Environmental and socio-economic aspect study on Rangamati ( Kaptai lake & surrounding area)

7/21/2019 Environmental and socio-economic aspect study on Rangamati ( Kaptai lake & surrounding area)

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Environmental and socio-economic aspectstudy on

Rangamati ( Kaptai lake surrounding area)

Department of Environmental Sciences

Jahangirnagar University

Savar, Dhaka-1342



Content

Chapter :1 ( Introduction) Page

1.1: Rangamati District………………………………………………. . …………….. ……. 1

1.2: Objectives of the field tour……………………………………………………………… ... 1

Chapter : 2 ( Industries visited)

2.1: Plywood……………………………………………………………………………. …… .. 1

2.2: Uses of plywood……………………………………………………………………. …. ......2

2.3: Flow chart of Bangladesh Timber Plywood Indesteries…………………………… ……… 32.4: Environmental issues of Bangladesh Timber and plywood Industry…………………… .....4

2.5: Health and Safety issues of Timber and plywood Industry………………………………… 5

2.6: Flow chart of BFIDC ( Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation)………… 6

2.7: Environmental issues of Bangladesh Forestry Industry Dev elopment Corporation……….. 6

2.8: Health and Safety issues of Bangladesh Forestry Industry Development Corporation ……. .6

2.9: Karnaphuli Paper Mills……………………………………………………….……………..7

2.10: Flow chart of Karnaphuli Paper Mills……………………………………………………...9

2.11 :Environmental issues of Karnaphuli Paper Mills………………………………………..…10

2.12:Health issues of Karnaphuli Paper Mills……………………………………………….......10

Chapter: 3 ( Kaptai lake & Dam)

3.1: Kaptai Lake…………………………………………………………………………………10

3.2: Fishes of Kaptai lake…………………………………………………………………….…..11

3.3: Problems of Kaptai Lake……………………………………………………………………12



3.5: Kaptai Dam………………………………………………………………………………….12

3.6: History of Kaptai Dam………………………………………………………………………12

3.7: Advantages & negative impacts of Kaptai Dam…………………………………………....14

Chapter four: Field Survey

4.1: Socio- economic condition of local community in Kaptai region…………………………15

4.2: Environmental Condition of industry in Kaptai region Findings…………………………16

4.3: Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….16

## References …………………………………………………………………………………17

List of figure

Figure1: Bangladesh Timber plywood Industries Co. LTD ………………………………….2

Figure2: Observation of water pollution from plywood industry ……………………………………4

Figure3: People working with out mask in industries………………………………………5

Figure4:Raw material carried for KPM …………………………………………………….8 Figure5: Kaptai lake………………………………………………………………………..11

List of flow chart

Flow chart(1) of Bangladesh Timber Plywood Indesteries ………………………………....3

Flow chart(2) of BFIDC (Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation )………..6

Flow chart(3) of Karnaphuli Paper Mills ……………………………………………………9



Chapter : 1

1.1: Rangamati District:

Rangamati is a district in South-eastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division

Rangamati District (CHITTAGONG division) with an area of 6116.13 sq km, is bounded by the

Tripura State of India on the north, BANDARBAN district on the south, Mizoram State of India and

Chin State of Myanmar on the east, KHAGRACHHARI and CHITTAGONG districts on the west.

Annual average temperature: maximum 34.6°C, minimum 13.4°C; annual rainfall 3031

mm. Rivers are KARNAFULI , Thega, Horina, Kassalong, Shublang, Chingri, Rainkhiang and

Kaptai.

1.2: Objectives of the field tour:

In Kaptai lake & surrounding area we have also some objectives . The main objectives are given

below:-

1. Observe the hilly region environment .

2. observation of the flora and fauna of the field areas.

3. To see the lake environment.

4. Awareness create among people.

5. Observe the livelihood patter of the study area.

Chapter : 2

Industries visited

2.1: Plywood:

Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that areglued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one

another. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured boards which

includes medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and particle board (chipboard).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Division


http://www.bpedia.org/C_0213.php



http://www.bpedia.org/B_0101.php



http://www.bpedia.org/K_0146.php









https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_veneer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_wood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_board

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_board

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_wood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_veneer













2.2: Uses of plywood:

Floors, walls and roofs in home constructions

Wind bracing panels

Vehicle internal body work

Packages and boxes

Fencing

We visited Bangladesh Timber plywood Industries Co. LTD

Figure1: Bangladesh Timber plywood Industries Co. LTD



2.3: Flow chart(1) of Bangladesh Timber Plywood Indesteries

Raw materials (soft wooded tree )

↓

Leath filling (debarking)

↓

Cutter/ vener core

↓

Seizoning

↓

Glue spider (resin, glue, borax, liker ammonia are used)

↓

Hot press

↓

Carbite saw

↓

Belt sander

↓

Final Product

Figure: Flow chart of Bangladesh Timber Plywood Indesteries

2.4: Environmental issues of Bangladesh Timber and plywood Industry



Air pollution from plywood industry:

Chemical emissions of process chemical

Process air pollution from drying of wood and application of glue

Water pollution from plywood industry:

Timber got rotten during transportation so it having a effect on the DO level of the water is

decreasing.Which is harmful for the aquatic lives remaining in the water.

Figure2: Observation of water pollution from plywood industry

Noise Pollution from plywood industry:

Operation of the peeling machine

Operation of generators

Deforestation:

Timber and plywood industries are totally depending upon the woods and timbers.So huge

amount of trees cutting down. The main causes of deforestation is cutting down of trees.



2.5: Health and Safety issues of Timber and plywood Industry :

When cutting down of timbers huge amount of saw-dust are spread.The workers did not use any

safety masks. So they are directly affected by the dusts and causes respiratory problem.

Figure3: People working with out mask in industries



2.6: Flow chart(2) of BFIDC (Bangladesh Forest Industries Development

Corporation )

Raw wood

↓

Cutting(In saw mill)

↓

Chemical Treatment (Borax+ Boric+Water)

↓

Scanning Chamber

↓

Treated wood

Figure: Flow chart of BFIDC (Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation)

2.7: Environmental issues of Bangladesh Forestry Industry Development

Corporation:

This saw mill is Asia largest saw mill. So huge amount of wood need.Wood is mainly found

from forest.But So huge amount of trees cutting down. The main causes of deforestation is

cutting down of trees.

2.8: Health and Safety issues of Bangladesh Forestry Industry Development

Corporation:

Workers were not seen to use masks during working.So they are highly affected by respiratory

diseases for not usuing masks during work.



Figure: During work without using mask

2.9: Karnaphuli Paper Mills:

Karnaphuli Paper Mills is a Government-owned paper pulp and paper manufacturer

is Chittagong, Bangladesh. The factory is the largest paper producing factory in Bangladesh and

operates as a subsidiary of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation.

Karnafuli Paper Mills (KPM) established at Chandraghona, Chittagong in 1951 by the Pakistan

Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) at a cost of Rs 67.57 million. At that time, there

were 31 enterprises that produced hand-made paper in East Pakistan.

KPM fully recovered by 1991. It reached the capacity production level and could export to

foreign markets. That year, it had a workforce of 4,102 workers and office personnel. Its products consisted of writing, printing and typing papers, corrugated boards, wax-coated papers,

paper cones, gummed tapes, and bitumin paper. In 1990-91, the installed capacity of KPM was

33,000 tons and the budgeted production was 28,438 tons, while the actual production was

30,216 tons. At present, KPM is under the Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation.

Description:

Karnaphuli Paper Mills uses pulp obtained from fibrous raw materials, like bamboo, extractedfrom the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It also uses the pulp produced in the Sylhet Pulp and Paper

Mills as well as imported pulp. KPM has a sister concern, the Karnafuli Rayon and Chemicals

Ltd., and the two mills are built on shared premises covering 442 acres (1.79 km 2) of land. KPM

is managed by an executive director assisted by a general manager and the chiefs of nine

different departments, such as administration, engineering, production, marketing and accounts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Chemical_Industries_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_raw_materials&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_raw_materials&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Chemical_Industries_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation



The controlling authority lies with the Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation head office

and the enterprise board draws up plans and programs within the broad policy guidelines

provided by the corporation.

Figure4:Raw material carried for KPM



2.10: Flow chart(3) of Karnaphuli Paper Mills

Raw materials (mainly bamboo,also wood is used)↓

Chipping (3 cm)

↓

Chip washing to remove dust from chip↓

Chip storage for sort time in silo

↓

Digesting chips for 3 hours

↓

Washing (pulp is produced)

↓

Bleaching plant (black liquor is made into white liquor)

↓

Chlorination and oxidation (lignin is being separated)

↓

Stock preparation (fiber size is extended)

↓

Talcom powder is used to strengthen the fiber and dye is used to color the fiber

↓

Pulp (0.5%) and water (99.5%) separated

↓

Calendering to dry the paper

↓

Cutting the paper to bring it usable form

↓

Finally, distribution

Figure: Flow chart of Karnaphuli Paper Mills



2.11:Environmental issues of Karnaphuli Paper Mills:

In KPM black liquor is not properly treated, this liquor is very harmful for environmentas

well as water body.

In KPM waste water are not treated.This waste water is directly dumped into river.

2.12:Health issues of Karnaphuli Paper Mills :

The workers were not use safety masks.

Create noise pollution and vibration.

Chapter: 3

3.1: Kaptai Lake:

Kaptai Lake is one of the most important freshwater body which is the largest man-made

freshwater resource in the South-East Asia as well as in Bangladesh. The Kaptai Lake was

created by damming the river Karnaphuli near Kaptai of Rangamati district in 1961. This lake

was primarily created for hydro-electrical power generation.

It contributes to produce significant quantity of freshwater fishes, navigation, flood control and

agriculture, etc. The reservoir was created by damming the river karnafuli.



Figure5: Kaptai lake

Physical structure:

Kaptai Lake has ‘H’ shaped structure and two arms of this lake is joined near Shuvalong which

is a part of Karnaphuli river. Total surface area of Kaptai Lake is 68,800 hectare and average

water depth is about 9 meters with maximum depth of 32 meters. The shoreline and basin of thiswater body are very irregular.

Geological feature:

The lower part of Kaptai Lake, in and around the Kaptai-Rangamati region (i.e Kaptai Syncline),

is composed mainly of yellowish brown, fine to medium grained, massive to cross-bedded

sandstone with alternating shale and silty shale (Tipam Sandstone Formation) and the upper part

is featured by yellowish brown, fine to medium grained, subangular to sub-rounded, moderately

to poorly sorted, massive to thick-bedded and occasionally cross-bedded sandstone with quartz

granules, pebbles, clay galls and contains well preserved leaf impressions (Dupi Tila Formation).

3.2: Fishes of Kaptai lake:



The Kaptai Lake continues to serve as a good and important source for fish production.

Commercial exploitation of fish from Kaptai Lake started in 1965.

Major fishes:

Rui, Carla, Mrigel, Black Rohu, Chital, Cat fish, Tilapia, Baim , Boal , Aiye, Gonia, Shol/Gazar ,

Shingi/Magur , Pholi, Bacha, Tengra/Pabda , Baim, Chapila, Grass carp , Silver carp , Kachki etc

Fish harvested from Kaptai lake meets local demand and also supplied to other parts

of the Bangladesh.

3.3: Problems of Kaptai Lake:

At present Kaptai Lake is suffering from many problems. Fertilizers and pesticides used in lake

adjacent crop fields polluting lake water. Again, water level become reduced much than previous

years.

People living around the lake depends on the lake water for drinking, cooking, washing and

breathing. Local fishermen also caught fish in this lake. To get more and sustainable production,

proper and scientific management system need to be introduced for this lake. Also government

and associated authorities should take immediate steps to make a good solution of existing

problems of the lake.

3.5: Kaptai Dam:

Kaptai dam is the one and only dam of Bangladesh that is used to generate hydro-electric

power. The only hydropower plant in the country is located at kaptai, about 50 km from the port

city of chittagong. This plant was constructed in 1962 as part of the 'Karnafuli Multipurpose

Project', and is one of the biggest water resources development project of Bangladesh. The water

storage capacity of the Kaptai dam is 11000 km 2.

3.6: History of Kaptai Dam:

In 1962, the the dam, spillway, penstock and two units of powerhouses were built. Each of the

powerhouses was capable of generating 40MW of electricity. In November 1981 another 50MW

generating unit was completed. In October 1988 the 4th and 5th generating units were installed



which raised the total generation capacity to 230MW. The total cost of Unit 1, Unit 2 and a part

of Unit 3 was Rs. 503 million and the total cost of extension was Tk. 1,900 million. The

spillways was constructed on the left side of the main dam. The 16 gated (each 12.2 m X 11.3 m)

spillway have discharge capacity of 625000 cusec. The construction of these system (dam,

spillways and others) required to excavate 113400 cubic m. The dead storage at 23.16m above

MSL is 1.18 million ac-ft. Flood storage capacity is 0.83 million ac-ft.

Power generation

The project was inaugurated in early 1962, with two of its three planned generators putting 80

MW of electricity into the national power grid. The third generator of 50 MW started power

generation in January 1982. A feasibility study revealed that the reservoir had a 25% higher

capacity than what was originally computed. The operating data also revealed a higher value of

inflow than had initially been calculated. In order to exploit this additional potential, two more

generators having 50 MW capacity each was installed in 1988.

The power available from this dam has accelerated the establishment and expansion of industries

in Bangladesh and has resulted in an appreciable saving in foreign exchange required for the

import of manufactured goods. The power generated also permits pumping of water to achieve

widespread irrigation and drainage. The reservoir storage designed to prevent serious flood has

already saved the city of Chittagong from severe damage. Fishing in Kaptai reservoir annually

produces more than 7,000 tons of freshwater fish. Right above the dam there is the unending

vista of a smooth sheet of water up to all conceivable corners of chittagong hill tracts made

negotiable by launches, boats and other craft to the farthest Barkal rapids to the east and

Kasalong forest reserves to the north, past rangamati. At Kaptai, all floating cargoes are

transported across the dam by electric overhead trolleys.

Kaptai dam can reduce the downstream flood peak in the Karnafuli river by 50% by storing

water in the reservoir. Kaptai dam is 670.56m long and 45.7m high. The width at the foundation

level is 45.7m and at crest level 7.6m. The crest level is 36m above mean sea level (MSL).



The 11000 km2 catchment area of the reservoir of the Kaptai dam claims 220 km2 of cultivable

land of which 40% cultivable land in this area and displace 18000 families submerging a total of

655 km 2.

3.7: Advantages of Kaptai Dam:

Hydropower

Flood control

Irrigation

Drainage

Navigation

Enhance forest resources harvesting

Negative impacts of Kaptai Dam:

Blocks fish migration

Releases greenhouse gases

Disrupts water & sediment flow

Displacement of local communities due to submergence problem.



Chapter four: Field Survey

4.1: Socio-economic condition of local community in Kaptai region .

We conducted a local survey in the Kapairegion .we find some information about theirsocioeconomic condition.

Our findings or the survey are given below:

Educational status: Most of them are under S.S.C. , about 3% are graduate. women are

deprived from education.

Profession: Most of the people are day labour. Most of the women are house wife and also

work as day labour at industry .

Income: averagely 5000- 8000 tk per month by a day labour.

Family member: averagely 4-6 person per family.

Accommodation: Many day labour live in a rented house on the hillocks. Local people live in

their own house.

Drinking water: they use lake and tube well water as drinking water. And use lake water for

cooking.

Electricity facility: Most of them are enjoying electricity facility as there is the country’s

largest hydropower project is running.

Sanitation system: they use hanging toilet and this is not hygienic.

Sewerage system: This is not hygienic .

Diseases: They often suffer from malaria, diarrhea, viral fever, some skin diseases. Amongthem malaria is a common.

Wild life: Here monkies, elephant , pig ,deer, fox and different wild animl are available. This

area is rich in wild life.



Pollution: As this is a good vegetation area, this area is less polluted.

4.2: Environmental Condition of industry in Kaptai region Findings:

This area is highly vegetated area . In this area Segun, kodo,m, Gamari, Chapalish, Chatim ,

Bamboo are available. Segun were planted artificially by British Govt. Based on this trees

Karnaphuli paper mill (KPM), various saw mill , ply wood industry are run. These industries

use different chemical which may be harmful for worker if safety measures are not properly

followed. And these industries produce small smoke but since this is a forest area this smoke

can’t reach in pollution level.

4.3:Conclusion:

The present status of Rangamati region is totally have a bad impact on development in this

region because of conflict. Government should take proper step for this conflict. The natural

beauty, tribal life, diverse flora and fauna has made Kaptai lake and surrounding area an

exquisite eco-tourism destination of Kaptai is a beautiful place for visit. Traveler will discover

the full of natural beauties in Kaptai lake and surrounding area. The natural beauty of the Kaptai

lake and we will focus on this to the world through developing website and to bring peace in the

hills, when peace come in the Hills then the tourists will get more attraction about the Kaptai

lake. If govt. take proper planning for tourism;this area will be number one tourist spot in our

country.



References: http://bangladeshrbanglakotha.blogspot.com/2013/03/kaptai-lake.html

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kaptai_Lake

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptai_Dam http://mirrorofbd2012.blogspot.com/2012/06/kaptai-dam-karnafuli-hydro-

power.html#.VlcZxHYrLIU

http://civil-engg-world.blogspot.com/2012/03/kaptai-dam-is-one-and-only-dam-of.html

http://wreforum.org/muneer/blog/5445

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaphuli_Paper_Mills

http://bangladeshrbanglakotha.blogspot.com/2013/03/kaptai-lake.html




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptai_Dam


http://mirrorofbd2012.blogspot.com/2012/06/kaptai-dam-karnafuli-hydro-power.html#.VlcZxHYrLIU



















Documents

Environmental and socio-economic aspect study on Rangamati ( Kaptai lake & surrounding area)