ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE LAW EXPERT ......ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE & LAW EXPERT QUESTIONNAIRE 2019 4 3. Assume that you submit a request to have access to information held by the national

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ENVIRONMENTALGOVERNANCE&LAWEXPERTQUESTIONNAIRE2019www.worldjusticeproject.org

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ENVIRONMENTALGOVERNANCE&LAWEXPERTQUESTIONNAIRE

TheWorldJusticeProject(WJP)andtheInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(IDB)arehonoredtocountonyourexpertiseforthisquestionnaire,whichwillbeansweredbyhighlyqualifiedindividualsintencountriesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Thequestionnaireconsistsof43questions,andwilltakeapproximately60minutestocomplete.Yourresponseswillbeaggregatedwiththoseofotherexpertsandusedtoassessthequalityofenvironmentalgovernanceinyourcountry.Theresultswillbepublishedinagraphicalreportco-producedbytheIDBandtheWJP,alongsidethoseofnineothercountriesintheregion.Yourcontributionwillbeacknowledgedinthereportunlessyouchoosetoremainanonymous.Thankyouinadvanceforyourtimeandattention.Withyourparticipation,thisjointendeavorwillcontributetomeasuringthestrengthofenvironmentalgovernanceandtheruleoflaw.INSTRUCTIONSPleaseanswerthefollowing43questionsinthisquestionnaireaccordingtoyourperceptionofhowthelawsareappliedinpracticeinyourcountry.Forquestionsthatdonotapplytoyourcountry,pleaseselect“Don’tKnow/NotApplicable.”Pleaseindicateintheboxbelowwhichcountryyouarerespondingtointhissurvey:

COUNTRY:Whenyouhavecompletedthesurvey,pleasesubmityouranswersbyemailorfaxat:

• Email:[email protected]• Fax:+1(202)747-5816

Ifyouhavecommentsorquestions,pleasecontactTheWorldJusticeProject’s(WJP)researchstaff,atEnvironmentalIndex@worldjusticeproject.org.CONFIDENTIALITYTheWorldJusticeProjectandInter-AmericanDevelopmentBankwillconstructthedatasetandanysubsequentreportsormaterialswithstrictguidelinesinregardtotheconfidentialityofthedatagatheredandtheprivacyoftherespondents.Attheendofthequestionnaire,youwillbegiventhechoiceeithertobe PubliclyAcknowledgedcontributor(meaningyournameandorganizationwillbepublishedintheContributingExpertssectionofthefinalreport),ORyoucanselecttobeanAnonymouscontributor(yournamewillnotbepublishedintheWJPandIDBreport,ontheirwebsites,orinanyrelatedmaterials,andyournameandparticularswillnotbemadeknowninanyway).Inallcases,yourindividualresponseswillremainstrictlyconfidential.Responsesareaggregatedprecedinganystatisticalanalysisorreportingofresultstoensurethatindividualresponsescannotbeascertained.

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Pleaseanswerthe followingquestionsaccordingtoyourperceptionandexperienceofhowthe lawsareappliedinpracticeinyourcountry.PleasemarkyouranswerswithanXintheappropriatebox.

SECTIONIThefollowingquestionsdescribegenerallaws,regulations,procedures,andinstitutionsresponsibleforenvironmentalandresourcegovernance.Pleaseselecttheoptionthatbestrepresentsyourviews.Forquestionsthatdonotapplytoyourcountry,pleaseselect“Don’tKnow/NotApplicable.”

I-A.ENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION&PUBLICPARTICIPATION

1. Howfrequentlywouldyousaythat:

Almostalways

Inmostcases

Insomecases

Almostnever

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Inpractice,thegovernmentprovideseasy-to-understandinformationonenvironmentalissues.

(b)Inpractice,thegovernmentprovidesinformationonenvironmentalissuesinlanguagesspokenbysignificantsegmentsofthepopulation,eveniftheyarenot“official”languages.

(c)Inpractice,nationalregulationsonenvironmentalissuesarepublishedonatimelybasis.

(d)Inpractice,localregulationsonenvironmentalissuesarepublishedonatimelybasis.

(e)Inpractice,localenvironmentalregulationscanbeobtainedatlittlecost,suchasbymail,on-line,orin-person.

(f)Inpractice,nationalenvironmentalregulationscanbeobtainedatlittlecost,suchasbymail,on-line,orin-person.

(g)Inpractice,environmentaladministrativeproceedingsatthelocallevelareconductedwithoutunreasonabledelay.

(h)Inpractice,environmentaladministrativeproceedingsatthenationallevelareconductedwithoutunreasonabledelay.

(i)Inpractice,environmentalregulationsaresufficientlystabletopermitthepublictoascertainwhatconductsarepermittedandprohibited.

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2. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowaccessiblethefollowingenvironmentalinformationisinyourcountry:

Veryaccessible[Citizens,journalists,andNGOscanaccessdetailedfigures,subjecttonarrow

andwelljustifiedexceptionsdefinedbylaw.Thisinformationiseasilyavailableandup-to-

date]

Slightlyaccessible[Citizens,

journalists,andNGOscanaccess

detailedfigures,butthisinformationmaybedifficulttoaccess,incomplete,oroutofdate]

Notaccessibleatall[Citizens,journalists,andNGOscannotaccessdetailedfigures,dueto

secrecy,prohibitivebarriers,orgovernmentinefficiency]

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Realtimeairqualitydataforthecapitalcityofyourcountry

(b)Annualdrinkingwaterqualitydataforthecapitalcityofyourcountry

(c)Dailyairemissionandwastewaterdischargebylarge-scaleindustries

(d)Reportsonthestateoftheenvironmentinyourcountry,includingairandwaterqualitymeasures,pollutionhazards,andnaturalresourcepressures(e.g.deforestationandbiodiversity)

(e)Copiesofadministrativedecisionsmadeatthenationallevelonenvironmentalmattersthatareapplicabletothegeneralpublic

(f)Copiesofadministrativedecisionsmadeatthelocallevelonenvironmentalmattersthatareapplicabletothegeneralpublic

(g)Transcriptsofadministrativeproceedingsonenvironmentalmatters

(h)Emergencyresponseandpreparednessmeasureswhenthereisanenvironmentalortoxicthreat

(i)Other(pleasecomment/specify)1

1 Please specify if there are other relevant ways of obtaining official environmental information that are not considered in this questionnaire.

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3. Assumethatyousubmitarequesttohaveaccesstoinformationheldbythenationalenvironmentalauthority2inyourcountryaboutpollutionlevelsinaparticularriver.Howlikelyisitthat:

Verylikely Likely Unlikely Very

unlikely

Don’tKnow/NotApplicable

(a)Thegovernmentagencyinchargewillgrantsuchinformation,assumingitisproperlyrequested.

(b)Theinformationprovidediscomplete. (c)Thegovernmentagencywillgrantsuchinformationatareasonablecost.

(d)Thegovernmentagencywillgrantsuchinformationwithinareasonabletimeperiod.

(e)Thegovernmentagencywillgrantsuchinformationtotherequestorwithouthavingtopayabribe.

4. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatements:

Strongly

agree Agree Disagree Stronglydisagree


(a)Bylaw,acitizencanpetitionthegovernmenttogainaccesstoaccurateenvironmentalinformationinyourcountry.

(b)Inpractice,acitizencaneasilyobtainaccurateinformationonenvironmentalissuesinyourcountryfromthegovernment.

(c)Bylaw,ifagovernmentagencydeniesacitizen’srequestforenvironmentalinformation,thatcitizenhastherighttochallengethisdecisionbeforeanothergovernmentagencyorajudge.

(d)Inpractice,ifagovernmentagencydeniesacitizen’srequestforenvironmentalinformation,thatcitizencaneffectivelychallengethisdecisionbeforeanothergovernmentagencyorajudge.

(e)Inpractice,acitizencaneasilyobtainaccurateinformationonenvironmentalissues/legislationinyourcountryfromnon-governmentalactors(suchasnewspapers,NGOs,universities,etc.)?

(f)Inpractice,citizenscaneasilyobtainaccurateinformationfromtheprivatesectorabouttheirsustainablepractices.

2Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.

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5. Howoftendoesyournationalenvironmentalauthority3consultthefollowinggroupsinthedevelopmentofplans,programs,andpoliciesrelatingtotheenvironment?

Almostalways

Inmostcases

Insomecases

Almostnever

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Acitizens’advisorycommittee (b)Civilsocietyorganizations (c)Localgovernments (d)State/provincialgovernments (e)Industry/largecorporations (f)Mediumandsmallenterprises (g)Universities (h)Localorfamily-ownedbusinesses (i)Laborunions (j)Farmers/agricultureorganizations (k)Women’sgroupsorassociations (l)Indigenousgroups (m)Other(pleasecomment/specify)

6. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsaboutthenationalenvironmentalauthority4in

yourcountry:

Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly

disagree


(a)Thenationalenvironmentalauthoritygivesinterestedindividualstherighttochallengetheprocedurallegalityofenvironmentaldecisionsiftheyarenotgivenadequateopportunitytoparticipateinenvironmentaldecision-making.

(b)Thenationalenvironmentalauthorityprovidestimelyandadvancenoticetothepublicforopenmeetings.

(c)Thenationalenvironmentalauthorityconsultswiththepublicontheimpactofproposedprojects,plans,andprogramsthroughopenmeetings,hearings,andpubliccomments.

(d)Thenationalenvironmentalauthorityorganizesopenmeetingsthatareaccessibletoandconductedinthelanguagesofruralpopulations.

(e)Thenationalenvironmentalauthoritymakesthetranscriptsofopenmeetingsandhearingspubliclyavailable.

(f)Transcriptsofopenmeetingsandhearingscanbeeasilyaccessedbybothurbanandruralpopulations.

3Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.4Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.

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7. Thefollowingquestionaimstoexaminethereasonswhypeopleand/orcivilsocietyorganizationsinyourcountrydonotparticipateinenvironmentaldecision-making.Pleasetellushowimportantarethefollowingfactorsininfluencingpeople’sdecisionsonwhetherornottoparticipateinenvironmentaldecision-makingwhereyoulive?

Very

importantSomewhatimportant

Notveryimportant

Notimportantatall

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Lackofknowledgeaboutupcomingactionsormeetingschedule

(b)Lackofknowledgeoftheirrighttoparticipation (c)Lackoftechnicalexpertiseoradvicetounderstandtheissuesathandandalternatives

(d)Lackofspokespersonorleadership (e)Opportunitiesforparticipationarenotmeaningful (f)Commentsandfeedbackarenotgenerallyconsideredbytheauthorities

(g)Thevenueandtimingforparticipationisinconvenient

(h)Publicmeetingsarenotheldinthelanguageoftheaffectedcommunities

(i)Fearofreprisalsbypublicofficers(forexample,thepolice,inspectors,orothergovernmentofficials)

(j)Fearofreprisalsbyrepresentativesofprivatecompanies

(k)Fearofreprisalsbygangsorothercriminalorganizations

(l)Fearofreprisalsbyothermembersofthecommunityaffectedbytheprojectorprogram

(m)Other(pleasecomment/specify)

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I-B.INSTITUTIONALMANDATES&CAPACITY

8. Howoftendoesyournationalenvironmentalauthority5undertakethefollowingmeasuresbeforecarryingoutprojectsorprograms?

Almostalways

Inmostcases

Insomecases

Almostnever

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Assesswhetherandtowhatextenttheprojectorprogramwillimpactlivelihoods.

(b)Assesswhetherandtowhattheextenttheprojectorprogramwilldisplaceresidentsordamagehomes.

(c)Evaluatetheimpactoftheprojectorprogramonpublichealth.

(d)Maketheprojectorprogramplansavailabletothepublicwithsufficientadvancenoticepriortoadoption.

(e)Provideunderlyinginformationforandanalysisofalternativestotheprojectorprogram.

(f)Provideanopportunityforpubliccommentontheprojectorprogram.

(g)Maketheofficialresponsetopubliccommentsavailabletothepublic.

(h)Takeintoaccountcommentsandconcernsmadeduringtheconsultationprocess.

(i)Takeeffectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.

9. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelythenationalenvironmentalauthority6inyourcountrycarriesoutthefollowingfunctions:

Very

effectivelySomewhateffectively

Notveryeffectively

Noteffectivelyatall

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Scopingandscreeningforprojects,operations,orotheractionswithsignificantenvironmentalimpacts

(b)Carryingoutevaluationsoftheenvironmentalimpactofprojectsoractions,includingconsiderationoftrade-offsandalternativeactions

(c)Facilitatingpublicparticipationinenvironmentaldecision-making

(d)Producingcomprehensiveexplanationsofagencydecisions,includingresponsetopubliccomment,cost-benefitanalysis,andalternativeactionsnotpursued

(e)Monitoringtheenvironmentalperformanceandcompliancebyoperatorsofactivitiespotentiallyaffectingtheenvironment

5Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.6Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.

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Very


Notveryeffectively

Noteffectivelyatall

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(f)Routineinspectionsofpollutionsourcesbyenvironmentalofficials

(g)Citizentiplinesforthepublictoalertofficialstopossibleviolations

(h)Governmentlitigationorotheractionagainstpollutersforviolationsofenvironmentalrequirements

(i)Finesandpenaltiesforviolationsofenvironmentalrequirements

(j)Clean-up,remediation,andrestorationofdamagedsitestotheirearliercondition

(k)Developingemergencyresponseandpreparednessmeasuresforrespondingtoenvironmentalortoxicthreats

(l)Takingactiontoaddresstheenvironmentalimpactsoftransboundarypollution



disagree

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Thegovernmentorrelevantenvironmentalauthority7inmycountryidentifies,measures,andmonitorsairandwaterquality.

(b)Thegovernmentorrelevantenvironmentalauthoritymakesinformationaboutairandwaterqualityavailabletothepublic.

(c)Thegovernmentorrelevantenvironmentalauthorityhasaspecializedunitthatworkstoaddresspublichealthissuesresultingfrompoorairandwaterquality.

(d)Environmentalinformationprovidedbythegovernmentorrelevantenvironmentalauthorityisbelievedtobecrediblebythegeneralpublic.

(e)Thegovernmentalwaysobeyscourtrulingsonenvironmentaldecisions,evenwhentheydisagreewiththesedecisions.

(f)Reportsissuedbynationalenvironmentalauthoritiesinmycountryaretakenseriouslybyotherauthorities,withnegativefindingsdrawingpromptcorrectiveaction.

7Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.

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11. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingmandatesandinteragencycoordinationofenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:


disagree

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Lawsandregulationsclearlydefinetheauthorityandresponsibilitiesacrossagencies,ministries,andorganizationsresponsibleforenforcingenvironmentalregulations.

(b)Environmentalregulationsarecoherentwithregulationsfortheproductivesector(e.g.agricultureandenergysectors).

(c)Mandatesofenvironmentalinstitutionsarestraightforwardandunambiguous.

(d)Environmentalinstitutionshaveappropriatejurisdictionalboundaries,cleargoals,andsufficientauthoritytoact.

(e)Environmentalinstitutionsdonotsufferfromregulatoryoverlap(duplicatedmandates)orregulatoryunderlap(noinstitutionhasamandatetoact).

(f)Nationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivities,exchangeinformation,andagreecommonpositionswithrelevantnationalagencies,ministries,andorganizationsonmattersofsharedinterest.

(g)Nationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivitieswithrelevantstateorprovincial-levelinstitutionsonmattersofsharedinterest.

(h)Nationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivitieswithrelevantmunicipal-levelinstitutionsonmattersofsharedinterest.

(i)Nationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivitieswithcustomary/indigenousinstitutionsonmattersofsharedinterest.

12. Ifyouselected“disagree”or“stronglydisagree”foranyofthequestionsabove,pleasespecifyorcomment

onwhichlawsorissuesposeaproblemformandatesandinteragencycoordinationinyourcountry:

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13. Pleaseprovideadditionalcommentsontheextenttowhichnationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivities,exchangeinformation,andagreecommonpositionswithrelevantnationalagencies,ministries,andorganizationsonmattersofsharedinterestinyourcountry:

14. Pleaseprovideadditionalcommentsontheextenttowhichnationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinate

theiractivitieswithcustomary/indigenousinstitutionsonmattersofsharedinterestinyourcountry:

15. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingfinancialandhumanresourcesforenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:


disagree

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Environmentalinstitutionshaveadequatefinancialresourcestoaccomplishtheirmandate.

(b)Environmentalinstitutionshavesufficientstaffwiththeappropriateskillstoaccomplishtheirmandate.

(c)Staffofenvironmentalinstitutionshavethenecessarytrainingandincentivestoeffectivelyimplementtheinstitution’smandate.

(d)Staffofenvironmentalinstitutionsreceiveadequatecompensation.

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16. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingevidence-baseddecision-makingbyenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:


disagree

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Environmentalinstitutionsusehigh-qualitydatatounderstandandaddressthemostcrucialenvironmentalrisksandchallenges.

(b)Environmentalinstitutionsusehigh-qualitydatatodeterminewhethertheregulatedcommunityisincompliancewithenvironmentallawsandpolicies.

(c)Environmentalinstitutionsusemetricstoshowprogress.

17. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingcompliance

andenforcementpracticesofenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:


disagree

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Environmentalinstitutionsenforceenvironmentallawsandinvestigateviolationseffectively.

(b)Environmentalinstitutionsenforceenvironmentallawsandinvestigateviolationsconsistentlyandevenly.

(c)Environmentalinstitutionseffectivelypunishnoncompliancewithenvironmentallaws.

(d)Environmentalinstitutionspublicizeclearandfocusedinspectionandenforcementpolicies.

(e)Environmentalinstitutionsusetechnologyandinnovativemethodsofcomplianceandenforcement.

(f)Environmentalagenciesencourageenvironmentalcomplianceauditsbytheregulatedcommunity.

18. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingtransparency

andaccountabilityofenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:


disagree

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Environmentalinstitutionsactivelypromoteacultureoftransparencyandintegrity.

(b)Environmentalinstitutionspublicize,adhereto,andenforcestandardsforethicalconduct.

(c)Environmentalinstitutionseffectivelyfightcorruptionwhenitappears.

(d)Whistleblowersreportingenvironmentalviolations,misconduct,andcorruptionareeffectivelyprotected.

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I-C.ACCESSTOJUSTICE

19. Thefollowingquestionaimstoexaminethereasonswhypeopleinyourcountrydonotusecourtstoseekredressforissuesrelatedtotheenvironmentornaturalresources.Pleasetellushowimportantarethefollowingfactorsininfluencingpeople’sdecisionsonwhetherornottogotocourttoresolveanenvironmentaldisputeinthecitywhereyoulive?

Very

importantSomewhatimportant

Notveryimportant

Notimportantatall

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Courtfees(filingfees)aretoohigh (b)Attorneyfeesaretoohigh,orarenotreimbursable (c)Lackofpro-bono(free-of-charge)legalaid (d)Lackofparalegalsorlegalclinics (e)Languagebarriers(translatorsunavailable) (f)Physicallocationofcourthouses(courtsaretoofaraway)

(g)Durationofcases(theytaketoomuchtime) (h)Biasagainstmarginalizedpeople(discriminationbasedonsocialoreconomicstatus)

(i)Proceduresaretoocumbersomeandcomplex (j)Corruptionofjudgesandjudicialofficers (k)Fearoftakingactionduetointimidationorviolentretaliation

(l)Lackofpublicinformationaboutcourtprocedures (m)Lackofawarenessofpossiblecausesofaction (n)Limitedavailableremediesorlackofawarenessofavailableremedies

(o)Inefficientenforcementmechanisms(judgmentsaredifficulttoenforceinpractice)

(p)Insufficientevidencetoprovedirectdamage/legalstanding

20. Inpractice,howlongwouldittakeonaveragetoobtainadecision,orajudgment–startingfromthe

momentthecaseisfiledtothemomentadecisionoragreementisreached–ifaplaintiffinacasepertainingtotheenvironmentornaturalresourcesusesthefollowingmechanisms8?

Between1monthand1year

Between1and3years

Between3and5years

Between5and10years

Morethan10years

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Civilcourtlawsuit (b)Criminalcourtlawsuit (c)Alternativedisputeresolutionmechanism(suchasmediation,arbitration,orconciliation)

(d)Administrativebody (e)Ombudsmanfocusedonenvironmentalissues (f)Other(pleasecomment/specify)

8Ifthesemechanismsdonotexistinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.

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21. Inpractice,afteradecisionoragreementisreachedinacasepertainingtotheenvironmentornaturalresources,howlongwouldittakeonaveragetobeginenforcementofthedecision,andfortheplaintifftobegintoreceivecompensationorotherapplicableremediesiftheplaintiffuseseachofthefollowingmechanisms?

Less

than1month

Between1monthand1year

Between1and3years

between3and5years

Morethan5years

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Civilcourtlawsuit (b)Criminalcourtlawsuit (c)Alternativedisputeresolutionmechanism(suchasmediation,arbitration,orconciliation)

(d)Administrativebody (e)Ombudsmanfocusedonenvironmentalissues (f)Other(pleasecomment/specify)

22. Thefollowingquestionaimstoexaminetheremediesavailabletoplaintiffsincasespertainingtothe

environment.Towhatextentdoyouagreethat: Strongly



(a)Bylaw,compensation(monetarypaymentsforlossesordamages)isavailableasaremedy.

(b)Inpractice,compensation(monetarypaymentsforlossesordamages)isavailableasaremedy.

(c)Bylaw,restitution(forfeitingunlawfullyobtainedprofitsorgains)isavailableasaremedy.

(d)Inpractice,restitution(forfeitingunlawfullyobtainedprofitsorgains)isavailableasaremedy.

(e)Bylaw,restorationoftheenvironmentisavailableasaremedy.

(f)Inpractice,restorationoftheenvironmentisavailableasaremedy.

(g)Bylaw,interimrelief,suchasacourtorder,injunction,interdict,orothergovernmentactiontotemporarilystopharmfulactivities,isavailableasaremedy.

(h)Inpractice,interimrelief,suchasacourtorder,injunction,interdict,orothergovernmentactiontotemporarilystopharmfulactivities,isavailableasaremedy.

(i)Bylaw,finalinjunctiverelief,acourtorder,injunction,interdict,orothergovernmentactiontopermanentlystopharmfulactivities,isavailableasaremedy.

(j)Inpractice,finalinjunctiverelief,acourtorder,injunction,interdict,orothergovernmentactiontopermanentlystopharmfulactivities,isavailableasaremedy.

(k)Remediesincasesrelatingtotheenvironmentareprovidedpromptly.

(l)Availableremediesincasesrelatingtotheenvironmentareadequateandeffective.

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23. Basedonyourexperienceduringthepast5years,forcasespertainingtotheenvironmentornatural

resourcesinwhichthegovernmenthadaninterest(asalitigantorthirdparty),andwhichweredecidedbyacourt,whatpercentage(%)ofcasesreflectedthefollowingoutcomes:

100% 75% 50% 25% 5% 0%

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Thegovernmentexercisedundueinfluenceinattempttoaffecttheoutcomeofthecase.

(b)Thefinaldecisionreflectedthejudge’shonestevaluationoftheavailableevidenceandapplicablelaw.

(c)Thefinaldecisionwasinfluencedbyunduepressurefromoneoftheparties,orwasinfluencedbycorruption.

24. Pleasecommentonthreatsagainstenvironmentaldefendersinyourcountry:


unlikely

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Howlikelyareenvironmentaldefenderstobethreatened,attacked,orpunishedbypublicofficers(forexample,thepolice,inspectors,orothergovernmentofficials)?

(b)Howlikelyareenvironmentaldefenderstobethreatened,attacked,orpunishedbyrepresentativesofprivatecompanies?

(c)Howlikelyareenvironmentaldefenderstobethreatened,attacked,orpunishedbygangsorothercriminalorganizations?

(d)Howlikelyareenvironmentaldefenderstobethreatened,attacked,orpunishedbymembersofthecommunityaffectedbytheprojectorprogram?

(e)Howlikelyisitthatpublic,non-violentdemonstrationsrelatedtotheenvironmentornaturalresourceswillresultinviolenceorretaliation?

(f)Howlikelyislawenforcementtoinvestigateviolenceagainstenvironmentaldefenders?

(g)Howlikelyaretheauthoritiestoprosecuteandpunishperpetratorsofviolenceagainstenvironmentaldefenders?

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SECTIONIIThefollowingquestionsdescribelaws,regulations,procedures,andinstitutionspertainingtospecificenvironmentaltopics.Pleaseselecttheoptionthatbestrepresentsyourviews.Forquestionsthatdonotapplytoyourcountry,pleaseselect“Don’tKnow/NotApplicable.”

II-A.GENERAL

25. Onascalefrom1to10,pleasetellushowserious(with10meaningveryserious,and1meaningnotserious)thefollowingenvironmentalissuesareinyourcountry:

10Seriousproblem

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

1Notaseriousproblem

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Airpollutionorpoorairquality (b)Waterpollutionorpoorwaterquality(surfacewater)

(c)Marinenutrientorchemicalpollution (d)Land/soilpollution (e)ClimateChange (f)Deforestation (g)Endangermentoflandanimals,flora,orfauna (h)Endangermentofmarineanimals,flora,orfauna

26. Thefollowingquestionaimsatgaugingtheextenttowhichparticularactivitiesorindustriesimpactthe

environmentinyourcountry.Onascaleof1to10,pleasetellushowmuchthefollowingactivitiesorindustriesimpacttheenvironment(with10meaningaseriousimpactand1meaninglittleimpact)inyourcountry:

10Seriousproblem

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

1Notaseriousproblem

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Agriculturalpractices(i.e.useofchemicalsandfertilizers)

(b)Livestockfarming (c)Electricityproduction (d)Extractionandmining (e)Industrialactivities (f)Overfishingorillegalfishing (g)Tourism (h)Transportation(byroad,railway,water,orair) (i)Urbanization (j)Other(pleasecomment/specify)

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II-B.AIRQUALITY&CLIMATE

27. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowenvironmentalauthoritiesimplementthefollowingapproachestomitigate,reduce,orpreventairpollution:

Veryeffective[Environmentalauthoritieshaveastrongmandateto

implementthisapproach.Thismandateresultsinconcreteaction]

Slightlyeffective[Environmental

authoritieshaveapartialorunclearmandateonimplementingthis

approach.Theymaytakesomeaction,butarelimitedintheir

effectiveness.Theymaybesloworunwillingtotakeonpowerfulcorporations]

Noteffectiveatall

[Environmentalauthoritieshaveno

mandatetoimplementthisapproach.Noconcreteactionistakento

implementthismeasure.]

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Developmentofanemissionsinventory (b)Vehicleinspectionprograms (c)Vehicleanti-idlingtechnologies (d)Measurestoincreaseenergyefficiency (e)Programstoincreasetheuseofrenewableenergy

(f)Measurestoreducethesulfurcontentoffuels (g)Programstophaseouttheuseofleadingasoline

(h)Deforestationpreventionprograms (i)Regulationstoreducerelianceonfossilfuelsforenergygeneration

(j)Measurestoreduceozone-depletingsubstances

(k)Programstoincreasetheuseofcleancookstoves

(l)Effortstoreducegreenhousegasemissionormitigateclimatechange

(m)Effortstoadapttoclimatechangeimpacts (n)Capsonspecificpollutants–suchasheavymetals,pesticides,volatileorganiccompounds,etc.–fromkeysourcesinordertomeetambientairqualitystandards

(o)Economicincentivesordisincentives,suchaspollutiontaxesorcap-and-tradeprograms

(p)Workoroperationalpracticerequirements (q)Bansonproductsoractivitiesthatpollute (r)Other(pleasecomment/specify)

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II-C.EXTRACTION&MINING

28. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowpermittingforminingandextractionworksinyourcountry(pleasechooseonlyonesingleanswer):

(a)Thereisacompetitiveandtransparentbiddingleaseprogramforminingandextractionoperations,whichmandatescomprehensiveenvironmentalreviewsatseveralstagesoftheprocess.

(b)Thereisaformalbiddingleaseprogramforminingandextractionoperations,butitisflawed.Leasesareawardedwithoutcompetitiveandtransparentbidding,orthroughineffectivebiddingprocesses,leavingopenthepossibilityofcorruption.

(c)Thereisnoformalbiddingleaseprogramforminingandextractionoperationsoritissuperficialandineffective.Mostleasesareawardedtofirmswhichofferbribes;tofirmsownedbypoliticalsupporters;ortofirmsinwhicharelevantgovernmentofficerhasafinancialstake.

(d)Don’tknow/NotApplicable.



disagree


(a)Thereisalicensingprocessthatallminingandextractionoperationsmustfollowbeforecommencingwork.

(b)Miningandextractioncompaniescomplywithenvironmentalimpactassessmentregulations.

(c)Miningandextractioncompaniescomplywithwastedisposalregulations.

(d)Miningandextractioncompaniescomplywithwaterqualityregulations.

(e)Miningandextractioncompaniescomplywithairqualityregulations.

(f)Miningandextractioncompaniesadequatelyrestorethedamagedsurfaceofabandonedminingareasand,wherepossible,re-establishnear-naturalconditions.

(g)Miningandextractioncompaniesfairlycompensateaffectedcommunitiesforlossesordamagesresultingfromminingoperations.

(h)Miningandextractioncompaniespayfairmarketvalueforpubliclyownedmineralsfoundonpubliclyownedlands.

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18

30. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowenvironmentalauthoritiesrespondtothefollowingviolations:

Veryeffective[Environmentalauthoritiesareeffectiveininvestigatingviolations.

Negativefindingsdrawprompt

correctiveaction]

Slightlyeffective[Environmental

authoritiesmightstartinvestigationsinto

violations,butarelimitedintheireffectivenesstoimplementsanctionsorcorrectiveactions.Theymaybesloworunwillingtotakeonpowerfulcorporations]

Noteffectiveatall

[Environmentalauthoritiesdonoteffectivelyinvestigateviolations]

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Miningorextractionthatresultsindegradationofareasofspecialbiological,scientific,historic,aestheticorwildernesssignificance.

(b)Mining,extraction,orprospectinginnationalparks,burialsites,orlandtrusts.

(c)Miningorextractiononprimefarmland. (d)Miningorextractioninvulnerableareas(suchassteepslopes).

(e)Exportingpreciousmineralssuchasgoldanddiamondswithoutpayingrequiredroyalties.

31. Howfrequentlywouldyousaythat:

Almostalways

Inmostcases

Insomecases

Almostnever

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Inpractice,thegovernmentdisclosesinformationaboutoperations,revenues,licensingandcontractsforminingandextractionoperations.

(b)Inpractice,thegovernmentpublishesenvironmentalimpactreportspriortoconsultationsandbeforetheawardofanymineralrights.

(c)Inpractice,officialswhomanagetheextractivesector,orwhoworkforstate-ownedcompaniesornaturalresourcefunds,disclosetheirfinancialinterestsintheoil,gasorminingsector.

(d)Inpractice,state-ownedcompaniesdiscloseauditsanddataonproductionandrevenues.

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19

II-D.WATERQUALITY&RESOURCES

32. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingwatergovernance–includingwatersupply,wateruse,andwaterprotection–inyourcountry:

Strongly



(a)Inmycountry,thegovernmenthaslegalstructuresthatdefinethenation’sapproachtowatergovernance.

(b)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatdevelopsregulationsandtechnicalstandardspertainingtowaterqualityfordomesticandindustrialoragricultureuse.

(c)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatenforcesregulationsandtechnicalstandardspertainingtowaterqualityfordomesticandindustrialoragricultureuse.

(d)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitytoaddresscompetingwaterusesandensureitsavailability.

(e)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatdevelopsregulationstoaddresspublichealthconcernsandestablishstandardsfordeterminingwhetherwaterissafeforhumanconsumption.

(f)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatenforcesregulationstoaddresspublichealthconcernsandenforcesstandardstoensurethatwaterissafeforhumanconsumption.

(g)Inmycountry,thegovernmenthaswaterresourceandqualitylawsandregulationsfordevelopingwaterqualitystandardsfortheecosystemhealthconcerns.

(h)Inmycountry,thegovernmenthaswaterresourceandqualitylawsandregulationsforenforcingwaterqualitystandardsfortheecosystemhealthconcerns.

(i)Thegovernmentinmycountryhasanagencyorbureauthatidentifies,measures,andmonitorsthetypesofpollutantsfoundinthenation’swatersources.

(j)Thegovernment’smethodofwaterqualityregulationisdrivenbysourcesofthevarioustypesofpollutantsfoundinthenation’swatersources.

(k)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatdevelopsregulationstoaddresstransboundarywaterpollution.

(l)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatenforcesregulationstoaddresstransboundarywaterpollution.

(m)Other(pleasecomment/specify).

_____________________________________________________________________________


20

33. Pleaseanswer:


unlikely

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Inpractice,howlikelyarecompaniestobeheldliableforwaterpollution,toxicspills,anddischargesofpollutantstowaters?

(b)Inpractice,howlikelyaremunicipalitiestobeheldliableforwaterpollution,toxicspills,anddischargesofpollutantstowaters?

(c)Whenholdingpotentiallyresponsiblepartiesliableforwaterpollution,toxicspills,anddischargesofpollutantstowaters,howlikelyisitthatliabilityandpenaltieswillbeassignedbasedontheseverityofthepollutionortoxicspill?

34. Onascalefrom1to10(with10meaningaveryseriousproblem,and1meaningnotaseriousproblem),

pleasetellushowseriousthefollowingproblemsareintheagriculturalindustryintheareawhereyoulive:

10Seriousproblem

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

1Notaseriousproblem

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Lackofregulations,suchasquotas,outliningreasonableandacceptablewaterusageforagriculturalpurposes

(b)Lackoflicensingrequirementsforwateruse (c)Lackoflegislationthatlimitsorcapscontaminantsinfertilizers,pesticides,etc.

(d)Lackoflegislationandpoliciestoreducetheexcessiveuseoffertilizers

(e)Lackoflawstoaddressstormwaterrunofffromagriculturalsources

(f)Lackoflawstoaddressstormwaterrunofffromnon-agriculturalsources,suchasstreets,buildingroofs,andotherimpervioussurfaces

(g)Lackofgovernmentregulationstoaddressandmitigatenegativeconsequencesthatnutrientpollutionmighthaveonwaterquality

(h)Lackofthegovernmentenforcementofregulationsonnutrientpollutiontomanagewaterquality

_____________________________________________________________________________


21

35. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowaccessiblethefollowinginformationisinyourcountry:

Veryaccessible[Citizens,journalists,andNGOscanaccessdetailedfigures,subjecttonarrowandwelljustifiedexceptionsdefinedbylaw.Thisinformationiseasily

availableanduptodate]

Slightlyaccessible[Citizens,

journalists,andNGOscanaccess

detailedfigures,butthisinformationmaybedifficulttoaccess,incomplete,oroutofdate]

Notaccessibleatall[Citizens,journalists,andNGOscannotaccessdetailedfigures,dueto

secrecy,prohibitivebarriers,orgovernmentinefficiency]

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Nationalorlocallawsandregulationsoutliningpermissiblesurfaceandgroundwaterwithdrawals

(b)Nationalorlocallawsandregulationsoutliningpermissiblewaterusagefordomestic,agricultural,andindustrialactivities

(c)Nationalorlocallawsandregulationsoutliningpermissiblewaterimpoundments(suchasdamsorreservoirs)

(d)Waterqualitylawstandardsforabodyofwaterthatcapsthequantityofpointsourceandnon-pointsourcecontaminantsinthatareatoprotectagainstpollution

_____________________________________________________________________________


22

II-E.WASTEMANAGEMENT

36. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingthemanagementofwaste-bothsolidandhazardousmaterials-inyourcountry:


disagree


(a)Mycountry’slawsandregulationsclearlydefinecriteriaandlimitsonthepresenceofcontaminantsubstancesinair,soil,andwater.

(b)Mycountry’slawsandregulationsclearlydefinethetypeanddegreeofcontaminationthattriggersanobligationtoreturnasitetoacleancondition.

(c)Mycountry’slawsandregulationsclearlydelineateliabilityforharmfromwastedisposalanddumping.

(d)Sitecleanupinmycountryisdrivenbyriskassessment,takingintoaccountthefutureuseoftheland.

(e)Environmentalauthoritieschargedwithoverseeingthecleanupofwastesitesinmycountryhaveaccesstosufficientfinancialandtechnicalresources.

(f)Environmentalauthoritieschargedwithoverseeingthecleanupofwastesitesinmycountryarecompetentandhavesufficientscientificandengineeringknowledge.

(g)Regulationofthehandling,treatment,anddisposalofhazardouswasteiseffectivelyenforcedinmycountry.

(h)Regulationofthehandling,treatment,anddisposalofnon-hazardouswasteiseffectivelyenforcedinmycountry.

37. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelythefollowingwastemanagementmeasuresareimplementedor

enforcedinyourcountry:

Veryeffectively

Somewhateffectively

Notveryeffectively

Noteffectivelyatall

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Proceduresforidentifying,mapping,andprioritizingcontaminatedareas

(b)Proceduresfordisposingofwasteinanenvironmentallysoundmanner

(c)Cleanuporrestorationatsiteswhereoilorhazardouswastehasbeendumped

(d)Restrictionsontheproductionanduseofinorganicandorganichazardoussubstances(suchasmetals,dioxinsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls)

(e)Systemsfordisposingofproductswithahighpotentialtopollute(suchaspesticides,batteries,packaging,tiresandelectronicproducts)

(f)Recyclingregulationtopreventandreducewastedisposal

(g)Regulationofwastedisposallocationsandlicensureofwastedisposalactions

(h)Other(pleasecomment/specify)

_____________________________________________________________________________


23

38. Onascalefrom1to10(with10meaningaveryseriousproblem,and1meaningnotaseriousproblem),pleasetellushowseriousarethefollowingobstaclestoeffectivewastemanagementandsitecleanupinyourcountry:

10Seriousproblem

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

1Notaseriousproblem

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable

(a)Lackofnationalplansformanagingthedisposalofwaste

(b)Poorenforcementofdomesticsitecleanupandcontaminationregulations

(c)Poorenforcementoftransboundarywastecontaminationregulations

(d)Corporateveilsthatlimitcompanies’responsibilityforcleanupofcontamination,effectivelypassingcleanupcostsontothepublic

(e)Polluterssellingcontaminatedlandcheaplytoavoidcleanupliability

(f)Privatelandownersknowinglypermittingcontaminationbyotheractors

(g)Landtransactionsdocumentsdonotdisclosepriorwastedisposalorcontaminationontheland

(h)Inadequatesystems(infrastructureorlaws)formanagingthefinaldisposalofurbanwaste

(i)Inadequatesystem(infrastructureorlaws)forrecyclingorreusingurbanwaste.

(j)Lackofregulationsbanningtheuseofsingle-useofplastics

(k)Other(pleasecomment/specify)

_____________________________________________________________________________


24

II-F.BIODIVERSITY

39. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementspertainingtobiodiversityandprotectedspeciesinyourcountry:


disagree

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Theenvironmentaland/orwildlifeauthorityinmycountrypromulgatesguidelinesforthesustainableuseandharvestofeconomicallyvaluablespecies.

(b)Theenvironmentaland/orwildlifeauthorityinmycountryhasidentifiedcomponentsofbiodiversitywarrantingconservationandactivitiesthataffectthem.

(c)Thelistingofaspeciesasendangeredorpotentiallyendangeredtriggersmeasurestoprotectthatspecies.

(d)Thelistingofprotectedareasorparticularhabitattypestriggersmeasurestoprotectthatareaorhabitat.

(e)Thereareclearrequirementsandspecificationsforissuingpermitsforthetradeoflistedspeciesinmycountry.

(f)Economicincentives–suchaspaymentforecosystemservicessystemsandmitigationbanking–areusedtoprotectbiodiversityinmycountry.

(g)Nationalconservationplansandbiodiversityconsiderationsarewellintegratedintootherareasofnationalpolicyanddecision-makinginmycountry.

40. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelytheenvironmentaland/orwildlifeauthorityinyourcountryperforms

thefollowingfunctions:

Very


Notveryeffectively

Noteffectivelyatall

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Monitoringchangesinthecomponentsofbiodiversityoractivitiesthataffectthem

(b)Listingspeciescurrentlythreatenedwithextinction (c)Listingspeciesthatwillbethreatenedwithextinctionifnotcloselymonitoredandcontrolled

(d)Designatingspecificprotectedareasorhabitattypes (e)Enforcingsustainableuseandharvestlevelsofeconomicallyvaluablespecies

(f)Regulatingthetradeoflistedspecies,oritemsderivedfromthosespecies

_____________________________________________________________________________


25

II-G.FORESTRY

41. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelythefollowingforestmanagementmeasuresareimplementedorenforcedinyourcountry:

Very


Notveryeffectively

Noteffectivelyatall

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Measuresforconservingforests’biologicaldiversity (b)Measuresformaintainingtheproductivefunctions(woodandnon-wood)offorestecosystems

(c)Measuresformaintainingforestecosystems’healthandvitality

(d)Measuresforconservingandmaintainingforests’soilandwaterresources

(e)Measurestomaintainandenhanceforests’contributiontoglobalcarboncycles

(f)Measurestoensurethesustainableuseofforestsforsocio-economicfunctions(suchasemployment,recreationandtourism,orotherculturaluses)

42. Whatpercentage(%)oftheforestsinyourcountryareunderaforestcertificationprogram–suchasPEFC

–toensureresponsibleandsustainablewoodandpaperpurchasingpolicies?

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% 0% Don’tknow/NotApplicable

_____________________________________________________________________________


26

II-H.OCEANS,SEAS&MARINERESOURCES

43. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelythefollowingmeasuresforconservingoceans,seas,andmarineresourcesareimplementedinyourcountry:

Very


Notveryeffectively

Noteffectivelyatall

Don’tKnow/Not

Applicable(a)Measurestoreducemarinenutrientpollutionfromland-basedactivitiesandrunoff

(b)Measurestopreventmarinelitter,inparticularfromplastic

(c)Measurestoprotectandstrengthentheresilienceofcoastalecosystems

(d)Measurestoeffectivelymanagemarineprotectedareas

(e)Measurestominimizeandaddresstheimpactsofoceanacidification

(f)Regulatingharvestingoverfishing,illegalfishing,andotherdestructivefishingpractices

(g)Implementingscience-basedplansforrestoringfishstocks

(h)Eliminatingsubsidiesthatcontributetooverfishingorillegal,unreported,orunregulatedfishing.

(i)Measurestoincreasescientificknowledge,developresearchcapacity,andadoptmarinetechnologythatbenefitsoceanhealth

(j)Providingartisanalfishersaccesstomarineresourcesandmarkets

(k)Coordinatingwithothercountriestomanagesharedprotectedmarineareas

_____________________________________________________________________________


27

ALMOSTFINISHED!Ifyouhaveanyfeedbackorcommentsregardingthequestionnaire,wewouldbegratefulifyouwouldletusknow.Arethereanyrelevanttopics,issues,orquestionsthatyouthinkwereleftout?

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28

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