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28/10/2013
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Environmental Assessment
?!
• How do we design a sustainable building?• How can we tell if our building is sustainable?• How does our design compare with others?• Can we trust the claims of others?
BREEAM
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
BREEAM
• BREEAM is an international standard for the environmental assessment of buildings – it is voluntary, in excess of building regulations and other legislation
• Originally launched 1990
BREEAM• A set of sustainable design objectives in 9-10
key areas, with specific targets• Available on-line (link shown later >>)
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BREEAM aimsto:• Mitigate impacts of buildings on environment• Enable buildings to be recognised according
to their environmental benefits• Provide a credible environmental label for
buildings• Stimulate demand for sustainable buildings
BREEAM objectives 1
• Provide market recognition to low environmental impact buildings
• Ensure best environmental practice is incorporated in buildings
• Set criteria and standards surpassing those required by regulations and challenge the market to provide innovative solutions that minimise the environmental impact of buildings
BREEAM objectives 2
• Raise the awareness of owner, occupants, designers and operators of the benefits of buildings with a reduced impact on the environment
• Allow organisations to demonstrate progress towards corporate environmental objectives.
Criteria for issues to be considered in BREEAM• Issues for assessment are agreed to be significant,
and offer worthwhile reductions in environmental impact
• Issues must be assessable at the relevant stage in the building’s life
• Performance levels are based on scientific evidence wherever possible
• Performance levels must exceed the demands of law and regulations and encourage innovation
• Improvements encouraged by BREEAM are achievable
Credibility of BREEAM
• 115 000 buildings certified in UK• Over 700 000 homes and buildings
currently registered in UK for assessment
• Can be used anywhere in the world
Brief
• Assessment criteria 5: • Technical, energy and environmental strategies and
solutions will show an understanding of human comfort needs and local and global environmental impacts.
• Submission requirement for Phase II:• Environmental strategies, energy analysis data
environmental rating process, including your reflections on the implications of these for design
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Other systems:LEED
• US system, launched in 1998• Originally inspired by and based on BREEAM• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design • LEED is run by the US Green Building Certification
Institute (set up by USGBC)• USGBC has about 6500 paying members• Highest LEED rating is ‘Platinum’; others are Gold,
Silver and Certified • There is now a UK Green Building Council too
LEED
The USGBC, says that LEED was created to:• define "green building" by establishing a common
standard of measurement• promote integrated, whole-building design practices• recognize environmental leadership in the building
industry• stimulate green competition• raise consumer awareness of green building benefits• transform the building market.
How do BREEAM and LEED compare?
BREEAM• 115 000 buildings assessed in UK• Independent body (BRE)
regulates scheme• Professionals can train and
register as an assessor• ?Same building scores lower on
BREEAM – ie more difficult to get high score
• Greater focus on environmental impacts
• BREEAM International is tailored to suit local climate and regulations
LEED• 1500 buildings assessed• Membership based GBC regulates
scheme• Assessment is carried out within
USGBCI• ?Same building scores higher on
LEED – ie it is easier to get high score
• More importance given to occupant health
• LEED is based on US regulations and may not respond to local environmental issues
Other Environmental Assessment systems
• Australian Greenstar system - awards stars: Six Stars ****** is highest rating
• However, like LEED, compared to BREEAM Excellent, it does not represent such a good environmental performance
• CASBEE – Japanese system – run by the Japan GreenBuild Council and Japan Sustainable Building Consortium
Passivhaus standards for central Europe
- energy and comfort only• German and Swedish origin – Passivhaus Institute based in
Darmstadt, Germany• Started with houses, but now applicable to different building
types as well• Energy based assessment, using spreadsheet, with key targets:
- insulation U-value of 0.15W/m2K- max. air leakage at 50Pa ≤0.6V/hr- max. energy use of 15 kWh/m2/yr- max. primary energy ≤ 120kWh/m2/yr
• Passivhaus buildings often have no heating systems!
Many building types can be assessed
BREEAM schemes are available - scoped to suit the specific building types and, in the case of International BREEAM, the local regulations, climate etc
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BREEAM schemes
• BREEAM Other buildings• BREEAM Courts• BREEAM Education• BREEAM Communities• BREEAM Industrial• BREEAM International• BREEAM Healthcare• BREEAM Offices
+
• BREEAM Retail• BREEAM Prisons• BREEAM Multi-residential• BREEAM Data centres• Code for sustainable homes (replaced Ecohomes in
2007 for new housing)• BREEAM Ecohomes (still in use for refurbished
housing in England and new housing in Scotland)• Ecohomes XB (for stock profiling)• BREEAM Domestic refurbishment (under
development)
BREEAM in detail
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
Various types of project can be assessed
• New construction• Major refurbishment to existing buildings• A combination of new construction and
refurbishment• New construction or major refurbishment
which forms part of a larger mixed use building
• Existing building fit-out
Levels of achievement and points required
Outstanding ≥85Excellent ≥70Very good ≥55Good ≥45Pass ≥30
BREEAM
What categories would you include in an environmental assessment rating?
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Categories in BREEAM CSH
• Management• Health and well-being• Energy and CO2• Water• Materials• Waste• Ecology• Pollution• Surface water runoff
Credit weightings• The code gives different weightings to different
categories.• Would you rate some categories more highly than
others?
• Management• Health and well-being• Energy and CO2 emisions• Water• Waste• Ecology• Pollution• Materials• Surface water run off
Credits (by %) in BREEAM CSH
Category %• Management 10• Health and well-being 14• Energy and CO2 36• Water 9• Materials 7• Waste 6• Ecology 12• Pollution 3• Surface water runoff 2
Structure of each BREEAM issue
• Issue information• Aim• Assessment criteria
(including Exemplary Level Criteria, where applicable)
• Compliance notes –relating applicability to project type
• Schedule of evidence required
• Additional information
The Code for Sustainable Homes
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Code for Sustainable Homes
• A single national standard for sustainable homes – it was originally voluntary, but was made compulsory for social housing from May 2008
• All new homes (and most other homes when they are sold) now need an Energy Performance Certificate
The Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH)
• Government standard, launched December 2006• A set of sustainable design principles in 9 key areas• Builds on BREEAM EcoHomes standard – effectively
replacing it
Technical guide
current version:Nov 2010300 pages!
provides detailed information on how to do the assessment
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/code-for-sustainable-homes-technical-guidance
Stages in assessment process under the Code for Sustainable Homes
1 Design Stage
2 Post-construction stage
• Set of performance targets (in excess of the Building Regulations)
• Assessed at the level of the individual dwelling
• Certain minimum mandatory standards (for CO2, water, materials, Lifetime Homes, waste and surface water run-off) which must be achieved before even the lowest level of the Code can be met (indicated by (M) in the tables)
Rating system
• From one to six stars• Level One () - minimum standard• Level Six () = a ‘Zero-
Carbon home’
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Government targets2010 – Level 3 – (25% improvement* in CO2 ) now
in building regulations
2013 – Level 4 – 44% improvement over 2006 Regs or 25% DER over TER
2016 – Level 6 – ‘Zero Carbon’
* Reduction compared with part L of Building Regulations
Zero carbonNet carbon emissions resulting from allenergy used in the dwelling is zero.
Site wide and dwelling issues
• Site wide issues – features shared with all other dwellings on the site
• Shared issues – access to some common facility• Dwelling issues – related to the performance of the dwelling
itself
Weighted value of each creditEnergy (Ene)
credits• Dwelling emission rate (DER) (M) 10 >• Fabric energy efficiency (M) 9• Energy display devices 2• Drying space 1• Ecolabelled white goods 2• External lighting 2• Low/Zero carbon 2• Cycle storage 2 >• Home office 1 >
TOTAL 31
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Ene 1: Dwelling emission rate
• Credits range from 1 (for 10% improvement of DER over TER (Target Emissions Rate) to 14 (for 100% improvement) and 15 (for zero carbon)
• You can use the NHER program to create SAP ratings, to check performance against the energy ratings.
• Electrical energy for lights and appliances must be included.• The use of a proportion of renewable energy will help to reduce
the CO2 emissions
Ene 8 – Cycle storage requirements:
1 bed 1 cycle space2 and 3 bed 2 spaces4 bed 4 spaces
• Must be safe and weatherproof• Space req’d: 2m x 0.75m per bicycle
Storage space for cycles
Ene 9 – Home office
Provision of space and services for a home office:• Min 1.8m wall (to allow space for desk and shelving) • Window• Adequate ventilation• 2 No double sockets, • 2 tel sockets or broadband
Old EcoHomes standard: TransportTra3 – Local amenities
80% of development must be within walking distance of facilities:
• Within 500m of food shop and post box• Within 1000m of 5 of the following: postal facility,
bank/ cash machine, pharmacy, primary school, medical centre, leisure centre, community centre, public house, children’s play area, public park or village green
• Safe pedestrian routes to the local amenities
Water (Wat)• Indoor water use (M) 5• External water use 1
TOTAL 6
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Materials (Mat)• Environmental impact (M) 15• Responsible sourcing – basic elements 6• Responsible sourcing – finishing 3
TOTAL 24
table from The Green Guide to Specification – based on elemental analysis – ie comparing
whole roof or wall constructions – not individual materials
Surface water• Surface water run-off (M) 2• Flood risk 2
TOTAL 4
Waste• Storage (M) 4• Construction waste management 3• Composting 1
TOTAL 8
Pollution• GWP of insulants 1• NOx emissions 3
TOTAL 4
Health and well being• Daylighting 3 >• Sound insulation 4• Private space (1.5m2/b’rm) 1 >• Lifetime homes (M) 4
TOTAL 12
Hea1: Daylighting
According to BS8206:pt2, adequate daylight is:• 2% DF in the kitchen• 1.5% in Living rooms, Dining rooms and Studies• The view of the sky in Living rooms, Dining rooms
and Studies must be over 80% of the room at a height of 0.85m
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View of sky
At the no-sky line, that last visible patch of sky above the obstructions will just disappear when the window head is slighted through a point at working plane height
Old EcoHomes standard for Sunlight
Littlefair, PJ (1991) Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight. (BRE report BR209) BRE.
• In general, a dwelling or non-domestic building which has a particular requirement for sunlight, will appear reasonably sunlit provided that at least one main window faces within 90deg of Southand
• On this window wall, All points on a line 2m above GL are within 4m of a point from which no obstruction in the section at 90° to the wall, subtends an angle of more than 25°to the horizontal.
25°
2m
Hea3: Private space
Must be of a size that allows all occupants to sit outside
• 1.5 m2 per bedroom• Allow easy access to all occupants• Accessible only to occupants of designated dwellings
Old EcoHomes standardHea3 Private space
• Must be of a size that allows all occupants to sit outside:- 1.5m2 per bedspace- Minimum 3.0m2 per home- Allow easy access to all occupants- Be accessible only to occupants of the designated dwellings
Management
• Home user guide 3• Considerate constructors 2• Construction site impacts 2• Security 2
TOTAL 9
Ecology (Eco)
• Ecological value of site 1• Ecological enhancement 1• Protection of ecological features 1• Change in value 4• Building footprint (net to ground ratio) 2 >
TOTAL 9
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Eco 5: Building footprint
Floor Area (GFA): Footprint ratio > 3:1 for houses and 4:1 for flatsie:Gross internal floor area : Site area of development (parts with permanent foundations)
Gross Floor Area (GFA) is the area contained within the inner face of external wallsFootprint Area is the area enclosed within the external faces of all buildings on permanent foundations – ie including garages and outbuildings. (NB building on stilts will not reduce Footprint Area!)
Points required to achieve each code level
How does the code compare with other ratings?
• Passivhaus = code level 5
• CarbonLite standards (AECB scheme)- Silver = code level 4- Passivhaus = code level 5- Gold = code level 6
CarbonLite
CarbonLite• U-values = 0.15 W/m2K• Window:Floor ratio of 18-30%• MVHR• Refrigerative cooling systems (incl. reversible
heat pumps) not permitted• Heating system Gas, LPG, or Oil or earth-
source heat pump (wood chip discouraged in gas supply area)
• Glass area ≥ 16% of floor area
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BRE Innovations Park
BRE Innovations Park BRE Innovations Park
Stewart MilneSigma HomeNear zero-carbon
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‘Lighthouse’ – code level 6: ‘Zero Carbon
Lighthouse at BRE Innovations Park
MVHR
Mechanical Ventilation Heat Recovery unit
Stale air is extracted from wet rooms (bathrooms and kitchens) and fresh air enters living rooms and bedrooms
MVHR unit at BRE Innovations Park
Modular
Check and consider:• Spacing for daylighting and solar
access• Energy sources and systems• Water – sources, storage, • Construction methods and materials• Ways of living that reduce carbon
emissions
Spacing for daylighting
Consider the worst case – the ground floor units – and design for them ideally
Spacing for solar access
Student housing in Orestad, Copenhagen
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Note that the solar panels on this house are entirely shaded!
12:30 on 1 November
CSH – any misgivings about the system?
• Any misgivings?• Energy use based on modelling rather than actual
energy consumption!• Some credits seem quite easy to achieve – eg,
daylight requirements are not that onerous
How might the Code for Sustainable Homes be improved in future?
• ?• Change the weightings?• On-site food production?
productive gardenunproductive garden
highly productive garden!
heat and energy from waste – which can later be used as compost
Michael Pawlyn
… if we are to reduce carbon emissions by 80%, then we need to radically re-think everything we do…
R&Sie(n)[AR Oct 09]
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Masterplan intercrit - Friday
• Half hour per team total including comments• Models, paper drawings and digital • In Crit Space• Start loading your work at 09:00• All work to be in place by 09:30 at the latest• Crits start at 10:00 sharp!
• Remember you must identify your building and have sketch ideas for how it will work, in plan and section, internally/externally within the masterplan