EnvironmentalConsidera0onsforLivestockFacili0es

DanielAndersen,PhD,EITAg.andBiosystemsEngineeringDept.IowaStateUniversitydsa@iastate.eduthemanurescoop.bolgospot.com@DrManure

Manure–whataretheissues?

•  Societyconcernsaboutmanure

– wasteversusresource

•  ManuresroleinnutrientreducEon

–  Impactonwaterquality

•  ManureasasoilamendmentthatimprovesElthandwaterholdingrelaEons

2

MapofAnimalOperaEons

3

ChangesinHogProducEon

4

LargerOperaEonGrowing

5

Howhasthischanged?

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0

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Nito

rgen

(kg)

Year

CropCapacityAvailableManureNutrientsManureasexcreted

Nitrogen-1992

7

Nitrogen-2002

8

Nitrogen-2012

9

What’sthismean?

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•  IowahassufficientcapacitytouElizeallmanurenutrients

•  SpaEalseparaEonofcropdemandandmanureavailabilityisbecomingmorepronounced

•  IowacounEescansElluElizeallmanurenutrients

SwitchingGears–What’sManureWorth

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•  TypicalSwineManure– 50-35-25poundsN,P2O5,K2Oper1000gallons

•  Ammonia-$726.14perton($0.44/lbN)•  Potash-$476.75perton($0.40/lbK2O)•  MAP-$605.25perton($0.49/lbP2O5)

•  About$49worthofnutrientvalueper1000gallons

SwitchingGears–What’sManureWorth

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•  Whataboutothermanures?– Dairy– Farrowing– Feedlotrunoff

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•  Butarewecapturingthatvalue?

– Gedngittotherightfield,attherightamount,attherightEme,andintherightway?

– MinimizinglossesofNbeforeandasweapply?

Lot’sofPotenEalValue

Howfarcanwehaul?

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Break-EvenHaulingDistance(miles)

SwineSlurry DairySlurry BeefSolids LayerManure

TurkeyLiCer

AllNutrients 12(5-20) 8(2-13) 14(9-20) 25(16-34) 16(13-19)

NOnly 1(0-4) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0-3) 2(1-2)

P&KOnly 5(0-10) 6(2-11) 11(8-13) 21(13-28) 11(9-13)

Whatareweseeing

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•  Fewerlagoons,morepits

•  HigherNcontent– MoreDDGSindiet– Lowerwaterwastage

•  LowerPcontent– MoreDDGSindiet– Morephytaseindiet

•  LowerApplicaEonRates

WateringSystemImpactWasteVolume

•  Gate-mountedNippleDrinker(GMND)

•  SwingingNippleDrinker(~15%reducEonvs.GMND)

•  Stainless-steelBowl (~20%reducEonvs.GMND)

•  Wet-DryFeeders (~30%reducEonvs.GMND)

SwingingNippleDrinker

Stainless-steelBowlDrinker

Wet-DryFeeder

WateringSystemImpactWasteVolume

•  Nipplestocupssavesabout0.87gallonsapig

•  $4.00apigspaceworthofmanureapplicaEoncost

BuildingType

Wholesitewaterusage

(gal/pigspace-day)

AnimalDrinkingConsump0on

(gal/pigspace-day)

Otherwater(gal/pigspace-

day)Finisher,dryfeed/

nipple 2.33(0.32) 1.87 0.46Finisher,dryfeed/

cup 1.15(0.17) 1.00 0.15

Finisher,wet/dry 1.25(0.33) 1.19 0.06

Whataboutbiggerpigs?

•  Waterertypemoreimportant•  Dietmoreimportant•  Arewegedngthemfishedquicker?

IncreaseinPhytaseUse

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IsPLevelGedngtoolow?

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•  Corn-SoybeanRotaEon– Wantabout150lbsNto100lbsP2O5(3:2)

•  Corn-CornRotaEon– Wantabout200lbsNto50lbsP2O5(4:1)

•  AverageSwineManure– Haveabout50lbsNto35lbsP2O5(3:2)

•  LowPSwineManure– Haveabout50lbsNto15lbsP2O5(3:1)

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BeyondthePIndex

ChangesinManureStorages

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•  NitrogenRetenEoninDifferentManure-HandlingSystems

Es0matedNitrogenReten0on

HealthySoils

•  Tilth•  Waterholdingcapacity

•  HydraulicconducEvity

•  Erosionresistance

SoilHeath•  SoilHealthMeansCarbon

– Feedsoilmicrobes– Holdsnutrients– Stabilizessoilaggregates

Theinter-parEclespace(voids)isfilledwitheitherwaterorair.TheamountofvoidsdependsuponthesoiltextureandthesoilcondiEon(ie.Elled,compacted,etc.).

Example

12%ofOrganicCarboninManurebecomessoilorganicmaner

Thisistrueforallmanuretypes.

ManuretobuildSOM

What’s new in manure application equipment?

Uniformity of Applicators

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Manure Injection

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Manure Agitation

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ManureSampling

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Value of information is the amount of money a decision maker would be willing to pay for the information prior to making a decision.

CornResponsetoNitrogen

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0102030405060708090

100

0 50 100 150 200 250

Yield(%

ofM

ax)

NitrogenApplicationRate(kgN/ha)

CornafterSoybeanCornafterCorn

Example

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Year NitrogenContent(kgN/1000L)

2010 8.4

2011 7.2

2012 9.8

2013 6.2

Average 7.9±1.6

2014 9.2

Results

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Manure Type Rotation Pre-application During application

N limited P limited N limited P limited —————————$ ha-1———————

Swine Slurry Corn-Soybean $19.94 $22.09 $3.38 $22.07

Corn-Corn $30.66 $10.62 $8.37 $10.62

Layer Manure Corn-Soybean $32.66 $14.37 $9.92 $14.37

Corn-Corn $50.04 $6.78 $20.45 $6.78

Dairy Slurry Corn-Soybean $29.72 $9.82 $27.44 $9.82

Corn-Corn $67.83 $4.93 $50.46 $4.93

Beef Feedlot Scrapings (Earthen Lot)

Corn-Soybean $31.54 $7.13 $13.94 $7.13

Corn-Corn $50.20 $3.72 $27.48 $3.72

PreversusDuringSampling

Comparison:BusinessasUsual

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VersusAddingNutrientSepara0on

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ManureApplica0onCosts•  ApplicaEoncostsafuncEonof:

– ManureapplicaEonrate– Manuretransportdistance

–  DistanceSurchargeof$0.01perkgmanureperkmtransported

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y=0.1456x-0.33R²=0.9935

y=0.011x-0.138R²=0.9387

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0 30000 60000 90000 120000

Appli

catio

nCost($/L)

ApplicationRate(L/ha)

Injection

Broadcast

DevelopedSpreadsheetToolforCalcula0onsToolletsuserinput:

Animaltype(currentlyswineordairy)NumberofAnimalsSeparaEonefficiencyNutrientapplicaEonrates

Modeloutputs:

AmountoflandneededEsEmatedmanureapplicaEoncostswithandwithoutseparaEonTellsuserpricesavedin$/L

*Costtotreathastobelessthanmoneysavedtobeeconomicallyfeasible

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ExampleofOutput

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0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0 20 40 60 80 100

Land

App

licationCo

st

($/L)

%ofManureNutrientsinSpecifiedVolume

In1%In5%In10%In20%

Swine finishing operation 4000 head with deep pit storage Nitrogen limited application

Sowouldanyexis0ngtechnologieswork?

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•  Evaluatetwotypesofseparators–  screwpress&decanEngcentrifuge

•  SeparatorcapitolandoperaEngcostsfromMolleretal.(2000)

•  SeparatorperformancefromHjorthetal.(2010)

0.00000

0.00100

0.00200

0.00300

0.00400

0.00500

0.00600

0 25,000,000 50,000,000 75,000,000 100,000,000

Man

ureTreatm

entCo

st($

/L)

VolumeofManureTreatedAnnually(L)

ScrewPress

DecanterCentrifugePerformance: Screw Press Volume11% Nitrogen 15% Phosphorus 17% Decanting Centrifuge Volume14% Nitrogen 16% Phosphorus 71%

Sowouldanyexis0ngtechnologieswork?

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•  NocasesinvesEgatedwereeffecEve(upto25,000headofswineand5,000headdairycanle)whenmanureapplicaEonwasnitrogenlimited

•  DecanEngcentrifugecosteffecEveforswinefarmslargerthan12,000headanddairieslargerthan1,000headapplyingataphosphoruslimitedrate

•  Resultsareverymuchdependentonactualmanuretransportdistancesandseparatorefficiency

Manure&FarmOdors

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•  LocaEon,locaEon,locaEon

•  Whatlevelofodorisacceptable

•  Neighborsbackgroundandviewofagriculture

•  Arewetellingourfarmstory

ISUAirManagementPrac0cesTool

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http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/ampat/

ISUAirManagementPrac0cesTool

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Manure&FarmOdors

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Ques0onsandDiscussion

DanielAndersen,PhD,EITAg.andBiosystemsEngineeringDept.IowaStateUniversitydsa@iastate.eduthemanurescoop.blogspot.com@DrManure