetation.
2. Weed by man-power, ensure the quality of plantation tendering and the monitoring of environment.
3. Adopt balanced fertilizing techniques.
4. Make every effort to use organic fertilizer, extend bacterial manure.
5. Restore and protect ground vegetation.
6. Retain the logging residue on the forestland.
7. Soil and water maintenance measures in place for newly-built forest roads.
CPMOs, Implementation Team PPMO
4. Biodiversity 1. Protect undergrowth and deciduous trees, protect the original vegetation CPMOs, Implementation Team PPMO
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Environmental Issues Mitigation Policies and Control Measures Implementer(s) Responsible
Agency(ies)
between planting lines.
2. Extend integrated pest management plan and improve forest health management. Decrease the use of agrochemicals.
5. Society
1. Help farmers with development alternative fuel sources such as biogas tank construction, fuel-saving kitchen range, etc. Solve the energy source problem.
2. Help farmers with raising stocks and labor export.
3. Support employment for ethnic groups and female and disadvantaged groups.
4. Respect the local customs, especially in ethnic minority areas.
CPMOs PPMO
6. Environmental Pollution
1. Reduce the use of pesticide and fertilizer, appropriate amount and timing should be considered.
2. Adopt organic and green manure.
3. Adopt groove fertilization and pit fertilization, covered with soil and deadwood.
4. Adopt pesticide with low toxin.
5. Recycle and properly handle containers and used bottles of pesticide and fertilizer.
CPMOs PPMO
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8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan The fundamental goals of GIFDCP are:
To improve the quality and extent of natural forests through introduction of enhanced forest management and protection system;
To improve environmental quality of project areas, especially in watershed management areas of the project; and
Improve the livelihood of local inhabitants and increase job opportunities through establishment of plantation.
Types of environment monitoring: Considering the above broadly defined goals, three general types of monitoring should be considered.
Implementation monitoring to determine whether the progress project implementation is in line with well established benchmarks (number of plantation/watershed protection plans implemented, number of activities undertaken, number of people trained, etc). Under this type of monitoring, extent to which policies, guidelines, procedures and/or other administrative commitments have been achieved can also be assessed.
Compliance monitoring that is used to measure project’s operational performance against accepted environmental standards, regulations, permit conditions and commitments of the project plans. The results of this type of monitoring can be used for imposing fines or penalties on guilty parties or rewarding good performance.
Effectiveness monitoring identifies the environmental impact of the project activities in relation to long-term objectives and goals of the project. If such monitoring is measured in time-series, the results can also be used to determine the trend in change in environmental condition. In this type of monitoring relevant “indicators” will be selected, a baseline will be established, and periodically conditions will be measured and assessed against a desired condition, to determine if management practices are effective in achieving project goals and objectives.
Purpose of environment monitoring plan: The main purpose of this section is to summarize the needs of monitoring and to prepare a sound environmental monitoring program. The main objectives of the plan are
To ensure that all the mitigation measures specified in the EIA will actually be carried out;
To evaluate the monitoring data to determine whether the environmental protection measures as proposed (including design, implementation, and operational procedures) are actually furnishing adequate environmental protections and if not, to indicate the correction measures that is needed, and
To ensure sustainable use of natural resources, such as soil and water, by the project.
The most significant potential environmental impacts associated with the Plantation Establishment component are related to three main issues: 1) site selection, in particular the possible conversion of important native ecosystems; 2) features of plantation establishment and management, such as genetic and species diversity in project design, soil conservation practices, watershed protection and water management; and 3) pest management. The first two issues are discussed in detail in Annex F of this report, “Environmental Protection Guidelines for Plantation Management”. This
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plan sets up a site screening process to flag natural communities for further evaluation, and environmental standards for plantation establishment and management. Pest management issues will be dealt with through Plantation Pest Management Plan (Annex G to this report) that provides detailed procedures for procurement, storage, distribution and application of pesticides, use of integrated pest management (IPM), and the propose training requirements for the safe handling and use of pesticide products by individual farmers or licensed practitioners.
8.2.1 Monitoring Items and Selection of Monitoring Sites
Monitoring program includes monitoring of individual environmental issues as identified in Chapter 7, such as project impact on soil and water resources and potential impacts of plantation development on biodiversity as well as enforcement of pest management plan.
On the basis of research and observation of Eucalyptus and other plantation species in Guangxi over the last 3 decades, as well as on the basis of census of Guangxi forest vegetation for several times, following monitoring items and sites are made:
In order to monitor the impact of the project on major environmental parameters that include biodiversity, soil erosion, soil fertility status, and water quality, a series of monitoring programs are proposed. The proposed environmental monitoring work, including field observation and lab analysis should be conducted by the EIs. In special circumstances where specialists are required, qualified individuals/institutions strictly following the proposed methodologies should be subcontracted to perform such activities (biodiversity determination, lab analyses) under the direction of the PPMO and EIs. These monitoring activities that will continue during project operation will be concentrated in three project counties, representative of major physiographic, geologic, and climatic conditions (agro-ecological zones) that are prevalent in GZAR. The proposed counties include:
Huanjiang County, north of Guangxi, representative of mountainous landform, sandstone parent rock, yellow or red soils and mid-Asia tropical mountainous climate. The dominant tree species in this county are Eucalyptus and Betula alnoides;
Cen Xi City, located in southeast of Guangxi, representative of low hilly landform, Chihong soil evolved from granite parent rock and south-Asia tropical eastern humid climate. The dominant tree species in this county are Eucalyptus and Quercus griffithii;
Jiangzhou District, located in southwest, representative of limestone landform, limestone soil derived from limestone parent rock in north tropical semi-humid climate. The dominant plantation tree species is Sympodial bamboo.
Monitoring content is presented in the following Table 8-3.
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Table 8-3 Environment Monitoring Plan
Baseline data collection:
1. Surface Water
Selection and establishment of sampling points by the end of Year 1.
1. Monitoring items: pH, Total P, TKN, CODMn, BOD5, and suspended solids (SS)
2. Monitoring frequency: once, 2 weeks after onset of major rainy season
3. Monitoring periods: 9 days.
4. Location to be monitored: Yichang River in Cenxi City, Dahuan River in Huanjiang County, Ming Jiang River in Ningming County
Prefecture/Provincial EMS PPMO
Implementation phase:
1. Surface Water
1. Visual inspection for turbidity. If signs of accelerated soil erosion due to project activities are detected, measure suspended solids and inform the respective authorities and project staff to stop/improve erosion control measures.
County EMS PPMO
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2. Flora Biodiversity
1. Monitoring items: Survey of under story plant biodiversity in plantations such as species type of shrubs, and herbaceous layers, their quality, percent coverage, distribution and growth condition to establish baseline data.
2. Monitoring frequency: Once, end of year 1
3. Monitoring period: 9 days
4. Locations to be monitored: Two replicates and a check plot in each Five plantations selected for soil erosion measurements in the three representative counties (total of 15 sites)
PPMO, CPMOs PPMO
3. Fauna Biodiversity
Detailed monitoring plan will be made by GEF Project Team.
1.Monitoring items: birds
2.Monitoring frequency: one per quarter
3.Monitoring period: 3 days (discontinuous)
4.Locations to be monitored: The bird monitoring would be a larger area than the plots.
GEF Project Team, as well as persons who are willing to learn and capable to monitor birds, including high school students, teachers, workers and farmers, etc.
PPMO
4. Soil Fertility
1. Monitoring items: Variation in soil productivity by measuring total organic matter, TKN, Available P, total K, available Ca, Mg, and pH
2. Monitoring frequency: once, end of year 1
3. Monitoring period: 6 days
4. Location to be monitored: Duplicate composite grab samples of topsoil in the soil erosion measurement plots within the five plantation in the three selected project counties (15 soil samples in total)
EI, County and Provincial and County EMS
PPMO
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Operation phase:
1. Flora Biodiversity
1. Monitoring items: Survey of under story plant biodiversity in plantations such as species type of shrubs, and herbaceous layers, their quality, percent coverage, distribution and growth condition to establish change in biodiversity
2. Monitoring frequency: Once every other year in the first five years of project operation (end of year 3, and year 5)
3. Monitoring period: 9 days per every other year
4. Locations to be monitored: Two replicates and a check plot in each Five plantations selected for soil erosion measurements in the three representative counties (total of 15 sample sites)
5. Size of sampling areas: Replicate and control 0.01 ha plots.
PPMO, CPMOs PPMO
2. Fauna Biodiversity
Detailed monitoring plan will be made by GEF Project Team.
1.Monitoring items: birds
2.Monitoring frequency: one per quarter
3.Monitoring period: 3 days (discontinuous)
4.Locations to be monitored: The bird monitoring would be a larger area than the plots.
GEF Project Team, as well as persons who are willing to learn and capable to monitor birds, including high school students, teachers, workers and farmers, etc.
PPMO
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3. Soil Fertility
1. Monitoring items: Variation in soil productivity by measuring total organic matter, TKN, Available P, total K, available Ca, Mg, and pH
2. Monitoring frequency: once every two years (end of year 3 and year 5)
3. Monitoring period: 6 days every two years (end of year 3 and year 5)
4. Location to be monitored: Duplicate composite grab samples of topsoil in the soil erosion measurement plots within the five plantation in the three selected project counties (15 samples in total).
EI, County and Provincial EMS PPMO, CPMO
4. Soil Erosion
1 Monitoring items: rainfall data (from county/prefecture weather station); soil loss; and analysis of sediments for organic carbon, TKN, TP, TK, Avail N, Avail. P and Avail. K, and pH.
2 Monitoring frequency: three times in the first year after establishment of plantation and once a year from year 2 to year 5.
Prefecture/Provincial EMS PPMO, CPMO
5. Surface Water
1. Monitoring items: pH, total P, TKN, CODMn, BOD5, and SS.
2. Monitoring frequency: Once every year during the implementation period of each sub-project, followed by once every year for 5 years during operation).
3. Monitoring periods: 9 days.
4. Monitoring time: Two weeks after the first major rainfall at the end of the dry season
5. Location to be monitored: Yichang River in Cenxi City, Dahuan River in Huanjiang County, Ming Jiang River in Ningming County.
Prefecture/Provincial EMS PPMO, CPMO
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6. Pest Management 1. Disease and insects monitoring according should strictly follow the Plantation
Integrated Pest Management Plan. Provincial, City and County disease & insect pests prevention stations
PPMO
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8.2.2 Monitoring implementer
Implementation of the monitoring program is the responsibility of the PPMO. CPMOs, under the direction of PPMO will be responsible for day-to-day environmental monitoring activities in their respective areas of jurisdiction. According to the jurisdiction zoning of the project area, the corresponding Prefecture, City or county EMS will monitor surface and groundwater quality, air quality, and noise levels, while provincial forestry bureau will undertake monitoring over artificial plantation forest ecology and related issues, and forestry plant disease and insect pests prevention stations will monitor the agrochemical use and implementation of the PMP in the project areas. Contracts should be signed between PPMO and respective monitoring stations before project implementation. The county environmental inspectors (EIs) are responsible for requesting for monitoring activities assigned to the respective monitoring stations, according to the requirement of EMMP and whenever the situation arises.
8.2.3 Monitoring Report System
The reporting system for environment monitoring is shown in Figure 8-4. After completion of each environmental monitoring task, the environment monitoring station should submit a monitoring report which includes monitoring data, environmental protection implementation status reflected from the data as well as the improvement opinion of environmental protection to the PPMO and to the higher administrative department of environmental protection. When PPMO and environmental protection department receive the monitoring report, the submitted improvement opinion should be considered. During implementation/construction, and the first five years of project operation, PPMO should submit annual environmental quality report to the World Bank. All submitted reports should also be available to Guangxi EPB and SEPA, upon their request.
8.2.4 Preparation monitoring (Baseline data collection)
The preparation period program is designed to achieve two main objectives. The first one is to check whether the mitigation measures contained in the environment assessment report have been incorporated in the final design document and in the construction contracts. The second is to assess the existing conditions. The proposed monitoring plan for each component is as outlined in Figure 8-3. The supervising items and related issues can be found in table 8-1.
Fig. 8-4 Monitoring Report Chart
The World Bank
CPMO(forest farm)
Provincial EPB
Local EPB
City/County EMS
PPMO
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Surface Water Quality: The project implementation plans calls for application of fertilizer and pesticides that could potentially have negative impact on water quality. The pre-implementation surface water-monitoring program is designed to establish background data from which future water quality will be evaluated. According to the geographic positions and the features of the project watersheds where the proposed plantation schemes are located, three representative rivers are selected to be included for water quality monitoring in this program. The monitoring program is presented in Table 8-3.
Nature Reserves: In those counties that the proposed plantations might be close to the nature reserves, or the preliminary plans show that there is a potential encroachment into the nature reserves, the PPMO should make sure that such encroachment does not occur. If any nature reserve is close to the proposed plantation sites, the preliminary designs might have to be amended to reflect the environmental requirements according to the laws and regulation of PRC.
8.2.5 Monitoring during implementation/construction
The implementation/construction monitoring program is designed to evaluate project activities and ensure that they meet the established environmental criteria. EIs are responsible to implement environmental management and monitoring activities according to the processes provided in this report and Appendix F, “Environmental Protection Guideline for Plantation Management”.
Project implementation activities may bring about some adverse impacts on environmental parameters such as vegetation, soil erosion, and biodiversity, and might also potentially cause minor short-term impact on air quality, acoustic environment, and public health. Project impact on the latter parameters should be monitored by the EI, if found necessary. The main environmental issues during implementation period related to plantation establishment component are outlined in detail in Annex F. However, during project development, special short term impacts on the environment might occur that are presented below. The proposed monitoring items presented here are designed to assist the EIs with appropriate plan of action in special circumstances where such short-term impacts might occur, and should be implemented only if found necessary. The proposed measures for such cases include:
Public Health: The EIs will be responsible to identify the onset of any epidemic and inform the respective agency. In case that an outbreak of diseases occur within worker’s camp sites, the EI/PPMO should inform and entrust the corresponding municipal anti-epidemic stations to duly monitor the epidemic and contagious diseases among the project workers and especially those coming from outside to the construction area. The monitoring program is presented in Table 8-4.
Table 8-4 Public Health Monitoring Program during Construction Site Monitored Frequency Monitoring period Implementer
Construction sites in each plantation area
Construction workers
Epidemic diseases including hepatitis, dysentery, typhoid fever, hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, whooping cough and tuberculosis
EI/Anti-epidemic Stations
Waste Disposal: The key monitoring work on this issue is to be done by the EIs. The EIs’
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work is to make sure that the construction team piles and disposes waste materials (including tree stumps, dregs, domestic garbage etc.) in places and ways as designed in project final design.
Surface and Groundwater Contamination: Soil and water pollution by the oil/machine oil/fuel/paint coming from construction machines can have negative impact on the natural environment. The EI will be responsible to inspect the contractor’s machinery and transport equipment, if any fuel/oil leakage were observed, he would be responsible to instruct the contractor to immediately repair the equipment. Prevent any accidental spill into the water sources. If an accidental spill occurs, he is responsible to quickly contain the contamination and inform the appropriate authorities to clean up the contamination. If necessary and in areas where significant spill is detected, underground and surface waters should be monitored.
Soil Erosion and Surface Water Sediment Loading: The project would include large areas that will require land preparation for plantation development that potentially can increase accelerated soil erosion, especially during tree planting period and first years of plant tending. Soil erosion can occur at construction sites, along areas of cut and fill such as access roads and in areas being prepared for tree planting, seedling tending, and during weeding, etc. Such erosion can result increase in sediment load in water bodies (streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, etc) that can negatively impact aquatic flora and fauna. The CPMOs/EIs are responsible to identify the areas where these negative impacts may occur and should direct the contractors to provide adequate soil conservation measures along the slope such as hay-bale, silt fence and/or fiber mats to prevent increase in the sediment load of rivers and lakes within the project area. The appropriate mitigation measures as are identified in Chapter 7 and Table 8.3 of this report.
8.2.6 Monitoring during operation
Project operation activities may also bring about some adverse impact on environmental parameters such as natural vegetation, soil erosion, biodiversity, pest and disease incidents. As was mentioned before, major environmental impact and required management activities are detailed in “Environmental Protection Guideline for Plantation Management (Appendix F) and Pest Management Plan (Appendix G). The potential environmental impacts during project operation phase (Year 2 to Year 6) will be mainly soil erosion and the potential pollution of surface/underground water, issues with use of pesticides and pest management activities, impact on soil fertility status, and the impact on biodiversity. Project impact on different environmental factors will be monitored during project operation by respective EIs in each project county. The main goal of proposed environmental monitoring plan during project operation is to provide an insight to the environmental impacts of the project during operation. The obtained information will be used to further refine the EMMP and respective project activities to prevent/reduce any unforeseen and significant negative environmental impact of the project during development of subsequent phases of the project.
8.2.7 Detailed monitoring program of major environmental parameters
Soil Erosion: Soil erosion monitoring site will be used for monitoring the yearly dynamics of soil erosion after establishment of proposed plantations. The year-round soil nutrient loss from plantation sites as well as a control check (CK) site outside the plantation should be determined. If
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available, the sampling plots should be on areas where different land preparation methods are used in order to determine the impact of different land preparation methods on soil erosion, comparison of soil erosion intensity will be made between plantation plots that are established with different soil preparation methods. In total, five soil erosion monitoring sites will be setup in three counties. Each will comprise 3 monitoring plots: two replication sites within plantation blocks and one CK plot outside plantation (non-planted site). Every effort should be made to have the soil erosion monitoring sites within the same plantation plots that will be used for monitoring flora and fauna biodiversity. Select one piece of Eucalyptus plantation and one piece of Betula alnoides plantation in Huanjiang County; select one piece of Eucalyptus plantation and one piece of Quercus griffithii in Cenxi City; select one piece of Sympodial bamboo in Jiangzhou District. Therefore five pieces of plantation are selected in three counties/cities. Each piece of plantation will comprise 3 monitoring plots (two replication sits within plantation blocks and one CK plot outside plantation). In total 15 monitoring plots will be established in these 5 pieces of plantation sits within the 3 representative counties/cities (each monitoring plot will be 100m2 in size).
Establishment of soil erosion plots Three plots shall be set up at soil erosion monitoring sites: one CK (outside the plantation) and two within plantation plots. The soil erosion monitoring plots should be 100m2 (20m×5m), preferably within the same soil type. The structure of the soil erosion plots will follow the National standards.
Monitoring contents The main monitoring items in soil erosion plots include:
rainfall data (from county/prefecture weather station);
soil loss; and
analysis of sediments for organic carbon, TKN, TP, TK, Avail N, Avail. P and Avail. K, and pH.
Field visits should be made after termination of rainfall events and sediment, if accumulated, should be collected and weighed after rainfall events. The eroded soil collected in the runoff collectors should be sampled and analyzed three times in the first year after establishment of plantation and once a year from year 2 to year 5. The EIs should train some individuals within each selected plantation area (progressive farmers or plantation staff) to collect sediment from the collection boxes after each rainfall event and record the volume of runoff water and weight of the sediment.
Biodiversity: Development of plantation could also have negative impact on biodiversity. Biodiversity normally covers genetic biodiversity, species biodiversity, ecosystem biodiversity and landscape biodiversity. This project will monitor and analyze flora and fauna biodiversity. In order to know the impacts of project on biodiversity, five plantation sites will be selected within these 3 counties/cities which are representative in the terms of landform/topography, soil, climate and dominant plantation species. These five selected plantation sites are planted with Eucalyptus, Bamboo, Betula alnoides and Quercus griffithii.
Monitoring contents
Flora Biodiversity:
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Main monitoring parameters in plant biodiversity include plant density, species composition, quantity of individual species, coverage rate, and height of under-story shrubs and herbaceous layers. These parameters should be recorded at each site to determine the impact of plantation development on biodiversity under different trees and agro-ecological conditions. Plant biodiversity monitoring will adopt internationally accepted methodologies. As with soil fertility and soil erosion plots, three fixed 100m2 (20m×5m) sampling sites (selected sample sites will be of similarity in terms of topography, soil and planting methods, etc.) will be established in 5 plantations within the three representative counties (cities), one site should be outside the plantation areas, preferably within buffer strips as the control check plot. In total 15 fixed sampling sites will be established for monitoring plant biodiversity.
Fauna Biodiversity:
Birds are commonly used in these situations because • they are easy to see (though aided by binoculars) • the species are easy to identify • there are dozens of species which might be seen • each species has a unique ecological requirement and so presence/absence can be
interpreted in environmental terms (presence/absence of certain vegetation, presence/absence of food items, degree of human presence, etc.
• cost-effective but statistically reliable methodologies are available and well tested Monitoring plan will be made by the GEF Project Team.
The bird monitoring would be a larger area than the plots.
Soil Fertility Status: Soil fertility monitoring sites will be used for monitoring the dynamics of soil fertility indexes, such as soil acidity and soil nutrient levels (N, P, K) at plantation sites after establishment of plantations. As with soil erosion and biodiversity monitoring sites, soil fertility monitoring sites will comprise plots with 3 treatments; one CK (without application of fertilizers) and two within the plantation blocks with fertilizer treatment. In total, five soil fertility monitoring sites will be set up in three different representative counties to reflect the impact of plantation development on soil fertility status based on plantation species and planting sites.
Establishment of monitoring plots Soil fertility will be monitored within the same plots that are used for soil erosion measurement. CK plots will be used as representative of without fertilizer application plantations to determine the soil fertility dynamics of plantation land without fertilization and plots within the plantation area will be used to estimate the soil fertility dynamics of plantation land with fertilization following the plantation establishment. The monitoring plots (selected sample sites will be of similarity in terms of topography, soil and planting methods, etc.) will be designed and established with 3 treatments, one CK (without fertilization) and two with fertilization. As there are five plantation blocks in three counties, in total 15 sub-plots will be set up and sampled once every other year from year 2 to year 6 (operation phase).
Monitoring indexes and methodology: The main indexes of soil fertility, including soil pH, organic carbon, TKN, available P, available K, are selected to be measured for monitoring their changes after plantation
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establishment. The soil sample shall be collected from the monitoring plots between June and August. A composite grab sample should be collected from the topsoil within each sampling plot. The composite topsoil samples should then be analyzed for the above soil fertility indexes. EIs will be trained in soil sampling methods during the first year of project implementation to ensure consistency and standardization of sampling activities. The analytical methods for each monitoring item will also be identified and standardized so that the results from different plantations could be compared.
Water Quality: Monitoring surface water quality is mainly required to see whether the project implementation has any impacts on water quality, and whether the use of basal fertilizer would exert any impacts on water quality. Three rivers, one in each identified project counties will be monitored for concentration of major pollutants including pH, COD, BOD5, TKN, TP, and suspended solids (SS). Two sampling points (bench marks) should be established on each river; one upstream of project plantation sites as the once a year, about two weeks after the onset of major rainy season (April-May).
The main parameters that are proposed to be monitored include surface water quality, biodiversity, plant diseases and insect pests, soil erosion, and soil fertility status in plantation areas. Implementing agencies and responsible institutions and general description of project monitoring activities are presented in Table 8-2.
The proposed monitoring programs for the four major environmental parameters identified above; biodiversity, soil erosion, soil fertility status, and surface water quality will continue, using the same sampling sites sampling methods, and timing, during the operation phase for five years (Year 2 to Year 6) under the auspices of the EMMP. Since the impacts of the plantation on these parameters, especially biodiversity and soil fertility status are long term, it is proposed that project proponents, under the direction of PPMO and Guangxi Forestry Bureau, should continue these monitoring activities for an additional 15 years to establish a good scientific basis for further development of plantations and the effects of different tree species on soil fertility and biodiversity in the GZAR. Baseline data and another, downstream of the plantation to determine the actual impact of the project activities on river water quality. To keep the cost down without negatively impacting the quality of the monitoring plan, it is proposed to collect water samples only
8.2.8 Monitoring Budget
An estimated budget for the implementation of the monitoring programs is listed in Table 8-5. The cost of baseline surveys during pre-implementation monitoring is estimated at 11,000 Rmb, 115,000 Rmb during implementation phase and 286,000 Rmb during operation phase. The total cost of environmental monitoring is estimated as 412,000 Rmb. This budget does not include the cost of reviewing the project implementation plan document during pre-implementation phase.
Table 8-5 Cost Estimation of Environment Monitoring Monitoring Period Environmental Parameter Cost. Rmb Baseline Study Surface Water Quality 11,000 Sub-Total 11,000
Surface water Quality 11,000 Implementation (1 year) Flora Biodiversity 31,000
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Soil Fertility 12,000 Soil Erosion 31,000 Fauna Biodiversity 30,000
Sub-Total 115,000 Operation (5 years) Surface Water Quality 55,000 Biodiversity 93,000 Soil Fertility 60,000 Soil Erosion 78,000 Sub-Total 286,000 Total 412,000 8.3 Environmental Training/Institutional Strengthening Plan 8.3.1 Training objectives
The objectives of the environmental training program is to enable PMO officials responsible for implementation of EMMP to further strengthen their capabilities and to enable them to ensure successful implementation of the mitigation and monitoring plans specified in EIA during project implementation and operation. The trainees could also include environmental officers of forest farms and companies, etc. However, the cost of attending the training programs including food, lodging and training material must be absorbed by the respective group and there should be no extra monetary burden on the project EMMP.
Proposed personnel who will be assigned as EI and will attend the training courses should have a university degree, preferably in natural sciences (forestry management, water resources, environmental ecology, soil science, agronomy, etc) to ensure success of the proposed intensive training courses.
8.3.2 Training courses
The following courses will be included in the environmental training pogrom, under the direction of Guangxi PPMO.
Understanding and applying laws, regulations, standards and norms of the World Bank and Chinese government concerning environmental protection;
Environmental management criteria utilized by the World Bank;
Environmental technology and environmental monitoring techniques including:
Principles of hydrology and surface waters quality measurement;
Basic knowledge of environmental monitoring;
Basic understanding of identifying degree of vegetation degradation and different types of vegetations and ecological systems;
Birds identification, including appearance and acoustic identification;
Technique/method of biodiversity monitoring, and knowledge/identification of birds, amphibians/reptile species;
Principles of soil erosion prevention and description of different methodologies
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for erosion control;
Pest and disease management and control and integrated pest management plan (IPM) principles;
Basics of soil and sediment sampling and treatment for analysis of different elements identified in EMMP (soil fertility, soil erosion); and
Preparation of environmental monitoring report.
The officers of provincial EPB and Guangxi Forestry Bureau will provide training on these subjects in Nanning, being assisted by the scientist of the Guangxi Forestry Academy, Guangxi Ecology Academy the Guangxi University, etc. In order to reduce the training cost, Guangxi PPMO have the option and could decide to arrange for combined training courses for the senior environmental staffs of respective PMOs, forest farms, and nature reserves, using the capabilities of both universities and scientific institutions. If the second option (combined option) is selected, the training program will somewhat modified and take the “training of the trainers” format.
In addition, it is proposed to have specific training program to local farmers on application of agrochemicals, pest management plan and specific usefulness and principles of integrated pest management (IPM) and its usefulness in not only improving the environment, but in reducing operation cost. If the appropriate qualifications are available at CPMO level, the one-day training on principles of agrochemical application, PMP, and IPM will be given to EIs by the IPM expert in the form of training the trainer. Subsequently, EIs will be responsible to provide training sessions on principles of IPM, PMP and safe and optimum agro-chemical application to local farmers within their jurisdictions. Alternatively, if the EIs do not have the appropriate qualifications, the training of farmers has to be provided by appropriately trained official of the Forestry plant disease & insect pest prevention stations in each project county. The training cost provided in Table 8.6 reflects the former option where EIs will be trained to provide training to the farmers. The cost will substantially increase if the latter option is adopted.
8.4 Budget Table 8-5 presents costs estimated for implementation of EMMP at 412,000 Rmb. Table 8-6 presents estimated budget for salaries of part time environmental protection staff of PMOs at various levels which is 921,100 Rmb. Table 8-7 presents estimated budget of 195,200 Rmb for the environmental training program (excluding the fee for hiring pest management experts at each project county to train the farmers). Table 8-8 presents the overall environmental management costs estimated amounting to 1,681,130 Rmb. The incremental cost of EMMP, not including the opportunity salary cost of PMO staff (921,100 Rmb) amounts to 667,920 Rmb.
Table 8-6 Salary Cost of Environment Protection Staff of PMOs Preparation Implementation Operation Staff Month Cost Month Cost Month Cost
PPMO 1 2500 16 40,000 6 15,000 CPMO 528 636,000 198 237,600 Sub-Total 2,500 676,000 242,600 Total 921,100
Notes:
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1. This an opportunity cost. The employee is fully employed by the respective PMOs for other technical activities and will be assigned to EMMP for 50% (6 months) of his/her time per year during implementation and 25% (3 months per year) for monitoring periods.
2. Estimated cost of PPMO officials is 2,500 Yuans per month and county PMO officer is 1,200 Yuans per month.
Table 8-7 Environment Training Cost Training Plan Personnel Course Content Duration Daily
Expenditure Total
1. Classroom Training Day Rmb Rmb
1.1 Trainer 6 1 1,200 7,200
1.2 Trainees 34
Based on Specific requirements of each training program 6 400 81,600
Facilities & materials
15,000
Sub-Total 103,800
2. Field/Practical Training
2.1 Trainer 2 5 1,200 12,000
2.2 Trainees 34
Practical Training
5 300 51,000
Transportation 8,000
Sub-total 71,000
3. Farmer Training (Pest Management)
3.1. Trainer 34 22 300 20,400
3.2. Farmer Trainees
Varies
Agrochemical Application, PMP & IPM principles
Sub-Total 20,400
Total 195,2003
2 Farmer training is estimated as two days. However, the training does not have to have the structured and continuous format and should preferably be provided in the field (at plantation sites) or CPMO offices during the times where work load is low for the local farmer to ensure full participation. 3 Total cost provided is on the low side since the number of farmer trainees for PMP and agro-chemical application and the training venues will vary in different counties. The total cost will be significantly higher if EIs are not used as trainers.
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Table 8-8 Total cost estimation for Environment Management Plan Referred Table
Preparation Implementation Operation Sub-Total Cost Item
Personnel Cost
Table 8.6 2,500 676,000 242,600 921,100
Training Table 8.7 195,200 195,200
EMP Table 8.5 11,000 115,000 286,000 412,000
Sub-Total 188,300 791,000 528,600 1,528,300
Contingency (10%)
18,830 79,100 52,860 152,830
Total 207,130 870,100 581,460 1,681,130
* The figures presented are the assumed salaries of full-time employees (opportunity cost) of respective PMOs for the period that they should work on environmental issues, and not an additional cost to the respective PMO. The actual cost of EMP, with 10% contingency is estimated at Rmb 667,920.
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9 Conclusion and Recommendations 9.1 Conclusion Commercial timber plantation component in GIFDCP is in accordance with national forestry industry policy, belonging to the category of fast-growing and high yield plantation base construction in key areas launched by China; this component is in accordance with local relevant designs such as national economy and social development, land use and forestry, etc.; it can be seen from the analysis of impacts of this component on environment and society that this component will not exert negative impacts on natural environment, moreover, positive impacts on society and environment are dominant. If the project is successfully implemented, the project would help with increasing forest coverage rate, adjusting rural economic structure locally, increasing farmers’ economic income, optimizing forestry industry structure and enhancing sustainable forestry management; this component is of evident economic and social benefits, as well as some ecological benefits. Ecological forest management component and biodiversity conservation component in limestone area are in line with national key forestry ecological project (nature reserve project, the Pearl River protection forest project and rocky desertification integrated management project), and in line with GZAR ecological establishment design and forestry development design; it can be seen from the analysis of impacts of these components on environment and society, negative impact on natural environment only occurs during implementation phase and would be short lived, moreover, positive impacts on environment and society are evident. If these two components are successfully implemented, they would help with increasing forest coverage rate and forest quality, especially decreasing water and soil losses in rocky desertification area, maintaining water head, protecting lasting stability of national territory, and guaranteeing economically sustainable development of middle and lower reaches of the Pearl River. These two components are of evident ecological and social benefits. As long as each ecological environment protection measure is strictly executed and environment management during the whole period is strengthened, from the perspective of environmental protection, this proposed project is feasible.
9.1.1 Project Area Selection
Project construction units are classified into counties (districts), forest farms and nature reserves. Administrative area of 48 counties (districts) is involved, among them, 38 project counties (districts) and 13 forest farms take part in commercial plantation component, 25 project counties take part in ecological forest management component, 5 state forest farms take part in biodiversity conservation component in limestone area. Project area selection is in line with project design principle, taking full considerations of high integration of environmental protection and industry development. Project area selection is feasible.
9.1.2 Environment Impacts Analysis and Mitigations
During the execution of the proposed project, if a series of unavoidable problems are not addressed and properly solved, negative impacts on natural environment and social environment in some areas would take place. Scale and extent of these impacts depend on the implementation status of the prepared EMMP. The possible impacts on environment during implementation phase and operation phase include:
Potential impacts on the soil quality;
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Potential soil erosion during implementation phase; The possibly increased occurrence of the plant disease and insect pest in operation period; Impacts of the establishment of timber plantation on biodiversity; Short-term impacts of sewage and solid waste produced in construction sites on environment.
For each of the possible negative impact, in order to prevent or mitigate such impact, corresponding measures should be taken. Detailed mitigation measures have been presented in Chapter 7. Generally speaking, mitigation measures brought up in this EIA report are feasible, most part of mitigation measures are well proven in GZAR or adjacent provinces, playing positive role in preventing and decreasing negative impacts on ecological environment. 9.2 Recommendations In order to prevent potential negative impacts of the proposed project and to improve the likelihood of having a successful project, it is suggested to adopt a dynamic approach to the environmental monitoring and management by further incorporating measures to include additional measures to reassess the EMMP if unforeseen environmental impacts are identified during project development and operation phases.
9.2.1 Follow-up Program
A follow-up program is recommended to analyze the overall impacts of the project implementation and operation. Such program will be served to verify that predictions of impact put forward in the planning stages are as expected, and if not, adequate and timely corrective measures would be developed and implemented. Hence, corrective measures can be undertaken before irrevocable impacts have occurred. Information gathered from these programs is also used as input to refine future design.
A number of interim reports should be prepared by the PPMO environmental officers, as outlined below, to ensure that findings of the EMMP are incorporated in the project design of future sub-projects and a dynamic approach to EMMP is followed by the project; (1) An interim report at the end of the pre-construction program, to provide input to the implementation phase; (2) Interims annual reports on the completion of implementation and construction activities; (3) Annual interim reports during the monitoring of project operation; and (4) A final report, summarizing impacts and successes of mitigation measures.
If significant unforeseen negative impact is discerned at any stage, the schedule will allow for a re-evaluation of the situation and provide sufficient time to implement further measures. Reports should be submitted to senior PPMO management, the World Bank, and various regional lined agencies, if requested, for review and comments.
The proposed program should incorporate the monitoring plan as presented in Chapter 8.
9.2.2 Public Participation
Based on the findings of public consultation exercises, it is evident that public has great interests in GIFDCP implementation. Most respondents support the project, advocating that the project is necessary, believing that project could improve people’s livelihood, environment and economic conditions. However, they generally feel that project could bear some negative environmental and social impacts during construction period. Some of responding public hope that project will be
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constructed as soon as possible to increase the vegetation coverage area and improve environmental conditions. Residents of project area hope that they will be trained in appropriate technologies, and provided with employment opportunities. However, there are still a few of public concerned with the species selection for the proposed project, especially the forestation with Eucalyptus.
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Appendix A：Terms of Reference Environmental Assessment
TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)
FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
OF THE
GUANGXI INTEGRATED FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION PROJECT
Background Information
1. Guangxi Autonomous Region is located in the poor southwestern part of China. It is one of the key timber production areas of the country. However, it lacks sufficient forest resources to balance supply and demand for wood products within the province, or contribute to meeting national needs. In addition to negative impacts on rural livelihoods that depend on the forests and forest products, the demand for timber is increasing the pressure on Guangxi’s natural ecosystems and threatening its fragile biodiversity. The launch of the Natural Forest Protection Program in 1998, which put in place a logging ban on natural forests, has further widened the gap between timber supply and demand. This has also led to a significant increase in the import of wood products from neighboring countries and caused negative impacts to the sustainable management of forests throughout Asia, which will undermine the forest protection efforts in neighboring countries. 2. The imbalance between the timber demands and forest resources available resulted in the over-logging and loss of the forest cover. Moreover, poor management and protection of the natural forests in Guangxi have further accelerated the deterioration of hydrological systems, serious soil erosion, and major habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss. Many species of animal and plant are threatened; some even face extinction, especially in the large limestone areas in the western part of Guangxi. Therefore, The Guangxi Government considers sustainable forestry management and effective ecosystem protection as high priorities in its regional development agenda, which will also contribute to meeting the goals outlined in the national plan for sustainable management of China’s forest resources. Project Description
3. The overall development and global environment objectives of the project are to improve the management, sustainability, and environmental condition of Guangxi’s forest resources and to better conserve their biodiversity. These objectives will be achieved by supporting: (a) the establishment of intensively managed timber plantations and the development of mechanisms that would better link timber production, marketing, and processing; (b) the demonstration of improved watershed management for environmental
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protection; (c) better management of nature reserves for the conservation of threatened ecosystems and biodiversity; and (d) a carbon sequestration and trade pilot program. The project would introduce a sector-wide, integrative and comprehensive approach to sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation, with financing coming from IBRD, GEF, BioCarbon Fund and local sources. Together it is expected that these activities will reduce the pressure on the remaining natural forests and enhance biodiversity conservation throughout the province. The Objectives of EIA 4. The EIA of the GIFDC, as proposed in these TORs, would be prepared to meet the requirements of the World Bank and the Chinese Government environmental assessment processes. The EIA will assess the environmental impacts and develop the environmental management and monitoring plan of the project. The present assignment of the project EIA described in the TORs is a critical input to the overall process of the project formulation and preparation.
5. Several Bank-supported forestry projects have been carried out in China in past decades. Many environmental issues have already been examined in great depth, and the EIAs and EMPs have proved to be effective tools in identifying and addressing environmental impacts. As part of the Terms of Reference, the EIA team is being requested to review overall implementation experience of the EMPs of FRDPP, FDPA and SFDP and the monitoring data produced by the Chinese Academy of Forestry. The EIA for the GIFDC should be built on the experience of the previous projects, but also consider the latest Chinese and international research results relevant to the project and the local circumstances.
6. In addition to the EIA, the Social Assessment (SA) of the affected and participating communities will be prepared separately. It will provide an approach in integrating community participation and social analysis into project design and preparation. Conducting the SA would ensure that project preparation and implementation arrangements planned for GIFDC consider the needs, wishes, concerns and capacities of the people affected or influenced by the project activities and also ensure that the positive social impacts are enhanced and adverse impacts are avoided or reduced, especially for potentially vulnerable groups, such as ethnic minorities, and disadvantaged/less fortunate socioeconomic groups. It is essential that the EIA preparation team liaises closely with the SA team and incorporates the appropriate information on social impact assessment of the project into the EIA report.
Environmental Assessment Requirements
7. The EIA for the GIFDC, and the process for its review and approval, shall conform to the national regulations and/or standards on environmental reviews and impact assessments. The major national environmental standards/regulations include:
• Forestry Law (September 1984);
• The Law on Environmental Protection (December 1989);
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• Law on Water and Soil Conservation (September 1991).
• Circular on Strengthening EIA Management in Construction projects Financed by International Financial Organizations (NEPA, June 21, 1993);
• Regulation on Nature Reserves (October, 1994);
• Regulations on the Management of Environmental Protection in Construction Projects (State Council Decree No. 253 of 1998);
• Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (October 28, 2002);
8. The EIA for GIFDC shall also conform to, and address the requirements of, the safeguard policies of the World Bank, namely:
• Operational Policy 4.01. Environmental Assessment:
• Operational Policy 4.04. Natural Habitats;
• Operational Policy 4.09. Pest Management;
• Operational Policy 4.11. Cultural Property;
• Good Practice 4.36. Forestry.
• Bank Procedures 17.50. Disclosure of Operational Information: The World Bank requires that the borrower provide summaries of EIA conclusions and copies of the EIA draft report in a form and language that are understandable by affected peoples and in appropriate public places accessible to affected groups. The public display of these documents must be widely advertised.
Scoping of Potential Environmental Impacts and Proposed Impact Management Strategies
9. The scope of EIA assignment would encompass the preparation of an EIA report and an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP). It is anticipated that a draft EIA report would be completed by April 2005 or another date to be advised by the PMO depending on the overall progress of project preparation. The EIA must be based on the preliminary project design and community consultations.
10. The EIA would: (i) screen the project to the most appropriate review and approval level; (ii) establish a reliable environmental baseline against which to measure future change; (iii) establish environmental objectives, standards and performance indicators; (iv) promote avoiding or reducing impacts through early consideration of environmental impacts in planning and design; (v) identify and quantify benefits, cumulative and residual impacts or risks (i.e. those that cannot be avoided or mitigated); (vi) design environmental management and monitoring plans with a schedule, triggers, and cost estimates for action; (vii) consult with and inform involved communities and convey information to senior decision-makers;
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and (viii) provide guidance to more detailed planning and implementation.
11. The geographical areas covered by the EIA should include all the areas selected under different project activities. Maps of the study areas are available at the PMO for review.
12. Establishment of Timber Plantations Component. This is expected to contribute to closing the gap between domestic demand and supply of wood products, and should lead to real improvement to the welfare of local communities. The potential environmental impacts associated with this component are likely to be of two types: 1) those related to site selection, ensuring no disturbance of natural habitats and the destruction of cultural property; and 2) those related to plantation management, such as biodiversity conservation in project design, pest management and soil conservation practices.
13. Environmental issues associated with site selection will be addressed by the EIA team through the development of a project screening process. The EIA team will visit a number of representative plantation sites and review screening reports of a selected sample of plantation sites proposed for planting during the first year of project implementation. Environmental issues associated with plantation management will be dealt with through the preparation of Environmental Protection Guidelines covering the design, establishment, tending, soil and watershed protection, integrated pest control, fire prevention/control, harvesting and monitoring and evaluation. These guidelines will guide the planting and management design, as well as the implementation of the plantation establishment activities. The EIA team will also prepare a Plantation Pest Management Plan, following an integrated pest management approach. 14. Strengthening of Watershed Management Component. This is expected to help secure treeless or relatively treeless hill slopes against the effects of erosion by forming permanent and economically-useful tree cover which would lead to improvement in the quality of both environmental condition and the life and welfare of local communities. This component is also designed to improve the management of existing degraded watershed areas. Very few negative environmental impacts are expected to be associated with this component. For multiple-use protection forest establishment, the potential negative environmental impacts will be dealt with through giving attention to: 1) site selection; and 2) planned management activities such as pest management and soil conservation practices, as mentioned above in the Timber Plantation Establishment Component. 15. Nature Reserves Management Component. This is expected to lead to greatly improved protection and management of about five nature reserve clusters of global importance. Local communities will be encouraged to participate in reserve protection and management activities through co-management demonstrations. Minor environmental negative impacts may arise from improvements to reserve infrastructure and enhanced recreation and tourism activities, which will be dealt with through appropriate environmental prescriptions in reserve management plans where appropriate. The main potential impacts may relate to community use of forest resources within reserve areas where use restrictions are deemed to be necessary, which will be assessed and documented through the Social
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Assessment process. 16. Capacity Building and Monitoring and Evaluation Component. It is not expected to have any environmental impacts.
Work Arrangements:
17. In the project context, the EA work could be specialized as a set of tasks to be fulfilled by the consultant team and Guangxi project agencies during project preparation as follows:
Task 1. Description of the Proposed Project. General design and extent of timber plantation development, multiple-use protection plantation establishment and existing watershed management; general design and extent of operation and maintenance of relevant infrastructure work including irrigation infrastructure and etc; general design and extent of nature reserve management component. Based on the information identified, the key variables of interest on which the project activities may have an impact (i.e. land and water use changes due to timber plantation development and development/management of nature reserves, potential soil erosion hazards, pesticide and fertilizer use, impact on indigenous and other inhabitants, etc).
Task 2. Description of the Environment. To collect, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the study areas based on the key variables identified in Task 1 and establish a reliable environmental baseline against which to measure future change. Only the data relevant to the project and key impact variables should be collected. Existing (secondary) information sources should be given priority over primary data collection. All secondary data sources should be well referenced. It is critical that the EIA team cooperate closely with other feasibility study teams, in order to avoid duplication in the collection of relevant baseline information about project sites. Primary data collection should be undertaken only if there are serious data gaps, which prevent evaluation of significant project impacts. Inclusion of information on any changes anticipated before the project commences, including other development activities in the project area, use of maps (with coordinates), tables, graphs, etc. is required to make the description as easily understandable and as transparent as possible.
a) Physical environment: to provide an adequate indication of the geographical distribution of the plantation and nature reserve areas included in the project, the size ranges and whether or not there will be any expansion of irrigation requirements, and if the project activities will cause increase in soil degradation within project areas. Other information includes geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology; surface and ground- water hydrology; and receiving water quality.
b) Biological environment: flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; sensitive habitats, etc.; species of commercial importance; and species with potential to become nuisances, vectors or dangerous.
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c) Socio-cultural environment: land use and land tenure; present water supply; control over allocation of resource use rights; information on social impact of the project on local inhabitants and indigenous groups (collected from the SA team).
Task 3. Legislative and Regulatory Considerations. To describe the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality, health and safety, siting land use control, natural resources use and etc., at national and provincial levels. The analysis should focus on legislative and regulatory issues, which have direct relevance to the key impact variables identified in Task 1.
Task 4. Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project. The analysis should focus on key variables on which project has potential impacts. The use of maps (with coordinates) and other graphic media is requested for illustration purposes. Potential impacts will be scoped based on a preliminary project design and community consultation, and the project screened to the most appropriate review and approval level. Examples of potential impacts to be assessed might include:
a) Project Location: loss/change of present land use or land cover; effects on water resources outside and inside catchments areas. Particular attention should be paid to any potential impact on nature reserves, natural habitats, etc.
b) Project Design and operation: impacts of plantation establishment and timber production on soil erosion, site suitability, species diversification, potentially fertilizer and pesticide use; streamside protection; traffic increase, impact of wholesale markets and other marketing components and etc..
Task 5. To assess the environmental impacts and develop the mitigation measures by undertaking the project’s preparatory feasibility studies. For example, the assessment of pesticide use and management, including weaknesses and risks, and the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Task 6. Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project. To describe alternatives that are examined in the course of developing the proposed project and identify other alternatives, which would achieve the same objectives. The concept of alternatives might extend to siting, design, technology selection (i.e. selection of appropriate technical packages for timber plantation development and/or nature reserve management), construction techniques and phasing, and operating and maintenance procedures of structures. Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts; capital and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. This analysis would be done based on the information collected and provided by the relevant feasibility study teams.
Task 7. Development of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan, with a focus on three generic areas: Mitigation measures, institutional strengthening and training, and monitoring. The emphasis on each of these areas depends on the needs in the
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specific project context, as identified by the environmental impact assessment.
a) Mitigation of environmental impact: To recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce negative impacts to acceptable levels by reducing or avoiding impacts through early consideration in planning and design; by identifying and quantifying benefits and residual impacts or risks (i.e. those that cannot be avoided or mitigated); and by identifying monitoring programs, with ‘thresholds’ that will trigger management action. To inform involved communities and convey information to senior decision-makers. This work should be carried out in close cooperation with other feasibility study teams.
b) Institutional strengthening and training: Identification of institutional needs to implement environmental assessment recommendations by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of institutions potentially involved in the project at local, provincial, and national levels, including their staffing, authority and capability, organization and management and knowledge and experience on environmental issues; and by recommending steps to strengthen these institutions so that the management and monitoring plans in the environmental assessment can be implemented. The recommendations may extend to new agency functions or inter-sectoral arrangements, management procedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting, and financial support.
c) Review of Existing EMPs: The EIA team will review the implementation of the EMPs for the previous Bank-supported forestry projects (i.e. FRDPP, FDPA and SFDP). Since the environmental impacts of afforestation activities have been assessed, and EMPs have been developed, for the previous projects, GIFDP’s EMP should be prepared by drawing on earlier experience.
d) Environmental Management Plan: The Environmental Protection Guidelines for Plantations, including the Screening Process for Plantation Site Selection, and Pest Management Plan would be developed, not only to provide guidance for the project design, but also for project implementation. Its guidelines will ensure that plantations in GIFDC are designed to achieve the highest level of productivity and financial viability with the least possible negative impacts on local communities and the natural environment.
e) Monitoring: The plan for monitoring implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during implementation and operation would be prepared, which will include an estimation of the capital and operating costs and a description of other inputs (such as training and institutional strengthening) needed to carry out the proposed activities.
Task 8: Assisting in Inter-Agency Coordination and Public/Non Governmental Organization Participation. To provide inputs for Social Assessment and Participatory Rural Appraisal in order to obtain views of farmers and local authorities on key
8
environmental management issues. The EIA team would prepare a relevant questionnaire and incorporate it to the SA community consultation document. The team will also assist in coordinating the environmental assessment activities between different line agencies and consult affected groups using stakeholder workshops and keep detailed records of meetings, communications, and comments.
Consulting Team Requirements.
18. The EIA will be carried out by independent and qualified EIA agencies, which will receive the assistance from an international consultant. The EIA team should include a proper mix of skills for carrying out the assignment according to the terms of reference. Members of the team should consist of people with the following specializations:
Environmental impact assessment, Natural resource management, Hydrology and water resources, Forest ecologist, Integrated pest management.
19. The Guangxi PMO will cooperate with consultants and organize the provision of relevant information and comments to ensure the timely completion of the consultants’ assignment. The PMO will also provide publicly-available project documentation and related information related to the project and assist the EIA team in meeting the necessary public disclosure requirements of the project as outlined in the Bank Procedure 17.50.
Reporting and Documentation
20. The EIA report should be concise and limited to environmental issues. It should consist of an executive summary and a main text. The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. Detailed or un-interpreted data are not appropriate in the main text and should be presented in appendices or a separate volume. The use of tables, graphs, photographs, maps and other visual aids is crucial to present the findings in a condensed but easily understandable way. Unpublished documents used in the assessment that may not be readily available should be assembled in an Annex. All information has to be well referenced.
21. Under these terms of reference, the consultant is expected to carry out the assignment in three stages and complete the work by April 30, 2005 or another date agreed with the PMO. The report shall be prepared in both Chinese and English and made available in both hardcopy and electronic formats.
(i) An inception report will be submitted to the Guangxi PMO by February 2, 2005. This will include the description of work to be carried out as well as the proposed approach of the EIA study.
9
(ii) A draft EIA report will be submitted to Guangxi PMO in both English and Chinese by March 25, 2004 or a date agreed with the PMO. The full report includes all analytical and technical documentation, tables, plans and maps as described in this TOR. The PMO and the World Bank will comment on this draft report within 2 weeks of receipt.
(iii) Final EIA draft report, to be submitted by April 30, 2005 to the PMO. The EIA report would be finanized based on the draft report and reflect the comments received from the PMO and the World Bank after the Bank preperation mission. In order to meet the Bank’s requirements, the final English version of EIA report would incorporate the key information of the SA report. In addition, two EIA summaries are required, one in English for submission to the World Bank and a summary of conclusions in Chinese and appropriate minority languages for disclosure and consultation with project-affected communities.
Background Material
22. The Guangxi PMO will provide the EIA team the following background materials. Additional information would be available upon request.
(i) Staff Appraisal Document for the SFDP;
(ii) Project Concept Document for GIFDC;
(iii) Local and provincial, national and World Bank regulations related to the preparation of an EIA and SA;
(iv) TOR for Social Assessment
(v) TOR for Feasibility Study
(vi) Further information: Lists of data sources, project background reports and studies, relevant publications, and other items to which the consultant's attention should be directed – to be provided by PMO.
10
Attachment 1
Proposed Outline of the GIFDC EIA Report
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Preface
Executive Summary
1. Introduction and Project Background
1.1 Purposes and Basis of Report
1.2 Brief Introduction of the EIA Report
1.3 Bases of Assessment
1.4 Principles of Environmental Assessment
1.5 Relationship to Feasibility Study
1.6 EIA Team
1.7 Assessment Scope and Periods Covered
1.8 Assessment Factors
1.9 Assessment Classification
1.10 Assessment Criteria
1.11 Assessment Focus and Categorization
1.12 Assessment Procedure
2. Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework
2.1 Project Organizations & Administrative Framework
2.2 National Policy & Strategy for Environmental Protection
2.3 WB Requirements
3. Project Description
3.1 Project Goals
3.2 Project Objectives
11
3.3 Project Components
3.4 Indicators of Project Success
3.5 Project Areas
3.5.1 Project areas for plantation development
3.5.2 Project areas for watershed management
3.5.3 Project areas for nature reserves
3.6 Project Investment
4. Description of Existing Environment
4.1 Ecological Environment
4.1.1 The major Geographic regions in Guangxi
4.1.2 The major natural vegetation zones in Guangxi
4.1.3 Tree plantations in Guangxi
4.1.4 Conservation areas in Guangxi
4.2 Physical Environment
4.2.1 Topography
4.2.2 Soils
4.2.3 Climate
4.2.4 Hydrology
4.3 Socio-economic Condition
4.3.1 Population
4.3.2 Cultural Background
4.3.3 Infrastructure
4.3.4 Land tenure and land ownership
4.3.5 Land use and farming practices
4.3.6 Other employment/sources of income
5. Public Participation
12
5.1 Consultation Method and Subject
5.2 Public Opinion and Suggestion
5.3 Information Disclosures and Feedback
5.4 Conclusions of Public Participation Process
6. Analyses of Alternatives
6.1 ‘Do-nothing’ Alternative Analyses
6.2 Alternative Analysis in Preliminary Feasibility Study
6.3 Basis for the Selection of the Alternative Proposed for the Project Design
7. Analyses of Environmental Impact & Proposed Mitigation Measures4
7.1 Development/Implementation Phase
7.1.1 Potential sources of effect
7.1.2 Predicted effects and proposed mitigation measures
7.2 Operation Phase
7.2.1 Potential issues
7.2.2 Predicted effects and proposed mitigation measures
8. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP)
8.1 Implementation Organizations and Responsibilities
8.1.1 Implementation organization
8.1.2 Role of PMO and environmental officers
8.1.3 Supervision organizations
8.1.4 Environmental management plan
8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
8.2.1 Monitoring items
8.2.2 Monitoring implementer
8.2.3 Monitoring report system
13
8.2.4 Monitoring during implementation
8.2.5 Monitoring during operation
8.2.6 Monitoring budget
8.3 Environmental Training/Institutional Strengthening Plan
8.3.1 Training objectives
8.3.2 Training courses
8.4 EMMP Budget
9. Conclusion and Recommendations
9.1 Major Conclusions
9.1.1 Selection of project areas
9.1.2 Environmental impact analysis and mitigation measures
9.2 Recommendations
9.2.1 Follow-up program
9.2.2 Further suggestions and environmental requirements
10. List of References
Annexes
Annex A: TOR for EIA
Annex B: List of EIA Compilers (individuals and organizations)
Annex C: List of Authors Consulted for preparation of Environmental Assessment
Annex D: References Record of Interagency/Forum/Consultation Meetings
Annex E: Background information including data, maps, graphs, documents, etc.
Annex F: Environmental Protection Guidelines for Plantation Establishment and Management
F.1 Plantation site selection and screening F.2 Plantation Design F.3 Plantation Establishment F.4 Plantation Tending F.5 Soil and Watershed Protection
14
F.6 Forest Road Construction F.7 Integrated Pest Control (Management) F.8 Fire Prevention and Control F.9 Plantation Harvesting F.10 Monitoring and Evaluation F.11 Screening Process for Plantation, Site Selection and Site Identification
Annex G: Plantation Integrated Pest Management Plan G.1 Pest and Disease Management in China G.2 Recommended Methods G.3 Approved Pesticide List G.4 Organization G.5 Pesticide Management G.6 Training Requirements G.7 Monitoring Activities
15
Appendix B
List of EIA Team Members
Name Title Certificate
No. Prepared content
Academic degree
Time spent
Fan Zhenghui
Senior Engineer
A29020004
Project background, policy and regulations, environment impact analysis and mitigation measures, conclusion and recommendation
BS in environment science
5 months
Luo Yaxue Senior Engineer
A29020006
Natural environment, social & economical situation, environment management and monitoring programme
BS in atmospheric environment
5 months
Yu Wanli Senior Engineer
A29020014 Alternative analysis BS in atmospheric environment
1 month
Wen Yuanguang
Professor Ecological specialist
Ecological impacts, alternative analysis
MS in biological sciences
1.5 month
Huang Yong
Senior Engineer
Forestry specialist
Project description BS in forestry
1 month
Zhao Tingkun
Senior Engineer
Forest pest management specialist
Pest Management Plan BS in insect science
1 month
Liang Jing Assistant Engineer
Public participation, Maps and graphics
BS in information Technology
5 months
16
Appendix C
List of Authors Consulted for the Preparation of EIA Report
Guangxi Environmental Protection Research Institute
June 2005
Name Employment Unit Professional Title
Li Xiangdong Guangxi University Prof.
Zhoufang Guangxi University Prof.
Zhouxing Guangxi Normal College Prof.
Jiangbo Guangxi Environmental Protection Bureau Senior Engineer
Xiongjian Guangxi Environmental Protection Bureau Senior Engineer
He Taiping Forest College of Guangxi University Prof. Assistant
Zhongbin Guangxi Environmental Protection Bureau Senior Engineer
Li Weichang Chinese Forestry Academy Researcher
Zhang Haiyang Central Nationality College Prof.
Lai Qingkui Southwest Forest College Prof.
Zhao Minglong Guangxi Social Science Academy Section chief
Luo Yongpin Central Nationality College Graduate Student
Shang Jinyan Guangxi Women’s Society Senior Engineer
Huang Yonghui Guangxi Development and Reform Committe Senior Engineer
Wei Wenfeng Guangxi Development and Reform Committe Senior Engineer
Xie Shengxiu Guangxi Financial Department Senior Engineer
Lin Dongbi Guangxi Poor-aid Office Senior Engineer
Zhoujian Guangxi Civilian Committee Section Chief
17
Appendix D
References Record of Workshop/Interview Substance Who was met When Where What was discussed Outcome
To investigate to local natives for the concerned native knowledge and whether they understand the project
Mr.MoChangwen & Mr. Mo Haibo, native villagers
1/14/2005 Zhengda village, Cenxi County
Inquire them the local actual conditions (including land, population, income, etc.), consulting their view on the project and whether they agree with the implementation of the project in their place and consulting with them of the planting species and the managing mode if the implementation is available.
Local farmers have seen the improvement of the local vegetation where was already afforested before, so they support the implementation of the project & its watershed management component. Because of low local income level, they hope loan got from World Bank of less pressure of paying-back through the way of farmer-company contractual arrangement.
As above
Mr. Xie Zhiyuan and Mr. He Jibiao, native villagers
16/1/2005 Wuman Village, Xingbin District of Laibin City
Inquire them the local actual conditions (including land, population, income, etc.), consult their view on the project and whether they agree with the implementation of the project and consulting with them of the planting species and the managing mode if the implementation is available..
Local residents support the implementation of the project. The mountain closure for re-vegetation will cause them in short of firewood charcoal, so they hope to solve this problem through the valid approaches with the help of government. And the tree species they select Zenia insignis Chun ,etc. which is suitable for plantation in stone mountain area.
As above Mr.Meng 1/15/2005 Leyi Village, Inquire them the local actual conditions Local residents agree with the
18
Xuewei, & Mo xianzhong, native villagers
Huanjiang County (land , population , income ,etc.), consult with their view on the project and whether they agree with the implementation of the project. and consulting with them on the planting species and the managing mode if the implementation is available.
implementation of project, meanwhile they hope to launch the project outside of the natural reserve area while not involve the key area of the natural reserve. Also they hope the government may offer the corresponding employment opportunity so as to compensate the loss of income possibly caused by the implementation of the project.
To Find out about practical conditions concerning local forestry industry, and the local government's attitude toward this project, and its preparation for the project.
Mr. Luo Yunsen, Mr. Li mingfeng, Officers of Forestry Bureau of Cenxi City
1/15/2005 Cenxi Forestry Bureau, Cenxi City
Local practical conditions (natural environmental conditions, socio -economical situation etc.) and preparation for this project were introduced. The main components of the project and the approaches of implementation of the proposed project were discussed.
The local government supports the project very positively. Drawings for afforestation for project have been prepared in advance. Visit to the native peasants and collection of their opinions and suggestions have been done. Local peasants & households get the opinions that since local people are comparatively in poverty, and forest land widely scattered, so an approach of company plus peasant household for participation of the project should be promoted by local government, which will be more convenient for the loan, afforestation, management and loan returning. Main trees species for plantation recommended are acacia, pines, etc.
As above Mr. Huang Kaituo, Mr. Zhang Jun,
16/1/2005 Laibin Forestry Bureau, Laibin City
Officers of the forestry bureau introduced the local conditions (overview of natural environment, socio-economic
The local government establishes the leading group of the job, is served as a local project group leader by the local
19
Officers of Forestry Bureau of Laibin City
development, etc. ) and preparation for this project. The main components of the project and the approaches of implementation of the proposed project were discussed.
A leading group headed by a deputy director of local government has been established. Land for timber plantation has been schemed and arranged on the basic information surveyed by some local forestry stations. Meetings participated by local villagers have been hold for introduction of the project in some key project areas. The local government plans to develop and popularize the use of bio-gas instead of firewood charcoal to resolve the fuel problem.
As above
Mr. Deng kan, Mr. Huang Xiqiang, Mr. Wei chaoran and Mr. Liang Yingjun, Officers of local government and Forestry Bureau of huangjiang county
19/1/2005 Huangjiang Forestry Bureau ,Huangjiang County
Local practical conditions (natural environmental conditions, socio -economical situation etc.) and preparation for this project were introduced. The main components of the project and the approaches of implementation of the proposed project were discussed.
The local government has established a project team headed by a deputy director of local government. The project team has investigated more than 6,000 hectares areas planned for the project. Suggestion that the native peasant, the owner of land-use right, contributes his right or rents his right to become shareholder of the company that will involve in the timber plantation, has been presented. In addition, the opinion that never allows destroying the wildwood has been emphasized. .
Consulting with experts of the Guangxi govern.
Ms. Shang Jinyan, Mr. Huang Yonghui,
1/2/2005 Forestry Bureau of Guangxi Government,
The general situation and information concerning the project were introduced and some key points, especially the
Experts participated expressed their agreement with the feasibility and implementation of the project under
20
Concerning the feasibility of this project and both positive and negative impacts that may occur if the project implemented.
Mr. Wei Wenfeng, Mr. Xie Shengxiu, , Mr. Lin Dongbi, and Mr. Zhou Jian
Nanning feasibility of the project and any possible impacts on social and ecological environment, both positive and negative, were discussed in details.
the premise that any adverse impacts on social and ecological environment that may occur must be reduced or mitigated to the minimum limits. (For details, please see《Public Participation》， chapter 5 of this report)
Consulting with experts of the Guangxi Society of Ecology. Concerning the feasibility of this project and both positive and negative impacts that may occur if the project implemented.
Mr.LiXiangdong, Mr. Zhou Fang, Mr.Zhou Xing, Mr. Jiang Bo, Mr. Xiong Jian, Mr. He Taiping and Mr. Zhong Bing
3/15/2005
Guangxi Environmental Protection Institute, Nanning
The general situation and information concerning the project were introduced and some key points, especially the feasibility of the project and any possible impacts on social and ecological environment, both positive and negative, were discussed in details.
Experts participated expressed their agreement with the feasibility and implementation of the project under the premise that any adverse impacts on social and ecological environment that may occur must be reduced or mitigated to the minimum limits. (For details, please see《Public Participation》， chapter 5 of this report)
21
Appendix E
Background information including data, maps, graphs,
documents, etc.
Attached Map 1 Project Distribution Map
Attached Map 2 Distribution of Nature Reserves in GZAR
22
Table 1-1 Quality Standards for Ground Water Environment（GB3838-2002）
Unit: mg/L, except pH
Item Type II Type III
pH 6~9 6~9
chlorid ≤ 250 250
sulfate ≤ 250 250
DO ≥ 6 5
permanganate salt index ≤ 4 6
BOD5 ≤ 3 4
NH3-N ≤ 0.5 1.0
copper ≤ 1.0 1.0
lead ≤ 0.01 0.05
cadmium ≤ 0.05 0.05
Hg ≤ 0.00005 0.0001
Hexavalent chrome ≤ 0.05 0.05
cyanide ≤ 0.05 0.2
volatile hydroxybenzene ≤ 0.002 0.005
Fluorid ≤ 1.0 1.0
arsenic ≤ 0.05 0.05
petroleum ≤ 0.05 0.05
Suspended solids ≤ 150 150
Note: ① Type Ⅱ is mainly applicable for Level One protection area of collective drinking water head where rare aquatic habitat, fish and shrimp spawning field and so on exist; ② Type Ⅲ is mainly applicable for Level Two protection area of collective drinking water head where hibernation field for fish and shrimp, travel channel and aquiculture field exist; ③ Ground water quality standards applied in this assessment is based on Baise City water function criteria.
23
Table 1-2 Soil Environment Management Standard Value
Level
Soil
pH
Level One Level Two Level
Three
Item Nature
Background <6.5 6.5～7.5 >7.5 >6.5
cadmium ≤ 0.20 0.30 0.60 1.0
Hg ≤ 0.15 0.30 0.50 1.0 1.5
15 30 25 20 30 arsenic peddy field ≤ dry land ≤ 15 40 30 25 40
35 50 100 100 400 copper peddy field et al≤
orchard ≤ — 150 200 200 400
plumbum ≤ 35 250 300 350 500
90 250 300 350 400 chrome peddy field ≤
dry land ≤ 90 150 200 250 300
zinc ≤ 100 200 250 300 500
nickel ≤ 40 40 50 60 200
24
Table 2 List of EIA Expert Work Division
Name Profession Title Work Experience Work in the
report
Fan Zhenghui
Senior Engineer EIA expert
EIA Certificate No. A29020004
16-year EIA experience, finished 40 projects as project head (including 1 World Bank project), accomplished EIA reports for 100 projects as main participant (including 2 World Bank projects), published 40 essays, enlisted in Guangxi Environmental Protection Bureau expert bank.
General report
Luo Yaxue
Senior Engineer EIA expert
EIA Certificate No. A29020006
13-year EIA experience, finished 30 projects as project leader, accomplished EIA reports for 100 projects as main participant (including 2 World Bank projects), published 10 essays, enlisted in Guangxi Environmental Protection Bureau expert bank and Guangxi Scientific and Technological Department expert bank.
Air, water and sound
environment
Yu Wanli
Senior Engineer EIA expert
EIA Certificate No. A29020014
18-year EIA experience, finished 30 projects as project leader, accomplished EIA reports for 100 projects as main participant (including 2 World Bank projects), published 10 essays, enlisted in Chinese Environmental Protection Bureau expert bank.
General report
Huangyong Senior Engineer Forestry expert
20-year experience in forestation design and technical consultancy Project design
Wen Yuanguang
Professor Ecology expert
25-year experience in ecological research and teaching
Ecological Environment
Zhao Tingkun
Senior Engineer Pest Management expert
22-year pest management experience
Pest Management
25
Table 3 GIFDCP Areas Table
No. County
(city)
Participant
unit
Construction
content
Sclae
(ha) Tree species
Commercial
timber
plantation
4000 Fir, Phyllostachys Ziyuan
County ecological forest
management plantation 500 Fir, Magnolia 1
Ziyuan
County
Mao’er Shan
Nature
Reserve
biodiversity
protection
Commercial
timber
plantation
3500 Eucalyptus, fir, masson pine,
Phyllostachys 2 Yongfu
Yongfu
County ecological forest
management 500
Longsheng
County
Commercial
timber
plantation
2300 Fir, Phyllostachys
3 Longsheng
County Mao’er Shan
Nature
Reserve
biodiversity
protection
Commercial
timber
plantation
3000 Eucalyptus, Betula
plantation 700 masson pine+Quercus,
Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus 4
Xingbing
District
Xingbing
District ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
6000
Commercial
timber
plantation
3600 Eucalyptus, fir, Phyllostachys
plantation 500 masson pine+Schima,
Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus 5
Rong’an
County
Rong’an
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
400
Commercial
timber
plantation
2000 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
Betula 6
Sanjiang
County
Sanjiang
County
ecological forest
management plantation 500
masson pine+Quercus, hybrid
bamboo
26
No. County
(city)
Participant
unit
Construction
content
Sclae
(ha) Tree species
mountaion
closure for
reforestation
4000
Commercial
timber
plantation
2800 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
Betula
plantation 800
masson pine+Quercus,
masson pine+Schima,
Zenia/Toona/Liquidambar,
hybrid bamboo
7 Nandan
County
Nandan
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
8000
Commercial
timber
plantation
5000
Eucalyptus, Quercus, masson
pine, fir, Phyllostachys,
Betula, Liquidambar
plantation 2000 Liquidambar+masson pine,
Liquidambar+fir
Huanjiang
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
7000
8 Huanjiang
County
Mulun Nature
Reserve
biodiversity
protection
Commercial
timber
plantation
2000 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
Betula
plantation 700
masson pine+Quercus,
masson pine+Schima,
Zenia/Toona/Liquidambar,
Dendrocalamus, aniseed
9 Luocheng
County
Luocheng
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
6000
Commercial
timber
plantation
3000 Eucalyptus, masson pine
plantation 700
Zenia/Toona/Liquidambar,
hybrid bamboo,
Dendrocalamus
10 Yizhou
City Yizhou City
ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
7000
27
No. County
(city)
Participant
unit
Construction
content
Sclae
(ha) Tree species
Commercial
timber
plantation
5000 Eucalyptus, masson pine
11 Cenxi City Cenxi City
ecological forest
management 800
Dendrocalamus, cinnamon,
aniseed
commercial
timber
plantation
4800 Eucalyptus, masson pine
12 Cangwu
County
Cangwu
County ecological forest
management 2000
masson pine+Quercus,
masson pine+Schima
13 Hezhou
City Hezhou City
commercial
timber
plantation
2400 Eucalyptus, masson pine
14 Babu
District
Babu
District
commercial
timber
plantation
1400 Eucalyptus, masson pine
commercial
timber
plantation
15 Zhaoping
County
Zhaoping
County ecological forest
management plantation 600
masson pine+Quercus,
Dendrocalamus
commercial
timber
plantation
2000 Eucalyptus, masson pine
plantation 700 Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus,
aniseed 16
Pingguo
County
Pingguo
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
6000
commercial
timber
plantation
2500 Eucalyptus、masson pine, fir,
Betula
plantation 500 masson pine+Quercus,
Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus 17
Lingyun
County
Lingyun
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
5500
commercial
timber
plantation
3000 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
hybrid bamboo 18
Tiandong
County
Tiandong
County
ecological forest
management plantation 700
masson pine+Quercus, hybrid
bamboo
28
No. County
(city)
Participant
unit
Construction
content
Sclae
(ha) Tree species
mountaion
closure for
reforestation
5000
commercial
timber
plantation
4000 Eucalyptus, Quercus, masson
pine, fir, Phyllostachys
plantation 700 masson pine+Quercus,
Dendrocalamus, aniseed 19
Tianlin
County
Tianlin
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
6000
commercial
timber
plantation
3000 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
hybrid bamboo
plantation 500 Mason pine+Quercus,
Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus 20
Longlin
County
Longlin
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
6000
commercial
timber
plantation
2000 Eucalyptus, masson pine
plantation 500 Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus,
aniseed 21
Napo
County
Napo
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
5000
22 Xilin
County
Xilin
County
commercial
timber
plantation
2700 Eucalyptus, Quercus, masson
pine, Betula
commercial
timber
plantation
3300 Eucalyptus, masson pine
23 Guiping
City Guiping City
ecological forest
management plantation 600
masson pine+Quercus,
Dendrocalamus, cinnamon
commercial
timber
plantation
3000 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
Dendrocalamus 24
Rong
County Rong County
ecological forest
management plantation 600
Dendrocalamus, cinnamon,
aniseed
25 Bobai
County
Bobai
County
commercial
timber 1800 Eucalyptus, masson pine
29
No. County
(city)
Participant
unit
Construction
content
Sclae
(ha) Tree species
plantation
commercial
timber
plantation
1800 Eucalyptus, masson pine
plantation 600 Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus,
cinnamon, aniseed 26
Tiandeng
County
Tiandeng
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
6000
27 Nanning
City Nanning City
commercial
timber
plantation
4800 Eucalyptus, masson pine
commercial
timber
plantation
2600 Eucalyptus, masson pine
plantation 600 Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus,
Dendrocalamus, aniseed
Shanglin
County ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
5500
Da Mingshan
Nature
Reserve
biodiversity
protection
28 Shanglin
County
Longshan
Nature
Reserve
biodiversity
protection
29 Gangkou
District
Gangkou
District
commercial
timber
plantation
2300 Eucalyptus, Acacia, masson
pine
commercial
timber
plantation
1800 Eucalyptus, masson pine
30 Shangsi
County
Shangsi
County ecological forest
management 500 Bamboo, cinnamon, aniseed
31 Pubei
County Pubei County
commercial
timber
plantation
2800 Eucalyptus, masson pine
32 Fusui
County Fusui County
ecological forest
management plantation 500
Zenia/Toona+Dendrocalamus,
Dendrocalamus, aniseed
30
No. County
(city)
Participant
unit
Construction
content
Sclae
(ha) Tree species
mountaion
closure for
reforestation
6000
33 Congzuo
City Congzuo City
commercial
timber
plantation
2800
plantation 700
34 Jiangzhou
District
Jiangzhou
District
ecological forest
management mountaion
closure for
reforestation
7000
35 Lipu
County Lipu County
commercial
timber
plantation
2300 Eucalyptus, masson pine
36 Wuxuan
County
Wuxuan
County
commercial
timber
plantation
3000 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
Betula
37 Bama
County Bama County
commercial
timber
plantation
2000 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
Betula
38 Heng
County Heng County
commercial
timber
plantation
3000 Eucalyptus, masson pine
39 Mengshan
County
Mengshan
County
commercial
timber
plantation
4500 Eucalyptus, masson pine
40 Fang
Chenggang
Fang
Chenggang
City
commercial
timber
plantation
4000 Eucalyptus, masson pine
Forest Farm
Huangmian Forest Farm
commercial
timber
plantation
6000 Eucalyptus, Quercus, masson
pine, Chinese fir, Betula
San Menjiang Forest Farm
commercial
timber
plantation
5000 Eucalyptus, Quercus, masson
pine, Chinese fir
Da Guishan Forest Farm
commercial
timber
plantation
3200 Eucalyptus, Quercus, masson
pine, Betula
Weidu Forest Farm
commercial
timber
plantation
4000 Eucalyptus, Quercus, masson
pine, Fir
31
No. County
(city)
Participant
unit
Construction
content
Sclae
(ha) Tree species
Yachang Forest Farm
commercial
timber
plantation
4500 Eucalyptus, masson pine,
Betula
Pai Yangshan Forest Farm
计
commercial
timber
plantation
6000 Eucalyptus, masson pine
Dongmen Forest
Farm-Tiandong Base
commercial
timber
plantation
6000 Eucalyptus, masson pine
Gaofeng Forest Farm
commercial
timber
plantation
7000 Eucalyptus, Acacia, Quercus,
masson pine
Qipo Forest Farm
commercial
timber
plantation
6000 Eucalyptus,
Eucalyptus+Acacia, Acacia,
masson pine
Liang Fengjiang
commercial
timber
plantation
7000
Eucalyptus,
Eucalyptus+Acacia, Acacia,
Qurcus, masson pine, Chinese
Fir
Liuwan Forest Farm
commercial
timber
plantation
6000 Eucalyptus,
Eucalyptus+Acacia, Quercus,
masson pine
Bobai Forest Farm-Bobai
Base
commercial
timber
plantation
7500 Eucalyptus,
Eucalyptus+Acacia, Acacia,
masson pine
Qinlian Forest Farm-Pubei
Base
commercial
timber
plantation
5000 Eucalyptus,
Eucalyptus+Acacia, Acacia,
masson pine
32
Table 4-1 Commercial Timber Plantation Component Content and Scale
unit：ha
E, and E＋A Other Tree Species
No. Forest Farm (County)
Grand Total Sub
Total E
Y－8
(1250
株)
Y－9
(1666
株)
Y－
10
(1250
株)
E+A 小计 A Q Pm F Pp(to be planted)
Pp(reclaimed)hybrid
bambooD etc. B L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Grand Total 189400 84920 78930 49380 25200 4350 5990 104480 3730 8070 55040 8240 3250 5500 1890 1000 16260 1500
percentage of species (%)
100 41.7 3.2 2.0 4.3 29.1 4.4 1.7 2.9 1.0 0.5 8.6 0.8
A County/City 116200 52710 52710 28410 24300 0 0 63490 200 3100 31650 5800 3250 5500 1890 1000 9600 1500
1 Ziyuan County 4000 0 0 4000 1000 1000 2000
2 Longsheng County 2300 0 0 2300 1000 1300
3 Yongfu County 3500 1300 1300 1300 2200 650 900 650
4 Lipu County 2300 1400 1400 800 600 900 900
5 Sanjiang County 2000 100 100 100 1900 810 700 390
6 Rong'an County 4000 300 300 300 3700 1500 2200
7 Wuxuan County 3000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1000 500
8 Xingbing District 3000 2500 2500 800 1700 500 500
9 Huanjiang County 5000 1500 1500 500 1000 3500 200 700 300 300 500 1500
10 Nandan County 2800 500 500 500 2300 1200 1100
11 Luocheng County 2000 1100 1100 1100 900 700 200
33
12 Yizhou City 3000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
13 Baba County 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 800 200
14 Tianlin County 4000 800 800 500 300 3200 300 700 100 2100
15 Longlin County 3000 500 500 500 2500 500 2000
16 Xilin County 2700 500 500 500 2200 500 1000 700
17 Lingyun County 2500 500 500 200 300 2000 800 600 600
18 Napo County 2000 1300 1300 1300 700 700
19 Tiandong County 3000 800 800 400 400 2200 700 1500
20 Pingguo County 2000 1200 1200 1200 800 400 400
21 Chongzuo City 2900 1200 1200 1200 1700 700 300 700
22 Tiandeng County 1800 1600 1600 800 800 200 200
23 Nanning City 4800 3000 3000 2000 1000 1800 1800
24 Shanglin County 2600 1900 1900 1200 700 700 700
25 Heng County 3000 2200 2200 1500 700 800 800
26 Guiping City 3300 1500 1500 1000 500 1800 1800
27 Hezhou City 2400 1050 1050 1050 1350 1050 300
28 Zhaping County 4000 1800 1800 1800 2200 1100 600 500
29 Babu District 2500 1400 1400 600 800 1100 1000 100
30 Mengshan County 4500 2000 2000 1500 500 2500 2500
31 Cangwu County 4800 2000 2000 1000 1000 2800 1000 1800
32 Cengxi City 5000 3400 3400 1700 1700 1600 700 900
33 Rong County 3000 2100 2100 1300 800 900 200 700
34 Bobai County 1800 1260 1260 1060 200 540 540
35 Pubei County 2800 2000 2000 900 1100 800 800
34
36 Shangsi County 2600 1800 1800 1200 600 800 800
37 Fang Chenggang City
4000 2300 23001500 800
1700 1700
38 Gangkou Drisct 2300 1900 1900 1300 600 400 200 200
B Forest Farm 73200 32210 26220 20970 900 4350 5990 40990 3530 4970 23390 2440 0 0 0 0 6660 0
39 Huangmian Forest Farm
6000 2600 2600 2000 0 600 0 3400 0 1200 1100 300 0 0 800
Headquarters
1800 0 0 1800 400 1100 300
Huanjiang Base
4200 2600 2600 2000 600 1600 800 800
40 San Menjiang Forest Farm
5000 1900 1900 1300 0 600 0 3100 0 0 1950 1150 0 0 0 0 0
Headquarters
1450 800 800 200 600 650 650
Yongfu Base
3550 1100 1100 1100 2450 1300 1150
41 Da Guishan Forest Farm
3200 1100 1100 800 300 2100 400 840 860
42 Weidu Forest Farm 4000 1700 1700 1700 2300 300 1400 600
43 Yachang Forest Farm
4500 1000 1000 1000 3500 1000 2500
44 Pai Yangshan Forest Farm
6000 1150 1150 1150 0 0 0 4850 0 0 4850
35
Headquarters
1000 0 0 1000 1000
Xilin Base 2850 0 0 2850 2850
Pingxiang Base 2150 1150 1150 1150 1000 1000
45
Dongmen Forest Farm － Tiandong Base
6000 1500 1500 900 600 4500 2000 2500
46 Gaofeng Forest Farm
7000 3200 3200 2400 400 400 0 3800 400 1800 1600 0 0
Headquarters
1700 400 400 400 1300 200 500 600
Rong County Base
5300 2800 2800 2400 400 2500 200 1300 1000
47 Qipo Forest Farm 6000 4400 1960 1460 0 500 2440 1600 780 0 820 0 0
Headquarters 1600 0 0 1600 780 820
Shangsi Base 4400 4400 1960 1460 500 2440 0
48 Liang Fengjiang Arboretum
7000 3660 2510 2260 0 250 1150 3340 750 270 1930 390 0
Headquarters 460 350 250 250 100 110 50 60
Nanning Base
6540 3310 2260 2260 1050 3230 700 270 1870 390
49 Liuwan Forest Farm
6000 3300 2300 1800 500 0 1000 2700 0 1000 1700
Headquarters 1000 500 500 500 500 500
Guiping Base 5000 2800 1800 1300 500 1000 2200 1000 1200
36
50 Bobai Forest Farm－Bobai Base
7500 3200 3000 2400 600 200 4300 300 4000
51 Qinlian Forest Farm－Pubei Base
5000 3500 2300 1800 500 1200 1500 1300 200
E=Eucalyptus, A=Acacia, Q=Quercus griffithii, Pm=Pinus massoniana, F=Chinese Fir, Pp=Phyllostachys pubescens, D=Dendrocalamus latiflorus, B= Betula alnoides, L=Liquidambar L.
Table 4-2 Table of Ecological Forest Management Component Content and Afforestation Scale unit: ha
Afforestation
P＋Q P＋ S L+P L+Cl Z/T+D E Cf M Z/T/L Hb D Cc I
mountain
closure County/City
Grand Total Scale
Total
sub-total B MPF sub-total B MPF B B MPF B MPF MPF MPF MPF MPF MPF MPF MPF
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 8 9 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Whole GZAR 118000 18000 3120 900 2220 1480 600 880 1050 450 3500 1000 300 200 1160 690 2380 890 1780 100000
Percentage (%) 100 5.0 12.3 3.3 4.9 5.8 2.5 19.4 5.6 1.7 1.1 6.4 3.8 13.2 4.9 9.9
Ziyuan County 500 500 300 200
Yongfu County 500 500 500 500
Sanjiang County 4500 500 200 200 300 4000
Rong'an County 4500 500 100 100 400 4000
Xingbing District 6700 700 200 200 500 6000
Huanjiang County 9000 2000 1050 450 500 7000
Nandan County 8800 800 400 400 100 100 150 150 8000
37
Luocheng County 6700 700 70 70 180 180 150 200 100 6000
Yizhou City 7700 700 360 90 250 7000
Tianlin County 6700 700 400 400 30 270 6000
Longlin County 6500 500 400 100 6000
Lingyun County 6000 500 100 100 400 5500
Napo County 5500 500 150 350 5000
Tiandong County 5700 700 550 550 150 5000
Pingguo County 6700 700 450 150 100 6000
Tiandeng County 6600 600 500 40 60 6000
Fusui County 6500 500 400 100 6000
Jiangzhou District 7700 700 400 200 100 7000
Shanglin County 6100 600 300 100 200 5500
Zhaoping County 600 600 200 200 400
Cangwu County 2000 2000 900 900 600 600 500
Cenxi City 800 800 400 200 200
Guiping City 600 600 100 100 100 250 150
Rong County 600 600 200 200 200
Shangsi County 500 500 100 200 200
P=Pinus massoniana; Q=Quercus griffithii; S=Schima superba; L=Liquidambar formosana; Cl=Cunninghamia lanteolata; Z=Zenia insignis; T=Toona sinensis; D=Dendrocalamus minor; E=Eucalyptus;
Cf=Cryptomeria fortunei; M=Magnolia officinalis; Hb=Hybrid bamboo; Cc=Cinnamomum cassia; I=Illicium verum; B=Bio-carbon Component; MPF=Multi-function Protection Forest
38
Table 5 Nature Reserves Statistics of GIFDCP Counties (project areas) Project County
Nature Reserve Name
Area
(hm2)
Main Protection Objects
Protection Type
Protection Level
Year Established
Responsible Department
Commercial Timber Forest Base:
Ziyuan County
Mao’e Mountain Nature Reserve (part)
15,752 Eco-system of typical evergreen broadleaf forest, hemlock and waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
National Level
2002 Forestry
Yinzu Laoshan Mountain Nature Reserve
28,670 Abies ziyuanensis
wild plants type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Yongfu County
Jia Qiaoling Valley Nature Reserve
67,000 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Shoucheng Nature Reserve
75,900 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Rong’an County
Sansuo Bird Protection Reserve
5,000 birds wildlife animals type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Nandan County
San Pihu Nature Reserve (part)
3,105 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Luofu Devonian Period Geologic Standard Profile
12 Devonian Period Geologic Profile
geographic
type
Municipality Level
1983 National Land
Huanjiang County
Mulun Nature Reserve
8,969 mid-Asia mixed forest ecosystem of tropic limestone evergreen broadleaf leaf and defoliation forest
forest ecosystem type
National Level
1998 Forestry
Jiu Wanshan Mountain Nature Reserve (part)
96,400 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Luocheng County
Jiu Wanshan Mountain Nature Reserve (part)
96,400 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
39
Project County
Nature Reserve Name
Area
(hm2)
Main Protection Objects
Protection Type
Protection Level
Year Established
Responsible Department
Hezhou City
Gu Poshan Mountain Nature Reserve
6,550 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Zhaoping County
Qichong Nature Reserve
Pingguo County
Da Hongjiang River Nature Reserve
28,400 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Longlin County
Jin Zhongshan Mountain Bird Protection Zone
27,300 bird wildlife animals type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Napo County
Nonghua Nature Reserve
13,400 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Defu Nature Reserve
12,200 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Nongxin Nature Reserve
10,500 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Xilin County
Nazuo Nature Reserve
40,000 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Huagong Waterhead Protection Zone
15,700 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Maojie Bird Protection Zone
26,100 birds wildlife animals type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Guiping City
Da Pingshan Mountain Nature Reserve
1,867 Alsophila spinulos, Apterosperma oblate, Shinisaurus crocodilurus, etc
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Chongzuo City
CongzuoRare Wildlife Protection Zone in
18,530 Pygathrix nemaeus, Presbytis francoisi、
wildlife animals type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Western Da Mingshan Mountain Nature Reserve (part)
60,100 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
City Level 1982 Forestry
40
Project County
Nature Reserve Name
Area
(hm2)
Main Protection Objects
Protection Type
Protection Level
Year Established
Responsible Department
Shanglin County
Da Mingshan Mountain Nature Reserve (part)
64,900 monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest, water conservation forest and natural view
forest ecosystem type
National Level
2003 Forestry
Longshan Nature Reserve
Fang Chenggang
Camellia chrysantha Naturtal Reserve in Fangcheng City
9,195 Camellia chrysantha
wild plants type
National Level
1994 Environment Protection
Ocean Nature Reserve in Beilun Debouchment
11,900 mangrove ecosystem
ocean and coastal ecosystem type
National Level
2000 Ocean
Shangsi County
Shiwan Great Mountain Nature Reserve (part)
174,500 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
National Level
2003 Forestry
Watershed Management: (not including overlap part with timber forest base)
Tianlin County
Qingwang Mountain Nature Reserve (part)
29,800 monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Fusui County
Rare Wildlife Nature Reserve in Nongsui County
8,000 Pygathrix nemaeu, Macaca mulatta, Presbytis francoisi
wildlife animals type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Ningming County
Nonggang Nature Reserve (part)
10,080 Limestone monsoon forest ecosystem
forest ecosystem type
National Level
1980 Forestry
Tian’e County
San Pihu Nature Reserve (part)
3,105 waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
Municipality Level
1982 Forestry
Bu Liuhe Nature Reserve
50,485 Macaca mulatta, waterhead conservation forest
forest ecosystem type
County Level
1982 Forestry
Chuan Donghe Nature
11,562 waterhead conservation forest, Macaca
forest ecosystem
County Level
1982 Forestry
41
Project County
Nature Reserve Name
Area
(hm2)
Main Protection Objects
Protection Type
Protection Level
Year Established
Responsible Department
Reserve mulatta type
Table 6 Vegetation Types in Plantation Establisment Component City/County Vegetation Type Forest Coverage (%) Forest+Shrubbery Rate (%)
1 Shanglin County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 20.1 39.2
2 Nanning City
forest,
shrubbery, grass 20.9 29.6
3 Rong’an County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 59.7 77.8
4 Sanjiang County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 74.3 75.5
5 Yongfu County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 67.0 74.1
7 Ziyuan County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 60.9 78.4
8 Cangwu County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 72.1 73.3
9 Cenxi City
forest,
shrubbery, grass 68.8 71.5
10 Shangsi County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 42.5 61.9
11 Gangkou District forest,
shrubbery, grass 25.1 29.4
12 Pu bei County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 59.6 62.3
13 Guiping City
forest,
shrubbery, grass 40.1 44.0
14 Rongxian County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 64.5 66.8
15 Bobai County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 50.8 53.2
16 Tiandong County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 31.0 42.2
17 Pingguo County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 19.8 32.1
18 Napo County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 43.2 57.3
42
19 Lingyun County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 57.7 70.6
20 Tianlin County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 69.0 73.7
21 Longlin County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 47.3 53.8
22 Xilin County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 65.9 72.0
23 Zhaoping County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 73.7 80.8
24 Babu District
forest,
shrubbery, grass 63.0 71.1
25 Luocheng County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 40.3 62.0
26 Huanjiang County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 26.3 51.2
27 Nandan County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 39.6 56.9
28 Xingbin District
forest,
shrubbery, grass 12.0 29.1
29 Tiandeng County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 16.3 31.3
30 Yizhou County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 15.8 19.3
31 Longsheng County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 71.7 72.6
32 Lipu County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 58.5 66.0
33 Hezhou County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 63.0 71.1
34 Mengshan County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 61.1 75.8
35 Wuxuan County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 34.1 45.2
36 Bama County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 43.6 53.8
37 Hengxian County
forest,
shrubbery, grass 45.0 46.3
38 Fangcheng District
forest,
shrubbery, grass 54.9 62.4
Whole
situation in
Guangxi
forest,
shrubbery, grass 41.33 48.22
Note: figures provided by GZAR Forestry Bureau.
43
Table 7 Location of Consultation and breakdown of interviewed Personnel Personal consulted
Project Location Call back Cadre Technicians Laborers Farmers Others
Lingyun County 32 20 4 7 1 Shang Baidan 45 7 4 30 4 Chongzuo City 39 11 1 24 3 Paiyangshan 33 6 6 18 3 Yachang Forest Farm 38 11 1 25 1 Weidu Forest Farm 35 19 16 Ziyuan County 36 20 6 7 3 Huanjiang County 34 1 33 Babu District 35 20 8 7 CenxiCity 36 36 Qinlian Forest Farm 35 2 19 12 2 Zhaoping County 35 15 14 6 Liuwan Forest Farm 43 20 7 4 12 Daguishan Forest Farm 36 10 10 12 4 Gaofeng Group 50 8 3 8 28 13 Gaofeng Forest Farm 35 11 3 Huangmian Forest Farm 34 1 5 2 19 5 Pingguo County 35 8 2 23 2 Xingbin District 31 4 1 22 3 Yizhou City 36 8 2 23 3 Lvcheng Company 36 14 8 13 1 Qipo Forest Farm 36 11 15 10 Bobai County 38 15 2 12 9 Guiping City 35 6 1 4 19 5 Sanwei Forest Farm 24 2 5 10 7 Shangsi County 40 6 1 2 18 7 Rong’an County 35 35 San Menjiang Forest Farm 37 3 23 3 8 Bobai Forest Farm 39 20 16 1 2 Luocheng County 36 16 1 18 1 Xilin County 34 23 1 7 3 Tiandong County 37 10 14 12 1 Longlin County 35 14 19 2 Tiandeng County 36 35 1 Nandan County 42 9 2 28 3 Sanjiang County 20 20 Yongfu County 36 1 35 Napo County 36 15 4 15 2 Sanwei Group 35 35 Nanning Forestry Department 35 34 1
44
Personal consulted Project Location
Call back Cadre Technicians Laborers Farmers Others
Liang Fengjiang National Park
36 10 1 1 24
Gangkou District 35 8 27 Tianlin County 34 7 5 10 12 Dongmen Forest Farm 37 2 3 2 23 7 Pubei County 35 9 2 19 5 Mao’e Shan Natural Reserve
35 35
Cangwu County 31 2 28 1 Total 1678 366 46 266 743 237
Table 8 Workshop List from Project EIA Team and Guangxi Ecological Society
Name Employment Unit Professional Title
Li Xiangdong Guangxi University Professor
Zhoufang Guangxi University Professor
Zhouxing Guangxi Normal College Professor
Jiangbo Guangxi Environmental Protection Department Senior Engineer
Xiongjian Guangxi Environmental Protection Department Senior Engineer
He Taiping Forestry College of Guangxi University Assistant Professor
Zhongbin Guangxi Environmental Protection Department Section Chief, Senior Engineer
Li Fufu Guangxi Forestry Department Section Chief, Senior Engineer
He Sanzhong Guangxi Forestry Department Deputy Section Chief, Senior Engineer
Zhang Jianjun Guangxi Forestry Department Engineer
Fan Zhenghui Guangxi Environmental Protection Research Institute
Deputy Chief, Senior Engineer
Luo Yaxue Guangxi Environmental Protection Research Institute
Senior Engineer
Liangjing Guangxi Environmental Protection Research Institute
Assistant Engineer
45
Appendix F
Environmental Protection Guidelines for Plantation
Management
1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of these guidelines is to draw on experience from previous plantation projects in China (NAP, FRDPP, FDPA, and SFDP) to ensure that plantations in GIFDCP are designed to achieve the highest level of sustainable productivity and financial viability with the minimum negative impacts on local communities and the natural environment. These guidelines are based on the following:
Laws and regulations of PRC and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, specifically the Environmental Protection Law, Forest Law, Land Management Law, Soil and Water Conservation Law, Environmental Impact Assessment Law, Forest Disease and Insect Pest Regulation, Plant Quarantine Regulation, Fire Prevention Regulation, and Soil and Water Conservation Regulation, Natural Reserves Regulations, Regulation for Conversion of Agricultural Land to Forest, Provisional Measures of Afforestation Quality Management, Guangxi Forestry Management Measures, Guangxi Environmental Protection Regulations; and
World Bank Operational Policies, specifically O.P. 4.01 Environmental Assessment, O.P. 4.04 Natural Habitats, O.P. 4.09 Pest Management, O.P. 4.36 Forestry, O.P. 4.11 Cultural Property, and O.D. 4.20 Indigenous Peoples
These guidelines consist of 10 sections: Plantation Site Selection and screening; Plantation Design; Plantation Establishment; Plantation Tending; Soil and Watershed Protection; Forest Road Construction and Maintenance, Integrated Pest Management; Fire Prevention and Control; Harvesting; and Monitoring and Evaluation
The most important pre-requisite of a successful plantation project is a clear statement of management objectives; including expected outcomes for products and production, land rehabilitation, watershed protection, habitat conservation/restoration, and community development and participation. An explicit and site specific statement of management objectives will have major influence on every aspect of plantation management from site selection, through project design and implementation to monitoring and evaluation. In line with this guideline, they should be contained in the management plan for each plantation project.
2 PLANTATION SITE SELECTION AND SCREENING
46
2.1 Land Use/Land Cover Considerations
Consistent with the Chinese Laws and Regulations, no area containing the following can be converted to plantation:
Cultural or heritage resources;
Consisting of natural forest, either intact or capable of rehabilitation; or
Areas located wholly or partly within designated nature reserves.
Priority sites for plantation establishment, from an environmental perspective, will be:
Degraded sites consisting of barren lands and exotic weed species (so called wasteland and waste mountains);
Low yield plantation sites;
Agricultural lands where farmers agree to plantation conversion; and
Newly harvested plantation sites.
Plantation should not be developed in areas that are considered as historically significant or as cultural heritage sites. Attention should also be made to native plant species in the potential plantation sites and the area should not be developed if the area is recognized as the habitat of rare or endangered plant and/or as wildlife habitat.
More problematic in terms of changing into plantation will be communities of native shrubs and open forest. China’s native ecosystem diversity is in a critical state. The only “pristine” ecosystems are now confined to mountainous areas. In most lowland areas the last remaining refuges for indigenous plants, birds and mammals are native shrub and open secondary forest communities. The World Bank Policy on Natural Habitats clearly states that such areas shall not be converted unless it can be demonstrated that they are common, and even then if there are no other options for plantation sites. The PRC Forest Law (Article 24) states that representative natural ecosystems should be preserved and should their conversion to other uses should be prevented at all levels of planning from national to municipal. Relative priorities for preservation are recommended as follows.
Higher Priority: Climax shrub communities; advanced serial shrub communities of high diversity with native forest tree regeneration; Open forest in drier areas such as Lai Bin Municipality
Lower Priority: Pioneer serial shrub communities of low biodiversity resulting from significant site disturbance; Open forest in moist climates
These decisions should be made through a well-defined, transparent, inter-disciplinary planning process with clear goals, objectives and criteria for decision-making and can not be made on a case-by-case basis. At county basis, selection of land plantation should be in accordance with general design of land use, regionalized design of forest categorization management, forest management program and nature reserve construction design. Each project implementation unit should refer to these designs.
47
2.2 Site Suitability Considerations
Slopes exceeding 35 degrees are not suitable for commercial timber plantation establishment for reasons of both slope instability and low productivity. Plantations on slopes between 30 and 35 degrees should have much lower than normal planting densities to limit site disturbance from both planting and harvesting and to retain ground cover.
Special attention must be given to the selection of sites with suitable climate and soil characteristics for each tree species and varieties under consideration.
A special consideration in soil fertility management is the ability of acidic Red-Yellow Podzols (Ultisols), Lateritic Red Soils (Oxisols, Plinthustults), shallow yellow and red acid soils (Dystrudepts) to sustain wood production over several short rotations without serious site nutrient depletion. During selection of plantation sites, the relevant existing scientific findings and information regarding the soil investigations in the project areas should be fully adopted to avoid soil degradation and nutrient depletion.
2.3 Social Considerations
Special attention must be paid during site selection to community-related aspects. Design teams must refer to the findings of the SA team and PRAs to be carried out in relevant sample counties in Guangxi to better understand the options preferred by farmers. Plantation design must address and accommodate the following considerations.
Participation
Plantation development plans should be developed in consultation with the authorized users or beneficiaries of the land. All townships, villages and households must be adequately informed about the project. There must be a minimum of two weeks between the distribution of project information and the receipt of applications to participate;
Site design should be consistent with the expressed needs of the beneficiaries provided these are consistent with relevant government policies
Preference must be given to individual households, household groups and shareholdings as opposed to collective and state forest farms; and
Ethnic minorities and women must have equal opportunity to apply and participate.
Land Use Rights
Current ownership of the land must be identified and the plantation development should only be undertaken with the prior agreement and participation of the authorized users;
Selected sites must primarily involve existing long-term contracts to individual households with plantations resulting in no change to these land use rights except with the written agreement of the authorized users;
48
In the event that sites selected are currently under collective land rights, participating households must receive individual land use rights for a term of not less than thirty years; and
In the event that the company plus household cooperation model is adopted, the land ownership should belong to the collectives;
In the event that any changes in land use rights are identified, the provincial PMO must be informed.
Access to Land and Resources
The size of the plantation in the village group must be designed to retain adequate grazing land, fuelwood, alternative fuel sources, and other resources to meet the needs of local residents;
Where the plantation involves the conversion of steeply-sloping agricultural land or barren land (so called “wasteland), design should consider alternatives such as agroforestry and mixtures of trees, shrubs and grasses; and
Accommodation of traditional forest uses must be considered in areas set aside for biodiversity conservation.
Production Arrangements
Priority must be given, in selecting production arrangements, to direct responsibility and management by beneficiary households or groups of households;
If households or household groups are to participate in a shareholding arrangement with another party, the production arrangement options and their implications must be discussed with the householders in an open and transparent manner. The agreed arrangements should be documented in contract signed by all parties to it and all parties should be provided with a copy of the contract; and
A contract model with standard provisions should be developed by the provincial PMO.
3 PLANTATION DESIGN
3.1 Species Selection and Planting
Species shall be selected on the basis of their overall suitability for the site and their appropriateness to the management objectives. To enhance biodiversity conservation, native species are preferred over exotic species for both plantations and watershed restoration programs. Exotic species should be used only if their overall performance is greater than native species. Exotic species shall be monitored to detect unusual mortality, disease or insect attacks and adverse ecological impacts. No new exotic species shall be introduced on a large scale until local trials and experience demonstrate that they are ecologically adapted, non-invasive and have no significant ecological impacts on other ecosystems.
Plantations are not forests; they are much more like farms. Plantation diversity (of genetic materials, species, age classes and spatial structure at the landscape-level) is essential for the
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ecological stability and resilience that limits the risk of failure and reduces the necessity for artificial inputs and interventions in these simplified ecosystems. All plantations over 50 ha (750 mu) must consist of several sub-compartments, the size and number of which will depend on the scale of the plantation, comprising wherever possible different tree ages (to promote structural diversity), different species of indigenous and exotic trees, different genotypes within species, and residual indigenous natural vegetation types. Use of coppicing, especially in the case of Eucalyptus tree plantation should be promoted to increase structural diversity, biodiversity and to improve long-term and short-term income sources for the beneficiaries. The area of any single block plantation should not be larger than 50 ha (750 mu) and should preferably be less than 35 ha (525 mu). Wherever practical, given the scale of the plantation, design and layout should promote the protection, restoration and conservation of natural communities by utilizing wildlife corridors, retention of native tree species, stream protection corridors and a mosaic of different age, use of accompanying native tree species, and rotation periods to mimic the landscape patterns of natural forest stands.
No large area of single clonal plantations will be permitted. Not less than ten clones of Masson Pine, Chinese fir, or Eucalyptus will be approved for each county; otherwise no approval will be issued. As a general rule of thumb, 80 % of the area of the project plantations within a county should be planted equally to 5 of the clones and the remaining 20% planted to the remaining five clones.
More emphasis must be placed in all plantations on encouraging indigenous broadleaf species such as Quercus and Betula, which, though slower growing, are likely to have both a higher conservation value and a higher monetary return at harvest. Any existing natural vegetation including native broadleaf tree species must be retained on any plantation site over 100 ha (1,500 mu) for biodiversity conservation and to avoid large expanses of contiguous stand of single tree species.
3.2 Streamside Protection
Simple standard stream protection setbacks are insufficient to ensure adequate protection in complex landscapes where stream courses are likely to vary considerably in gradient, cross section, flow, stability and ecological importance. A more useful approach is to relate the size of stream protection reserves to a simple stream classification system based on the size and cross-section of the stream, the inherent stability of the stream channel and to the character of the adjacent riparian land. A stream protection reserve would be an area where no clearing or ground disturbance would be allowed during plantation establishment, native vegetation would be retained and no forest harvesting would be allowed. There appear to be two different types of streams that could be impacted by plantations, without adequate protection reserves. The two stream types both have a “gully” configuration, defined as a stream with side slopes of 25 degrees or greater. The two stream types with protection reserve designations are presented in Table 1.
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Table 1 Stream types with protection reserve designation and protection method
Type of Stream (width usually <5m)
Substrate Recommended Protection Method
Category 1 Entrenched small stream
Boulder or bedrock 5 m from the top of the entrenchment slope on each side of the stream
Category 2 Entrenched small stream
Fine texture channel sediment
15 m from the top of the entrenchment slope on each side of the stream
Stability of these stream courses is often dependent on live vegetation on the gully sidewalls and on large decayed woody debris incorporated in the stream channel. Plantations must be managed to ensure a continuous supply of large decayed woody debris to preserve stream channel stability.
Figure 1 demonstrates the application of protection reserves in these two categories of streams.
Plantation design must look beyond establishment to eventual harvesting. In particular, design must consider how the site will be accessed for product extraction.
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Figure 1. Application of Stream Protection Reserves
Stream Category 1. Entrenched small streams in bedrock/boulder substrate.
Stream Category 2. Entrenched small streams in fine textured substrate.
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4 PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT
Fire cannot be used as a tool of site clearing and site preparation: sites must be cleared by hand or by using mechanical equipment. Existing vegetation will be retained at the top and bottom of slopes, and in all stream courses - whether permanent or ephemeral. Site preparation may involve planting holes, strip cultivation or full cultivation under the following conditions:
Full cultivation will be allowed on slopes below 15 degrees and only were absolutely necessary to control weeds. Where full cultivation is undertaken on slopes over 200 m in length, a contour belt of existing vegetation at least 3 m wide must be retained every 100 m;
Planting holes on contour lines or strip cultivation on contour lines will be allowed on slopes between 16 and 25 degrees, vegetation between contour lines should not be damaged;
Planting holes only on contour lines may be used on slopes between 26 and 35 degrees, with the planting holes for protection forest aligned in a fish-scale configuration; and
Economic tree crops can only be established on the site with slope below 25 degrees.
Due to high cost and soil disturbance, terracing should be employed only under special circumstances and must be carefully designed. Terraces (reverse bench terrace) should convey surface runoff onto stable ground or to stream courses capable of accepting the increased flow and should only be used for economic trees of high value on deep soils.
Any inter-cropping activities on sloping plantation sites should be carried out along the contour. No inter-cropping will be allowed on slopes over 25 degrees and inter-cropping of root or tuber crops will not be permitted over 15 degrees. In no circumstances intercropping will be allowed down slope.
5 PLANTATION TENDING (for timber plantation only)
Weeding should be limited to what is absolutely necessary to establish the plantings. Slashing shall be used wherever possible, so as to maintain ground cover. Spot clean-weeding will be encouraged in tending operation. Vegetation debris from weeding should be left on site as mulch.
Thinning should be generally guided by operational design, but the actual time of thinning should be determined by regular surveys. One of the keys to insect and disease resistance is a healthy, vigorously-growing plantation stand, which in turn depends on timely thinning. Effective measures should be taken to promote decomposition of thinning debris and to reduce fire risk. Thinning operations should be carefully planned and implemented to avoid damage to residual trees and site disturbance.
6 SOIL AND WATERSHED PROTECTION
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Measures shall be taken to maintain or improve soil structure, fertility and soil biological activity (micro-flora and micro-fauna), Use of organic (farmyard) and green manure as fertilizer and intercropping with nitrogen-fixing plants (leguminous plants) should be encouraged to reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers. The use of chemical fertilizer will strictly follow the plantation models, in which, the fertilizer applications must be justified by adopting appropriate research results or appropriate soil testing and foliar analysis and must be incorporated as side dressing on the up gradient side of the tree and should preferably be covered to reduce nitrification and loss by runoff. Fertilizer application rates will be further adjusted by adopting new research results during the project implementation. During operation, only spot and strip fertilization (side dressing) will be allowed; broadcast application is strictly prohibited.
Economic tree crop plantations, if considered, will require an assessment of irrigation needs and whether the necessary water can be obtained without impacting other water users, aquatic resources or waste dilution requirements. Special attention should also be paid to the potential impact of plantation establishment on product processing capacity in the general area (i.e. wood processing and fruit/bamboo shoot canning, etc) and the potential impacts of any expanded processing (i.e. water requirements and waste generation).
7 FOREST ROAD CONSTRUCTION & MAINTENANCE
Construction of new roads and trails must follow the acceptable engineering standards and shall have regular maintenance. Activities such as appropriate side grading, collector ditches, and soil erosion prevention measures should be followed on both construction of new logging roads and the maintenance of already established roads. Project should ensure the maximum use of existing logging roads and try to upgrade/widen them to provide for the additional traffic requirements. Only when it is absolutely necessary, new logging roads should be constructed. If necessary, logging roads should be connected with village roads. Every effort should be made to construct new logging/forest roads along fire control lines and forest compartment lines to minimize land use change and to reduce soil and water losses. After road upgrade and/or construction of new roads, every effort should be made to promote vegetation growth on the side slopes to avoid accelerated soil erosion and increase in river sediment load. These issues and details of forest road design and construction regulations are presented in Forest Road Design Rules (LY104). Project should strictly follow these pertinent regulations.
As a general rule, construction/upgrade of forest roads should follow the following environmental protection measures:
Forest roads should be designed following the approved engineering design specifications. Appropriate construction material, borrow sites and dump sites should be selected to minimize soil and land use disturbance. Special attention must be paid to soil and water conservation practices along borrow and dump sites to reduce negative impacts on environment. Ensure that engineering construction activities, environmental pollution control measures and environment aesthetics are all
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incorporated in road construction design to decrease the impact of project on environment.;
Prepare specific soil and water conservation scheme for forest road construction and execute it during construction, such as collecting fill material by deep digging to reduce area of excavation site, balance the cut and fill, and decrease abandoned earthwork. Make every effort to synchronize excavation and road construction to minimize need for large scale cut and fill along a long extend of the road;
Several technical measures should be considered during design of new and/or existing road upgrade to reduce/prevent environmental impact such as use of appropriate side slops, drains and retaining walls to prevent/minimize soil erosion. Use of biological soil erosion measures such as growing shrubs, arbor, climbing plants and grass on side slops and road banks to slow down soil and water erosion, and reduce river sedimentation/turbidity, etc should be encouraged;
Make the widest possible efforts to minimize damage to the existing vegetation and soil along the road by avoiding excavation of roadbed during rainy season;
During construction in areas close to school, hospital or wildlife refuge, low noise construction equipments and appropriate mufflers should be used to minimize negative environmental impact. In such areas, appropriate construction time and methods should be used to minimize the impacts;
During transport of borrow material (soil and aggregate) that could cause increase in dust and air contamination, use of tarpaulin should be encouraged on transporting vehicles to minimize air pollution, especially in the environmentally sensitive areas. Scattered and fallen construction materials during loading and unloading of vehicles should be cleared in a timely manner; and
After the construction is finished, borrow sites and dump sites should be graded and planted with grass and trees for vegetation recovery as soon as possible. Leaving land exposed after completion of work is not allowed.
Regular maintenance should be carried out after the forest road construction is completed, such as road surface maintenance, grading, and regular maintenance of drains on both roadsides to avoid the soil erosion due to heavy rainfall and potential erosion of roads, etc.
8 INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL
Measure shall be taken to prevent or minimize outbreaks of pests, diseases, fire and invasive plant introductions. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) shall form an essential part of the plantation management plan, with primary reliance on prevention and biological control methods rather than chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticides may be used only where justified within the framework of a comprehensive IPM system and only where the pesticide falls into World Health Organization (WHO) Class II and Class III), is specific to the particular pest, and has low toxicity to non-target organisms. In no circumstances the project should use WHO’s Class Ia or Ib pesticides. Workers and farmers who are to apply pesticides may only do so after they have received training on the safe handling, storage and
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use of the chemicals. The applying and handling of the class II products should be done by trained and equipped pest control specialists of the Forestry Bureau.
An Integrated Pest Management Plan has been developed for GIFDCP to meet the requirements of the World Bank Operational Procedure on pest management (O.P. 4.09) and is included as Appendix G of the EA report.
9 FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Forest fire prevention and control activities must be integrated with the local fire management system at all levels. Each afforestation entity must prepare a forest fire control plan, establish a fire control organization, define roles and responsibilities, and detail prevention, public education, patrolling, enforcement and fire response programs.
Any plantation blocks over 100 ha (1,500 mu) which have not set up firebreaks shall have fire breaks dividing the area into sub-compartments of not more that 80 ha (1,200 mu). Firebreaks should be 15-25 m wide and should utilize stream courses and fire resistant native vegetation wherever possible.
10 PLANTATION HARVESTING
Techniques and rates of harvesting, access construction and road maintenance shall not result in long-term soil degradation or adverse impacts on water quality and watershed hydrology. Any logging operations must be strictly enforced according to provisions of the Forestry Act. For slopes over 15 degrees block cutting method should be used. Logging coupes shall not exceed five ha (75 mu) with at least 50 m between adjacent coupes logged the same year. For slopes less than 15 degrees, logging coupes shall not exceed 20 ha (300 mu), with at least 100 m between adjacent coupes.
Ground vegetation shall be preserved as far as possible during logging and the site shall be re-planted in the year following logging. During harvest of bamboo shoots, utmost attention should be given to employing soil erosion and land degradation measures. During bamboo wood harvest, selective cutting method should be used to ensure that a reasonable age-class structure is maintained so that the standing 2-6 year bamboo culms account for a minimum of 20% of total stand.
11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Appropriate to the scale of operation, plantation monitoring programs shall be of two main types: 1) compliance monitoring to assess the degree to which plantation implementation is consistent with approved design plans and this guideline; and 2) management monitoring to determine plantation performance and detect on-site and off-site natural ecology and social impacts.
11.1 Compliance Monitoring
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Compliance monitoring assesses whether operational implementation has been carried out in a manner consistent with established standards. Guidelines such as this are not usually enforceable because they hope to cover all site conditions and operational activities. As the term implies, their function is to guide operational design and implementation. It will be the responsibility of the PMO to ensure that all plantation design plans meet the principles, standards and criteria established in this guideline. PMO will undertake surveillance of the design process through a regular evaluation of randomly-selected plantation designs. Once a plan has been prepared and approved, the county PMO will be responsible for ensuring, through regular inspections and supervision, that all operations are implemented in a manner that complies with the approved plan. To ensure consistency and continuity in compliance monitoring, standard reporting forms will be used. The provincial PMO will insure the quality of operational monitoring through regular, random “spot-checks”. The primary focus of compliance monitoring will be the plan prescriptions on plantation diversity, stream protection, site preparation, tending (weeding and thinning), pest management (use and application of pesticides and worker/farmer safety) and harvesting.
11.2 Management monitoring
Management monitoring will be specially designed to assess:
The progress of plantation programs;
The effectiveness of these guidelines and development plans in protecting and enhancing the environmental; and
The contribution of the plantations to local community welfare.
This type of monitoring will utilize a limited number of practical monitoring indicators which will be measured at established intervals and regularly evaluated to determine whether management practices require revision. A general management monitoring program has been designed by provincial PMO and will be adapted by county PMOs to suit the specific needs of individual counties. Proposed plantation performance, environmental and social indicators are described in the following sections. These indicators will not be relevant to every area and every situation and must be selected and adapted to specific monitoring programs. These monitoring programs, in turn, must be practical, meaningful and affordable.
11.2.1 Plantation Performance Indicators
Size of areas planted annually, with species/varieties, planting density, and main plantation operations (wherever possible), using regularly maintained plantation sub-compartment records and maps;
Survival rates (%) by year and species and the extent (ha) of replanting required;
Extent (ha) of tending operations (weeding, thinning, pruning, fertilization) each year;
Incidence of insect attack, disease and fire (number and area impacted) and actions taken (method and area of treatment/response);
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Growth or production rates by sub-compartment, using records of increment in height and DBH/or cu. m/ha/yr. (based on sample plots) for wood plantations, and annual production in kg/ha for economic tree-crops; and
Harvesting operations for wood plantations (area and yield per ha and site class).
11.2.2 Environmental Indicators
Area (ha and % of project plantation areas) that are set-asides for biodiversity conservation and stream protection reserves for each project plantation 50 ha or larger;
Annual use (kg/ha) of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by type;
Number of staff/villagers trained in safe pesticide use, applicators, handling and risks associated with use of pesticides; and
Percent area of contour site preparation and planting holes in a fish-scale configuration.
11.2.3 Social Indicators
Participation rate of households (% of target villages) in plantation programs;
Changes in household income attributable to participation in plantation activities; and
Farmer satisfaction with plantation agreements as measured by irregular community consultation and through structured PRAs.
12 Screening Process for Plantation Site Identification
Step 1 Does the site: 1) Does the site contain any cultural or heritage resources; 2) Does the site contain natural forest, either intact or capable of rehabilitation (i.e., any area consisting primarily of native tree species of >20% crown closure); or 3) Is the site located wholly or partly within a designated nature reserve? If the answer to any of the above is "Yes", the plantation development is prohibited and an alternative site must be found. If the answer to all of the above is "No", proceed to step 2. Step 2 1) Is the area of the site less than 35 ha? If the answer is "Yes", it is unlikely that the plantation development will have any adverse effect on habitat values regardless of its location. The screening process ends and the proposed development may proceed. If "No", proceed to Step 3.
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Step 3 Which of the following general ecotype descriptions best describes the proposed development site? 1) Category 1: Poor quality plantation sites or harvested plantation sites; 2) Category 2: Land that is being used or has been used for some agricultural production purposes; 3) Category 3: Waste land or barren land; 4) Category 4: Other land that may have natural habitat potential (this could include natural forest with canopy cover less than 20%, natural grasslands (high altitude), wetlands or swampy areas. If the land falls into categories 1, 2 or 3, it is unlikely that plantation development will have any adverse impact on natural habitat values (it should be noted that any sites that are located within agricultural production areas and far removed from forest areas would fall into one of these three categories). The screening process ends and the proposed development may proceed.
If the land falls into category 4, proceed to Step 4. Step 4 Is the ecotype widespread in the general area? (for example, would the proposed plantation area occupy less than 5% of the total area of this ecotype in the general area?). If yes, the proposed development may proceed but a photograph should be taken of the site and filed with the sub-compartment card to record the type of vegetation that is on it. If no, the proposed development should not proceed and an alternative site should be found.
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Appendix G
Integrated Pest Management Plan
1 Introduction Guangxi Integrated Forestry Development and Conservation Project (GIFDCP) is a
comprehensive forestry construction project combining timber plantation establishment, biodiversity protection and ecological forest management as the next phase after the first, second and third plantation projects financed by the World Bank for the past ten years in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR). The implementation of GIFDCP will further increase forest area in GZAR, and will play an important role in easing pressure on wood supply, improving general biological environment, increasing biodiversity, and improving the livelihood of local communities.
GIFDCP comprises four components: timber plantation establishment, ecological forest management/ Carbon-fund, biodiversity protection and project management. Plantation establishment and to some extent, watershed management/afforestation will require pest management and as such, would require use of pest management techniques and institutional management. To ensure that project implementation will not cause unnecessary harm to the environment as a result of any activities this pest management plan (PMP) is prepared in accordance with Forest Disease and Insect Pest Management Regulation issued by the State Council and the World Bank OP 4.09, Pest Management.
The proposed plan complies with the forest pest management policy of “rely mainly on prevention, manage with science and laws, enhance health”, and brings up the main forest pest management measures that could be used in the project. This management plan is prepared to promote the use of biological and environmentally responsible pest and disease control methods, which should reduce the reliance on highly toxic chemical pesticides, with the effects of controlling pest and disease effectively at optimal level, while preventing undue environmental pollution.
2 IPM STATEMENT AND METHODS The method recommended for the forestry sector and the GIFDCP pest and disease control is
Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
In 1972, FAO revised Total Pest Control (TPC), previously proposed in 1966, and it became
IPM a pest and disease control strategy. From the ecology viewpoint, IPM proposes to reduce pest numbers to a tolerable level instead of eliminating pests completely, further, IPM emphases using natural pest controls as the dominant method by integrating other control methods. Therefore, resulting not only in economic benefits, but also eco-balance, lower costs and increased safety. Following the above methodology pest and disease management of GIFDCP will: conform to ecological principles, applying this strategy with economic benefit and social benefit. fully making use of natural pest control, creating conditions to reduce pest development. Measures will be adjusted to local conditions, utilizing integrated measures such as biological, silvicultural, physical and chemical methods therefore avoiding the killing natural enemies of pests and polluting the environment. The aim is controlling plant disease by reducing it to economically tolerable levels.
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As a crucial measure to fundamentally solve plant pest and disease problems, IPM would be carried out at each stage of plantation; site selection, establishment management and harvest GIFDCP to achieve objectives of environment protection and forest tree fast-growth.
Common control methods in IPM include:
1）Method of afforestation control A series of technical measures are combined to improve ability of forest tree resistance to pest and disease, not favoring pest occurrence, such as tree planting management, and harvest, by relying on pest biology characteristic, occurrence rule and main eco-factors influencing pest increase and decrease. These measures include: soil treatment, appropriately fertilizering, watering, weeding and so on while seedling cultivation, as to improve seedling disease resistant ability; when afforestation paying attention to planting suitable tree for the site site, selecting varieties of fast growth and pest resistance, focusing on species mix forest plantation, elimininating diseased vegetation under forest, enhancing biodiversity, creating favorable survival condition for pest natural enemy; enhancing tending management by timely tending thinnings, thinning for light, which were conducted concerning different features of various stages as to timely eliminate wind-fall wood, wind-broken wood, dry standing wood and near death wood, avoid secondary insect propagation and spread, like longicorn beetle, bark beetle etc. Biological degradation stand will be minimised.
2）Method of biological control. Use beneficial biological or active material produced by which to control pest, achieve control objectives. Advantages include:（1）Not pollute air, soil and water because most natural enemy is non-toxic to human being, animal and plant, as well as strong selective（2）Pest will not be resistant to natural enemy（especially enemy animal, some pathogenic microorganism（3）natural enemies of some dominant species have long-term control effect to plant disease (4) biological control methods consist of : governing pest by insect, governing pest by bird, governing pest by fungus (for example using Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, Bt to control pest), governing pest by hormone, and so on.
3）Method of physical and mechanical control Take use of simple tools and physical technique to control pest, for example, light, electricity, radiate etc. includes：（1）artificially capture pest or clear diseased trees（2）Lure and kill pest through light, toxic food or kill pest by high temperature.
4）Method of Chemical control These can be non insecticide chemicals that indirectly reduce pest build up or direct acting pesticide. The non insecticide type will be used in preference where possible. Use chemical substance with pest control function to prevent or eliminate disease. Advantages for this method are fast result, good effect, convenience, low cost, and effectively controlling pest in large area within short time; disadvantages are chemical agent easy to pollute environment, poison human being and livestock, kill natural enemy, pest resistance to chemical and so on.
Pesticide application is strictly controlled in IPM, as pesticide of highly toxic and long residue period is prohibited. Main reasons are these pesticides easily pollute environment and agricultural and forest products, resulting in human being or animal being poisoned and killing natural pest enemies. It is a recent requirement to select pesticides with high efficiency, low residue and selectivity to target pests, to integrate methods of chemical control with biology control to minimise disadvantage of chemical pesticide. Pest characteristics are also considered with
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chemical application, as well as application concentration, and application methods, so as not to harm natural enemy.
In order to effectively control disease and pest, reduce their damage and project forest, the following measures are adopted:
Carry out “Forest Disease and Insect Pest Management Regulation “issued by the State Council, World Bank operation polities related to disease and pest management, and conservation plan in GIFDCP.
Fully apply technology of disease and pest efficiently using IPM control methods, restrict use of single chemical control.
Afforestation with species of disease and pest resistance, strictly prohibit using weak or below standard seedlings or those with disease or pest infection, use for mixed species forest planting where possible.
Strictly follow all model requirements on time to promote fast healthy tree growth to better protect itself naturally against pests and disease.
Carry out disease and pest monitoring, forecasting and control in forestland, to minimise disease and pest occurrence
Enhance management of pesticide procurement and application; enhance training of pesticide application and management.
3 Objectives GIFDCP pest management program will aim to:
Preventing the use of highly toxic chemicals by farmers/plantation owners
Decreasing the levels of sales of dangerous or inappropriate or inadequately labeled chemicals to farmers
Promoting the awareness, knowledge and adoption of IPM
Promoting safe use and management of chemicals.
Reduction of prevention costs.
Reduction of pest resistance to control measures.
The project will also promote the concept of IPM through:
Introduction of chemical quality standards into the procurement policy for assessing loan applications by tree farmers/plantation owners
Capacity building of the government extension service in IPM approaches,
Education of agricultural chemical distributors and resellers to the dangers of inappropriate chemicals, the use of non insecticide chemicals and better types spraying equipment.
Improve understanding and application skills concerning IPM in farmers and forest farm workers.
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4 PRC and GZAR Plant Protection Legal Framework The major laws and regulation stipulated by the PRC and GZAR in relation to pest
management include:
Forest Disease and Insect Pest Management Regulation (Issued by the State Council, implemented on Nov. 17, 1989);
Regulations on Management of Pesticides of PRC (Issued by the State Council, implemented on Jan. 29, 2001);
Methods for Implementing Pesticides Management Regulation (Issued by Ministry of Agriculture on April 27, 1999);
Standard for Safe Use of Pesticides GB4285-89;
Standard for Safe Use of Pesticides GB8321.2-87; and
Any other or newer regulations with regard to pesticide application in PRC and/or GZAR.
These will be followed in addition to project guidelines.
5 Institutional Responsibility for Guangxi Forest Disease and Pest
Control Guangxi has comparatively complete system in terms of forest diseases and pests control,
Forest Pest Management Stations are established at different levels of forestry administration; provincial, municipal and county. Their main responsibilities are: monitor and forecast forest disease and pest in their precinct, pest control management, pest control technology guidance, training, pesticide selection, control technology extension, operation effectiveness checking and so on.
The principle of disease and pest control is “who operates, is in charge of pest control”. Control responsibility goes to owners of commercial plantation and economic fruit tree plantations, but the GFB forest disease and pest control organization provides supervision and technical guidance, but control responsibility goes to local government, forest disease and pest control stations to manage the protection of ecological forest.
6 Assessment of Institutional Capacity in GZAR Main research units related to forest pest control technology in Guangxi includes Forest
Conservation Institute of Guangxi Forestry Science Institute, Guangxi University, and Guangxi Forest Pest Management Station, those carry out research on forest pest and disease control, their results provide technical support for forest pest control.
Forest pest management research institute and laboratory have been set up in each city, carrying out pest control studies and providing extension services.
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There are 5 to 15 professional forest pest management technicians at provincial and prefecture forest pest management stations, and there are two to four at each county level station. These technicians are technical backbone in Guangxi forest pest management.
Some pest control chemicals and equipment are stored at various level forest management stations according to control needs.
In a word, strong points are; there is relative complete forest pest and disease control network in Guangxi, capable to well organize pest control if pest and disease hazard happen, as well as provide field training on the relevant pest management related technical issues to farmers and plantation owners. However, technicians need to be trained since their knowledge and experience vary widely.
7 Pest and Disease Management Principles under GIFDCP 7.1 Proposed Pesticide Use and Application of IPM
7.1.1 IPM for Major Tree Crops Objective: a) reduction of damage and loss of wood production to economic levels; b) control pests; c) reduce use of chemical pesticides
(1) Specific Objectives Reduce the damage caused by pests to less than 5% of wood production loss.
Biological management rate of foliar pests reaches above 80%, and pollution-free management rate reaches 100%.
Eliminate any poisoning accident or water contamination caused by unsafe management, storage and incorrect handling of discarded waste.
Prohibit use of highly toxic pesticides (WHO Class I) and those causing diseases (such as cancer, etc.)
Pesticide residue in farm products (assuming that intercropping of farm crops is allowed between trees) will not exceed WHO and the State standards
Maintain the biological insect diversity of plantations.
(2) IPM Measures Principle: Make sure physical (silvicultural) measures are well implemented, resulting in healthy plantations while strengthening pest forecasts, improving pest control measures followed by choosing beneficial physical and biological control measures, and lastly, use chemical control measures only when required. Specific objectives:
(i) Strengthening forecasts of diseases and pests. County Forest Pest Management Station (CFPMS) should provide timely disease and pest control information to farmers/plantation owners including; control targets, appropriate timing of control measures, methods and pesticides, etc. Such information should be given to farmers 7 to 10 days ahead of implementing control measures. The CFPMS should ensure that control measures are implemented in the neighboring counties and tree
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farms at the same time to improve control effectiveness.
(ii) Silvicultural control measures:
Choose resistant planting stock: This is an important measure for improving resistance of trees to pests and reducing use of chemical pesticides.
Intercropping e.g. planting leguminous species as under story to improve soil fertility and reduce pest damage.
Correct timing of the planting to minimize crop damage from diseases and pests.
Correct nursery seedling cultivation: sterilizing seeds and soil, removal of poor quality seedlings and nurturing high quality seedlings.
Choose superior varieties and healthy seedlings for afforestation, pay attention not to damage seedlings during handling and transportation to ensure healthy and rapid growth after planting.
Appropriate use of fertilizers. Application of sufficient base manure and limited use of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, and increased use of calcium to strengthen pest resistance of tree crops.
Clean land: Removal of infected leaves and plants to reduce diseases and pests.
Timely thinning: improve trees’ growth and resistance to pests and diseases.
(iii) Physical control measures:
Trap and kill pests: Use black light lamps to trap and kill moths, beetles and Orthopteroids; use sugar and vinegar solution to trap and kill moths, trap and kill larva, pupa and ovum by manual work.
(iv) Biological control measures:
Use of biological pesticides such as Bt, Polynacfin, NPV, etc.
Use of natural pest enemies, such as Trichogramma.
Use of sex attractants to trap and kill pests.
(v) Chemical control measures:
Use of pesticides combined with other control measures is an effective and economic way to increase pest control efficiency. High quality pesticides should be used that are effective in pest control, have no or low-toxicity to human beings and animals, and are safe on tree crops. Key pesticide control measures include:
Prohibit use of highly toxic and high residue pesticides
Use different pesticides to control different pests. Do not use broad spectrum pesticides.
Spray pesticides at proper times based on pest occurrence
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Spray appropriate amounts of pesticide
Appropriately use mixed or alternative pesticides
Strictly implement safe harvest intervals (GB4285-89)
Use best designed spray equipment and technology to minimize chemical requirement and maximize chemical effect.
IPM measures for major tree species in GIFDCP are listed in Annex 1.
7.1.2 Pesticides Recommended for Use in GIFDCP During project implementation, it will be necessary to use pesticides in conjunction with
silvicultural physical and biological control measures. Pesticide use must follow the principles of economic, safe and effective application. Table 1 lists pesticides recommended for GIFDCP use. These are existing and newly registered pesticides that are highly effective, have low toxicity, and nil or low residues.
Table 1 Pesticides Recommended for Use in GIFDCP
Recommended Pesticides1
Chemical Pesticides (PRC Classification)(WHO Class in parentheses)
Tree Main Pest Biological Pesticides
Low Toxicity Medium Toxicity Eucalyptus termite, Dappula tertia
Templeton, Carea subtilis (Walker), Buzura suppressaria Guenee, Pseudomonas solanacearum
Matrine(II) Chlorbenzuron (U) Carbaryl (II),
Cartap (II),
Masson Pine Dendrolimus punctatus, Dasychira aurifera Soriba, Phaeoura mexicanaria, Acantholyda flavomarginata Maa
Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill,
Bt,
Avermectin
Chlorbenzuron(U) Deltamethrin (II),
Arrivo (II)
Bamboo Ceracris kiangsu Tsai, Pantana phyllostachysae Chao, Loudonta dispar (Kiriakoff), Algedonia coclesalis Walker, Aiolomorphus rhopaloides walker, witches’-broom of bamboo
Bt Imidacloprid (III),
Chlorothalonil (U),
Triadimefon (III)
Deltamethrin (II),
Fenvalerate (II),
(II)
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Others1 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., Oides leucomeluena Weise, Dilophodes elegans sinica Prout, Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat) Gmiff et Mauble, Pseudodoniella chinensis Zheng, Euproctis pseudoconspersa, Pammene ginkgoicola Liu
Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill,
Bt,
Matrine (II)
Imidacloprid (III),
Mobilan (III),
Chlorothalonil (III),
Triadimefon (III),
Thiophanate methyl (U),
Dimethachlon (III)
Cartap (II),
Arrivo (II)
1 Other trees include Chinese fir, Birch, Quercus (oak), Zennia, water chestnut, Star anis, cinnamon, etc.
Other measures for pest management of major trees are summarized in Table 2 and are fully
described in Annex 1. The main points to note are: The pest management approach for each tree uses an IPM approach, but there is also
dependence on chemical pesticides if physical, silvicultural and biological measures need to be suplemented.
Non-chemical control measures are largely slivicultural/physical measures with biological control measures.
Extension of tested and validated biological control IPM techniques will be implemented by
Guangxi Forest Pest Management Station and introduced into the project, where appropriate.
Table 2 Silvicultural, Physical and Biological Measures for Pest Management of Major Tree Species
Tree Silvicultural and Physical Measures Biological Measures
Eucalyptus select pest resistant species, attract by lights, select disease-free seedlings for forestation. Follow strictly all model requirements with special emphasis on weeding, fertilizing and thinning
apply Bt and biological agents
Masson Pine mountain closure for forestation, establish mixed forest, attract by lights, protect natural enemies; thinning to keep plantations vigorously growing
apply Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, Bt and other biological agents
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Bamboo clear diseased old bamboo by manual work, increase the application of special fertilizer
apply Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, Bt and other biological agents
Acacia establish mixed forest, protect natural enemies apply Bt and other biological agents
Other Trees establish mixed forest, protect natural enemies thinning to keep plantations vigorously growing if included in model.
apply Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, Bt and other biological agents
1 Other trees include Chinese fir, Birch, Quercus (oak), Zennia, water chestnut, Star anis, cinnamon,
etc.
7.2 Types and Quantity of Pesticides to be Financed Silvicultural, physical (e.g., lures), biological control practices or bio-pesticides that have the
same cost-effectiveness as synthetic pesticides, would be used in preference to pesticides (Tables 1 and 2). Unregistered chemicals, or any that have WHO Class I active ingredients will be prohibited.
Table 3 estimates the amount of pesticides used under the project, assuming:
The current average rate for pesticide usage in GZAR as presented in Table 3 applies to the project area;
Disease and insect pest management area is calculated assuming that pesticides will be applied on 5% of the project area; and
The target reduction in pesticide usage for each tree type (Annex 1) is achieved.
Based on these assumptions, the estimated use of 18.8 tonnes /year in pesticide use under the GIFDCP
is expected to be small (6.2%) in relation to total pesticide use for forest pest management in GZAR
in 2004 (305.11 tonnes).
Table 3 Estimated Pesticide Use Under the Project
Tree
Estimated Increase Area (ha)
Current Average Rate (kg/ha)1
Estimated Reduction2 (kg/ha)
Estimated Decrease Rate (%)
Eucalyptus 78,930 3.32 2.66 20
Masson Pine 55,040 3.32 0.33 20
Bamboo 6,140 3.32 2.66 20
Broadleaf Acacia 5,990 3.32 2.66 20
Other Tree Species 43,300 3.32 2.66 20
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Total 189,400 3.32 2.66 20
Note: Based on target reduction in pesticide use for each tree type listed in Annex 1.
Around 44% of the timber plantation area in the GIFDCP is expected to be in Eucalyptus production (Table 3). Most of the financial benefits from GIFDCP will come through development of eucalyptus plantation development in land that is currently either classified as wasteland or low biodiversity denuded treed areas. Since changes in tree plantation practices, type and patterns may occur, the types of pests are also expected to change. Since the area of plantations is going to also increase significantly, as a result, pesticide usage is expected to increase not only due to an area increase, but also due potential use of more intensive plantation management practices, particularly if plantation managers and local farmers move toward intensive plantation and pest management approach. Table 3 assumes an area increase of 78,930 ha of eucalyptus timber plantation as is provided in the project implementation plans.
The areas of Masson Pine (Table 3) are also expected to replace other, less profitable and denuded treed areas. Therefore, the change in land use may result some change in the types of pests and diseases in these production areas. However, the area increases in all of the above crops are relatively small compared to the total area of these trees in Guangxi (total forest area of GZAR is 5,500,500 ha according to Guangxi Agricultural Statistics Yearbook 2004). The change to more intensively managed plantations may result in a higher incidence of agro-chemical use compared to the pre-project situation in some areas.
The area increase in bamboo is relatively small compared to the total area of bamboo production in Guangxi. There is already a very large area of citrus being grown in Guangxi, and the very small, if any, additional area proposed under the project will not add significant pest problems to the existing citrus production areas.
The expected area increase in broad leaf Acacia under the plantation development component of the project is also not very large and will not significantly increase/change the pest communities in project areas. The additional production area is unlikely to result in significant increases in insect pest incidence.
In summary, the area increases in tree plantation production under the project are relatively small compared to the total production area for each tree types in GZAR As a result, the overall incidence of insect pests and pesticide use is not expected to increase significantly if the estimated targets for reduced pesticide use are achieved. The type of insect pests and pesticides used may change as a result of changes in land use on any given piece of land in the project area.
8 Plan Implementation The GIFDCP Pest Management Program in GIFDCP is implemented by forest pest management
organizations at provincial level, and at project municipal or county level. In order to ensure effective implementation of project pest and disease control plan, pest control
table is made out as following (Table 4)
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Table 4 Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities
Pest and Disease Issues
Control Measures Implementer(s) Responsible Agencies
A：Design/Pre-implementation Phase Project Plan 1.Project design should fully
consider possible pest and disease, propose control measures, minimize possible losses caused by pest and disease. 2.Pest control will take integrated management measures, including silvicultural, biological, physical and chemical control methods. 3.Require planting of mixed forest, protect understory vegetation to increase biodiversity, build up good condition for pest natural enemy survival, enhance forest tree resistance to pest 4.Train technicians in project units and farmers about knowledge of pest control. 5.Stick to principle of “plantation operater implements guidelines that use prevention as core scientific pest and disease control and follow all requirements to promote plantation health.
Design Units
and PPMO
PPMO
B：Implementation Phase Pest and disease outbreak in new plantation
1.Plant proper tree variety for site, select species both fast-growing high-yielding and resistant to pest. 2.Enhance pine disease prevention, prevent harmful biology invading in species introduction 3.Strictly prohibit disease-carrying nursery stock to be planted in the field 4.Invesigate and monitor pest and disease situation in plantation site, especially underground pest. 5.Well prevent and control pest in
new plantation sites before
Project Units and Farmers
PPMO
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afforestation.
6.Train to farmers concerning IPM control knowledge.
C：Operation Phase 1. Insist on principle of “Who operate manages IPM”, implements guideline that take prevention as core, scientific control and manage legally, and promote health, to strengthen pest control in project plantation and natural forest.
Project Units and Farmers
PPMO
2.Good forecasts on forest pest and disease, provide scientific basis for control decision-making.
Forest Pest and Disease Control Agency at each level
Forestry Administration Department at each level
3.Take integrated management measures, including silvicultural, biological, physical and chemical control methods.
County Forest Pest and Disease Control Stations, County PMOs, Farmers
PPMO and TSP
4. Purchase and use pesticide strictly based on pesticide name list, prohibit using high-toxic, or high-residue pesticide, prevent environment pollution and killing of natural pest enemy.
PPMO PPMO and TSP
Pest and Disease in natural forest, and plantation
5. Train technicians in project units and farmers, improve understanding about forest integrated pest management.
PPMO PPMO and TSP
Pesticide causing environment pollution and killing natural
1.Select chemical with high-efficiency and low residue 2.Use high-quality spray equipment, improve quality of chemical spray operations..
Forest Pest and Disease Control Stations, PMOs, Farmers
PPMO and TSP
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enemy 3.Strictly implement safe usage regulations for pesticides.
Awareness and understanding of IPM
Train technicians in project units and farmers about IPM knowledge and general knowledge of better pesticide application methods.
PMOs and Forest Pest and Disease Control Stations
PPMO and TSP
During implementation, a series of measures will be adopted to reduce dependence on
synthesized chemical pesticide, such as; silvicultural measures, physical measures, biological
measures, chemical control measures and so on.
8.1 Silvicultural and Physical Control Methods Silvicultural and physical control methods include further extensions of the practices listed in
Section 2.2 of this report, including: use of silvicultural and physical measures to control pest egg
buildup. Silvicultural methods includes the selection of pest resistant species, and selection of
disease free seedlings; development of nursery sites for development of suitable tree species seedlings;
establishment of mixed forests/plantations; timely thinning and elimination of infested plants; and
mountain closure for afforestation.
Physical control methods include trap and kill, hand picking of eggs, caterpillars, and larvae
during periods of high infestation,, cutting and burning of diseased or egg infested branches of plants,
use of lure boxes, etc.
8.2 Biological Control Methods Biological control methods include further extension of practices listed in Section 2.3 of this
report, such as: Spraying of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, Bt etc. microorganism pesticide to
control Dendrolimus punctatus, Dasychira aurifera Soriba and Oides leucomeluena Weise etc;
establishment of suitable habitat environment for natural pest enemies to increase their numbers;
artificially attracting and protecting pest-eating birds to enhance their pest control effects.
8.3 Chemical Control Methods Chemical control methods must follow the following principles:
Use of non-pesticide chemicals where these are an appropriate and cost-effective control.
Application of highly effective, low toxicity, and low residue pesticides (WHO Class III)
Extend control techniques that have low toxicity to human beings, domestic animals, and fauna, and little environmental pollution. Such techniques include:Use of low toxicity and low residue pesticides.
Applying timely, effective low concentration pesticides to control various insect pest species when the density of insect pests is above a critical threshold to ensure optimal effectiveness of
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each pesticide application. At the end of pest rampancy when the natural enemies amount begins to increase, it is prohibited to apply pesticide which could wound and kill natural enemies.
Maintaining safe intervals between pesticide applications.
Use of safe spray equipment (e.g., backpack sprayers, optimal nozzle sizes) to increase the efficiency of pesticide use and control application.
Extension and training in safe methods of pesticide application (e.g., correct clothing, spraying in still conditions, and application of soil-based pesticides as relevant).
Safe storage of chemicals (e.g., away from children and food, etc).
Proper disposal of chemical wastes and used chemical containers (e.g., by deep burial in a safe place out of underground water table). Waste chemicals and used chemical containers and appliance must not be cleaned in natural water area.
8.4 Capability/Competency of End-Users to Handle Chemical Products
within Acceptable Risk Margins Variable competency of farmers and chemical resellers to handle chemical products within
acceptable risk margins (i.e., safe storage, use of safe equipment, protective clothing, and safe
disposal of packaging and waste chemicals). The proposed training programs (Section 8.7.2) for both
farmers and chemical resellers will address this. However, the local monitoring and evaluation
program（Section 9.1）is designed to regularly monitor the capability/competency of both farmers and
chemical resellers in safe handling of chemical products. Where such handling continues to be unsafe,
further training would be provided.
8.5 Environmental, Occupational and Health Risks 8.5.1 Environmental Risks The main environmental risks from pesticide use in the project include:
Deterioration in water quality from pesticide residues and potential for increases in pesticides in aquatic biota (e.g., fish and hydrophily insects).
Contamination of water supplies resulting from spraying or chemical spills near drinking water sources.
Possible impacts on non-target species (especially bees, birds, domestic animals, and natural enemies of pests) from high toxicity pesticides.
Development of pest resistance from continued overuse of some pesticides
Deterioration in soil quality from pesticide residues.
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Measures to mitigate the above risks include:
Awareness training of village leaders, farmers (men, women), timber plantation managers and staff, and chemical resellers in the likely environmental impacts of specific chemicals, and recommended spraying methods and equipment;
Spray monitoring to ensure that spraying of toxic chemicals is not conducted near water sources, and working with village leaders and timber plantation staff/managers to enforce this;
Procurement and use of approved safe spray equipment under the project;
Select highly effective and low toxic pesticides;
Use of pesticides with low residual half-lives;
Improve biological control measures, try every effort to decrease the use of or amount of chemical pesticides;
Minimizing use of chemical pesticides near areas with rare or endangered fauna (e.g. near wetlands, and/or adjacent to nature reserves);
Use of a range of intigrated pest control techniques (silvicultural/physical, biological, chemical) to ensure that pest resistance to chemical pesticides does not build up.
8.5.2 Occupational/Health Risks The main occupational/health risks from pesticide use include:
Sickness resulting from inhalation of pesticide fumes when handling concentrated chemicals and/or pesticide vapor during spraying if protective masks are not used.
Skin damage from sprays or chemical spillage during handling if protective clothing is not worn.
Contamination of drinking water if spraying is conducted close to drinking water sources, or if there are chemical spills near drinking water sources.
Measures to mitigate the above risks include:
Awareness training and demonstrations for village leaders, timber plantation managers/staff, farmers (men, women) and chemical resellers in:
Likely occupational/health impacts of specific chemicals
Recommended handling, mixing and spraying methods
Approved equipment and its use (e.g., sprayers, nozzle sizes, etc)
Wearing of safe clothing (long sleeve shirt, mask, hat, gloves, long trousers, footwear)
Spraying in still conditions (no wind)
Safe storage of chemicals in locked cupboards that children cannot easily access
Safe disposal of chemical packaging and wastes by deep burial or burning (if appropriate).
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Monitoring of implementation of the above practices followed by refresher training, if not correctly implemented.
8.6 Project Management Measures to Reduce Specific Risks Associated with Envisaged Pesticide Use under the Project
The GIFDCP Technical Support Panel (TSP) will periodically review changes to the list of
chemicals for use in the project area. TSP will ensure that chemicals used by the beneficiaries are:
Manufactured, packaged, labeled, handled, stored, applied, and disposed of according to standards acceptable to the World Bank; and
Not formulated products that fall in WHO Classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II whose concentration of active ingredients exceed acceptable WHO levels.
In addition, any pesticide to be procured by project beneficiaries will be assessed for:
The nature and degree of associated risk by proposed use and intended user;
The proposed use and the intended users; and
The classification of pesticides and their specific formulations as in the Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification (Geneva: WHO 2004-05), and its future updates.
Pesticides selected for use must meet the World Bank’s OP 4.09 criteria. Such pesticides:
Must have negligible adverse human health effects;
Must be shown to be effective against the target species;
Must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them; and
Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests.
Additions or deletions to the recommended pesticide list in Table 1 will be authorized by TSP. Any local pesticides with unknown active ingredients listed under “Not Classified” will be added to the approved list of pesticides only after their active ingredients and concentrations are provided to, and approved by, the World Bank.
8.7 Selection of Pesticides Authorized for Procurement There is existing uncertainty on occurrence frequency and damage degree of diseases and pests during
project implementation, therefore, independent procurement is arranged on pesticide. Project beneficiaries
report detail situation to county project management office about pest damage, the latter will send
technicians to investigate and put forward control methods. After that, pesticide is purchased with
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counterpart funds, however, pesticide varieties must be in accordance with table 1. Eventually, the project
is estimated to arrange amount of 164.65 million RMB on diseases and pests management (including
pesticide procurement and pest control labor cost), among which, project construction phase will cost
amount of 42.89 millions Yuan, while operation phase cost amount of 121.76 millions. All funds will be
financed from matching part funds, as shown in following table 5.
Table 5 Estimated Investment of Pest and Disease Management in Project Calculation Periods
数量 单价 投资(万元) 数量 单价 投资(万元)
合计 4289 12176
1.农药（万kg） 122 1464 398 4776
1.1 人工用材林 97 12(元/kg) 1164 356 12(元/kg) 4272
1.2 生态林 25 12(元/kg) 300 42 12(元/kg) 504
2.森林病虫害防治用工(万工日)
113 2825 296 7400
2.1 人工用材林 93 25(元/工日) 2325 260 25(元/工日) 6500
2.2 生态林 20 25(元/工日) 500 36 25(元/工日) 900
项目建设期 运营期
8.8
Strengthening Pest Management Capacity under GIFDCP
8.8.1 The following pest management capacity-building activities are proposed:
Visits by county forest pest management specialists and technicians to qualified agencies, such as the Guangxi University, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute and Guangxi Forest Pest Management Station to receive training in new pest control methods, including IPM methods for specific trees/pests.
Regular training courses for extension staff by county crop protection specialists on new pest control methods, including IPM for specific trees/pests.
Training of county and township extension staff to ensure effective enforcement of pesticide regulations.
Regular, timely training of timber plantation staff and farmers in new pest control methods and IPM for specific trees/pests conducted by township technicians using techniques such as Field
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School approaches.
Preparation and distribution of IPM training materials in Chinese and prepared in simple language, and well supported by appropriate audio-visual aids. These may need to be obtained from, or prepared by, national- or regional-level agencies, such as the Guangxi Forestry Pest Management Station.
As many women as possible should be encouraged to participate in the pest management and IPM programs, and provided with lead roles in such programs.
Conduct of farmer-need driven research towards IPM implementation.
8.8.2 Training of Farmers The aim of tree farmer/timber plantation staff training is to strengthen their ability to safely
and cost-effectively control insect pests (as stated in the Project Implementation Plan). This includes provision of training on how to identify insect pests, make appropriate control decisions, and take proper measures to control them.
Each farmer should receive 3-4 training courses (1 day for 50 farmers) per year, with relevant courses conducted during the pest control period each year. Training content would include:
Characteristics of insect pests
Damage caused by different insect pests
Natural enemies of each major insect pest
Field sampling approaches
Control thresholds
Control measures, including IPM approaches involving silvicultural, physical, biological, and chemical control methods
Safety in storage, handling, and disposal of chemical wastes and containers
Chemical application methods and protective clothing requirements
Possible training providers include:
Leading farmers those who established large timber plantations and demonstration households
Trained township, county and province extension service
Chemical resellers
Guangxi Forest Pest Management Station
Other providers in GZAR and PRC (e.g. Agricultural University, Forestry Bureau, Forestry/Agricultural Academy of Sciences)
FAO Bilateral donor programs, using ecological approaches to timber production.
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9 Monitoring under GIFDCP 9.1 Activities Requiring Local Monitoring during Implementation
The following activities require local monitoring during project implementation:
Extent of IPM adoption by farmers
Pesticide use pattern
Timber Tree Production
Change to the agro-ecosystem
Other indicators
A detailed list of possible monitoring indicators is provided in Annex 2
The above monitoring should be done by County Forest Pest Management Station (CFPMS) staff based on a sample of project households and timber plantations in the project area in each county. and provide training in implementation and analysis of the monitoring system (Annex 2).
9.2 Activities Requiring Monitoring during Supervision The following activities require external monitoring during World Bank supervision missions
and will be reported by PMO:
Pesticide registration
Use of Class I pesticide
Policy issues
Implementation of the local monitoring program, and assistance in analyzing results.
A detailed list of possible monitoring indicators is provided in Annex 2.
9.3 Pest Monitoring and Supervision Monitoring of pest management: The monitoring work will be done jointly by Guangxi
Forest Pest Management Station and PMO at Provincial, municipal and county level with the participation of farmers and plantation staff. Once a pest is discovered, it should be reported and handled in a timely manner.
Supervision plan: The PMO at each level will be responsible for ensuring regular supervision is undertaken. During peak pest infestation periods, the County Forest Pest Management Station will be responsible for supervision and control.
Responsibilities: The Forest Pest Management Station at each level will be responsible for guidance, supervision, monitoring and training on IPM. The PMOs at each level and stakeholders have duties and responsibilities for discovering and timely reporting of pest attacks and for implementing the IPM plan in accordance with the requirements.
Professional technology required: Plant protection expertise and methods supplied by the
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Forest Pest Management Station at each level.
Budget: Pest management work should be listed in the daily management work of PMOs at each level, and the budgets should be included in the overheads of the Forest Pest Management Station and PMOs at each level.
Annex 1: Integrated Pest Management for Major GIFDCP Trees
1 Eucalyptus Main pests include: Dappula tertia Templeton, Carea subtilis (Walker), termite and Pseudomonas solanacearum
The aim of eucalyptus pest control is to:
Keep wood yield loss caused by pests under less than 5%;
Biological management control for foliage eating pests should be up to 80% of the area to be treated, and some other pollution-free management should be used for the rest;
Decrease chemical pesticide use by more than 20% of usual methods by limiting pesticide applications to 2 times in a growing season where possible;
Avoid accidents arising from unsafe use;
Ensure safe storage of pesticides and pesticide-related waste disposal;
Increase population of natural enemies of eucalyptus pests.
1.1 IPM Measures Pest Forecasts. A key role of the County Forest Pest Management Station will be to improve forecasts of the occurrence and outbreak of eucalyptus pests. The County Forest Pest Management Station will also advise farmers/timber plantation staff when and how to control eucalyptus pests. This should be done at least 7 to 10 days in advance of the likely pest occurrence.
Varietal Selection. Appropriate high quality pest resistant varieties that are suitable for each location should be selected. Specific varieties should be decided by seeking advice from the Guangxi Forestry Bureau, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, County Forest Pest Management Station and tree seedling producers. Follow GIFDC policy on use of a minimum of 10 clones in each county during Eucalyptus plantation development.
Field Management. Planting of leguminous plants as under story crop will be encouraged to not only improve soil fertility and increasing plant resistance to pest infestation, but to also to add to farmer’s financial return.
The timing of control measures should be based on the egg density, and the peak time of egg hatching.
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2. Pine Main pests include: Dendrolimus punctatus, Dasychira aurifera Soriba, Phaeoura mexicanaria, Acantholyda flavomarginata Maa.
The aim of pine pest control is to:
Keep wood yield loss caused by pests under less than 5%;
Rely mainly on the use of biological management methods, such as Beauveria bassiana. Do not use or use little chemical pesticides. Keep chemical pesticide use amount under 10% of total pesticide use amount (including chemical pesticide and other biological pesticide)
Ensure safe storage of pesticides and pesticide-related waste disposal;
Enforce mountain closure for forestation, protect under-layer vegetation, and increase the type and amount of natural enemies.
2.1 IPM Measures Pest Forecasts. County Forest Pest Management Station should be responsible for the investigation and forecast of pine insect pest, reporting to plantation owners in a timely manner when pest areas begins to increase and pest damage scales, monitoring the management work and carrying out technical instruction work.
Varietal Selection. Select superior species suitable to grow in GZAR, such as Tongmian Provenance and Gupeng Provenance, etc.
Field Management. Close mountain for reforestation, protect under-layer vegetation and biological diversity, form suitable habitat for natural enemies, improve pest resistance.
Management of Dendrolimus punctatus and Dasychira aurifera Soriba should mainly rely on biological approaches such as Beauveria bassiana and Bt. The application of Beauveria bassiana for managing Dendrolimus punctatus should be on the larva living through the winter and on the first generation with the amount of 7500g/ha. During high temperature season, Bt could be used for managing Dendrolimus punctatus, Dasychira aurifera Soriba with the amount of 900g/ha.
3 Bamboo Main pests include: Ceracris kiangsu Tsai, Pantana phyllostachysae Chao, Loudonta dispar (Kiriakoff), Algedonia coclesalis Walker
The aim of eucalyptus pest control is to:
Keep yield loss caused by pests under less than 5%;
Ensure safe storage of pesticides and pesticide-related waste disposal;
Increase the type and amount of natural enemies;
Through the restricted use of pesticide, reach the goal of decreasing the chemical pesticide use by 20% of normal pesticide amount for equal bamboo plantation establishment.
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3.1 IPM Measures Pest Forecasts. County Forest Pest Management Station should be responsible for the investigation and forecast of bamboo insect pest, reporting to plantation owners in a timely manner when pest areas begins to increase and pest damage scales, monitoring the management work and carrying out technical instruction work.
Field Management. Establish mixed forest to improve biodiversity in bamboo forest, improve pest resistance. Clear the disease and old bamboo.
The management for bamboo pest and disease usually adopts the method of injecting medicine into the bamboo trunks with the amount of 15, 000ml/ha/application.
Annex 2: Draft Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators Choose 3 typical counties inside project counties to conduct site monitoring and assessment.
1 Indicators to be Monitored at Local Level Extent of Adoption of IPM Control Measures:
Number and percentage of farmers attending IPM training
Number and percentage of farmers/forest farm workers apply IPM control measures
Total area of timber plantations/ forest farms adopting IPM control measures
Number of farmers/workers using pest resistant varieties
Pesticide Use Pattern: Number of pesticide applications per tree type/ha/year
Types/quantity/volume of pesticides used per tree type/ha/year (checking for use of WHO Class I or non-registered chemicals)
Number of farmers/workers practicing safe pesticide handling and application procedures (e.g. safe storage, use of protective clothing, etc)
Number of trade rejections because of pesticide residues on crop produce (e.g. citrus trees)
Incidence of pesticide poisoning in humans
Incidence of other forms of environmental poisoning or contamination in domestic animals, wildlife, honey bees, water pollution, soil pollution, other.
Timber plantation eco-system:
Number of insect predators, parasitoids per unit per sampling area
Abundance of beneficial insects (e.g. honeybees per unit sampling area) in terms of numbers and diversity
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Other Indicators: Frequency of visits of agro-chemical salespersons to the project area
Frequency of media (TV, radio, newspaper) agro-chemical advertisements
Number of pesticide brands on display in retailer outlets in the project area
Number of acceptable types of pesticides on display
Number of small-scale businesses related to pesticide sales or IPM (e.g. production of natural enemies, etc)
The above monitoring should be done by County PPQS staff on a sample of project households and timber plantations in the project area in each county. Early supervision missions should assist the County PPQS to establish an appropriate monitoring system, sampling procedure, and provide training in implementation and analysis of the monitoring system. Once the monitoring system has been fully designed in collaboration with the GFPMS and county stations, a detailed budget, work plan, and responsibilities should be prepared.
2 Activities Requiring Monitoring during Supervision Pesticide Registration:
Spot checks of chemical supply stores and project farmers pesticide cupboards to determine if unregistered pesticides are being sold/used in project areas
Inspection of pesticide registration lists to check on new pesticides being registered.
Use of Class I Pesticides: Spot checks of chemical supply stores and project farmers pesticide cupboards to determine if
WHO Class I pesticides are being sold/used in project areas
Policy Issues: Extent of government subsidies (if any) for pesticides
Assessment of effectiveness of household/timber plantation loan application system in controlling use of non-approved pesticides.
Regional and local government policies and regulations on pesticide use and promotion of IPM approaches.
Implementation of the local monitoring program: Local monitoring will be carried out by PPMO and TSP once project starts.
Assessment of the implementation of the local monitoring program in counties visited by the supervision mission
Assist county staff to resolve any implementation problems with the local monitoring program
Provide on-going training to county staff in monitoring procedures, data analysis, and interpretation of results in terms of project actions to be taken to rectify unsatisfactory pest management practices.
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Supervision mission inputs should be conducted 2 times per year, preferably during periods of high pest control activity to observe field implementation of pest management practices. This supervision work should be undertaken by a specialist with experience in pest management.
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Appendix H Table 1
A B A B A B A B Pattern Time
F-1 Ⅱ-1Ⅱ-2Water & soil Conservation Pinus massoniana Quercus griffinith, Q.acutissima Block 60 40 1200 1000 2×2.5 2×2 Holes Nov.-
Dec.
F-1-1 Ⅱ-1Ⅱ-2Water & soil Conservation Pinus massoniana Quercus griffinith, Q.acutissima Belt 50 50 833 833 2×3 2×3 Holes Winte
r
F-2 Ⅱ-1Ⅱ-2Water & soil Conservation Pinus massoniana Schima superba Block 60 40 1200 800 2×2.5 2×2.5 Holes Nov.-
Dec.
F-2-1 Ⅱ-1Ⅱ-2Water & soil Conservation Pinus massoniana Schima superba Belt 50 50 833 833 2×3 2×3 Holes Nov.-
Dec.
F-3 Ⅰ-1Ⅰ-2Water & soil Conservation Liquidambar formosana Hance Pinus massoniana Block 60 40 1000 800 2×3 2×2.5 Holes Nov.-
Dec.
F-4 Ⅰ-1Ⅰ-2Water & soil Conservation Liquidambar formosana Hance Cunninghamia Lanceolata Block 60 40 1000 1000 2×3 2×2 Holes Nov.-
Dec.
F-5 Ⅱ-1Ⅰ-2Protective
Forests Eucalyptus Pure 1250 2×4 Holes Nov.-Dec.
F-6 Ⅳ-1Water & soil Conservation Zenia insignis Chun Dendrocalamus minor (McClure) Block 50 50 833 555 2×3 3×3 Holes Nov.-
Dec.
F-7 Ⅱ-1Water & soil Conservation Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk Pure 2500 2×2 Holes Nov.-
Dec.
F-8 Ⅳ-1Water & soil Conservation Zenia insignis Chun/Liquidambar formosana Hance Pure 2500 2×2 Holes Nov.-
Dec.
Afforesting P
Code of Pattern Site Type Type of Forests
Species
Form of Mixture
Mixed Ratio(%)
Density of Plantation(Ste
ms/hm)
Spacing (m) (stem x row)
85
Afforesting Pattern for Mul-function
Table 2
Species Mixed
Ratio(%) Density of
Planting(Stems/hm) Spacing
Code of
Pattern
Site Type
Type of Forests
A B
Form of
Mixture A B A B A
B
Pattern
F-9 Ⅰ-1Ⅱ-1
Water & soil Conservation
Star aniseed
Pure 750 3.33×4 Holes
F-10 Ⅱ-1Ⅱ-2
Water & soil Conservation
Cassia lignea
Pure 8333 1.0×1.2 Holes O
F-11 Ⅰ-1
Ⅰ-2
Water & soil Conservation
Magnolia officinalis
Pure 1110 3×3 Holes
86
Affore
Table 3
Species Mixed
Ratio(%) Density of
Planting(Stems/hm) Spacing(m)(stem
x row) Code
of Pattern
Site Type
Type of Forests
A B
Form of Mixture
A B A B A
B
Pattern
F-12 Ⅱ-1Ⅱ-2
Protective forests
hybrid bamboo Pure 625 4×
4 Hole
F-13 Ⅱ-1Ⅱ-2
Protective forests
Dendrocalamus minor (McClure)
Pure 625 4×4
Hole
87
Parttern for
Table 4
Existing Mother trees, Young plant and Young trees sCode
of Pattern
Site Type
Type of Forests Main species Stems/hm2 main
F-14
Ⅰ-3 Ⅱ-3 Ⅲ-3 Ⅵ-1
Water resource forests and water & soil
conservation forests
Pinus massoniana,Pinus
yunnanensis Franch or board
leaf trees
1. Density for Mother trees: 30 stems/hm2
(coneferous) and above 60stems/hm2 (board leaf trees). If both coneferous and board leaf trees are available,the density of mother trees shall be: 〔stems(coniferous)/30 + stems(board leaf)〕/60)≥1 ；
2. Density of young trees: 600stems/hm2(coneferous) and above 450stems/hm2(board leaf). If both are avaliable it shall be calculated on the standard as above Item 1；
3. Density of young plant: 900 stems/hm2(coneferous) and above 600 stems/hm2(board leaf).If both are avaliable it shall be calculated on the standard as above Item 1.
Soil shrub
rockyshr
F-15 Ⅵ-2 Water conservation
forests
Rockyshr
88
Afforesting Patternx I Table 1
Species Mixed
Ratio(%) Density of
Planting(Stems/hm2) Espacement(m)
ite Type Type of Forests
Goal of Forests
A B
Form of Mixture
A B A B A B Pattern T
89
Production Forests
Mid&Samll Sized
Pinus massoniana(16)
Pure 2500 2×2
Hole Nov
Y-2 Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ
-2 Production
Forests Mid&Samll
Sized Cunninghamia Lanceolata(16)
Pure 3000 1.67
Short-term Production
Forests Small-sized
Quercus griffinith, Q.acutissima
Pure 2500 2×2 Hole Nov
Production Forests
Mi & Big Sized
Betula alnoides Hamilt
Pure 1666 1.5×4 or 2×3
Hole Nov
Production Forests
Small-sized Liquidambar formosana Hance
Pure 1666 2×3 Hole Sep
Short-term Production
Forests Small-sized Eucalytus
A.mangirm De Willd & crassicarpa
Belt Alternation
60 40 750 500 2×4 2×4 Hole Nov
90
A.Cunn ex Benth
Short-term Production
Forests Small-sized Eucalytus
A.mangirm De Willd & crassicarpa A.Cunn ex Benth
Row Alternation
67 33 833 417 2×4 2×4 Hole Nov
91
Short-term Production
Forests Small-sized Eucalytus Pure 1250 2×4 Hole Nov
Short-term Production
Forests Small-sized Eucalytus Pure 1666
1.5×4 or
2×3
Hole Nov
Y-10 Ⅱ-1 Production
Forests Small-sized Eucalytus Pure 1250 2×
Short-term Production
Forests Small-sized
A.mangirm De Willd & crassicarpa A.Cunn ex Benth
Pure 1350 3×2.5 Hole Nov
ompound fertilizer componets: base fertilizer N6%、P10%、K12%，and fertilizer N12%, P10%, K8%, the other trace elements will be ad
92
Afforest
Appendix I Table 2
Bamboo species Mixed
Ratio(%)
Density of
Planting(Stems/hm)
Espacement(m)(stem
X row) Code
of
Pattern
Site
Type
Type of
Forests A B
Form
of
Mixture A B A B A B Pattern
I. Production forests:
Y-12 Ⅰ-1
Bamboo
and
sprout
Phyllostachys
pubescens Mazel ex
H.de Lehaie
Pure 500 4×5 Hole
Y-13 Ⅱ-1
Bamboo
and
sprout
hybrid bamboo Pure 625 4×4
Hole
Y-14 Ⅱ-1
Ⅱ-2
Bamboo
and
sprout
Dendrocalamcpsis
beecheyanus(Munro) Pure 833 3×4
Hole N
93
Pattern for Low-yielAppendix I Table 3
Code of Pattern
Site Type Type of Forests Species
Y-15 Ⅰ-1 both bamboo and sprouts Phyllostachys pubescens
Note: The output of bamboo and sprouts by selection cutting is the one increased by the items developed through the lreform.
