ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR …€¦ · BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BOP Blow-out preventer CA Competent Authority CaCl2 Calcium Chloride CaO Lime CBD Central Business

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR

ADDITIONAL EXPLORATION

DRILLING AND ASSOCIATED

ACTIVITIES IN BLOCK 11B/12B

OFF THE SOUTH COAST OF

SOUTH AFRICA

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

Block 11B/12B

Prepared for: TOTAL E & P South Africa B.V.

PASA Ref: TBC

SLR Project No. 720.20047.00005

Report No 1

Revision No. 0

June 2020

TOTAL E & P South Africa B.V. SLR Project No. 720.20047.00005 ESIA for Additional Exploration Activities in Block 11B/12B: Draft Scoping Report June 2020

i

DOCUMENT INFORMATION

Title Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Proposed Additional Exploration Drilling and

Associated Activities in Block 11B/12B off the South Coast of South Africa: Draft Scoping

Report

Project Manager Jessica Hughes

Project Manager E-mail [email protected]

Authors Jessica Hughes and Eloise Costandius

Reviewer Jonathan Crowther and Jeremy Blood

Keywords offshore, exploration, drilling, 11B/12B

Status Draft

DEFF Reference N/A

PASA/DMRE Reference PASA/DMRE Ref

Report No. Report No 1

SLR Company SLR Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd

DOCUMENT REVISION RECORD

Rev No. Issue Date Description Issued By

A 17 June 2020 First draft issued for client review JH

B 19 June 2020 Final for public comment JH

BASIS OF REPORT

This document has been prepared by an SLR Group company with reasonable skill, care and diligence, and taking account of the manpower, timescales

and resources devoted to it by agreement with TOTAL E & P South Africa B.V. (the Client) as part or all of the services it has been appointed by the Client

to carry out. It is subject to the terms and conditions of that appointment.

SLR shall not be liable for the use of or reliance on any information, advice, recommendations and opinions in this document for any purpose by any person

other than the Client. Reliance may be granted to a third party only in the event that SLR and the third party have executed a reliance agreement or

collateral warranty.

Information reported herein may be based on the interpretation of public domain data collected by SLR, and/or information supplied by the Client and/or

its other advisors and associates. These data have been accepted in good faith as being accurate and valid.

SLR disclaims any responsibility to the Client and others in respect of any matters outside the agreed scope of the work.

The copyright and intellectual property in all drawings, reports, specifications, bills of quantities, calculations and other information set out in this report

remain vested in SLR unless the terms of appointment state otherwise.

This document may contain information of a specialised and/or highly technical nature and the Client is advised to seek clarification on any elements which

may be unclear to it.

Information, advice, recommendations and opinions in this document should only be relied upon in the context of the whole document and any documents

referenced explicitly herein and should then only be used within the context of the appointment.


xxvi

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... II

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Project Background and Location ........................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Purpose of this Report ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Opportunity to Comment .................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Structure of this Report ....................................................................................................................... 4

2 ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................. 5

2.1 South African Institutional and Administrative Framework ................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Petroleum Agency of South Africa (PASA).................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.3 Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF) ...................................................................................................... 5 2.1.4 South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) .................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.5 South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.6 Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 South African Legislation...................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), 1998 .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Guidelines for ESIA Process ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.4 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA), 2002 ....................................................................................... 9 2.2.5 National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (NEM: AQA), 2004 ............................................................................. 10 2.2.6 National Environmental Management: Waste Act (NEM: WA), 2008 ...................................................................................... 10 2.2.7 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (NEM: PAA), 2003 ..................................................................... 11 2.2.8 National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA), 1999 ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.9 Other Laws and Policies Relevant to Oil and Gas Exploration .................................................................................................. 11 2.3 International Laws and Conventions .................................................................................................. 14

2.4 TEPSA’s Standards and HSE Policy ..................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 Project Standards for Exploration Activities ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 General Specifications for ESIAs ................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.4.3 HSE Policies and Social Commitments ....................................................................................................................................... 18 3 ESIA APPROACH AND PROCESS ............................................................................................... 20

3.1 Details of the ESIA Project Team ........................................................................................................ 20 3.2 ESIA Assumptions and Limitations ..................................................................................................... 21

3.3 ESIA Process ....................................................................................................................................... 22 3.3.1 Scoping Phase .............................................................................................................................................................................. 22 3.3.2 ESIA Phase .................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 3.4 Management of Change .................................................................................................................... 29

4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS ............................................................................................ 31

4.1 Principles ............................................................................................................................................ 31

4.2 Scoping Phase .................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.1 Identification of I&APs ................................................................................................................................................................. 31 4.2.2 Participation and Disclosure Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 32 4.3 ESIA Phase .......................................................................................................................................... 34

5 POLICY, NEED AND DESIRABILITY ............................................................................................ 35

5.1 National Policy and Planning Frameworks ......................................................................................... 35 5.1.1 White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (1998) .............................................................................. 35 5.1.2 New Growth Path (2011) ............................................................................................................................................................ 35 5.1.3 National Development Plan 2030 (2013) ................................................................................................................................... 36 5.1.4 Draft Integrated Energy Plan (2013)........................................................................................................................................... 36 5.1.5 Operation Phakisa (2014) ............................................................................................................................................................ 37 5.1.6 Integrated Resources Plan (2019) .............................................................................................................................................. 37 5.2 Provincial and Local Policy and Planning Frameworks ....................................................................... 38 5.2.1 Western Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework (2014).......................................................................................... 38 5.2.2 Eastern Cape Vision 2030 Provincial Development Plan (2014) ............................................................................................... 38 5.3 Consistency with Policy and Planning Context ................................................................................... 39


xxvii

5.4 Consistency with NEMA Principles ..................................................................................................... 39 5.5 Securing Ecological Sustainable Development and Use of Natural Resources ................................... 42

5.6 Promoting Justifiable Economic and Social Development ................................................................. 42

6 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................... 43

6.1 Licence Block Details and Exploration Right Holders ......................................................................... 43

6.2 Previous Approval for Exploration Activities ...................................................................................... 44

6.3 Overview Summary of Proposed Project ........................................................................................... 44

6.4 Proposed Exploration Activities ......................................................................................................... 45 6.4.1 Controlled Source Electro-Magnetic Survey .............................................................................................................................. 46 6.4.2 Metocean Buoy Mooring ............................................................................................................................................................ 48 6.4.3 Exploration Well Drilling .............................................................................................................................................................. 49 6.5 Project Alternatives ............................................................................................................................ 81

7 DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................... 82

7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 82

7.2 Areas of Influence .............................................................................................................................. 82

7.3 Physical Environment ......................................................................................................................... 84 7.3.1 Climate ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 7.3.2 Bathymetry and Sediments ......................................................................................................................................................... 86 7.3.3 Water Masses and Circulation .................................................................................................................................................... 90 7.3.4 Thermal Structure and Variability ............................................................................................................................................... 92 7.3.5 Winds and Swells ......................................................................................................................................................................... 93 7.3.6 Nutrient Distributions.................................................................................................................................................................. 94 7.3.7 Turbidity ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 7.3.8 Sedimentary Phosphates ............................................................................................................................................................ 96 7.4 Biological Oceanography.................................................................................................................... 98 7.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 98 7.4.2 Plankton ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 7.4.3 Benthic and Pelagic Invertebrate Habitats and Communities ................................................................................................ 101 7.4.4 Pelagic and Demersal Fish ......................................................................................................................................................... 112 7.4.5 Turtles ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 120 7.4.6 Sea Birds ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 123 7.4.7 Marine Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 125 7.5 Marine Protected Areas and Potential Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems .......................................... 141 7.5.1 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) ............................................................................................................................................... 141 7.5.2 Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) .............................................................................................................. 146 7.5.3 Hope Spots ................................................................................................................................................................................. 148 7.5.4 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) and Ramsar Sites ......................................................................................................................... 148 7.5.5 Coastal Sensitivity ...................................................................................................................................................................... 150 7.5.6 Nearshore Region ...................................................................................................................................................................... 150 7.6 Social environment .......................................................................................................................... 154 7.6.1 Regional Context........................................................................................................................................................................ 154 7.6.2 Human Rights ............................................................................................................................................................................. 160 7.6.3 Labour Rights ............................................................................................................................................................................. 161 7.6.4 Socioeconomic Profile of Mossel Bay ....................................................................................................................................... 161 7.6.5 Ports for Logistics Base .............................................................................................................................................................. 169 7.7 Fishing Sector Activities ................................................................................................................... 170 7.7.1 Demersal Trawl .......................................................................................................................................................................... 170 7.7.2 Small Pelagic Purse-Seine .......................................................................................................................................................... 173 7.7.3 Demersal Long-Line ................................................................................................................................................................... 175 7.7.4 Pelagic Long-Line ....................................................................................................................................................................... 178 7.7.5 Traditional Line Fish ................................................................................................................................................................... 181 7.7.6 South Coast Rock Lobster ......................................................................................................................................................... 182 7.7.7 Squid Jig...................................................................................................................................................................................... 184 7.7.8 Mid-Water Trawl ....................................................................................................................................................................... 186 7.7.9 Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................................................................... 188 7.7.10 Summary of Fishing Activities in Project Area ......................................................................................................................... 190 7.8 Offshore Marine and Coastal Infrastructure and Activities .............................................................. 190 7.8.1 Marine Traffic and Transport .................................................................................................................................................... 190 7.8.2 Exploration, Production and Mining ......................................................................................................................................... 192 7.8.3 Anthropogenic Marine Hazards ................................................................................................................................................ 195


xxviii

7.9 Archaeological and Cultural Sites ..................................................................................................... 197 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING AND KEY IMPACTS .............................................. 198

8.1 Environmental and Social Interaction Matrix ................................................................................... 198

8.2 Aspects and Impacts Register .......................................................................................................... 200

8.3 Key Environmental and Social Impacts ............................................................................................ 200 8.3.1 Impacts on Marine and Coastal Ecology .................................................................................................................................. 200 8.3.2 Impacts on Commercial Fisheries ............................................................................................................................................. 205 8.3.3 Impacts on Social Environment ................................................................................................................................................ 205 8.4 Summary of Key Impacts and preliminary Mitigation Measures ..................................................... 206

8.5 Preliminary Assessment of Project ALTERNATIVES .......................................................................... 207 9 PLAN OF STUDY FOR ESIA ..................................................................................................... 211

9.1 ESIA Tasks ........................................................................................................................................ 211

9.2 Specialist Studies to be Undertaken ................................................................................................ 213 9.2.1 General Terms of Reference for the Specialist Studies ........................................................................................................... 214 9.2.2 Drill Cuttings Modelling Study .................................................................................................................................................. 214 9.2.3 Oil Spill Modelling Study............................................................................................................................................................ 214 9.2.4 Underwater Noise Modelling Study ......................................................................................................................................... 215 9.2.5 Marine Ecology Impact Assessment ......................................................................................................................................... 215 9.2.6 Commercial Fisheries Impact Assessment ............................................................................................................................... 215 9.2.7 Social Impact Assessment ......................................................................................................................................................... 216 9.3 Impact Assessment Methodology .................................................................................................... 216 9.3.1 Approach to Impact Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 216 9.3.2 Definitions of Impact Types and Criteria Used ........................................................................................................................ 218 9.3.3 Determination of Sensitivity ..................................................................................................................................................... 220 9.3.4 Determination of Magnitude (Consequence) .......................................................................................................................... 222 9.3.5 Determination of Impact Significance ...................................................................................................................................... 224 9.3.6 Additional Assessment Criteria ................................................................................................................................................. 225 9.3.7 Implement the Mitigation Hierarchy ........................................................................................................................................ 226 10 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 228

APPENDICESAPPENDICESAPPENDICESAPPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: EAP UNDERTAKING

APPENDIX 2: CVS OF ESIA PROJECT TEAM

APPENDIX 3: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS

APPENDIX 4: DEFF SCREENING TOOL REPORT

LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF TABLESTABLESTABLESTABLES

Table 2-1: List of applicable activities in terms of Listing Notice 1 and 2 (as amended) .................................. 8 Table 2-2: Guidelines relevant to the ESIA process ........................................................................................... 9 Table 2-3: Other applicable South African legislation ..................................................................................... 12 Table 2-4: Ratified international conventions and treaties............................................................................. 14 Table 3-1: Details of the ESIA project team and specialists. ........................................................................... 20 Table 3-2: Specialist assessments identified by the National Screening Tool ................................................. 24 Table 3-3: Requirements of a Scoping Report in terms of the EIA Regulations 2014 (as amended) .............. 26 Table 3-4: Management of change procedure ................................................................................................ 30 Table 5-1: Consideration of the NEMA Principles in relation to the proposed project .................................. 39 Table 6-1: Licence Block information .............................................................................................................. 43 Table 6-2: Structure of licence holding and shareholding of Block 11B/12B .................................................. 43 Table 6-3: Contact details of operator ............................................................................................................ 43 Table 6-4: Summary of key project components ............................................................................................ 44 Table 6-5: Summary of exploration activities and phases .............................................................................. 46 Table 6-6: Coordinates of proposed new drill area (WGS84) ......................................................................... 51


xxix

Table 6-7: Categories of materials used in Water-Based Mud, their functions and typical chemicals .......... 61 Table 6-8: Main chemicals used in a non-aqueous drilling fluid ..................................................................... 63 Table 6-9: Notional well design and estimated cutting volumes .................................................................... 67 Table 6-10: Estimated fuel consumption for drilling of one well, csem and mooring deployment.................. 73 Table 6-11: Estimated waste types ................................................................................................................... 78 Table 7-1: Potential VME species from the eastern Agulhas Bank and shelf edge ....................................... 106 Table 7-2: Important large migratory pelagic fish likely to occur in the offshore regions of the South

Coast and their conservation status ............................................................................................. 114 Table 7-3: Important demersal and pelagic linefish species along the inshore shallow water areas

along the south coast and their conservation status ................................................................... 118 Table 7-4: Chondrichthyan (shark, skate & ray) species occurring along the South Coast and their

conservation status ...................................................................................................................... 119 Table 7-5: Global and Regional Conservation Status of the turtles occurring off the South Coast .............. 121 Table 7-6: Breeding resident seabirds present along the South Coast and their conservation status ......... 123 Table 7-7: Pelagic seabirds common off Southern Africa and likely to occur in Block 11B/12B ................... 125 Table 7-8: Cetaceans occurrence off the South Coast of South Africa, their seasonality, likely

encounter frequency with proposed exploration activities and South African and global IUCN Red List conservation status ................................................................................................ 127

Table 7-9: Seasonality of baleen whales (mysticetes) in the broader project area ...................................... 135 Table 7-10: Marine Protected Areas along the South Coast between Agulhas and Port Elizabeth ................ 141 Table 7-11: List of Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) and their criteria listings, and Ramsar

status ............................................................................................................................................ 148 Table 7-12: Coastal administrative structures between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth ................................ 154 Table 7-13: Population size and density of coastal district municipalities ...................................................... 157 Table 7-14: Summary table of fisheries activity and predicted presence in Block 11B/12B ........................... 190 Table 8-1: Summary of project activities and grouped categories ............................................................... 199 Table 8-2: Environmental and social interaction matrix ............................................................................... 201 Table 8-3: Aspects and Impacts Register ....................................................................................................... 202 Table 8-4: Summary of key impacts and preliminary mitigation .................................................................. 206 Table 8-5: Summary of Project Alternatives ................................................................................................. 208 Table 9-1: Summary of plan of study requirements and location in the Scoping Report ............................. 211 Table 9-2: Sequential application of the mitigation hierarchy ...................................................................... 227 LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF FIGUREFIGUREFIGUREFIGURESSSS

Figure 1-1: Location of Licence Block 11B/12B off the South Coast of South Africa (South Outeniqua shown for reference) ........................................................................................................................ 3

Figure 3-1: Flow diagram showing the ESIA process. ....................................................................................... 23 Figure 6-1: Example of CSEM source (left) and receiver (right) ....................................................................... 47 Figure 6-2: Schematic of typical CSEM survey configuration showing towed source and seafloor

receivers ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 6-3: Typical metocean buoy mooring system and wave buoy with weather station ........................... 49 Figure 6-4: Outline of Block 11B/12B and the proposed new drill area in relation to the previously

approved drilling area and Brulpadda well .................................................................................... 50 Figure 6-5: Drilling unit types ........................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 6-6: Generalised components of the drilling unit and drill string ......................................................... 55 Figure 6-7: Simplified illustration of a mud circulating system ........................................................................ 56 Figure 6-8: Drilling mud circulates down the drill pipe .................................................................................... 57 Figure 6-9: Schematic of a typical subsea BOP stack ........................................................................................ 59 Figure 6-10: Tangent, horizontal or s-shaped drill trajectories .......................................................................... 64 Figure 6-11: Simplified view of well drilling stages ............................................................................................ 65 Figure 6-12: Drilling stages: (a) riserless drilling stage; and (b) risered drilling stage ........................................ 66 Figure 6-13: Schematic of a typical VSP arrangement ........................................................................................ 71


xxx

Figure 6-14: Schematic of a typical well testing arrangement ........................................................................... 72 Figure 6-15: Example of over-trawlable cap to be installed on well head on sea floor ..................................... 74 Figure 6-16: Example of an oil spill response limited capping stack .................................................................. 80 Figure 7-1: Areas of Influence during normal operations ................................................................................ 83 Figure 7-2: Historic rainfall and temperature monthly averages for Cape Agulhas (top), Cape St Francis

(middle) and Port Elizabeth (bottom) ............................................................................................ 85 Figure 7-3: Location, bathymetry and seabed features of the South Coast in relation to Block 11B/12B

(red outline) and proposed new drill area (green) ......................................................................... 87 Figure 7-4: Distribution of seabed substratum types along the South Coast in relation to Block

11B/12B (red polygon) and the proposed new drill area (blue polygon) (Adapted from Sink et al. 2019) ...................................................................................................................................... 89

Figure 7-5: Distribution of ecosystem types along the South Coast in relation to Block 11B/12B (red outline) and proposed new drill area (blue outline) (Adapted from Sink et al. 2019) ................... 89

Figure 7-6: The predominance of the warm Agulhas Current (red outline) in relation to Block 11B/12B ...... 90 Figure 7-7: The major physical processes and features associated with the South Coast in relation to

Block 11B/12B area (red outline) and the proposed new drill area (orange) ................................ 91 Figure 7-8: Wind roses offshore of Mossel Bay (35.0°S, 22.0°E) in winter (left) and summer (right) .............. 93 Figure 7-9: Benthic turbidity events on the eastern Agulhas Bank in April 1992 (bottom) and April

1999 (top) in relation to block 11B/12B (red outline) and proposed new drill area (orange) ....... 96 Figure 7-10: Phosphorite hard ground (left) and its distribution (light blue) on the South African

continental shelf (right) in relation to Block 11B/12B (red outline)............................................... 97 Figure 7-11: The inshore and offshore ecoregions of the South African coast in relation to Block

11B/12B (red outline) ..................................................................................................................... 98 Figure 7-12: Phytoplankton (left) and zooplankton (right), associated with upwelling cells on the edge

of the Agulhas Bank ...................................................................................................................... 100 Figure 7-13: Important fishing banks, seamounts, pelagic and demersal fish and squid spawning areas ...... 101 Figure 7-14: Ecosystem threat status for coastal and offshore benthic habitat types on the South

African South Coast in relation to Block 11B/12B (red outline) and proposed new drill area (blue) ............................................................................................................................................ 102

Figure 7-15: Examples of offshore benthic communities on reefs <50 m depth on the central Agulhas Bank (left) and sandy seabed (right) ............................................................................................ 105

Figure 7-16: Vulnerable sponge- and soft coral–dominated biota at 60 m depth on the Alphard Bank (left) and black coral at 130 m depth on the 72-Mile Bank source: from Sink et al. 2010 .......... 105

Figure 7-17: Sandy seabed with rocky outcrops characterising the F-O Field area ......................................... 108 Figure 7-18: Extent of the Agulhas inshore reef and hard ground habitat types (shown in black) in

relation to Block 11B/12B (red outline) ....................................................................................... 108 Figure 7-19: Diverse and unique reef assemblages, dominated by cauliflower soft coral occur on the

inshore reefs to 30 m depth off Port Elizabeth ............................................................................ 109 Figure 7-20: Diverse squid spawn in nearshore areas off the South Coast (left) and South Coast rock

lobster occur in deep water (right) .............................................................................................. 110 Figure 7-21: Distribution of the giant squid...................................................................................................... 112 Figure 7-22: Cape fur seal preying on a shoal of pilchards (left) and school of horse mackerel (right) ........... 113 Figure 7-23: Large migratory pelagic fish such as longfin tuna (left) and sailfish (right) occur in offshore

waters ........................................................................................................................................... 114 Figure 7-24: The great white shark (left) and the dusky shark (right) .............................................................. 114 Figure 7-25: Long-distance return migrations of two tracked great white sharks along the South African

coast in relation to Block 11B/12B (red outline) and proposed new drill area (orange) ............. 116 Figure 7-26: The Agulhas inshore and offshore reefs support a wide diversity of teleost species

including musselcracker (left) and red stumpnose (right) ........................................................... 118 Figure 7-27: Leatherback (left) and loggerhead turtles (right) occur along the South Coast of South

Africa ............................................................................................................................................ 120


xxxi

Figure 7-28: Migration corridors of loggerhead (top) and leatherback (bottom) turtles in the Southwestern Indian Ocean, showing Block 11B/12B ................................................................. 122

Figure 7-29: Typical diving seabirds on the South Coast are the Cape Gannets (left) and the flightless African Penguin (right) ................................................................................................................. 123

Figure 7-30: Distribution and movement of cetaceans in the Agulhas Bank area of South Africa collated between 2008 (mostly>2015) and January 2020 ......................................................................... 129

Figure 7-31: Predicted distributions for nine odontocete species off the South Coast of South Africa distribution in relation to Block 11B/12B (light blue outline) ...................................................... 130

Figure 7-32: The humpback whale (left) and the southern right whale (right) which migrate along the East Coast during winter .............................................................................................................. 131

Figure 7-33: The Bryde’s whale Balaenoptera brydei (left) and the minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis (right) ....................................................................................................................... 134

Figure 7-34: Sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus (left) and killer whales Orcinus orca (right) are toothed whales likely to be encountered in offshore waters ...................................................... 136

Figure 7-35: Odontocetes that occur on the South Coast include the bottlenose dolphin (left) and the indo-pacific humpback dolphin (right) ......................................................................................... 137

Figure 7-36: Colony of cape fur seals ................................................................................................................ 140 Figure 7-37: Marine Protected Areas and Important Bird Areas and location of seabird and seal

colonies in relation to Block 11B/12B (red outline) and proposed new drill area (orange) ........ 142 Figure 7-38: Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas on the South Coast in relation to Block

11B/12B (red outline) and proposed new drill area (pink shading) ............................................. 147 Figure 7-39: Proposed and confirmed coastal and marine IBAs in the Western and Eastern Cape in

relation to Block 11B/12B (red outline)and the proposed new drill area (green shading).......... 149 Figure 7-40: Spatial distribution of threatened coastal ecosystem types along the South Coast in

relation to Block 11B/12B (red outline) and proposed new drill area (orange shading) ............. 150 Figure 7-41: South Coast estuaries and their conservation status ................................................................... 153 Figure 7-42: Provincial and district administrative structures of the coast between Cape Town and Port

Elizabeth ....................................................................................................................................... 155 Figure 7-43: Administrative districts and key towns of the South Coast ......................................................... 156 Figure 7-44: Seasonal visitor numbers to Mossel Bay ...................................................................................... 164 Figure 7-45: Distribution of public services, retail, restaurants and public facilities in Mossel Bay ................ 166 Figure 7-46: Mossel Bay recreation map .......................................................................................................... 166 Figure 7-47: The national distribution of fishing effort of the inshore and offshore trawl sectors

targeting demersal fish species (2008-2016) ............................................................................... 171 Figure 7-48: Distribution of fishing effort of the inshore and offshore demersal trawl sectors (2008-

2016) ............................................................................................................................................. 172 Figure 7-49: Trawl gear typically used by demersal trawlers targeting hake ................................................... 172 Figure 7-50: Average monthly catch (hake) and effort (fishing hours) within Licence Block 11B/12B for

the demersal trawl fleet (2008 to 2016) ...................................................................................... 173 Figure 7-51: The national distribution of purse seine fishing effort targeting small pelagic species in the

South African EEZ (2000-2016) ..................................................................................................... 174 Figure 7-52: Distribution of the small pelagic purse-seine fishery in relation to Licence Block 11B/12B

(inshore of the proposed drilling area) (2000-2016) .................................................................... 174 Figure 7-53: Typical configuration and deployment of a small pelagic purse-seine for targeting anchovy

and sardine as used in South African waters ............................................................................... 175 Figure 7-54: The national distribution of fishing effort of the long-line sector targeting demersal fish

species in the South African EEZ (2000-2017) .............................................................................. 176 Figure 7-55: Spatial distribution of fishing effort expended by the long-line sector targeting demersal

fish species (2000-2017) ............................................................................................................... 177 Figure 7-56: Typical configuration of demersal (bottom-set) hake long-line gear........................................... 177 Figure 7-57: Average monthly catch (hake) and effort (number of hooks set) within Licence Block

11B/12B for the demersal long-line sector (2000 to 2017) ......................................................... 178


xxxii

Figure 7-58: The national distribution of fishing effort of the long-line sector targeting large pelagic fish species in the South African EEZ (2000-2016) .............................................................................. 179

Figure 7-59: Distribution of long-line fishing effort targeting large pelagic species (tuna, swordfish) in relation to Licence Block 11B/12B (2000-2014) ........................................................................... 179

Figure 7-60: Monthly variation of catch and effort recorded by the large pelagic long-line sector (average for 2000 – 2014) ............................................................................................................ 180

Figure 7-61: Typical pelagic long-line gear source ............................................................................................ 181 Figure 7-62: The national distribution of the line fishery sector in the South African EEZ (2000-2016) ......... 182 Figure 7-63: Approximate range and catch of traditional line and hake hand-line fisheries (2000-2016) ...... 182 Figure 7-64: The national distribution of fishing effort expended by the rock lobster trap fishery within

the South African EEZ (2007-2016) .............................................................................................. 183 Figure 7-65: Distribution of the South Coast rock lobster trap fishery (2007-2016) ....................................... 183 Figure 7-66: Average monthly catch and effort within Licence Block 11B/12B in relation to the total

landings by month for the South Coast rock lobster sector (2005/6 to 2015/6) ......................... 184 Figure 7-67: The national distribution of fishing effort of the squid jig fishery within the South African

EEZ (2012-2016) ........................................................................................................................... 185 Figure 7-68: Spatial distribution of catch taken by the squid jig fishery (2012-2015). .................................... 185 Figure 7-69: The national distribution of fishing effort of the mid-water trawl fishery targeting horse

mackerel within the South African EEZ (2000-2016).................................................................... 186 Figure 7-70: Distribution of fishing effort of the mid-water trawl ................................................................... 187 Figure 7-71: Typical configuration of mid-water trawl gear ............................................................................. 187 Figure 7-72: Proposed marine Aquaculture Development Zones (ADZs)......................................................... 189 Figure 7-73: The major shipping routes off the coast of South Africa showing Block 11B/12B ....................... 191 Figure 7-74: Safe shipping routes around the coast of South Africa showing Block 11B/12B ......................... 192 Figure 7-75: Petroleum licence blocks off the West, South and East Coasts of South Africa (after PASA,

2020) ............................................................................................................................................. 193 Figure 7-76: Schematic of location of manganese nodules off Southern Africa, showing petroleum

licence blocks including Block 11B/12B ........................................................................................ 194 Figure 7-77: National distribution of ammunition dump sites in relation to the Licence Block 11B/12B ....... 195 Figure 7-78: Existing African undersea cable systems (2019) .......................................................................... 196 Figure 9-1: ESIA Process (post-scoping phase) ............................................................................................... 212 Figure 9-2: Mitigation Hierarchy ..................................................................................................................... 227


xxxiii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Acronym / Abbreviation Definition

2D Two-dimensional

3D Three-dimensional

ACAP Agreement of the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels

ACEP African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme

ADZ Aquaculture Development Zone

AEL Atmospheric Emissions Licence

ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable

BAT Best Available Techniques

B&B Bed & Breakfast

BCC Benguela Current Commission

BHA Bottom Hole Assembly

BID Background Information Document

BOCP Blow-Out Contingency

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BOP Blow-out preventer

CA Competent Authority

CaCl2 Calcium Chloride

CaO Lime

CBD Central Business District

CH4 Methane

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

CMS Convention on Migratory Species

CO2 Carbon dioxide

COGSA Carriage of Goods by Sea Act

COLREGS Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972

CPUE Catch per Unit Effort

CR Critically Endangered

CSEM Controlled Source Electro-Magnetic Surveys

CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

DD Data Deficient

DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs

DEFF Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries

DMRE Department of Minerals Resource and Energy

DSR Draft Scoping Report

EA Environmental Authorization

EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner

EBSA Ecologically or Biologically Significant Area

EDS Emergency Disconnect System

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMPr Environmental Management Programme

EN Endangered

EOO Extent of Occurrence

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan


xxxiv


FSR Final Scoping Report

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GIIP Good International Industry Practice

GIS Geographic Information System

GN Government Notice

GTL Gas-to-Liquid

HABs Harmful Algal Bloom

HFO Heavy Fuel Oil

HRIA Human Rights Impact Assessment

HSE Health, Safety and Environment

HVAC Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

I&APs Interested and Affected Parties

IEM Integrated Environmental Management

IEP Draft Integrated Energy Plan

IBA Important Bird Area

ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

ICRP International Commission of Radiological Protection

IDP Integrated Development Plan

IFC International Finance Corporation

ILO International Labour Organisation

IMO International Maritime Organisation

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KCL Potassium Chloride

KZN KwaZulu Natal

LC Least Concern

LWD Logging While Drilling

MARISMA Marine Spatial and Governance Programme

MARPOL 73/78 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973

MGO Marine Gas Oil

MOC Management of Change

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

MPA Marine Protected Area

MPRDA Mineral and Petroleum Resource Development Act

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

Na2CO3 Soda Ash

NaCl Sodium Chloride

NADF Non-aqueous drilling fluid

NaHCO3 Sodium Bicarbonate

NaOH Caustic Soda

NDP National Development Plan

NE North East

NEMA National Environmental Management Act

NEM: AQA National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act

NEM: PAA National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act

NEM: WA National Environmental Management: Waste Act

NGO Non-Governmental Organization


xxxv


NGP New Growth Path

NHRA National Heritage Resources Act

NRF National Research Fund

NT Near Threatened

O&G Oil & Gas

OPRC Convention International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990

OSCP Oil Spill Contingency Plan

OSRL Oil Spill Response Limited

PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PASA Petroleum Agency of South Africa

PDP Provincial Development Plan

PIM Particulate Inorganic Matter

POM Particulate Organic Matter

PP Public Participation

PPP Public Participation Process

PSDF Provincial Spatial Development Framework

Q2 Second Quarter (of a year)

ROC Retention Of Cutting

ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle

SACNASP South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions

SAHRA South African Heritage Resource Agency

SAGERS South African Greenhouse Gas Emissions

SAN South African Navy

SAMSA South African Maritime Safety Authority

SBM Synthetic Based Mud

SBS Social Baseline Study

SDF Spatial Development Framework

SIA Social Impact Assessment

SLR SLR Environmental Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd

SMME Small and Medium Micro Enterprise

SOBM Synthetic Oil-Based Mud

SOLAS International Convection for the Safety of Life at Sea

SSDI SubSea Dispersion Injection Kit

SW South West

SWIO South Western Indian Ocean

TAC Total Allowable Catch

TEPSA TOTAL E & P South Africa B.V.

TNPA Transnet National Ports Authority

TSPM Total Suspended Particulate Matter

UN United Nations

UNCLOS United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, 1982

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

VMEs Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems

VSP Vertical Seismic Profiling

VU Vulnerable

WBM Water-based mud

WWC Wild Well Contain

WWF World Wide Fund for Nature


xxxvi

Unit of Measurement Definition

Ci Curries

cm centimetres

dB Decibel

Hz Hertz

kA Kiloampere

kg Kilogram

kHz Kilohertz

km Kilometre

km2 Square kilometres

Km/h Kilometres per hour

m Metres

m2 Square metres

m3 Cubic metre

MeV Electronvolt

mg/l Milligrams per litre

mg/ m3 Milligram per cubic metre

mm Millimetres

m/s Metres per second

mR/hr Milliroentgens per hour (unit of radiation)

nm Nautical mile (1 nm = 1.852 km)

pH Level of acid or base

ppm Parts per million

psi Per square inch (pressure)

µg Micrograms

µm Micrometre

μM/l Micromole per litre

µg/l Micrograms per litre

µPa Micro Pascal

°C Degrees Centigrade

~ Approximately

° Degree

% Percent

‰ Parts per thousand

< Less than

> Greater than

" Inch

Documents

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR …€¦ · BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BOP Blow-out preventer CA Competent Authority CaCl2 Calcium Chloride CaO Lime CBD Central Business