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Environmental Health
From Global to Local
Second edition
Howard FrumkinEditor
ffirs.indd 1 11/12/14 12:49 PM
Copyright © 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Introduction and Chapters 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 24, and 30 are U.S. Government Works and are not protected by U.S. Copyright.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEnvironmental health : from global to local / Howard Frumkin, editor. —2nd ed. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-0-470-40487-4 (cloth) 1. Environmental health. 2. Health risk assessment. I. Frumkin, Howard. [DNLM: 1. Environmental Health. 2. Environmental Exposure—prevention & control. 3. Environmental Medicine—methods. WA 30.5 E6063 2010] RA565.E482 2010 616.9'8—dc22 2009044623Printed in the United States of Americasecond edition
HB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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C O N T E N T S
Tables, Figures, and Exhibits vii
The Editor xxi
The Contributors xxii
Acknowledgments xxvii
Introduction xxix
Howard Frumkin
PART ONE: METHODS AND PARADIGMS
1. Ecology and Environmental Health 3
Bruce Wilcox and Holly Jessop
2. Toxicology 49
Jason R. Richardson and Gary W. Miller
3. Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology 79
Kyle Steenland and Christine Moe
4. Exposure Assessment, Industrial Hygiene, and Environmental Management 109
P. Barry Ryan
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iv contents
5. Environmental Psychology 137
Daniel Stokols and Chip Clitheroe
6. Genetics and Environmental Health 173
Samuel H. Wilson and William A.Suk
7. Environmental Health Ethics 195
Andrew Jameton
8. Environmental Justice 227
Charles Lee
PART TWO: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ON THE GLOBAL SCALE
9. Population Pressure 259
Don Hinrichsen
10. Climate Change 279
Jonathan A. Patz
11. Developing Nations 329
Jerome Nriagu, Jaymie Meliker, and Markey Johnson
PART THREE: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ON THE REGIONAL SCALE
12. Air Pollution 387
Michelle L. Bell and Jonathan M. Samet
13. Energy Production 417
Jeremy J. Hess
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14. Healthy Communities 451
Sarah K. Heaton, John M. Balbus, James W. Keck, and Andrew L. Dannenberg
15. Water and Health 487
Tim Ford
PART FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ON THE LOCAL SCALE
16. Solid and Hazardous Waste 559
Sven Rodenbeck, Kenneth Orloff, and Henry Falk
17. Pest Control and Pesticides 591
Mark G. Robson, George C. Hamilton, and Wattasit Siriwong
18. Food Safety 635
David McSwane
19. Healthy Buildings 689
Howard Frumkin
20. Workplace Health and Safety 729
Melissa Perry and Howard Hu
21. Radiation 769
Arthur C. Upton
22. Injuries 805
Jeremy J. Hess and Junaid A. Razzak
23. Environmental Disasters 843
Mark E. Keim
contents v
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24. Nature Contact 877
Howard Frumkin
25. Children 915
Maida P. Galvez, Joel Forman, and Philip J. Landrigan
PART FIVE: THE PRACTICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
26. Prevention in Environmental Health 963
Lynn R. Goldman
27. Environmental Health Practice 983
Sarah Kotchian and Robert J. Laumbach
28. Geographic Information Systems 1021
Lance A. Waller
29. Risk Assessment 1037
Scott Bartell
30. Environmental Health Policy 1063
A. Stanley Meiburg
31. Risk Communication 1099
Vincent T. Covello
32. Legal Remedies 1141
Douglas A. Henderson
INDEX 1181
vi contents
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TablES 1.1 The Major Subdisciplines of Ecology 9
1.2 Major Ecosystem Types and Biomes 13
1.3 Levels of Organizational Hierarchies 21
2.1 Examples of Toxicants Classified in Three Ways 56
3.1 Cohort Rate Ratios for Lung Cancer and Silicosis Mortality and for End-Stage Kidney Disease Incidence 95
5.1 Levels of Environmental Analysis 143
5.2 Functions of Both Real and Virtual Neighborhoods 149
5.3 The Presence of Nature 157
5.4 Behavioral Impacts of Displacement Due to Climate Change: From Global to Local 161
8.1 Examples of Community-Based Environmental Justice Issues 232
10.1 The Main Greenhouse Gases 283
10.2 Projected Earth System Changes 285
T a b l E S , F i g u r E S ,
a N d E x h i b i T S
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10.3 Excess Mortality from the 2003 Heat Wave in Europe (August Only) 294
11.1 Attributable Mortality by Risk Factor, Level of Development, and Gender, 2000 333
11.2 Attributable DALYs by Risk Factor, Level of Development, and Sex, 2000 336
11.3 Effects of Globalization on the Health of People in Developing Countries 343
11.4 Changes in Environmental Health Risk Factors Associated with Agricultural Development 349
11.5 Proportion of Population with Access to Safe Drinking Water, 2006 369
11.6 Estimated Population Exposed to Arsenic in Drinking Water at Concentrations > 50 µg/L 372
11.7 DALYs Due to Injuries, Globally, by Gender, and in Africa, 2002 375
12.1 Major Ambient Air Pollutants: Sources, Health Effects, and Regulations 392
13.1 Energy Use by Sector and Region, 2001 424
13.2 Energy Use Per Capita, by Source, Electrification, and Electricity Consumption, 2001 425
13.3 Health Effects of Household Biomass Combustion 436
15.1 Hot Spots: Past and Potential Water Resource Conflicts 494
15.2 Examples of Health Consequences of Engineering Schemes 496
15.3 Classes of Chemical Contaminants in Water 497
15.4 Examples of Research on Links Between Chemicals in Drinking Water and Increased Health Risk 507
15.5 Pathogens in Drinking Water: Infectious Doses, Diseases, and Additional Comments 509
15.6 The Indicator Approach 516
viii tables, figures, and exhibits
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15.7 Examples of Vector-Borne Diseases with Risk Factors Associated with Water 521
15.8 Approaches to Disinfection 534
19.1 Hazardous Ingredients of Cleaners (Partial Listing) 709
19.2 Approaches to Protecting Health and Safety in Buildings 715
21.1 Radiation Injuries During the First Decades Following Roentgen’s 1895 Discovery of the X-Ray 772
21.2 Quantities and Dose Units of Ionizing Radiation 773
21.3 Average Amounts of Ionizing Radiation Received Annually by a Resident of the United States 774
21.4 Major Forms and Features of Acute Radiation Syndrome 780
21.5 Estimated Lifetime Risks of Fatal Cancer Attributable to 0.1 Sv (10 Rem) Low-Dose-Rate, Whole-Body Irradiation 784
22.1 Global Ranking of Injury-Related Mortality, 2004 and 2030 809
22.2 The Haddon Matrix Applied to Motor Vehicle Crashes 811
22.3 Options Analysis in Injury Control 812
22.4 Countermeasures for Intentional Injuries 823
22.5 Countermeasures for Burns 824
22.6 Countermeasures for Poisoning 825
22.7 Countermeasures for Falls 827
22.8 Countermeasures for Drowning 827
22.9 Countermeasures for Workplace Injuries 828
22.10 Countermeasures for Playground Injuries 829
22.11 Countermeasures for Road Injuries 831
22.12 Countermeasures for Home Injuries 835
tables, figures, and exhibits ix
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23.1 A Typology of Environmental Disasters 848
23.2 Environmental Disasters Ranked by Number of Lives Lost, Worldwide, 1997–2006 850
23.3 Public Health Consequences and Capabilities Associated with all Disasters 852
23.4 The Relative Public Health Impact of Natural Environmental Disasters 853
23.5 The Relative Public Health Impact of Technological Environmental Disasters (Related to Industry, Terrorism, or Conflict) 856
23.6 Recent Terrorist Events That Have Influenced U.S. Policy 857
23.7 Key Components and Activities of Disaster Risk Management 861
23.8 Comparison of Various Techniques for Disaster Prevention, Emergency Management, and Risk Management 863
26.1 Commonly Used Impact Categories for Life Cycle Analysis 971
27.1 The Essential Services 991
27.2 The PACE EH Process 994
27.3 Core Competencies for Local Environmental Health 1014
29.1 Carcinogenic Effects of Chloroform on Male Rats 1042
29.2 Problems with Risk Assessment and Recommended Solutions 1058
30.1 Examples of Explicit and Implicit Environmental Health Policies 1066
30.2 Selected U.S. Federal Agencies Involved in Environmental Health Policy 1075
31.1 General Template for a Message Map 1117
31.2 Sample Message Map for Smallpox 1119
x tables, figures, and exhibits
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FigurES I.1 The DPSEEA Model l
1.1 Map of Western Hemisphere Biomes 11
1.2 “ Cloud” Diagram of the Six Major Terrestrial Biomes Plotted by Mean Annual Temperature (in Degrees F) and Precipitation (in Inches) 12
1.3 Hydrologic Cycle 16
1.4 Carbon Cycle 17
1.5 Nitrogen Cycle 18
1.6 Solar Energy Flow Through a Biological Food Chain (In kcal/m2/year) 19
1.7 Nutrient Cycling and One-Way Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem 20
1.8 Adaptive Renewal Cycle 24
1.9 Species-Area Curve 27
1.10 Log-Log Species Area Plot 27
1.11 MacArthur’s Warblers 28
1.12 Population Equilibrium in Island Biogeography 30
1.13 Human Population Growth Since Prehistoric Times 33
1.14 Exponential and Logistic Curves Describing Population Growth 37
1.15 Forest Fragmentation in the Upper Paraná Region, 1900–2000 38
1.16 Factors That Interact and Culminate in the Emergence of Infectious Diseases 39
2.1 Interdisciplinary Nature of Toxicology 51
2.2 Biotransformation Pathways of Chlorpyrifos 71
2.3 Approach to Toxicity Testing 72
3.1 Construction of a JEM for a Retrospective Cohort Study 92
tables, figures, and exhibits xi
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4.1 Air Pollution Sampling Apparatus for Ozone and Particulate Matter 118
4.2 Personal Protective Equipment for Solvent Exposure 120
4.3 Assessing Exposure in an Occupational Setting 124
5.1 Destruction Following Hurricane Katrina 145
5.2 Airplane Coming In for Landing over an Elementary School in Los Angeles 151
5.3 Cars Waiting in Line for Fast-Food Service 155
5.4 Ghirardelli Square in San Francisco 156
5.5 Neighborhood Green Space in Irvine, California 157
6.1 Gene-Environment Interaction and Disease Burden 175
6.2 Environmental Exposure and Genetic Variation as a Consequence of Aging 176
6.3 Research Approaches to Link Environmental Exposures with Disease 183
6.4 Advanced Tools for Understanding Gene-Environment Responses Leading to Disease 188
8.1 Ecosocial Framework of Disproportionate Exposure to Environmental Hazards and Stressors 241
10.1 Components of Radiative Forcing 281
10.2 Temperature Changes Due to Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings 284
10.3 The Melting of Arctic Ice, 1980–2007 287
10.4 Projected Summer Average Temperatures 291
10.5 Urban Heat Island Profile 295
10.6 Potential Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Bangladesh 299
10.7 Projected Increase In Ozone Exceedance Days 300
10.8 Climate and Aeroallergens 302
xii tables, figures, and exhibits
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10.9 Time Series of Temperature and Childhood Diarrhea, Peru 305
10.10 Cartograms: CO2 Emissions and Health Effects 316
11.1 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) Due to Environmental Risk Factors, Per 1,000 Population in 2002 335
11.2 Total Global Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution 364
12.1 Mortality and Air Pollution Levels During the 1952 London Fog 391
12.2 Respiratory System 395
12.3 Particulate Matter Mass Distribution 399
12.4 Maximum Quarterly Observed Lead Particulate Concentration at U.S. Monitoring Sites, 1977 to 1996 406
12.5 Tested and Confirmed Elevated PbB Levels by Year and Group for Children Less Than 72 Months Old 407
13.1 Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy as a Function of Energy Consumption, by Country 420
13.2 The Energy Ladder 421
13.3 Global Total Primary Energy Supply, 1971–2005 426
13.4 The Concept of Climate Stabilization Wedges 427
13.5 Products Derived from a 42-Gallon Barrel of Oil 432
14.1 Schematic Comparison of Street Networks and Land Use in a Traditional Neighborhood and in an Area of Sprawl 455
14.2 Percentage of Obese Adults in the United States, by State, 2007 459
14.3 Access to Healthy Food Options 464
14.4 Go by Cycle in Portland, Oregon 471
tables, figures, and exhibits xiii
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15.1 The Hydrologic Cycle 489
15.2 Schematic of the Interconnections Between Water and Health 489
15.3 The Ogallala Aquifer 492
15.4 Pesticide Movement in the Hydrologic Cycle, Including to and from Sediment and Aquatic Biota in the Stream 505
15.5 Sanitation Options 511
15.6 An Idealized Wastewater Treatment System, Based on Boston’s Deer Island System 512
15.7 Emergence of New Epidemic Serogroups of Vibrio Cholerae 527
15.8 New York City’s Water Supply System 532
15.9 A Multibarrier Approach to Maximize Microbiological Quality of Water 533
15.10 Idealized Scheme for Future Provision of Safe Drinking Water 544
16.1 Composition of the 251 Million Tons of Municipal Solid Waste Produced in the United States (Before Recycling), May 2006 562
16.2 Total Amount and Per Capita Generation Rate of Municipal Solid Waste Produced in the United States (Before Recycling), 1960–2006 563
16.3 Total Amount and Percentage of Municipal Solid Waste Recycled in the United States, 1960–2006 571
16.4 Glass and Paper Recycling in Industrial Nations 571
16.5 Waste Tires 573
16.6 Generalized Depiction of a State-of-the-Art Sanitary Landfill 576
16.7 Generalized Diagram of Incineration Material and Process Flow 578
xiv tables, figures, and exhibits
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16.8 Leachate Collection Ponds at the Kin-Buc Landfill in Edison, New Jersey 582
16.9 Mine Tailings Pile: The Legacy of Sixty Years of Lead and Zinc Mining in Ottawa County, Oklahoma 584
17.1 Application of Lead Arsenate in the Early 1900s 593
17.2 Modern Pesticide Application Equipment 593
17.3 Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF), Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), and Biomagnification Factor (BMF) of Low Concentrations of DDT and Derivatives in the Aquatic Food Web of Rangsit Agricultural Area, Central Thailand 595
17.4 A Corn Borer, an Example of an Insect Pest, Causing Damage in the Stalk of a Corn Plant 596
17.5 Workers in Ghana Mixing and Loading an Organophosphate Insecticide Without Adequate Personal Protective Equipment 616
18.1 Common Sources of Food Contamination 639
18.2 Food Temperature Danger Zone 661
18.3 Proper Hand-Washing Procedure 662
18.4 2005 FDA Food Code 673
18.5 Fight BAC! Campaign Logo 675
19.1 Housing Can Take Many Forms and Vary Greatly in Desirability and Safety 692
19.2 Katrina Trailer 694
19.3 School Design 698
19.4 Mold-Damaged Building in New Orleans Following Hurricane Katrina 703
19.5 Deteriorating Asbestos Insulation Can Pose a Serious Health Hazard 707
20.1 Alice Hamilton, Pioneer in Occupational Health in the United States 732
tables, figures, and exhibits xv
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20.2 Incidence Rate of Nonfatal Occupational Injury Cases by Sector, 2007 (Private Employers Only) 740
20.3 Karasek Job Strain Model 742
20.4 Occupational Health in India: A Child Worker in a Marketplace 749
20.5 Foundry Worker Pours Molten Metal 750
20.6 Workers in an Automobile Battery Plant, a Source of Occupational Lead Exposure 758
21.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 770
21.2 A Pioneer Radiologist Testing His Fluoroscope by Examining His Own Hand, Fully Exposing Himself and His Patient in the Process 771
21.3 A Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin of Twenty Years Duration in a Fifty-Eight-Year-Old Man 788
21.4 Cell Phones, Now Virtually Ubiquitous, Increase the Level of Radiofrequency Radiation Throughout the Environment 792
22.1 The Injury Pyramid 810
22.2 Startled Man Ready to Run After Hurricane Driven Wave Smashes into Seawall 819
22.3 Typology of Violence 822
22.4 Railroad Crossings Are the Site of Many Accidents Each Year 833
22.5 Kitchens Often Contain Many Dangers 834
23.1 Schematic Overview of the Components and the Process of Risk Management 860
23.2 The Disaster Cycle and Corresponding Risk Management Measures 862
24.1 John Muir 880
24.2 The Human-Animal Bond 884
24.3 A Community Garden 889
xvi tables, figures, and exhibits
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24.4 Robert Taylor Homes, Chicago (top: aerial view; middle: buildings with nearby trees; bottom: buildings without nearby trees) 890
24.5 A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884–1886, by Georges Seurat 894
24.6 Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater 902
25.1 A Children’s Playground Located Near a Source of Toxic Emissions 924
25.2 Children Bathing in a Drum That Once Held a Toxic Chemical 925
25.3 Daily Average Excretion of Malathion Dicarboxylic Acid (MDA), a Metabolite of Malathion, in Children Aged 3–11 Before, During, and After a Diet of Organic Food 930
26.1 Elements of a Life Cycle Analysis 969
28.1 Hypothetical Example of the Layering GIS Operation 1025
28.2 Examples of Buffers Around Point (Top), Line (Middle), and Area (Bottom) Features 1026
28.3 Map of Genesee County, Michigan Block Groups (Census 1990), Shaded by the Percentage of Census Respondents Self-Identifying Race as “Black” 1032
29.1 Risk Assessment Framework 1040
29.2 Normal Tolerance Distribution (Probit Model) 1049
29.3 Three Dose-Response Models (Logit, Probit, and Three-Parameter Multistage) Fit to the Chloroform Dose-Response Data in Rats 1050
29.4 Cubic Smoothing Spline, Logit Model, and Categorical Model Fit to Nested Case-Control Data on Silica Exposure and Lung Cancer 1052
29.5 A Framework for Risk-Based Decision Making Designed to Maximize Risk Assessment Utility 1057
31.1 Trust Factors in High-Stress Situations 1106
tables, figures, and exhibits xvii
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ExhibiTS I.1 Definitions of Environmental Health xxxi
2.1 LD50 for Various Compounds 52
7.1 Typical Elements of Professional Codes of Ethics 198
7.2 Selected Ethical Theories 200
7.3 Examples of Consensus Statements 202
7.4 Case Problem Areas 216
8.1 Community-Based Participatory Research 248
14.1 Smart Growth Principles 468
14.2 Principles of Universal Design 470
14.3 LEED for Neighborhood Development Certification Program 472
14.4 Health Impact Assessment: A Tool for Land Use and Transportation Decision Making 474
17.1 Pesticides Classified by Target 610
17.2 Pesticide Toxicity Categories and Labeling Requirements 617
18.1 Investigating Foodborne Disease Outbreaks 650
18.2 FDA Recommendations for Avoiding Mercury in Fish 656
18.3 Preventing Cross-Contamination Between Products 664
18.4 HACCP Food Safety System 666
23.1 Definitions of Key Terms 844
23.2 Lessons Learned from Terrorist Attacks That Have Influenced U.S. Policy 858
23.3 The 11 E’s of Public Health Preparedness 866
27.1 Core Functions of Public Health 990
xviii tables, figures, and exhibits
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30.1 Summary of Major Environmental Statutes 1068
30.2 Timeline: Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for Ozone 1082
31.1 Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication 1101
31.2 The 103 Questions Most Frequently Asked by Residents Affected by Environmental Cleanups and Hazardous Waste Sites 1110
31.3 Elements of a Comprehensive Risk and Crisis Communication Plan 1116
31.4 Sample Message Map for Chloramines 1120
31.5 Questions Commonly Asked by Journalists During an Emergency or Crisis 1123
tables, figures, and exhibits xix
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I dedicate this book to my children, Gabe and Amara—dedicated environmentalists, great lovers of the outdoors, hard-headed idealists, and two of the most wonderful people I know. They will make
giant contributions to a safer, healthier, and more sustainable world.
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T H E E D I T O R
Howard Frumkin is director of the National Center for Environmental Health and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (NCEH/ATSDR) at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NCEH/ATSDR works to main-tain and improve the health of the American people by promoting a healthy environment and by preventing premature death and avoidable illness and dis-ability caused by toxic substances and other environmental hazards.
An internist, environmental and occupational medicine specialist, and epidemiologist, Frumkin previously served as professor and chair of the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health and professor of medicine at Emory Medical School. He also founded and directed Emory’s Environmental and Occupational Medicine Consultation Clinic and the Southeast Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit. He has served on the board of directors of Physicians for Social Responsibility, as president of the Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics, as chair of the Science Board of the American Public Health Association, and on the National Toxicology Program Board of Scientific Counselors, and has participated in workgroups and committees for a number of federal and state agencies. He currently serves on the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine. He is the author or coauthor of five books and over 160 scientific journal articles and chapters. He received his MD degree from the University of Pennsylvania, his MPH and DrPH degrees from Harvard, his internal medicine training at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Cambridge Hospital, and his occupational medicine training at Harvard.
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T H E C O N T R I B U T O R S
John M. Balbus, MD, MPHSenior Research ScientistDepartment of Global HealthSchool of Public Health and Health ServicesGeorge Washington UniversityWashington, D.C.
Scott M. Bartell, PhDAssistant ProfessorProgram in Public HealthUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, California
Michelle L. Bell, PhDAssociate Professor, Environmental HealthYale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut
H. C. “Chip” Clitheroe, Jr., PhDLecturerSchool of Social EcologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, California
Vincent T. Covello, PhDDirector
Center for Risk CommunicationNew York, New York
Andrew L. Dannenberg, MD, MPHAssociate Director for ScienceDivision of Emergency and Environmental Health ServicesNational Center for Environmental HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, Georgia
Henry Falk, MD, MPHDirectorCoordinating Center for Environmental Health and Injury PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, Georgia
Timothy E. Ford, PhDVice President for Research and Dean of Graduate StudiesUniversity of New EnglandBiddeford, Maine
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Joel Forman, MDAssociate Professor, Pediatrics and Community and Preventive MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York
Maida P. Galvez, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Community and Preventive Medicine Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York
Lynn R. Goldman, MD, MPHProfessor, Environmental Health SciencesJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, Maryland
George C. Hamilton, PhDDepartment Chairman and Extension Specialist in Pest ManagementDepartment of EntomologyRutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, New Jersey
Sarah K. Heaton, MPHPresidential Management FellowNational Center for Environmental HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, Georgia
Douglas A. Henderson, PhD, JDPartnerTroutman Sanders LLPAtlanta, GeorgiaAdjunct Associate Professor
Department of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Georgia College of Public HealthAthens, Georgia
Jeremy J. Hess, MD, MPHMedical EpidemiologistNational Center for Environmental HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAssistant ProfessorEmory University School of Medicine and Public HealthAtlanta, Georgia
Don HinrichsenConsultant on Environment and PopulationInstitute for War and Peace ReportingNew York and London
Howard Hu, MD, MPH, ScDNSF International Chair and Professor, Environmental Health, Epidemiology, Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Schools of Public Health and MedicineAnn Arbor, Michigan
Andrew Jameton, PhDProfessor, Health Promotion, Social & Behavioral HealthCollege of Public HealthUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, Nebraska
Holly JessopGraduate StudentDepartment of Zoology
THE CONTRIBUTORS xxIII
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University of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonolulu, Hawai‘i
Markey Johnson, PhDEpidemiology and Exposure Assessment Research ScientistNational Health and Environmental Effects Research LaboratoryNational Exposure Research LaboratoryU. S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina
James W. Keck, MD, MPHGeneral Preventive Medicine ResidentJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, Maryland
Mark E. Keim, MDSenior Science Advisor, Preparedness & Emergency ResponseNational Center for Environmental HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, Georgia
Sarah B. Kotchian, PhD, MPH, EdMSarah Kotchian ConsultingFormer Associate Director for PlanningInstitute for Public HealthUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerque, New Mexico
Philip J. Landrigan, MD, MScEthel H. Wise Professor and ChairmanDepartment of Community and Preventive MedicineProfessor of Pediatrics
Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York
Robert J. Laumbach, MD, MPH, CIHAssistant Professor, Environmental and Occupational MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolUniversity of Medicine and Dentistry of New JerseyPiscataway, New Jersey
Charles LeeDirectorOffice of Environmental JusticeU. S. Environmental Protection AgencyWashington, D.C.
David McSwane, HSD, REHS, CP-FSProfessor, Public and Environmental AffairsSchool of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana
A. Stanley Meiburg, PhDDeputy Regional AdministratorU. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4Atlanta, Georgia
Jaymie R. Meliker, PhDAssistant Professor, Preventive Medicine Graduate Program in Public HealthFaculty Member in Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research (CIDER)Stony Brook UniversityStony Brook, New York
xxIv THE CONTRIBUTORS
flast.indd 24 11/12/14 12:49 PM
Gary W. Miller, PhDProfessor, Environmental and Occupational HealthRollins School of Public Health of Emory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia
Christine L. Moe, PhDEugene J. Gangarosa Professor of Safe Water and SanitationHubert Department of Global HealthEmory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia
Jerome Nriagu, PhD, DScProfessor, Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn Arbor, Michigan
Kenneth G. Orloff, PhDSenior ToxicologistAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, Georgia
Jonathan A. Patz, MD, MPHProfessor, Population Health Sciences Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin
Melissa J. Perry, ScD, MHSAssociate Professor, Occupational Epidemiology
Harvard School of Public HealthBoston, Massachusetts
Junaid Abdul Razzak, MD, PhDAssociate Professor and ChairDepartment of Emergency MedicineAga Khan UniversityKarachi, Pakistan
Jason R. Richardson, MS, PhDAssistant Professor, Environmental and Occupational HealthRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolUniversity of Medicine and Dentistry of New JerseyPiscataway, New Jersey
Mark Gregory Robson, PhD, MPH, ATSProfessor and Dean of Agricultural and Urban ProgramsRutgers University School of Environmental and Biological SciencesNew Brunswick, New Jersey
Sven E. Rodenbeck, ScD, PE, BCEECaptain, U.S. Public Health ServiceAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, Georgia
P. Barry Ryan, PhDProfessor, Exposure Science and Environmental ChemistryDepartment of Environmental and Occupational HealthRollins School of Public Health of Emory University
THE CONTRIBUTORS xxv
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ProfessorDepartment of ChemistryEmory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia
Jonathan M. Samet, MD, MS Professor and Flora L. Thornton Chair of Preventive MedicineKeck School of MedicineDirectorInstitute for Global HealthUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California
Wattasit Siriwong, PhDAcademic Lecturer and Assistant DeanCollege of Public Health SciencesChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand
Kyle Steenland, PhDProfessor, Environmental and Occupational HealthRollins School of Public Health of Emory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia
Daniel Stokols, PhDChancellor’s ProfessorSchool of Social Ecology and College of Health SciencesUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, California
William A. Suk, PhD, MPH DirectorCenter for Risk and Integrated SciencesDirector
Superfund Research ProgramNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle Park, NC
Arthur C. Upton, MDClinical Professor, Environmental and Community MedicineUniversity of Medicine and Dentistry of New JerseyRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscataway, New Jersey
Lance A. Waller, PhDRollins Professor and Chair, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsRollins School of Public Health of Emory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia
Bruce A. Wilcox, PhDProfessor, Ecology and HealthDepartment of Public Health SciencesJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘iHonolulu, Hawai‘i
Samuel H. Wilson, MDChief, DNA Repair and Nucleic Acid Enzymology SectionEnvironmental Biology ProgramLaboratory of Structural BiologyNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina
xxvI THE CONTRIBUTORS
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A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
In many religions and cultures teachers are revered. I honor that tradition, as well I should: I have been blessed with more superb teachers than I had any right to expect when I first marched off to school. They didn’t know it, but they were all preparing me to envision this book and pull it together. One of the sweetest privileges of an editor—and there have been many—is the chance to thank them.
I express my deep and lasting gratitude to my high school teacher Barbara Leventer, who taught me that writing a research paper means specifying a hypoth-esis, organizing an outline, finding good sources, and writing clearly (and all of that before the Internet!); my college teachers Ed Beiser, who taught me that there is no excuse for muddled thinking and unclear expression, and Steve Lyons and Hunter Dupree, who taught me the majesty and endless relevance of his-tory; my medical school teachers Paul Stolley, who taught me the power of epi-demiological data and who set a standard for principled advocacy, and the late John Eisenberg, who modeled a formidable combination of clinical excellence, astute policy analysis, and great kindness; my residency teacher Bob Lawrence, who taught me that primary care extends from the bedside to the global com-mons; and my graduate school teachers Richard Monson, John Peters, and David Wegman, who taught me the interface of public health and the environment.
I thank my colleagues and students at Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health, where I had the great good fortune to serve as a faculty member from 1990 to 2005, and where I edited the first edition of this textbook. I also thank my colleagues at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, where I have served as director since 2005. Although a university and a governmental agency are very different places, both have been wonderful places to work, marked by intellectual stimulation, hard-working, dedicated colleagues, and dear friends. I also thank my colleagues at other agen-cies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Institute
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for Environmental Health Sciences, and at organizations ranging from envi-ronmental and community groups to law firms to manufacturing companies, who have taught me more than I can say about the many facets of environ-mental health. Over the years, I have especially appreciated my friends and colleagues at Physicians for Social Responsibility; the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Environ mental Health, Research, and Medicine; the Clean Air Campaign; the EPA Children’s Health Protection Advisory Committee; the Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics; the American Public Health Association; Sustainable Atlanta; the Children and Nature Forum; and Atlanta’s Green Reading Group.
I thank the chapter authors of this book, all of them highly expert and exceedingly busy people. They willingly shared their expertise and time (and gracefully tolerated my prodding and editing) to help compile the kind of book that we would all want to use in our own teaching.
I thank my editors at Jossey-Bass, Andy Pasternack and Seth Schwartz, who believed in this project, generously tolerated delays, and kept me on track. If there is a special place for editors in heaven, Andy and Seth will certainly end up there (although they would probably prefer to stay in San Francisco). I thank my friend Jim Grode, who lent his formidable skills as a writer, editor, analytical thinker, and environmentalist to processing each chapter as it arrived, rang-ing from image permissions to truth-testing the prose. And I thank copyeditor Elspeth MacHattie, a consummate professional, a pleasure to work with, and an enormous asset to both editions of this book.
I thank the staff at Emory who supported the preparation of the first edi-tion of this book, including Hope Jackson, Robin Thompson, Adrienne Tison, Erica Weaver, Rachel Wilson, and Suzanne Mason. A very special thanks goes to Cheryl Everhart at NCEH/ATSDR. Cheryl has an extraordinary combination of organizational skills, work ethic, faith, kindness, and optimism. She managed the logistics of the second edition of this book impeccably, and that was only one of a thousand balls she juggled.
xxvIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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