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The Environment and its The Environment and its domainsdomains
Solid and Solid and Hazardous Hazardous
Waste Waste
ManagementManagementAir Pollution Air Pollution
and Controland Control
Lithosphere
BiosphereHydrosphere
Atmosphere
Water and Water and wastewater wastewater
treatmenttreatmentPublic Public
Health and Health and EcologyEcology 2
Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable development
•• Development that meets the needs of the present Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsgenerations to meet their own needs
• Implications: Implications: Implications: Implications: • Implications: Implications: Implications: Implications:
• Societal emphasis has to shift from a
destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy
of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) to one that fosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters long--------term term term term term term term term
protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants
(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)
• Two conflicting objectives have to be reconciled
– improving quality of life vs. protecting the
environment 3
Driving forces for sustainabilityDriving forces for sustainability
• Health and safety: human and other organisms
• Financial: property values, profits, taxes
• Aesthetics
• Civic pride and values• Civic pride and values
• THE LAW
– All the good intentions in the world are not equal to the arm of law
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What is environmental engineering? What is environmental engineering?
Environmental engineering is the
application of science and engineering
principles to
• Protect public health and the health of • Protect public health and the health of
other organisms,
• Preserve or improve the environment
(air, water, and/or land resources),
• Remediate polluted sites.
5
Scope of environmental engineering Scope of environmental engineering
�� Pollution ControlPollution Control
�� identify sources of pollutants, identify sources of pollutants,
�� understand fate and transport of pollutants, andunderstand fate and transport of pollutants, and
�� design and engineer solutionsdesign and engineer solutions
�� Environmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact Assessment
�� Assess shortAssess short--term and longterm and long--term impacts of current term impacts of current and proposed projectsand proposed projectsand proposed projectsand proposed projects
�� Environmental AuditingEnvironmental Auditing
�� Inventory of mass and energy for any facility to Inventory of mass and energy for any facility to minimize waste and inefficiencyminimize waste and inefficiency
�� Environmental Risk AssessmentEnvironmental Risk Assessment
�� Minimize risks to public health and environmentMinimize risks to public health and environment
�� Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management
�� Optimization of systems with due regard to user Optimization of systems with due regard to user expectationsexpectations
6
More about the law……..More about the law……..
Regulations
Year of
notice
Amend
mentWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 1988
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 1987
Environment Protection Act 1986 1991Environment Protection Act 1986 1991
Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989
Biomedical Waste Handling Rules 1998
Flyash Rules 1999
Recycled Plastics Usage Rules 1999 2003
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001
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What is a pollutant or contaminant?What is a pollutant or contaminant?
–– A pollutant is a chemical species in the A pollutant is a chemical species in the
environment that causes environment that causes undesirable undesirable
effects effects on the environment or any of its on the environment or any of its
components. components.
–– Can be natural or anthropogenicCan be natural or anthropogenic–– Can be natural or anthropogenicCan be natural or anthropogenic
–– Undesirable effectsUndesirable effects
•• Endangers health of human and other Endangers health of human and other
organismsorganisms
•• Endangers safetyEndangers safety
•• Causes financial and aesthetic lossesCauses financial and aesthetic losses
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Population growth Population growth
• World Population = 6.86 billion (US Census
Bureau)
• India’s population = 1.186 billion (Wikipedia)
• West Bengal’s population = 90 million
• Kharagpur’s population = 2.07 lakhs• Kharagpur’s population = 2.07 lakhs
India’s current annual growth rate = 1.34%
(World Bank, 2008)
If data from 1921 to 2001 is used
• Average annual total population growth rate = 1.8%
• Average annual urban population growth rate = 3.0%
All figures for 15 Aug 2010
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y = 2E-07e0.018x
R² = 0.985
y = 2E-18e0.03x
R² = 0.9951.000E+07
1.000E+08
1.000E+09
1.000E+10
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
10log
Po
pu
lati
on
, p
ers
on
s
Time, years
Population growth in India
Total Population
Urban population
Expon. (Total Population)
Expon. (Urban population)
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WASTE WASTE
SOLID WASTESOLID WASTE
�� Municipal Solid Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW)Waste (MSW)�� Ash from Thermal Ash from Thermal
WASTEWATERWASTEWATER•• Municipal Municipal
wastewaterwastewater
•• Industrial Industrial
AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS•• Industrial Industrial
sources sources
•• Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles �� Ash from Thermal Ash from Thermal Power PlantsPower Plants
��Agricultural Agricultural wastewaste
•• Industrial Industrial wastewaterwastewater
•• Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles •• Other sourcesOther sources
HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE
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Integrated Solid Waste ManagementIntegrated Solid Waste Management
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Integrated Integrated Solid Waste Solid Waste ManagementManagement
‘Zero Pollution’‘Zero Pollution’
•• Closed loop systemsClosed loop systems
•• Waste from one process or Waste from one process or industry is used in another industry is used in another process or industry within the process or industry within the process or industry within the process or industry within the same facility or industrial estatesame facility or industrial estate
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Environmental AuditingEnvironmental Auditing
•• Required by the law [EPA]Required by the law [EPA]
•• Mass and energy balancesMass and energy balances
•• Complete inventory of mass and energy for Complete inventory of mass and energy for
the plant, facility or industrythe plant, facility or industrythe plant, facility or industrythe plant, facility or industry
•• Helps detect inefficiencies, losses, and Helps detect inefficiencies, losses, and
waste generation pointswaste generation points
•• Evaluate options for minimizing wasteEvaluate options for minimizing waste
–– Technical, environmental or economic Technical, environmental or economic
optionsoptions
19
Waste Waste –– to to –– energy (WTE) conversionenergy (WTE) conversion
WASTE PROCESSING
FOR ENERGY
CHEMICAL
PROCESSING
BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSING
20
COMBUSTION
PYROLYSIS
GASIFICATION
AEROBIC
COMPOSTING
ANAEROBIC
COMPOSTING
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
[BIOFUELS]
Sources of biofuels are crops like • Sugarcane [Brazil]• Cassava, jatropha [India] • Corn [US]
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
http://keetsa.com/blog/eco-friendly/biofuels-answer-fuel-issues-what-about-food/
• Corn [US]
Waste materials can also be used• Wastewater [industrial or agricultural]• Solid waste [agricultural] for WTE
21
Plug flow anaerobic digester Plug flow anaerobic digester -- USUS
22
http://web2.msue.msu.edu/manure/FinalAnearobicDigestionFactsheet.pdf
Exposure assessment: Exposure assessment: Fate and transport of pollutants in the environmentFate and transport of pollutants in the environment
• Pollutants can be released into different Pollutants can be released into different Pollutants can be released into different Pollutants can be released into different environmental compartmentsenvironmental compartmentsenvironmental compartmentsenvironmental compartments– Soil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, Water
• Pollutants are transported and transformed by Pollutants are transported and transformed by Pollutants are transported and transformed by Pollutants are transported and transformed by different processesdifferent processesdifferent processesdifferent processes
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different processesdifferent processesdifferent processesdifferent processes
Transport processesTransport processesTransport processesTransport processes
– Physical processes: Physical processes: Physical processes: Physical processes: convection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilization
Transformation processesTransformation processesTransformation processesTransformation processes
– Chemical processes: Chemical processes: Chemical processes: Chemical processes: adsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysis
– Biological processes: Biological processes: Biological processes: Biological processes: pollutants serve as food for pollutants serve as food for pollutants serve as food for pollutants serve as food for microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web; microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web; microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web; microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web; transformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processes
SedimentSediment--water contamination water contamination ––exposure pathwaysexposure pathways
FoodFoodFoodFoodAirAirAirAir
Water Water Water Water Bioconcentration Bioconcentration Bioconcentration Bioconcentration in flora and faunain flora and faunain flora and faunain flora and fauna
26
Heavy metal containing ore tailings
Water Water Water Water
Contaminated SedimentContaminated SedimentContaminated SedimentContaminated Sediment
SoilSoilSoilSoil
Ground waterGround water--soil contamination soil contamination –– exposure pathwaysexposure pathways
Leaking Leaking Leaking Leaking Underground Underground Underground Underground Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank
VolatilizationVolatilizationVolatilizationVolatilization
Inhalation Inhalation Inhalation Inhalation Ingestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated water
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Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank (LUST)(LUST)(LUST)(LUST)
Ground water ContaminationGround water ContaminationGround water ContaminationGround water Contamination
Ingestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated water
Calculating cancer riskCalculating cancer riskIf drinking water contains If drinking water contains If drinking water contains If drinking water contains ≥≥≥≥100 ppb of arsenic, and a person weighing 70 kg 100 ppb of arsenic, and a person weighing 70 kg 100 ppb of arsenic, and a person weighing 70 kg 100 ppb of arsenic, and a person weighing 70 kg
drinks 2 L of this water every day over a lifetime of 70 years, what is the drinks 2 L of this water every day over a lifetime of 70 years, what is the drinks 2 L of this water every day over a lifetime of 70 years, what is the drinks 2 L of this water every day over a lifetime of 70 years, what is the
incremental lifetime cancer risk?incremental lifetime cancer risk?incremental lifetime cancer risk?incremental lifetime cancer risk?
CDI = CDI = CDI = CDI = 0.1 mg/L x 2 L/d0.1 mg/L x 2 L/d0.1 mg/L x 2 L/d0.1 mg/L x 2 L/d = 2.86 x 10= 2.86 x 10= 2.86 x 10= 2.86 x 10----3 3 3 3 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----dddd
70 kg70 kg70 kg70 kg
Risk = CDI x SF = 2.86 x 10Risk = CDI x SF = 2.86 x 10Risk = CDI x SF = 2.86 x 10Risk = CDI x SF = 2.86 x 10----3 3 3 3 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----d x 1.75 (mg/kgd x 1.75 (mg/kgd x 1.75 (mg/kgd x 1.75 (mg/kg----d)d)d)d)----1 1 1 1
= 5.005 x 10= 5.005 x 10= 5.005 x 10= 5.005 x 10----3 3 3 3 = incremental lifetime cancer risk= incremental lifetime cancer risk= incremental lifetime cancer risk= incremental lifetime cancer risk
• ThisThisThisThis impliesimpliesimpliesimplies thatthatthatthat 5555 cancerscancerscancerscancers perperperper thousandthousandthousandthousand personspersonspersonspersons overoveroverover aaaa 70707070----yearyearyearyear periodperiodperiodperiod
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• ThisThisThisThis impliesimpliesimpliesimplies thatthatthatthat 5555 cancerscancerscancerscancers perperperper thousandthousandthousandthousand personspersonspersonspersons overoveroverover aaaa 70707070----yearyearyearyear periodperiodperiodperiod
cancancancan bebebebe attributedattributedattributedattributed totototo arsenicarsenicarsenicarsenic inininin drinkingdrinkingdrinkingdrinking waterwaterwaterwater....
• For a population of approx. 60 million people that drink water with arsenic For a population of approx. 60 million people that drink water with arsenic For a population of approx. 60 million people that drink water with arsenic For a population of approx. 60 million people that drink water with arsenic
content of 100 ppb or more, we estimate that on an annual basis, arsenic content of 100 ppb or more, we estimate that on an annual basis, arsenic content of 100 ppb or more, we estimate that on an annual basis, arsenic content of 100 ppb or more, we estimate that on an annual basis, arsenic
contributes to contributes to contributes to contributes to
= 6 x 10= 6 x 10= 6 x 10= 6 x 107777 persons x 5.005 x 10persons x 5.005 x 10persons x 5.005 x 10persons x 5.005 x 10----3 3 3 3 cancers/ persons exposed x 1/70 yr cancers/ persons exposed x 1/70 yr cancers/ persons exposed x 1/70 yr cancers/ persons exposed x 1/70 yr
≥≥≥≥ 4286 cancers/year4286 cancers/year4286 cancers/year4286 cancers/year
• If water treatment brings the level of arsenic down to If water treatment brings the level of arsenic down to If water treatment brings the level of arsenic down to If water treatment brings the level of arsenic down to ≤≤≤≤ 50 ppb, the 50 ppb, the 50 ppb, the 50 ppb, the
number of cancers due to arsenic ingestion are expected to be number of cancers due to arsenic ingestion are expected to be number of cancers due to arsenic ingestion are expected to be number of cancers due to arsenic ingestion are expected to be
≤≤≤≤ 2143 cancers/year2143 cancers/year2143 cancers/year2143 cancers/year
Calculating nonCalculating non--cancer riskcancer risk
• Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)
= = = = Average daily doseAverage daily doseAverage daily doseAverage daily dose
Reference dose (Reference dose (Reference dose (Reference dose (RfDRfDRfDRfD))))
• If hazard quotient is <1.0, there is no significant risk of If hazard quotient is <1.0, there is no significant risk of If hazard quotient is <1.0, there is no significant risk of If hazard quotient is <1.0, there is no significant risk of
toxicitytoxicitytoxicitytoxicity
29
• When exposure involves more than one chemical or more When exposure involves more than one chemical or more When exposure involves more than one chemical or more When exposure involves more than one chemical or more
than one exposure route or more than one environmental than one exposure route or more than one environmental than one exposure route or more than one environmental than one exposure route or more than one environmental
medium, medium, medium, medium,
Sum of the individual HQs = hazard index (HI)Sum of the individual HQs = hazard index (HI)Sum of the individual HQs = hazard index (HI)Sum of the individual HQs = hazard index (HI)
• The five environmental media accounted for in HI calculations The five environmental media accounted for in HI calculations The five environmental media accounted for in HI calculations The five environmental media accounted for in HI calculations are air, water, food, soil and consumer productsare air, water, food, soil and consumer productsare air, water, food, soil and consumer productsare air, water, food, soil and consumer products
Risk characterization:Risk characterization:
Overall cancer risk due to As in waterOverall cancer risk due to As in water
What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with arsenic?arsenic?arsenic?arsenic?
• Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kgArsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kgArsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kgArsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg• Concentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCF
C(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kg• If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for
30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is
31
30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is CDI = CDI = CDI = CDI = 0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10----3333 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----dddd
• Cancer risk = CDI x SF Cancer risk = CDI x SF Cancer risk = CDI x SF Cancer risk = CDI x SF = 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg----d)d)d)d)----1 1 1 1 x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10----3333 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----d d d d
= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10----3333 or approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand people
• ForForForFor aaaa populationpopulationpopulationpopulation ofofofof 60606060 millionmillionmillionmillion peoplepeoplepeoplepeople thatthatthatthat areareareare livinglivinglivingliving inininin AsAsAsAsaffectedaffectedaffectedaffected areasareasareasareas;;;; wewewewe assumeassumeassumeassume
• halfhalfhalfhalf thethethethe populationpopulationpopulationpopulation eatseatseatseats fishfishfishfish regularly,regularly,regularly,regularly, iiii....eeee....,,,, 30303030 millionmillionmillionmillion
• AnnualAnnualAnnualAnnual cancercancercancercancer riskriskriskrisk isisisis ==== 3333 xxxx 101010107777 xxxx 1111....925925925925 xxxx 10101010----3333 xxxx 1111////70707070
≥≥≥≥ 825 cancers/year825 cancers/year825 cancers/year825 cancers/year
• AddingAddingAddingAdding cancercancercancercancer risksrisksrisksrisks fromfromfromfrom twotwotwotwo pathwayspathwayspathwayspathways
• IngestionIngestion ofof waterwater ≥≥≥≥ 42864286 cancers/yearcancers/year
Risk characterizationRisk characterization
32
• IngestionIngestionIngestionIngestion ofofofof waterwaterwaterwater ≥≥≥≥ 4286428642864286 cancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/year
• IngestionIngestionIngestionIngestion ofofofof fishfishfishfish ≥≥≥≥ 825825825825 cancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/year
TotalTotalTotalTotal cancerscancerscancerscancers eacheacheacheach yearyearyearyear thatthatthatthat cancancancan bebebebe attributedattributedattributedattributed totototo AsAsAsAs
≥≥≥≥ 5111 5111 5111 5111 cancers/yearscancers/yearscancers/yearscancers/years
ThisThisThisThis isisisis anananan exampleexampleexampleexample ofofofof ‘how‘how‘how‘how to’to’to’to’ calculatecalculatecalculatecalculate overalloveralloveralloverall risk,risk,risk,risk, andandandand isisisis notnotnotnotaaaa completecompletecompletecomplete characterizationcharacterizationcharacterizationcharacterization ofofofof risksrisksrisksrisks duedueduedue totototo AsAsAsAs…………………………………………
• Calculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated water
– Cost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victims
– Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects to Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects to Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects to Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects to be included)be included)be included)be included)
• Calculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove As
– Cost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLs
• TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology----based costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determined
Risk Risk managementmanagement
33
• TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology----based costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determined
• Weigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all options
• Decide Decide Decide Decide
Environmental Risk ManagementEnvironmental Risk Management
Contaminant concentration
or risk level
34
Cost of cleanup
Contaminant concentration
or risk level
Detection limit
Acceptable risk level