Ministry of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate

Africa Stockpiles Programme Project-Ethiopia

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

For a Pesticide Store to be constructed at Addis Ababa, Kality Area

December 2010Addis Ababa

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................... 1

A. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1

PREAMBLE............................................................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.A.1 CONTEXT AND JUSTIFICATION.....................................................................................................................1A.2 OBJECTIVES / PURPOSE OF THE ESIA..........................................................................................................1A.3 METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................................................1A.4 CONTENT OF THE ESIA REPORT..................................................................................................................1

B PROJECT DESCRIPTION...................................................................................................................... 1

B.1 CHOICE OF THE PROJECT SITE......................................................................................................................1B.2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION PROJECT.............................................................................................................1

B.2.1 General principles...............................................................................................................................1B.2.2 Design of the store...............................................................................................................................1B.2.3 The products to be stored and characteristics.....................................................................................1B.2.4 The security measures incorporated into the project..........................................................................1

B.2.4.1 Prevention of leakages and spills...................................................................................................................1B.2.4.2 Prevention of development of toxic fumes and flammable atmospheres......................................................1

C. POLITICAL, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK...........................................................1

C.1 POLITICAL FRAMEWORK..............................................................................................................................1C.2 LEGAL FRAME WORK...................................................................................................................................1

C.2.1 Environmental policy and laws...........................................................................................................1C.2.2 National regulations, proclamation and guidelines.............................................................................1

C.3 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES OF WORLD BANK...........................................................................................1

OP 4.01 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT........................................................................................................1

C.4 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK......................................................................................................................1C4.1 Pesticide management..........................................................................................................................1C.4.2 Environmental protection....................................................................................................................1

D DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE STORE CONSTRUCTION SURROUNDINGS.................1

D.1 OVERVIEW AREA OF INFLUENCE AND OF THE SITE......................................................................................1D.2 LOCATION AT KALITY.................................................................................................................................1D.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...........................................................................................................................1

CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY OF ADDIS ABABA............................................................................................1

D.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT........................................................................................................................1D.5 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT...............................................................................................................................1

E ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION AND EVALUATION OF ITS SENSITIVITY................................1

E.1 BIOPHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS.........................................................................................................................1E.2 CHANGES IN THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT THE PROJECT.......................................................1E.3 EVOLUTION OF HUMAN ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT THE PROJECT...................................................................1E.4 ECOLOGICAL INTEREST OF THE SITE............................................................................................................1E.5 SENSITIVITY OF THE SITE.............................................................................................................................1

F ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES...........................................................................................................1

G PUBLIC CONSULTATION..................................................................................................................... 1

G.1 APPROACH..................................................................................................................................................1G.2 PERCEPTIONS OF THE PROJECT BY THE PUBLIC AND APHRD STAFF...........................................................1G.3 PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS................................................................................................................................1G.4 THE APPREHENSION OF THE PUBLIC............................................................................................................1

H IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.....................................1

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H.1 THE POSITIVE IMPACTS................................................................................................................................1H.2 THE MAIN SOURCES OF IMPACTS.................................................................................................................1H.3 IMPACTS ON BIOPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK AND THE BIOLOGICAL AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENT......................1

H.3.1 Impacts resulting from pre construction and construction phases......................................................1H.3.1.1 Impacts on Flora and fauna...........................................................................................................................1H.3.1.2 Impacts on atmosphere and the human environment..................................................................................1H.3.1.3 Changes and impacts on water resources.....................................................................................................1H.3.1.4 Generation of waste related to construction on site.....................................................................................1H.3.1.5 Involuntary resettlement...............................................................................................................................1

H.3.2 Impact of operational phase................................................................................................................1H.3.2.1 Environmental and health impacts of storage of pesticides (risks of fire, explosion, accidental spillage)......1H. 3.2.2 Impacts of stocks management (production of obsolete pesticide).............................................................1H..3.2.3 Impacts of local transport of pesticides........................................................................................................1H..3.2.4 Impacts of accidental spills and leaks (characteristics of environmental contamination of products to be stored).......................................................................................................................................................................1H.3.2.5 Impacts of the generation of solid waste (container and )............................................................................1H. 3.2.6 Impacts of the generation of liquid waste....................................................................................................1H.3.2.7 Health impacts associated with the storage of pesticides (acute and chronic toxicity of products)..............1

CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................................1

I HAZARD STUDIES.................................................................................................................................. 1

I.1 REVIEW OF THE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES STORED (TOXICOLOGY)................................................................1I.2 REVIEW OF RISKS LINKED TO THE ENVIRONMENT (FLOOD, POPULATION UNREST, ACCIDENTS)....................1

J. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING.....1

J.1 MITIGATION MEASURES STORE CONSTRUCTION PHASE.................................................................................1J.1.1 Fauna and flora...................................................................................................................................1J.1.2 Atmosphere, human and biological media...........................................................................................1J.1.3 Production of construction wastes.......................................................................................................1J.1.4 Flooding...............................................................................................................................................1

J.2 MITIGATION MEASURES STORE OPERATIONAL PHASE...................................................................................1J.2.1 Procedure for tracking stock (supply, storage, inspection)..................................................................1

J.2.1.1 Supply.............................................................................................................................................................1J.2.1.2 Storage............................................................................................................................................................1J.2.1.3 Stocks Inspection............................................................................................................................................1

J.2.2 Precautions during transport...............................................................................................................1J.2.3 Safe destruction of empty containers (iron, plastic, paper or cardboard)............................................1J.2.4 Effluent management............................................................................................................................1J.2.5 Security arrangements (transport, storage, preparation).....................................................................1J.2.6 Safety means.........................................................................................................................................1

J.2.6.1 Hygiene and health protection equipment.....................................................................................................1J.2.6.2 Fire Safety Equipment.....................................................................................................................................1

J.2.7 Emergency (decontamination equipment, first aid, reaction in case of poisoning)..............................1J.3 SUPERVISION PROGRAM AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING.....................................................................1

J.3.1. Environmental supervision..................................................................................................................1J.3.1.1 Principles of supervision.................................................................................................................................1J.3.1.2 Implementation of the environmental monitoring.........................................................................................1

J.3.2 Environmental monitoring...................................................................................................................1J.4 INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES (CAPACITY BUILDING, POPULATION INFORMATION)...........................................1J.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EMP AND MONITORING.......................................................................................1

J.5.1. During the construction......................................................................................................................1J.5.2. During operation.................................................................................................................................1

J.6 BUDGET........................................................................................................................................................1

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................. 1

ANNEX........................................................................................................................................................ 1

ANNEX 1 PESTICIDE STORE DESIGN AND ALL DRAWINGS (SEE SEPARATE FILE)....................1

ANNEX 2 :FACT SHEETS ON PESTICIDES............................................................................................1

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ANNEX 3 : KALITY PESTICIDE CONSTRUCTION STORE SOIL STUDY (SEE SEPARATE FILE). .1

ANNEX 4 :OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES.......................................1

Tables

TABLE 1 : IDENTIFICATION MATRIX OF IMPACTS....................................................................................................1TABLEAU 2 : MATRIX FOR DETERMINING IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE...........................................................................................1TABLE 3 : CHARACTERISTICS OF PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR THE CONTROL OF MIGRATORY PESTS BY MINISTRY

OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................................1TABLE 4 : DISTINGUISHING CRITERIA OF THE MAPPING UNITS................................................................................1TABLE 5 : LIST OF MAPPING UNITS OF THE STUDY AREA........................................................................................1TABLE 6 : ADDIS ABABA WEATHER AVERAGES.....................................................................................................1TABLE 7 : AMBIENT GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY OF KALITY AREAS...................................................................1TABLE 8 : LIST OF IDENTIFIED PLANT SPECIES FOUND IN THE PREMISES OF MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

PESTICIDE STORE..........................................................................................................................................1TABLE 9 : BIOPHYSICAL COMPONENT VERSUS REFERENCE STATE.........................................................................1TABLE 10 : PREDICTION THE TRANSPORT OF PESTICIDES TOWARDS THE GROUNDWATER.......................................1TABLE 11 : CLASSIFICATION OF DEGRADABILITY IN SOIL (BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL

TRANSFORMATIONS)......................................................................................................................................1TABLE 12 : ALTERNATIVE SITES.............................................................................................................................1TABLE 13 : SELECTION CRITERIA............................................................................................................................1TABLE 14 : EVALUATION MATRIX FOR SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE SITE FOR PESTICIDE STORE CONSTRUCTION1TABLE 15 : MATRIX OF IMPACTS LINKED WITH THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES...............................................................1TABLE 16 : .MAJOR SOURCES OF IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT...........................................................1TABLE 17 : POTENTIAL ENVIRONNEMENTAL IMPACTS IN CONSTRUCTION PHASE....................................................1TABLE 18 : CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION OF PESTICIDES WHICH WILL BE STORED IN

CASE OF LEAKAGE OR ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE...............................................................................................1TABLE 19 : HEALTH IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE STORAGE OF PESTICIDES.....................................................1TABLE 20 : POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES..........................................1TABLE 21 : TOXICITY AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES TO BE STORED IN THE NEW PROPOSED STORE............1TABLE 22 : SUMMARY OF RISKS LINKED TO OPERATIONAL PHASE.........................................................................1TABLE 23 : MAXIMUM STACKING OF CONTAINERS ON TOP OF EACH OTHER...........................................................1TABLE 24 : MAJOR COMMITMENTS IN CONNECTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING.........................................1TABLE 25 : TRAINING NEEDS AND INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING......................................................................1TABLE 26 : ENVIRONNEMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................................................1TABLE 27 : BUDGET ESTIMATE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN WITH THE MAIN RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES........1

Figures

FIGURE 1 MAP OF KALITY AREA............................................................................................................................1FIGURE 2 LOCATION OF PROPOSED PESTICIDE STORE.............................................................................................1FIGURE 3 : LAND USE OF ANIMAL ¨PLANT HEALTH REGULATORY DIRECTORATE STORE SITE...............................1FIGURE 4 SOIL MAP OF THE NEW STORE AREA........................................................................................................1FIGURE 5 ADDIS ABABA CLIMATE GRAPH..............................................................................................................1FIGURE 6 LOCATION STORE FOR EMPTY CONTAINER MANAGEMENT.......................................................................1FIGURE 7 : PESTICIDE STORE MANAGEMENT...........................................................................................................1FIGURE 8 : MANAGEMENT OF EMPTY CONTAINER CRUSHING EQUIPMENT..............................................................1

Photos

PHOTO 1 : OPEN GRASSLAND WITH SCATTERED ACACIA TREES............................................................................1PHOTO 2 : A KNOWN MEDICINAL PLANT CALLED “ARMAGUSA” IN ETHIOPIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE - AJUGA

INTEGRIFOLIA.................................................................................................................................................1PHOTO 3 : A LARGE AREA OF GRASSLAND WITH HYPARRHENIA HIRTA DOMINANT AND ISOLATED ACACIA TREES.. .1

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PHOTO 4 : NATURAL VEGETATION AND PLANTED TREE OF CUPRESSUS LUSITANNICA ALONG FENCE MARGIN AND GRASSLAND HABITAT ON ROCK SURFACE IN THE COMPOUND........................................................................1

PHOTO 5 : SHREDDER FOR PLASTIC DRUMS...........................................................................................................1

Abbreviations

APHRD : Animal and Plant Health Regulatory DirectorateASP P1 : African Stockpile Programme Phase 1ESIA : Environmental and social Impact AssessmentEA : Environmental AssessmentEMP : Environmental management PlanFAO : UN Food and Agriculture OrganizationFIFO : First In First Out,GPS : Global positioning systemKPSC : Kaliti Pesticide Store ConstructionMDGS : UN Millennium Development GoalsMoA : Ministry of AgricultureMoH : Ministry of HealthOP : operational policyPASDEP : Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to end PovertyPc: Percentage weight of criterion.PMT: Project Management TeamPPE : Personal Protective EquipmentM(S): Score of scenario S using weighted averageMSDS : Material Safety Data SheetUSD : United States DollarsVC(S) : Score for respective site with regard to each criterionWB : World Bank

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Executive summary

All pesticide stores of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) that have been used for the storage of pesticides destined for the control of migratory pests and those serving as major collection centers are old, substandard and overstocked. In order to address these unacceptable storage conditions and as part of a national strategy for an effective management of migratory pests and to ensure that further stocks are not accumulated, there is a need to build an improved strategic store in Ethiopia in line with FAO specifications in a setting that does not bring a negative impact on health of the public and environment in general. For this reason, the World Bank allocated USD 330,000 for the construction of a pesticide store at Kality, at the outskirts of Addis Ababa. The construction of such a facility classified as a hazardous establishment must be preceded by development of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study as recommended by the national Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation 299/2002 and Operational procedures of the World Bank.

This ESIA was prepared in order to meet the requirement, for the construction of the pesticide store at Kality. The main objectives of the ESIA are:

1. To identify the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation of the new pesticide store at Kality.

2. To reduce negative environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation of the new pesticide store at Kality by specifying and implementing relevant risk mitigation measures for the adverse impacts during construction of the pesticide store and during storage, handling and transporting of pesticides.

3. To prepare environmental management plan(EMP).

Literature, Internet searches, field visits, laboratory analysis (for soil study) and public consultations have been used as methods to collect data on geographical location, vegetation, soil, physical, biological and human environments, political, as well as the legal and institutional framework relating to the construction of the pesticide store. The aim was the identification and description of potential environmental and public health impacts, identification of mitigation measures and development of an Environmental management plan and budget.

The site Kality has been selected for a pesticide store based on standard multi-criterion analysis and the ESIA identified the following main potential impacts in connection to construction and operational phases of the project. These are: noise, air pollution, accidents, degradation of vegetation and associated fauna, waste generation, poisoning of personnel following accidental pesticide spills or leaks, pollution of soil following a spill or accidental release, fire or explosion. According to the soil structure and the ground site slope, there is a risk of flooding at the store construction site. Moreover, health impacts associated with each pesticide (acute and chronic toxicity of products) to be stored have been elaborated in detail in the ESIA document.

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Hence to overcome the negative impacts associated with the construction and operational phases of the project and in turn to protect the environment and health of the public the following main mitigation measures are proposed.

Construction phase Avoid excessive clearing- it should be limited to areas specifically required for the

work and the safety zone, in order to minimize degradation vegetation and fauna; Integrate in the design, the construction of a drainage channel according to the

technical recommendations of the soil study; Adopt an appropriate method to reduce dust, such as stabilization (regular watering of

active zones); Taking a series of organizational and technical measures to mitigate the noise levels

during construction, including ensuring the good condition of equipment and proper maintenance of equipment and vehicles, and ceasing work during weekends and night time;

Contractor shall ensure the rubble and other physical waste from the construction are removed from the site and surroundings; and

Implementation of the proposed hygiene and sanitation measures.

Pesticide store operation phase Developing a strategy for the supply of pesticides to prevent excess supply and to

prevent the accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks; FAO guidelines will be followed on storage of pesticides ice, including applying the

principle of First in First Out (FIFO), use of pallets, following proper height recommendations for stacking of containers , periodic stock inspection etc);

Apply compatibility rule for the pesticides to be stored; Taking all the necessary precautions during transport; Safe destruction of empty containers; Undertake the proper effluent management; Read and follow label instructions and use appropriate PPE during all handling.; The site must be equipped with toilets, shower and sink; Equip the site with appropriate fire safety equipment and hazard signs; and Equip the site with appropriate emergency equipment (decontamination equipment,

first aid kit, sand, sawdust or dry soil, sanitary equipment and detergent, soap, containers for storage of soiled clothes and recovered leaks and spills).

In order to properly implement the ESIA, a plan, and budget for implementation of environmental management plan and its monitoring have been elaborated

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Budget to implement the EMP of the ESIA is estimated at USD 8420 see the detail below

Area concerned Project phase Responsible organization

Cost USD

Human Construction and operation MoA 2000PPE Operation MoA 220

Environment EquipmentsTo deal with security of operation

MoA 3200

Construction of a drainage channel and sump

Construction MoA(designer) TBD

Miscellaneous Coverage of unspecified events including corrective measures, monitoring, inspection and measures to deal with accidents

MoA 3000

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A. IntroductionPesticides continue to play an increasingly important role in agriculture and public health sectors around the globe and Ethiopia is no exception. However, pesticides contain hazardous substances and impurities than can pose serious threats to human health and the environment if proper pesticide management practices are not applied. Sound management of pesticides is critical for sustainable development, particularly in agrarian country like Ethiopia where environment and agricultural development go hand in hand. Preventing adverse impacts of pesticides supports the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) and national Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to end Poverty (PASDEP). These would in turn help to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (MDG1) and ensure environmental sustainability (MDG7).

However, most African countries including Ethiopia lack adequate pesticide management capacities and this situation has resulted in generation of large stocks of obsolete pesticides, empty pesticide containers, contaminated equipment and other, materials, and sites with heavily contaminated soils, posing a threat to human health and the general environment.

Over the last 10 years the issues of pest and pesticide management received much attention by the country and in collaboration with the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Ethiopian Government secured funds from international donors during phase I (2000-2003) and Phase II (2003-2008) Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticide stock projects. The following core pest and pesticide management activities were completed during the two projects.

2274 tonnes of obsolete pesticides were disposed of; Various training courses were conducted for government staff; Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Farmer Field schools relating to the cotton crop

were established as a pilot project in the southern region of the country as part of a prevention strategy against accumulation obsolete pesticides;

The pesticide legislation was reviewed; Several awareness creation sessions were conducted; and A design for the construction of a pesticide store was completed following FAO

standards.

A drum crusher donated by FAO was also installed in February/2010 in order to strengthen national capacities related to the management of empty pesticide containers, thus, minimizing the impact of pest management operations on human health and the environment

As the result of the successful achievements gained under phase I and II of Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticide Projects, Ethiopia was recognized as a priority country among African countries in terms of readiness to address the danger of obsolete pesticides and has been selected to benefit from the support of the African Stockpile Program Project (ASP-P1). As the result, a four year program amounting to 2.62 million USD has been signed between the Ethiopian government and the World Bank to implement the following project objectives since July 2007.

1. To eliminate 250 tonnes of inventoried publicly held pesticides, large quantities of old contaminated containers and pesticide application equipment

2. To develop a system for sound management of pesticides

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3. To develop a technique for decontamination of pesticide contaminated soils including those affected by burial of old pesticides.

4. To prevent the future accumulation of new stocks by implementing different measures including building of a pesticide store.

Disposal of obsolete pesticide stocks is not a long term solution to the obsolete pesticide problem and the most sustainable solution to this problem depends on proper implementation of preventive measures. As indicated under objective 4 of the Ethiopia ASP project, one of the prevention measures targeted under the same project is to construct a pesticide store in line with FAO procedures and Wold Bank operational policies.

A.1 Context and justification

All pesticide stores of the Ministry of Agriculture that have been used for storage of pesticides destined for the control of migratory and other pests and those serving as Central Major Collection Centers are old, substandard and are overstocked. Moreover the metal pesticide stores that were constructed many years ago at some sites in the country, including Kality and the Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD) premises are not ideal for the storage of pesticides as the temperature inside rises several degrees higher than the outside temperature even under normal weather conditions and thus pesticide vapors build up to high toxic levels. Some stores also were built on low grounds and there is a risk of flooding.. Such poor storage conditions invariably accelerate deterioration of pesticides before their normal expiry dates. Moreover, in many cases valuable label information, such as the identity of given stocks of pesticides, manufacturing details and other important data is lost and it is difficult to identify the pesticides involved unless accurate analysis is undertaken; this has been impeded by inadequate laboratory facilities and lack of qualified technical staff in Ethiopia (FAO, 2009). Such circumstances contributed to the accumulation of large stocks of obsolete pesticides throughout the country creating significant environmental and public health risks. It is important that pesticides are not stored where they constitute an actual or potential hazard, nor in conditions where they are likely to deteriorate.

In order to address the above unacceptable storage conditions and as part of a national strategy for an effective management of migratory pests, and to ensure that further obsolete stocks are not accumulated there is a need to build an improved strategic pesticide store at least at Federal level in Ethiopia in line with FAO specification in an area that does not bring a negative impact to health of the public and environment in general.

The new pesticide store would allow a needs-based distribution of pesticides from the central depot to all regions for migratory and other pest control measures and to allow optimal and effective management and control of armyworm, desert locust, quelea birds and other outbreak pests. Hence, considering the gravity of the above situation the ASP project allocated a budget amounting to USD 300,000 for pesticide construction and USD 12,000 for a construction supervision consultant.

A pesticide store design in line with FAO specification has been completed under phase 2 projects and bidding documents for construction of the same store have been finalized under the ASP project. However, the construction and management of the pesticide store must comply with measures of environmental and social safeguard policies namely, OP 4.01

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Environmental Assessment, natural Habitat OP4.04, OP 4.09 Pesticide Management and where appropriate, OP 4.12 Involuntary resettlement and the provision of national laws on the environment as well as FAO guidelines and standards. Such policies and procedures encourage early identification of environment issues in the project cycle, development of environmental impact mitigation measures. This allow better response to environmental and health problems that could occur during the construction and pesticide storage and handling phases. There is therefore a need to prepare an Environmental Impact and Social Assessment (ESIA) prior to construction of the pesticide store.

A.2 Objectives / Purpose of the ESIA

1. To identify the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation of the new pesticide store at Kality. 2. To reduce negative environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation of the new pesticide store at Kality by specifying and implementing relevant risk mitigation measures during construction of the pesticide store and during storage, handling and transporting of pesticides.3. To prepare environmental and social management plan (EMP)

A.3 Methodology

Data collection (document review, field visit, consultations)

Literature, internet searches and organizational & public consultations were made to collect information on geographical location, vegetation, soil and socio economic characteristics of Addis Ababa in general and Kality area in particular. Public consultation was made with the authorities and inhabitants around the project to bring about administrative transparency and accountability, as well as to involve the public and, in particular, the communities in the planning of and decision taking on developments which may affect them and their environment. The policy, institutional, legal and administrative framework in relation to the pesticide store and its operation were elaborated by referring to pesticide and environment related national laws, international conventions and through consultation with relevant authorities.

Methodology for the selection of the pesticide store construction site and for defining the physical, biological and human environments.

Standard multi-criteria analysis has been followed to select Kality for the store construction siteThe criteria used in the analysis are as follows:

Distance and location to human settlement Level of ground water Location relative to flood risk Proximity to surface water Accessibility to vehicles carrying pesticide Social acceptability

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Initially the site for pesticide construction was located by GPS coordinates and satellite image from Google earth of 2007 edition followed by the description and analysis of the general physical and biological environment and human habitation and infrastructure in reference to the site before the construction of the store and possible changes in the biophysical environment after the construction of the pesticide store. Information gathered from the General Service Directorate of the MoA, maps from Google earth and photos taken by digital cameras were used for the analysis of the above mentioned data.

Methodology for the identification and description of potential environmental and public health impacts.

This step was based on retrospective and prospective identification of potential risks related to store construction as well as those related to pesticides to be stored using international scientific methods. The approaches taken for the investigations were as follows:

The potential impact of the pesticides on soil, surface and ground water and air was assessed based on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prepared for each pesticide (migratory control pesticides) to be stored in the new pesticide store and a reference manual of FAO, ‘Assessing Soil Contamination’.

The suitability of distances between stores and sensitive areas (rivers, houses, roads, markets, places of worship) were evaluated following FAO standards

The construction phase of the store will also cause disruption of the ecosystem and various nuisances (noise, dust, and aesthetics). The risk in relation to these environmental pollutions will be identified and risk reduction scenarios will be proposed in connection to the pesticide store construction for workers & the surrounding people and environment.

During risk analysis the following data will be collected.A. Location and status of the area designated for construction of the store. This will involve description Kality district, characterization of the physical, biological and human environment (demographic, socioeconomic activities and infrastructure)B. Evaluation of the biophysical components relevant to the new pesticide store.C. Possible future changes in the biophysical environment surrounding the new pesticide storeD. Potential for development of the human environment without the pesticide store.E. Evaluation of pesticides to be stored and their potential risk to ecology, human settlements (for example, wind dissemination of pesticides to remote human settlement sites),vegetation and animals, ground and surface water, soils and risks of pesticides posed by possible floodingF. Analysis of alternatives to the construction of the pesticide store in Ethiopia:This is the description and analysis of the current state of the pesticide store construction environment focusing on 4 areas: Gotera, Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD) compound, Kality, Ministry of Agriculture premises and one of the regions.G. Identification and assessment of environmental and public health impacts in relation to construction process and operation phase ( i.e pesticide store).H. Pesticide hazard studies: this will involve toxicological review of the pesticides to be stored in the new store and evaluation of the same pesticides to the environment in relation to flood, civil unrest and accidents in connection to their transport and storage

Methodology for developing the Environmental Management Plan and implementing environmental monitoring.

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This methodology will consider mitigation measures to reduce impact during construction and operation phases, emergency procedures, environmental monitoring, institutional measures, implementation of the EMP and budget.

Data treatment and Analysis

This step is to identify and evaluate the positive and negative changes resulting from the project on the physical environment and impacts on human and biological environments.From the perspective of the analysis methodology, the prediction of potential and actual impacts of the proposed construction of a store of pesticides is made using the Leopold Matrix (Table 1) which establishes the relationship between project components and elements of the environment. All impacts identified and described were assessed by a grid (Table 2) evaluation of impact significance based on intensity criteria (including the value), scope and duration.

The intensity of the impact refers to the magnitude of changes disrupting the integrity, function and usage of each component of the environment affected by the project. Its assessment in the context of this project reflects the ecological context or social environment concerned and enhancement of the component. The intensity of the negative impact can be high, medium or low. It is high when the impact destroys the component, calls into question its integrity or results in a major change in its status. The intensity is moderate when the impact changes the component affected, without jeopardizing its integrity or its use entails a limited modification of its general status. Finally, the intensity is low when the component is altered but its quality is not really affected.

The second criterion for assessing impact is the extent of area affected and the portion of the population affected, . The impact is said to be regional if a component is affected over a large area or affects a large portion of its population,. The impact is said to be local if a component is affected over a limited portion of the study area or a limited proportion of the population in the study area. The extension is timely if an impact on a component is felt in a confined or limited space or felt by a some people: that is the limited study area.

The final criterion is the term that refers to the period during which the effects will be felt.. The duration of an impact can be long, medium, short. The time is long when the impact is felt continuously or intermittently over a period exceeding five years, or longer than the life cycle of a species. This is often a permanent and irreversible impact.The duration is average / medium when the impact is felt temporarily, continuously or intermittently, during phases of construction or operation. The duration exceeds one year but is less than five years, or does not exceed the duration of the life cycle of a species. This type of impact could be reversible. The duration is short when the impact is felt temporarily, continuously or intermittently, during phases of construction or operation. The duration of these short impacts varies from several days to several months, or for a short part of the life cycle of a species. This type of impact could be reversible.

These criteria are grouped in a grid and serve to clarify the importance of the impact of a project activity on a given component. For each type, the prediction and analysis of the impacts were made on the basis of biophysical characteristics of the settlement areas on the one hand and the nature of the activities included in the project.For the purposes of this environmental impact study, the project activities have been divided into two broad stages:

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• pre - construction, construction and management;• Operational phase.

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Table 1 : Identification matrix of impacts

Project Component Project phasePreparation / Construction Operation

Affected Environment component Sources of impact (Planned Activities)Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity

Biophysical environmentAir (ambient noise and air quality)

WatersSoilWildlifeFlora

Human Environment

communities Residents

Employees of storesLocal authority

Living environment Public HealthSecurity

Socio economic environment

EmploymentSocio-economic impact (trade and local activities)

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Tableau 2 : Matrix for determining impact significance

EVALUATION CRITERIA SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTIntensity Extent Duration

HIGH

RegionalLong MajorMedium MajorShort Medium

LocalLong MajorMedium MediumShort Medium

Isolated Long MediumMedium MediumShort Medium

MEDIUM

RegionalLong MajorMedium MediumShort Medium

LocalLong MediumMedium MediumShort Minor to negligible

Isolated Long MediumMedium MediumShort Minor to negligible

LOW

RegionalLong MediumMedium MediumShort Minor to negligible

LocalLong MediumMedium Minor to negligibleShort Minor to negligible

IsolatedLong Minor to negligibleMedium Minor to negligibleShort Minor to negligible

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A.4 Content of the ESIA report This ESIA report incorporates the following activities:

Justification for the pesticide store project and objectives of the ESIA Methodologies followed in the study of ESIA Description of the project in terms of choice of the project site , existing engineering

design of the pesticide store with respect to overall project structure, types of pesticides to be stored, characteristics of the pesticides and safety measures to be taken in connection with the same pesticides and the new pesticide store .

Assembly and review of the key relevant pesticide management and environment policy and legislative requirements, environmental standards and guidelines( national and international)

Description of the bio-physical and socio-economic environments associated with the location of the pesticide store to be constructed and its surroundings.

Assessment of the environment, evaluation of its sensitivity and analysis of alternatives in connection to the new pesticide store

Identification and analysis of environmental and public health impacts. Environmental and social management planning and monitoring programme. Budget for implementation of environmental management plan and monitoring.

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B Project description

B.1 Choice of the project site

The project plans to construct a pesticide store at Addis Ababa, Kality district at the premises of the MoA compound where a metal store destined for pesticides (which is not suitable for storing pesticides) and a separate store for housing the drum crusher are already existing. The site at Kality is chosen for the construction was judged to be appropriate based on the analysis of alternatives described under section 10 of this report.

B.2 Technical Description of Project

B.2.1 General principles

The new store will have a surface area of 648.64m2 (length 29.35 m x Width 22.10m) and the same store will hold 134.4 tones (672 pesticide drums, 200 liter capacity) in single layering and 268.8 tones (1344 200 liter capacity pesticide drums in double layering). The pesticide store design work was done in line with the standard guideline of FAO adhering to the following principles in connection to site selection and construction specifications (see annex 1).

B.2.2 Design of the store

The design engineering firm completed the design work in 2008 in consultation with PMT of the ASP-P1 project. The designer elaborated two types of design in accordance with FAO guidelines, appropriate for the two climatic conditions, hot climate and high land areas. As Addis Ababa is a high land area; we chose the latter design. The construction work using the design for highland areas is also less expensive than construction work of the store designed for hot climates. A pesticide store construction supervision consultant will be recruited in order to follow the construction work from beginning of store construction until completion. The time estimated for completing the whole construction work is 10 months.

Overall structure of the store (ground, roof, ventilation, doors, structure, sealing, electrical installations, water supply, collection system and sewage runoff, etc.)

Floor of the store: The floor will be smooth impermeable concrete to avoid absorption of spillages and to allow easy cleaning.Roof: The roof will be fixed with EGA 500 (metallic sheet) and the roof will be 4.25 meters high from the floor to improve ventilation.Ventilation: Twenty vents (luvers) will be fitted to the store ( ten on the lower level and ten on the upper level of the store to prevent the accumulation of pesticide vapor , prevent the development of a flammable atmosphere and to ensure the health and safety of those entering the store.Door and windows: Metal window and doors. One door at the front and one door at the back to allow “First in first out” principle.

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Block storage: pesticides would be stored in parallel rows and an inspection aisle of at least 0.5 meter between blocks. There will be a one meter gap to the wall and each bay will be numbered.Guard house and toilet: Separate guard house and toilet with shower Pesticide store compound: The pesticide store compound is walled with stone to prevent free movement of the surrounding people to the store area.Decontamination equipment: brush, detergent, absorbent material, salvage drums will be available to deal with leaks and spills of pesticidesFirefighting equipment: Fire extinguishers will be available to deal with fire.Safety equipment: PPE and hazard signs will be provided Septic tank: septic tank will be constructed to deal with effluents.Electric and water pipe installation: these installations will be connected to the store and guard house.

B.2.3 The products to be stored and characteristics

Currently, chemical pesticides are the major tool used against migratory pests (locusts, armyworm and Quelea birds). Pesticides registered for these pests are indicated in the following table and these are the pesticides to be stored in the new pesticide store. Most of these pesticides are purchased locally from Adamitu Pesticide Processing Share Company and some of them are imported from Israel and Germany. Pesticides stored in the new srore would be dispatched to regions to be used for the control migratory pests (Locusts,Armyworm and quelea birds) .During transportation of pesticides,from kality MoA premises to regions,a packing list with relevant material safety data Sheets would be attached to transport documents. Moreover ,in order to prevent any associated risks, personal protective equipment, fire extinguisher, spill control kit, absorbent material, and shovel would be carried among the pesticide consignment. Prior to travel orientation on the necessary safety precautions to be taken (fire fighting, containing the pesticides that leak from contaminating the general environment) would be given to drivers and the same drivers would be told not to drive more than 45 kms/hour and .

Transportation will not be carried out during peak traffic flows. Except carbaryl (which is rarely imported) all pesticieds are stored in stout corroision resistant drums,epoxy phenolic la quer lined ,closed heqad ,ceertified to packaging group I,200 liter –un approved drums, code 1A1. Although the outer package of carbaryl is cardboard, it is lined in the inner side with strong plastic. .

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Table 3 : Characteristics of Pesticides registered for the control of migratory pests by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Common name(trade name)

WHO toxicity class

Degradation Mobility Solubility Volatilization/evaporation

Bioacumulation Phytotoxicity Target pests

Container typeCarbosulfan 20 ULV(Marshal 20UL)

II Rapidly degrades under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Unlikely to leach to ground water

Solubility in water 0.3ppm (25 0C). Miscible in most organic solvents eg xylene, hexane, chloroform, dichloromehene, methanol, ethanol. acetome etc

May decompose upon heating to produce toxic fumes(substance itself does not burn)

Hardly bio accumulates in different organisms

Not phytotoxic when used according to manufacturer and research recommendations

Locusts and grasshoppers

Metal drum

Carbosulfan (Marshal 25 % EC)

II Rapidly degrades under both aerobic and anaerobic conditionsDT50 = 2-5 days, DT90 = .<3-38 days

Unlikely to leach to ground water

Solubility in water 0.3ppm

May decompose upon heating to produce toxic fumes (substance itself does not burn)

Hardly bio accumulates in different organisms

Not phytotoxic when used according to manufacturer and research recommendations

Locusts and grasshoppers

Metal drum

Carbaryl(Sevin 85% WP)

II Under aerobic conditions, carbaryl at 1 ppm degraded with DT 50 7-14 days in a sandy loam and 14-28 days in a clay loam

Moderately mobile(log Koc= 2..5)

Readly soluble( = 40 gram/liter)

Very low(Vapour pressure <5.3)

Not significant Short residual life of less than two weeks

Armyworm ,grasshoppers, and Welo bush cricket on cereals and pastures

Carton

Chlorpyriphos –ethyl 24% ULV(Dursban 240 and ULV,Pyrinex 24 ULV

II Will be decomposed biologically and chemically and moderately persist in the soil/environmentDT 50 60-120 days

Solubility in water 1.4 mg /l (25 0 c ) In benexene 7900, acetone 6500, chloroform 6300, carbon disulfide 5900

Does not accumulate in different compartments and environments

Non phytotoxic to most plant species when used as recommended

Armyworm on cereals

Metal drum

Diazinone 60% EC(Diazinon)

II Fairly degradable(DT 50 soil= 1.2- 5 weeks)

Moderately mobile(logK Koc=1..92

Readily soluble in water(40 mg/liter

Evaporation from soil surface is thought to be not important

Does not bio accumulate in aquatic organisms.

Less than 10 per cent of the radioactivityremains in plants and

Armyworm and locusts on cereals and pasture;

Meta ldrum

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Common name(trade name)

WHO toxicity class

Degradation Mobility Solubility Volatilization/evaporation

Bioacumulation Phytotoxicity Target pests

Container typeparent compounds grasshopper

Fenithrothion 50% EC(Sumithion 50%EC)

II Fairly degradable Medium to low mobility in soil

Readily soluble Volatilization half-life in acidic environment is 180 days

It accumulates moderately in aquatic soil

It is not considered phytotoxic when used at recommended rates

Locusts and grasshoppers

Metal drum

Fenithrothion 95% ULV(Sumithion 95% ULV)

II Fairly degradable Medium to low mobility in soil

Readily soluble Volatilization half-life in acidic environment is 180 days

It accumulates moderately in aquatic soil

It is not considered phytotoxic when used at recommended rates

Armyworm and locusts on cereal and pasture

Metal drum

Fenithrothion 96% EC(Sumithion 96% EC)

II Fairly degradable Readily soluble Volatilization half-life in acidic environment is 180 days

It accumulates moderately in aquatic soil

It is not considered phytotoxic when used at recommended rates

Armyworm and locusts on cereal and pasture

Metal drum

Fenithrothion 50% EC II Fairly degradable Readily soluble Volatilization half-life in acidic environment is 180 days

It accumulates moderately in aquatic soil

It is not considered phytotoxic when used at recommended rates

Armyworm and locusts on cereal and pasture

Metal drum

Profenofos+ cypermethrin(Polythrin C 220 ULV)

II See the information below for the profenofos and Cypermethrin

- - - - It is not considered phytotoxic when used at recommended rates

Armyworm and locusts on cereal and pasture

Metal drum

Profenophos II Slightly persist in the environment

May accumulate in different compartments and organisms

Metal drum

Cyper methrin II Degrade readly in soil water and plants

Does not leach in soil

- - Little tendency for bioaccumulation in organisms

Metal drum

Malathion 50 % EC(Fayfanon 50 % EC and Malathion 50 % EC)

III Readly degradableDT50 soil = 4 - 6 days

Moderately mobile

Highly soluble Volatilization is of little importance

In water ,malathion is thought not to bio acccumlate significantly in aquatic organisms

It is not considered phytotoxic when used at recommended rates

Armyworm, locusts and grasshoppers on cereals

Metal drum

Fenthion 60 % ULV(Quleatox 60% ULV)

II Fairly degradable Have Very low mobility in soil

Moderately soluble Fenthion is thought not to volatilize

Accumulates slightly in aquatic organisms

It is not considered phytotoxic when used at recommended rates.

Quelea birds Metal drum

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Based on the historical data it is estimated the total anual strategic stock with regard to migratory pestcontrol pesticides is estimated at about 140 tones (the capacity of the store is decided based on this estmate) and the amount in tones destined for each pesticide is as follows . Carbosulfan (8 tone),carbaryl (3 tones), chlorpyriphos ethyl (20 tones),diazinon(6 tone),fenithrothion (55 tones),profenfos+cypermethrin (4 tones),cyperemethrin (4 tones),malathion (45 tones),Fenthion (5 tones) B.2.4 The security measures incorporated into the project

B.2.4.1 Prevention of leakages and spills

Leakages and spills will be prevented by careful handling of pesticide containers, good storage conditions, stock control and checks. Spilled product will not be allowed to accumulate or spread about the store. The following materials will be available to encounter any spills and leaks that could occur in the store.

Sand or other absorbent material Broom and flat shovel Empty large heavy duty plastic bags Empty open head drums

B.2.4.2 Prevention of development of toxic fumes and flammable atmospheres

Twenty (20) large vents will be fitted in the upper and lower position of the store to prevent formation of toxic fumes and flammable atmosphere and to prevent bird entry to the store. Moreover a clear space would be maintained between the topmost pesticides and the roof; also , floor spaces should be uncluttered, with marked, 1-m wide, gangways between shelves or stacks and between the pesticides and the walls that permit easy inspection and allow free air flow and ensure safe conditions This also enables immediate clean-up in the event of any leakage or spills, which can be seen quicklyEstablishments of hazard signsMaterial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of each product will be available inside the store (all MSDSs being put in a big envelope and stuck to the wall of store) in order to give information about the hazard of each product. Warning signs conforming to FAO standards will also be displayed outside the store according to the nature of the pesticide.

Typical signs include: Toxic (with skull and cross bone)FlammableCorrosive Oxidizing No unauthorized entryWear protective clothingNo eating and drinkingNo smoking

In addition, a list of authorized personnel, as well as emergency service contact details and wall charts and posters on safe handling of pesticides will be displayed. Firefighting equipment will also be available near the pesticide store to deal with fire.

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C. Political, legal and institutional framework

C.1 Political frameworkEthiopia has suffered huge quantities of obsolete pesticide stocks that affected a large number of sites. Hence obsolete pesticide management is a key strategic issue for the country as a whole. Concomitantly Ethiopia in line with the national laws and as a signatory of various conventions related to pesticides has a legal obligation and duty of care to ensure that obsolete pesticides are disposed of safely without a risk of harm to people, plants, animals and the general environment

Ethiopia has addressed the issue of obsolete pesticide during phase I (2000-2003) and phase II (2003-2008) projects by disposing of 1507 and over 700 tonnes respectively. Currently there are about 400 tonnes of repackaged obsolete pesticides in the country awaiting finalization of funding arrangement from Crop Life international which also generously supported the Phase I project.

C.2 Legal frame work

C.2.1 Environmental policy and laws

Ethiopia’s Environmental Policies on hazardous materials including most pesticides are:

a. To adhere to the precautionary principle of minimizing and where possible preventing discharges of substances, biological materials or their components from industrial plants or any other external sources that could be harmful, and to prohibit the discharges when they are likely to be hazardous;

b. To adopt the “polluter pays” principle while endorsing the precautionary principles since pollution is likely to occur, and ensure that polluting enterprises and municipalities and woreda councils provide their own appropriate pollution control facilities;

c. To establish clear linkages between the control of pollution and other policy areas including water resources, agriculture, human settlements, health and disaster prevention and preparedness;

d. To provide adequate regulation of agriculture (crop and livestock) chemicals and micro-organisms;

e. To ensure that pollution control is commensurate with the potency, longevity and potential to accumulate or breakdown of the pollutant;

f. To formulate and implement a country-wide strategy and guidelines on the management of wastes from the medical, agriculture and other sectors that may use potentially hazardous biological organisms, their fragments or chemicals, and to issue the necessary regulations to enforce them;

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g. To establish a system for monitoring compliance with land, air and water pollution control standards and regulations, the handling and storage of hazardous and dangerous materials, mining operations, public and industrial hygiene, waste disposal, and water quality;

h. To maintain an up-to-date register of toxic, hazardous and radioactive substances, and to make the information available on request;

i. To maintain regular environmental audits to ensure the adoption of environmentally sound practices in all public and private development activities including industrial and mining operations;

j. To create by law an effective system of control, distribution, utilization and disposal after use of expiry of chemicals, biological organisms or fragments of organisms that could be hazardous but are required for use;

k. To hold as legally liable an employer who deploys employees in using or handling hazardous materials without adequately training them on how to deal with the hazard and without adequate equipment to protect each one of them from physical harm or disease that is caused by working conditions whether the harm or disease starts in the place of work or away from it;

l. To foster better understanding of the dangerous effects of chemicals and organisms and their fragments through the provision of information in a form understandable to users, and provide or enforce the provision of information on the appropriate methods and technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes.

The rationale behind the elaboration of the environmental impact assessment for this project is also clearly stipulated in Environmental Impact assessment Proclamation No 299/2002 as follows

Environmental impact assessment is used to predict and manage the environmental effects caused by a proposed development activity as a result of its design siting, construction, operation, or as a result of its modification or termination, entails and thus helps to bring about intended development;

Assessment of possible impacts on the environment prior to the approval of a public instrument provides an effective means of harmonizing and integrating environmental, economic, cultural and social considerations into a decision making process in a manner that promotes sustainable development,

The implementation of the environmental rights and objectives enshrined in the Constitution would be fostered by the prediction and management of likely adverse environmental impacts, and the maximization of their socioeconomic benefits.

Environmental impact assessment serves to bring about administrative transparency and accountability, as well as to involve the public and, in particular, communities in the planning of and decision taking on developments which may affect them and their environment

Hence without authorization from the Authority or from the relevant regional environmental agency, no person shall commence implementation of any project that requires environmental

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impact assessment as determined in a directive issued pursuant to Article 5 of this Proclamation.

In addition to the core national proclamation, Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 299/2002, the pesticide store construction and operation project will also be implemented in accordance with the following national regulations and international conventions.

C.2.2 National regulations, proclamation and guidelines

The project will also be implemented in compliance with the national regulations specifically:

Environment Policy 2 April 1997 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 299/2002 Environmental Pollution Control proclamation 300/2002 Public Health Proclamation 200/2000 Labour Proclamation 377/2003 Transport Proclamation 279/1956 (revisions 1182 & 36161) Pesticide registration and Control Proclamation No 674/2010 Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia which specifies quality standards for

air; water; soil and ground water; and noise. Standards For Industrial Pollution Control in Ethiopia Guideline on hazardous waste.

The following are also some relevant codes of conduct and international conventions: International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides Stockholm convention. Rotterdam convention Basel convention Bamako convention

C.3 Operational procedures of World Bank

The World Bank has 10 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making. These operational policies include:

OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats OP 4.09 : Pest Management OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement OD 4.20: Indigenous Peoples OPN 11.03: Cultural Property OP 4.36: Forestry OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas

Details on the Bank Environmental and Social Policies are presented in Annex 4.

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Based on the general applicability of Safeguard Policies to Kaliti pesticides storehouse construction (KPSC), this construction has triggered two of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies, namely, OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment and OP 4.09 Pest Management. The remaining operational policies are not triggered by KPSC.

In addition, there is the Bank’s Disclosure Policy BP 17.50 which requires that all safeguard documents are disclosed in the respective countries and at the Bank’s Infoshop prior to appraisal.

OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects financed by the Bank are environmentally and socially sustainable, and that the decision-making process is improved through an appropriate analysis of the actions including their potential environmental impacts. Environmental assessment (EA) is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project.

OP 4.01 is triggered if a project is likely to present some risks and potential adverse environmental impacts in its area of influence. Also, in the categorization of project, all projects dealing with pesticides are classified in category A subject to EIA. Thus, in the case of this project, potential negative environmental and social impacts due to construction activities are likely to include loss of vegetation, soil erosion, soil and groundwater pollution, air pollution, public health impacts such as traffic hazards, noise, dust, and loss of access. In the operational phase, impacts are linked to pesticide management since the KPSC is dealing with transport, loading and unloading of pesticide, as well as storage and management of pesticides.

Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmentally benign control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. The KPSC is implemented to enhance pesticide storage conditions and, as a consequence, limits potential negative impact linked to pesticide management. It is important to note that Ethiopia has developed a proclamation on pesticide registration and control (see national regulation).

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social management. impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. Since the project will not entail taking of land for new infrastructure development, this policy will most likely not apply to Kaliti pesticides storehouse construction

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C.4 Institutional framework

C4.1 Pesticide managementThe use of pesticides, as part of integrated pest management, has become important for the control of crop pests and protection of public and animal health all over the world. In Ethiopia, the use of pesticides is also growing over time and pesticides make a major contribution to the development of crop production and protection of public health. Today a large quantity of pesticide is imported into the country to support the expanding flower and vegetable production sectors..

Considering the risk associated with pesticide use, Ethiopia has issued the pesticide Registration and Control Special Decree No. 20/1990 to regulate the importation, manufacture, sale, storage, transport, distribution and use of pesticides. Recently the same Decree has been amended as the Pesticide Registration and Control Proclamation. The responsibility of pesticide registration and control has been given to the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). According to the pesticide legislation of Ethiopia, pesticides are required to pass through a registration scheme before they are imported into the country. Subsequently, post registration activities follow to promote the safe and effective use of pesticides in the country. Pesticide registration is granted on the basis of product effectiveness (at local level) and safety to humans, non-target organisms and the environment. To date more than 200 different types of pesticides are registered for use in agriculture and for the control of household pests.

According to the pesticide special decree and the Pesticide Registration and Control proclamation, the MoA shall have the following duties:

1. Conduct Pesticide registration based on the rules and regulations set by the office.

2. Prepare a list of registered pesticides and make it available to users.

3. Control the importation of pesticides that do not comply with the pesticide legislation

by:

- Issuing a letter of import permit

- Issuing import certificate

4. Issuing letter of competence assurance

5. Control illegal pesticide trade in the country.

6. Prohibit the importation of highly hazardous, severely restricted or banned pesticides.

C.4.2 Environmental protection

In 1995 all issues of environment was given to the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) under Pro. 9/95 since repealed and replaced by Pro. 295/2002.

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The Authority has under Pollution Control proclamation No 300/2002 set environmental standards for controlling pollution from hazardous waste. All institutions that have not complied with the set standards have been given 5 years from the date of the proclamation to do so.

The Authority is the responsible institution for ensuring the implementation of international pesticide and environmental related Conventions. Due to this fact EPA has played a monitoring and evaluation role regarding the overseas transport of obsolete stocks originating from Ethiopia in accordance with Basel Convention during phase I and II obsolete pesticide projects. The role of monitoring and evaluation for the disposal activities for obsolete pesticides to be exported under ASP-P1 will also pass to the national EPA.

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D description and analysis of the store construction surroundings

D.1 Overview of the area of influence and of the site

Addis AbabaAddis Ababa is the largest city in Ethiopia, situated in central Ethiopia at an elevation of about 2440m (about 8000ft) above sea level on a plateau that is crossed by numerous streams and surrounded by hills. It is a focus of a highway network, the site of an international airport and the terminus of a railroad to the Gulf of Aden port of Djibouti. Addis Ababa is a sprawling city, well wooded, especially with Eucalyptus trees, and crossed by broad avenues. In the city there are various industries including printing, footwear, clothing, processed food, metal, cement and plywood. Flourishing handicraft industries produce leather, metal and textile goods which are traded along with the regional agriculture produce such as coffee, tobacoo, and dairy items in the vast open air market known as Mercatom on the western side of the city. The city is also the seat of Addis Ababa, university and some colleges and several research institutes.

Figure 1 Map of Kality area

Kebele 10/11 Seriti-Akaki area

Kebele 10/11 Serity ( a locality where the pesticide store is going to be constructed is one of the 8 kebeles found under Akaki Kality subcity. It is bordered by Kebele 12/13 in the north,

KPSC site

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kebele, 07/07/09 salo gora administration, in the west Nefas silk Subcity, 01/Hana lebu Ertu and in the east Kilinto Koye Administration. As in Addis Ababa, Eucalyptus is the main tree species in the surrounding area. Various industries are also found in the kebele.

D.2 Location at Kality

Description of the areaThe area is located on the out skirts of southern Addis Ababa on way to Debre Zeit, its elevation is 2167 meter above sea level. The size of the entire site is 132,750 m2 The geographical coordinate is N 08⁰ 54 34. E 038⁰ 45 30.8.Major land use units of the area are grassland with scattered trees and houses built for different purposes. Most of the buildings are used as stores for used instruments and equipment while a few of them are currently used as stores for chemical.Some drainage channels were dug to modify the physiographic of the study area(area in the compound of the proposed store). These drainage channels were dug east to west and north to south directions. The east to west lined drainage channels are found on the north western part of the study area and drain excess to a sewage dumping site (a site constructed by Addis Ababa munspality for dumping sewages collected from Addis Ababa surroundings) which is adjacent to the project area, while north to south lined drainage channels are found around the proposed new pesticide store. It is calculated that about 87% of the area is covered under grass cover, roads and drainage channels. The remainder (13%) is under buildings. Figure 2 and 3 show the distribution and direction of buildings and drainage channels.Tse Tse fly Laboratory of Ministry of Science and Technology ( an institute that breeds TseTse fly and sterilize the same using Sterile Insect Tchnique (SIT) for contolling the disease ,trypanosomiasis ) is located north of the proposed new pesticide store. The distance of each building at the entire site and other nearest infrastructures to the proposed store location is indicated under F (Kality ,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development premises). The distance of the two nearest rivers are mentioned under Table 9.

Site specification The site for the new pesticide store is away from human dwellings, hospitals,

schools, shops, food markets and general public stores. The pesticide store is far from rivers and water bodies or sources to prevent

chemical contamination of water or potential poisoning of people. The pesticide store is not located in an area subject to flooding including during

seasonal rains The pesticide store is free at all sides to allow access for the truck that transports

pesticide to the store and for firefighting equipment in case of an emergency. The site for the new pesticide store is public propeety,fenced and guarded

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Layout of the new store siteGPS point : can be used to locate the site on Google Earth.

276 m

271 m

276 m

New store

Agro food company

Empty contManagt

Figure 2 Location of proposed pesticide store

GPS points have been recorded on site to pinpoint the site location of the new building. A picture from Google Earth gives an idea of the situation: populated area, road access, etc.

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Figure 3 : Land use of Animal ¨Plant Health Regulatory Directorate store site

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D.3 Physical Environment

Geology – Basalt

Soils: According to the field study made by the National Soil Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2010 the soil types for the project area are summarized in table 1 and table 2 as follows ( see annex 3 for detailed report )

Table 4 : Distinguishing criteria of the mapping units

Slope % Soil depth (cm) Surface soil texture (0-30cm)Class Code Cm Code Type Code Type Code0-1 1 >150 a Heavy clay 1 Loam 81-2 2 100-150 b Clay 2 Sandy Loam 92-5 3 50-100 c Sand clay 3 Silt loam 105-10 4 30-50 d Silty clay 4 Silt 1110-15 5 <30 e Clay Loam 5 Loamy sand 1215-30 6 Silty clay loam 6 Sand 13> 30 7 Sandy clay

loam7

Table 5 : List of mapping units of the study area

Mapping units

Ped No Slope Soil depth cm

Texture0-30cm

Area Soil unitsFAO,2006ha %

3a1-VRe AP1 2-5 >150 Clay 3.79 31.09 Eutric Vertisol3a1-VRe AP2 2-5 >150 Clay 3.9 32.00 Eutric

Vertisol(buried)3a1-VRe AP3 2-5 >150 Sandy

loam4.5 38.91 Eutric Vertisol

(buried)

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Figure 4 Soil map of the new store area

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Climate and meteorology of Addis Ababa

Altitude: 2324 m or 7625 ft The average temperature in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is 15.9 °C (61 °F). The average temperature range is 3 °C. The highest monthly average high temperature is 25 °C (77 °F) in March, May. The lowest monthly average low temperature is 7 °C (45 °F) in January, November &

December. Addis Ababa's climate receives an average of 1089 mm (42.9 in) of rainfall per year,

or 91 mm (3.6 in) per month. On average there are 148 days per year with more than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) of rainfall

(precipitation) or 12 days with a quantity of rain, sleet, snow etc. per month. The driest weather is in November when an average of 9 mm (0.4 in) of rainfall

(precipitation) occurs across 2 days. The wettest weather is in August when an average of 269 mm (10.6 in) of rainfall

(precipitation) occurs across 28 days. The average annual relative humidity is 60.7% and average monthly relative humidity

ranges from 49% in February to 82% in July. Average sunlight hours in Addis Ababa range between 2.8 hours per day in July and

9.7 hours per day in December. There is an average of 2439 hours of sunlight per year with an average of 6.7 hours of

sunlight per day. There is an average of 1 days per year with frost in Addis Ababa and in January there

are an average of 1 days with frost.

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Figure 5 Addis Ababa climate graph

Table 6 : Addis Ababa Weather Averages

 Month AMinT (°C)

AMaxT (°C)

AT (°C)

Average Rainfall (mm)

Wet Days (>0.1 mm)

Average Sunlight Hours/ Day

Relative Humidity (%)

Average Wind Speed (Beaufort)

Average Number of Days with Frost

January 7 23 15 20 4 8.1 50 3 1

February 8 24 16 32 5 7.2 49 3 0

March 10 25 18 80 10 7.3 54.0 3 0

April 11 24 18 96 13 6.1 59 3 0

May 11 25 18 56 9 7.6 52 3 0

June 10 23 17 112 19 5.8 64 2 0

July 10 20 15 245 28 2.8 82 2 0

August 10 20 15 269 28 3.1 80 2 0

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 Month AMinT (°C)

AMaxT (°C)

AT (°C)

Average Rainfall (mm)

Wet Days (>0.1 mm)

Average Sunlight Hours/ Day

Relative Humidity (%)

Average Wind Speed (Beaufort)

Average Number of Days with Frost

September 10 21 16 117 23 5.4 74 2 0

October 8 22 15 40 5 8.1 57 3 0

November 7 23 15 9 2 9.0 53 3 0

December 7 23 15 13 2 9.7 54 3 0AMinT : average minimum temperatureAmaxT: average maximum temperature

Air quality Air quality measurements are not available. But around the site at some distance from the site there are factories. The vehicle traffic is very significant on the main road about 300 m from the site..

Ground water

Table 7 : Ambient ground water hydrology of Kality areas

Area name Ground water phase 2 GIS code

Depth (meter)

Ground altitude (masl)

Depth to dynamic water level (m)

Current discharge l/s

Kality military camp 1

173 93 2105 20.9 -

Kality Military camp 2

174 128.5 2100 51.9 3

Kality metal products factory

217 177.8 2150 142,3 2,63

Based on the above data the ground altitude of the proposed store (2167 masl )is similar ,but a little bit higher than the three sites shown in the above table .

D.4 Biological Environment

Summary of IntroductionThe preliminary biodiversity assessment was carried out on May 2010 at the premises of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development pesticide store compound. There are several indigenous trees, shrubs, climbers and herbaceous plants in the compound despite disturbance by human activities. Invasive alien species are also found in the compound like Lantna camara and Tagetes minuta which is among the top 100 worst invasive organisms.

Method All known species were identified on the spot and unidentified samples collected and

pressed for identification later.

Using the pre-arranged format the following data was collected : Sample specimens ; Locality, Coordinates, Habitat, Abundance and Use

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Finding of the survey

There is also evidence of natural vegetation consisting of wooded grassland habitats. Three different types of Acacia trees have been collected for identification, and other dominant woody species include Carrisa spinarum, Rosa abyssinica and Vernonia amgdalina. The dominant grass species of the area is called Hyparrhenia hirta. An exotic tree species is also planted along fence margins, namely Cupressus lusitannica.

The range of vascular plant species found at the pesticide store construction site were 31, falling into 20 families.

Photo 1 : Open grassland with scattered Acacia trees

Photo 2 : A known medicinal plant Called “ARMAGUSA” in Ethiopian traditional medicine - Ajuga integrifolia

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Photo 3 : A large area of grassland with Hyparrhenia hirta dominant and isolated Acacia trees.

Photo 4 : Natural vegetation and planted tree of Cupressus lusitannica along fence margin and grassland habitat on rock surface in the compound

Table 8 : List of identified Plant species found in the premises of Ministry of Agriculture Pesticide Store.

No

Botanical name Family name

1 Acacia abyssinicaHochst ex Benth. FABACEAE2 Acacia saligna FABACEAE3 Achyranthes aspera L. AMARANTHACEAE4 Bidens pilosa L. ASTERACEAE5 Carissa spinarum APOCYNACEAE6 Casuarina equisetifoliaL. CASUARINACEAE7 Clematis hirsuta Perr & Guill RANUNCULACEAE8 Commelina africana L. COMMELINACEAE9 Cupressus lusitannica PINACEAE10 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. POACEAE

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No

Botanical name Family name

11 Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. SAPINDACEAE12 Eleusine floccifolia (Forssk.) Spreng. POACEAE13 Eragrostis tenuifolia (A. Rich.) Steud. POACEAE14 Harpachne schimperi Hochst. ex A. Rich. POACEAE15 Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf POACEAE16 Indigofera spicataForssk. FABACEAE17 Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don BIGNONIACEAE18 Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & Wood ASTERACEAE19 Lantana camara L. VERBENACEAE20 Phoenix reclinata Jacq. ARECACEAE21 Physalis peruvianaL. SOLANACEAE22 Physalis peruvianaL. SOLANACEAE23 Ricinus communis L. EUPHORBIACEAE24 Rosa abyssinica Lindley ROSACEAE25 Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. POLYGONACEAE26 Schinus molle L. ANACARDIACEAE27 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. FABACEAE28 Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A. Rich. MALVACEAE29 Tagetes minuta L. ASTERACEAE30 Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE31 Vernonia amygdalina Del. ASTERACEAE

D.5 Human environment

The total population in Kebele 10/11 Serity is estimated at 49,945. The People earn their living through trade, working in factories, farming activity and labour. Eighty percent of the factories in Addis Ababa are located at Akaki Kality Subcity and most of the factories are also found in Kebele 10/11 Seriti Administration. As a result most people in this kebele are working in these factories on a low income. However compared to other kebeles found in Akaki Kality subcity Kebele 10/11 comprises a larger number of people with better incomes. Currently there are 55 schools in the kebele .The health facilities found in the Kebele are the following.

One government health center Eight private clinics 2 private pharmacies and health centers under construction.

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E Environmental Evolution and evaluation of its sensitivity

E.1 biophysical constraints

Table 9 : Biophysical component versus reference state

biophysical component

reference state

Surface water The site and the store are far from two rivers Akaki and Bulbula (more than 1 km) groundwater The ground water depth around Kality area is between 93 and 177.8 meters and

pesticide never reach the ground water as the ground water is greater than 5 meter The annual rainfall is less than 2000 mm (FAO,2000)

land occupation in the neighborhood and on the site

The site is occupied by MoA services and a laboratory is in constructionThe surrounding is occupied by several activities (garage, ) and by a human settlement around 500 m

soil 31% soil units have clay content. Most project soils (69%0 are classified as buried Eutric Vertisols. These buried Eutric Vertisols are probably dominated by expanding clay types. Note that there is restricted drainage in Eutric Vertisols during rainy season.

fauna and flora The fauna is mainly comprised of some bird speciesThe inventory flora indicates there are several species of plants,

forest There is no forest nearby the siteair quality Air quality measurements are not available. Around the site but at significant

distance are some factories. The car traffic is very heavy on the main road at about 500 m.

E.2 Changes in the biophysical environment without the project

The biophysical environment is composed of some plants and some trees around the existing store planted by the MoA services. Without the project this ecosystem is likely to remain in its current stage.

E.3 Evolution of human environment without the project

The project has no real influence on the human environment around. Nevertheless it is assumed that people from the human settlement nearby the site (fully fenced), will not approach the store location since the area is already occupied by a waste water treatment plant.

E.4 Ecological Interest of the site

The site is covered in some areas by vegetation and dead wood is sometimes collected by the local population for firewood.. The majority of the vegetation has no major ecological importance.

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E.5 Sensitivity of the site

The description above of the site shows that human settlement is not far from the site but it is assumed that people will not approach closer to the site.

The pesticides which will be stored are mainly liquid and packaged in drums. Since the pesticides to be stored are mainly not in powder form (the only wettable powder formulation pesticide that has been stored, Carbaryl for migratory pests control use is rarely imported), there would be not a problem with wind dissemination.

According to the architectural scheme of the store (vs. openness), the pesticide store at Kality will have several vents to allow ventilation so it will be a semi-open storehouse. The decision tree for determining the probability of pesticide distribution by wind (Figure 6) allows us to predict low-emissions of pesticides on the site.

Figure 6 Decision tree determining the likelihood of distribution by wind

Abundance of vegetation and animals

The vegetation cover of the site is low and small animals (rats; snakes and birds) are not abundant in the area.

The behavior of soils in connection to flood risk

A field visit on site and a preliminary inspection of the soil structure in the sample holes dug for soil sampling showed that the soil on site is clay, and loamy sand. The results of the subsequent soil analysis are shown under table 5 and 6 above. According to the soil structure and the ground site slope, the risk of flooding is high at the site.

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Proximity of surface water and groundwater (distance)

The rivers are far from the pesticide construction site and the ground water depth at Kality areas is greater or equal to 96 meters. Due to this there will be no risk of pesticides with regard to surface water and ground water.

Identifying exposure points.

The main points of exposure are Akaki and Bulbula rivers that are quite remote from Kality site. However we must emphasize the absence of wells, reservoirs, boreholes in the area which might be exposed to contamination from pesticides via runoff and groundwater in the event of spillage

Risks of water pollution spillLocated more than a kilometer from Bulbula and Akaki rivers which are the only surface waters that are listed in the wider area of the site, the risk of groundwater pollution by pesticides that will be stored is very minimal or zero due to the far distance of rivers and ground water depths. Pollution risks are those most likely related to groundwater in the event of spillage.

The table below, from Fao pesticides disposal series 8, assessing soil contamination: a reference manual, allows the prediction of pesticide transport to groundwater.

Table 10 : Prediction the transport of pesticides towards the groundwater

Number Input data Value Conclusion

1 Depth of groundwater <2 m Groundwater always reached>2<5 m Proceed with 2>5 m Proceed with 2

2 Amount of pesticides spilled

>100 litres or 100 kg Proceed with 3<100 litres or 100 kg Groundwater never reached, unless

groundwater close to surface (<2 m)3 Pesticides stored in a closed

or half-open store? (see Table I in Appendix 1)

Yes Groundwater never reached, unless groundwater <5 m

No Proceed with 44 Time period since start of

spillage< 1 year Groundwater never reached, unless

pesticide mobility high> 1 year Proceed with 5

5 Annual rainfall >2000 mm Groundwater always reached=<2000 mm Proceed with 6

6 Pesticide mobility (see Appendix 3)

High Groundwater always reachedLow Proceed with 7

7 Degradation (see Appendix 3)

High (DT50 soil < 10 days) Groundwater never reachedLow (DT50 soil > 10 days) Groundwater always reached

Source : Fao pesticides disposal series 8, assessing soil contamination : a reference manual

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DT50 is a time required for 50% of a substance disappears from the soil or water by processing (biological or physico-chemical). It is also called a half-life period.

The rate of degradation is expressed in half-life or as DT50 in soil. (See Appendix 5 for a description). In the manual explanation is done to use the table. Step 1 determines which of the pesticides that have been spilled are relevant, i.e. may have caused contamination.Relevant pesticides are pesticides that have been spilled in considerable quantities and that are not readily degrading. It is stated that when the half-life of a pesticide (its DT50 value) is less than six months, the pesticide may be considered as readily degradable and therefore not relevant. The likelihood of the occurrence of health risks caused by leakage of such a pesticide is negligible. Apart from the degradation rate, the amount of spilled pesticide is also important. Spillages of less than 100 litres, or 100 kg, are considered too small to cause health risks through contamination.

Table 11 : Classification of degradability in soil (biological and physicochemical transformations)

DT50 Classification<20 Readily degradable20–60 Fairly degradable60–180 Slightly degradable>180 Very slightly degradable

Data on the ground water level, rainfall, will permit to assess the probability of contamination by some product and to conclude about the sensibility of the site from the assessment results.

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F Analysis of alternatives

Analysis of alternatives to pesticide store construction project in Ethiopia

The description and analysis of the current state of the pesticide store construction environment have focused on 4 areas, namely Gotera, Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD) compound, Kality, Ministry of Agriculture premises and one of the regions.

GoteraGotera storage is located in the city of Addis Ababa, Nifas Silk Lafto subcity. The site got its name from a nearby grain silo which has not been operational for the last 25-30 years. The site is neighbored from the south by the Ethiopian Electric and Power corporation electric pole treatment factory, from the north by a very busy main road, from the east by a road and the Ministry of agriculture equipment store and from the west by offices. Formerly the site had been used for storage of pesticides, and as a garage and fuel depot for the Ministry of Agriculture. Since 2008, the area was substantially reduced due to the construction of a new road by a Chinese Road Construction Company. This resulted in the compound becoming in close proximity to the very busy road (with regard to vehicles and human beings traveling adjacent to the road) to the north. Any collision/accident arising from heavy trucks loading fuels and other types of vehicles in this busy road could pose serious health hazards and a risk of fire at the pesticide store locality. The compound is also very close to offices and shops and human habitations in the west and would not satisfy the criteria in relation to human health and environmental safety. Besides, the area needs high investment in relation to demolition of old garage and leveling of some areas of the land in the compound prior to construction of the store. Although accessibility is easy to the area, this site is not appropriate for the construction of a new pesticide store due to the reasons given above. Therefore it is justifiable to look for other proper localities to use for pesticide store construction.

APHRD compoundAPHRD is located in Addis Ababa, Bole Subcity adjacent to the Educational Material Production Enterprise from the south, Desert Locust Control Organization from North, Forestry Research Center from east. These areas, where many staff are working, is less than 100 meters away from the APHRD compound. Forty staff are also working in the small premises of APHRD that comprises laboratories, offices meeting halls and 2 stores ( one containing pesticide sprayers and other laboratory equipment, chemicals and furniture ) When choosing a site for pesticide store construction, close proximity to office and residential areas, schools, hospitals and shopping areas should be avoided. Preference should be given to areas already devoted to industrial development. Even in these circumstances proximity of such premises to food processing enterprises destined for human and animal consumption should be avoided. Moreover APHRD does not have enough space in its compound to construct a standard pesticide store. Therefore the APHRD compound is not ideal for pesticide store construction due to the above mentioned factors.

Kality Ministry of Agriculture premises.Kality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development premises is located at Addis Ababa, about 20 kms from APHRD compound. The site to be used for store construction is more than 600 meters away from the Tsetse fly research station and human habitation in the south. The

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same site is also adjacent to the Garage of Ethiopian Insurance Enterprise (seems not functioning) and an open compound in the north. The gate of the compound is more than 500 meters from the store construction site (to the east). Adjacent to the gate, an organization called PACTRA is located, which is an organization responsible for lifting of general commodities including vehicles. A sewerage collection depot is found in the north, where it evaporates and turns to sludge in few days. Compared to other areas of Addis Ababa, a relatively large proportion of industrial facilities are located at Kality. Industries located some distance away (more than 500 kms) from the store site are non-food producing ones. There are already two metal stores and two cargo containers at Kality, located at the back of the site destined for the new pesticide store construction. One of the metal stores contains several types of pesticide to be distributed to regions during migratory pest outbreaks. The other metal store contains an FAO-donated one set of drum presser and cleaner machine for the management of empty containers. This equipment is yet to be commissioned which will address the need to rinse equipment followed by crushing (metal items) or fragmentation / shredding (plastic items). Although large piles of old vehicles (most of them are not functional) and general commodity stores are situated some distance away from the proposed store construction site, the area has been dedicated for pesticide storage since the 1980’s. The area also may serve for management of pesticide containers associated with some of the 400 tones of left over pesticides considered under the recently developed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) with the support World Bank Environmental Impact and Social Assessment experts and pesticide containers that have been stockpiled in several parts of the country. Based on the above justification The PMT believes that the Kality MoA premises are the ideal site for construction of a new pesticide store in line with World Bank Environmental & Safeguards and Pesticide Management operational policies and FAO guidelines on pesticide storage and stock management. RegionsThe Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is the organization responsible for central purchasing and distribution of migratory control pesticides to all regions. In order to accomplish such tasks properly the construction of a central standard pesticide depot in Addis Ababa is essential. Therefore APHRD decided to construct the new pesticide store in Addis Ababa to store pesticides imported or purchased from the local manufacturing plant prior to their distribution to the regions for the control of armyworm, desert locusts, quelea birds other outbreak pests.

Multi-criterion analysis Multi-criterion analysis has been used to select the appropriate site for pesticide store construction The following formula is used to choose the appropriate site for pesticide construction.

M(S) = 1/∑ Pc *Vc (S)

Where, 1. M(S)= Score of scenario S using weighted average2. Pc = Percentage weight of criterion.3. VC(S) = Score for respective site with regard to each criterion

Alternative sites for the construction of new store Alternative sites that are mentioned above are as follows.

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Table 12 : Alternative sites

Site no Name of sitesS0 Referential site that meets the various criteria of FAOS1 Kality, MoA premisesS2 APHRD compoundS3 Gotera

The selection criteria are described in the following table.Table 13 : Selection criteria

Criterion number CriteriaC1 Distance and location in relation to human settlementsC2 Level of ground water at the siteC3 Location relative to flood riskC4 Proximity to surface water (river, lakes, ponds)C5 Accessibility to vehicle carrying pesticideC6 Social acceptability

Evaluation Each site was evaluated following the formula described above. The evaluation criterion for each share was made on the basis of arithmetic scale. The rating scale criteria were as follows.Very good= 5; Good=4; Medium=3; Bad =2; Very poor=1

Note: the rating scale 3 is assigned to all criteria of S0, reference pesticide storage site that meets the various criteria of FAOThe following Evaluation Matrix was used to rate the three sites and determine the appropriate single site for construction of the pesticide store.

Table 14 : Evaluation matrix for selecting the appropriate site for pesticide store Construction

Site

CRITERIA score(M(S))C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

S0 3 3 3 3 3 3 1/ 2.70= 0.37S1 4 5 3 4 3 3 1/3.40=0.29S2 1 5 4 4 2 2 1/2.55=0.39S3 2 4 4 5 4 2 1/2.85=0.35Percentage weight 25 20 15 5 10 15 100

SO= Referential site that meets the various criteria of FAOS1= Kality, MoA premisesS2=APHRD compoundS3= GoteraC1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6 are criterion 1,2,3,4,5,6 respectively (see table 2)

Kality site has the least score (MS) compared to the referencial score or higher weighted average figure; so the Kality site is the best site among the alternatives according to the criteria of comparison.

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G Public Consultation

As both the World Bank operational procedures and Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation of Ethiopia requires public consultation prior to the construction of the pesticide store, consultation has been made with the public around the pesticide construction area and personnel of APHRD of the MoA.

G.1 ApproachA questionnaire in local language (Amharic) was prepared and distributed to the people around the store construction area. The questionnaire has two components 1. Questions on the general project 2. Questions on the sites. In addition to collection of public opinions through a questionnaire meeting was held with the same people to raise their awareness on need of standard pesticide stores (to address the pressing problem with regard to unacceptable pesticide storage conditions in many areas of the country) and to inform the risks and mitigation plans to be addressed. However in case of APHRD personnel, power point presentation was used to discuss various issues in connection to construction new pesticide store at Kaliti.

G.2 Perceptions of the project by the public and APHRD staff

By the publicBefore awareness creation is conducted, most of the public thought the new pesticide construction was destined for storage of obsolete pesticides which would bring public health and environmental hazards. However, during the consultation process they were informed by ASP project staff that the new store is a structure for holding non-expired pesticides before they are dispatched to the 11 regions for the control of migratory pests. In addition the risks and mitigation plans to be implemented have been thoroughly discussed with the public. As a result of the consultation process the people understood the mitigation measures to be followed to avoid negative impacts on the environment and the public and they also perceived that the project would bring benefit to the country to address major problem pests and improve the livelihood of farmers.

By APHRD staffThe pressing need for the construction of standard pesticide store is highly appreciated by the APHRD staff as the pesticide stores that are constructed in Addis Ababa and different regions are old, substandard and overstocked.

G.3 Public expectations

A pesticide store that would store pesticide without bringing hazard to the public and the environment

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G.4 The apprehension of the publicThe respondents said that there would not be any fear from the pesticide store construction provided all precautionary and mitigating measures would be adopted for its proper management.

H Identification and assessment of environmental impacts

Pesticides may be responsible for diffuse and chronic and / or acute and accidental pollution, during manufacture, transport, use, or for the disposal of end of life, damaged, unused or banned product.They can contaminate all the compartments of the environment: air (outdoor, indoor), water, soil and switch from one to another.This chapter of the ESIA assess the impacts of transport, storage and handling of new pesticides at Kality store

H.1 The positive impacts

The major advantage of constructing this storehouse in Kality is for Ethiopia to have an infrastructure at central level, to store all new pesticide coming from abroad, to properly manage them and then to proceed with the distribution of these pesticides to each region of the country. This kind of infrastructure has been lacking for several years and is thus a priority for the Ethiopian government and MoA.

H.2 The main sources of impacts

In this process, sources of potential impacts identified are related to:- Preparation phase (preparation of the site for construction: clearing ...);- Construction phase of the facilities;- Handling and storage of pesticides on the site.- Pesticides transportation in –out of the store;

Tables 15 show the matrix of impacts linked with the project activities and table 16 the main sources of impacts associated with the project

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Table 15 : Matrix of impacts linked with the project activities

Project Component Project phasePreparation / Construction Operation

Affected Environment component Sources of impact (Planned Actions)Delivery and installation equipment

Movement of vehicles (would produce dust)

Excavation and backfilling movement of construction equipment

Activity Activity Activity Transportation of pesticides

Reception and storage of pesticides

Handling of pesticides

Biophysical environmentAir (ambient noise and air quality)WatersSoilWildlifeFlora

Human Environmentcommunities Residents

Employees of storesLocal authority

Living environment Public HealthSecurity

Socio economic environment

Employment

Socio-economic impact (trade and local activities)

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Table 16 : .Major sources of impacts associated with the project

Project Component Project Activities Type of impacts potentially predictable

Type

of

im

pact

s po

tent

ially

pre

dict

able

Release of the required area and store construction

Delivery and installation of equipment

Noise, Air pollution, AccidentsDegradation of vegetation and associated fauna

Clearing of vegetation

Noise, Air pollutionLoss of vegetation and wildlife habitat (birds)

Construction of the access road

Noise, Land Degradation, AccidentsLoss of vegetation and wildlife habitat

Construction Noise, Land Degradation, Air pollution, Accidents

Ope

ratio

n Ph

ase

Transportation of pesticides

Transportation of pesticides

Accidents, Air pollution, water pollution

Pesticide Storage Reception and storage of pesticides

Accidents, Air pollution, Waste generation

Handling of Pesticides Product Delivery Accidents, Air pollution

The main dispersion modes of pesticides from a warehouse are (see figure 7):• Infiltration (in soil or groundwater);• Runoff to surface water;• Dispersal by wind (wind dispersal).

Moreover, the storage of pesticides generates special waste such as packaging, absorbents and expired products.

The impacts may also result from errors in handling or ignorance of procedures for transport and storage

Figure 7 Impacts resulting from pre construction and construction phases / Distribution of contaminants from a store into the environment

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H.3 Impacts on biophysical framework and the biological and human environment

The pesticide store construction with a capacity of 134,500 liters or 134.5 m3 ( when the drums are stored in single layering) and 269,000 liters or 269 m3(when the drums are stored in double layering)" could lead to changes and impacts on biological and human environments.

These changes might affect:- Soil (structure and soil quality);- Air (the air quality and noise);- Water (water quality);

These various changes in the physical environment may impact on the fauna and flora and the human environment (workers, residents and users of communication channels closest).

The preparation phase construction and operation will be considered for the identification and evaluation of project impacts.

H.3.1 Impacts resulting from pre construction and construction phases

The pre-construction and construction phases are to develop the site more properly these are:i) Steps to prepare the site (clearing ...);ii) Grading (excavation and filling);iii) Infrastructure development works and other services (water, electricity);iv) Construction of the store.

The most relevant environmental components to be analyzed in connection with the activities planned are flora, fauna, atmosphere, water resources, soil and activities / human Settlements.

H.3.1.1 Impacts on Flora and fauna

Given that the site contains only reduced vegetation cover, composed of mainly weeds and most of the fauna are not unique or threatened impact of land clearing that will be made will be minor to negligible with a medium intensity, localized extent and a long duration.The woody species like Carrisa spinarum, Rosa abyssinica, Vernonia amgdalina and grass Hyparrhenia hirta on the area selected for construction of the store will be cleared. Exotic tree species called Cupressus lusitannica planted along fence margins will not be cut.

Regarding the fauna, it is generally accepted that animals flee when they hear the first sounds of chainsaws and bulldozers. But the clearing of shrubs and herbs/grass will destroy animals’ habitats: birds' nests, small reptiles burrow. These impacts are very harmful if the nests are occupied by young animals who are deprived of their shelters and in other cases, the discomfort is temporary in the others cases.

The destruction of wildlife habitat particularly those of the birds is an impact that can be considered low with a low intensity, localized extent and a long duration.

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H.3.1.2 Impacts on atmosphere and the human environment

The changes and impacts on the atmosphere will be analyzed in terms of the sound environment (noise levels measured at different locations in the study area) and air quality.

Both types of changes can be made by construction equipment (earth moving machinery and lifting equipment) during the installation and construction phase of site preparation. It will be either a temporary increase (working hours) of noise on the site, a suspending solid particles that can restrict workers breathing and ancillary (depending on wind direction) for the inhabitants located less than1 km around the site.

However, because of the nature of the proposed construction, the structure is deemed light (but strong), the use of heavy machinery that can generate important pollution (noise and air) is not worrisome.

At most, the dust emissions resulting from the operations of excavation and earth moving may be a temporary inconvenience for workers in the premises; nearby homes will have little bit less inconveniences because of trees.

H.3.1.3 Changes and impacts on water resources

The level of groundwater is about 90 meters down, with a non-permeable soil. Pollution of the aquifer is not a risk because sewage spill sites that might be contain through the installation of a septic tank to collect wash water and sewage. However, drinking water resources will not be threatened by the backup supply for the purposes of construction

H.3.1.4 Generation of waste related to construction on site

The design and construction of the store will generate waste of structural and finishing materials. Structural Waste is composed of excavated material and construction materials.The excavated material associated with spoilage arises from excavations, earthworks, etc. They can be of various kinds but mainly derived from topsoil and sub-topsoil.Construction materials are typically wood, metal or inert waste such as non-reusable formwork, reinforcing irons or extra concrete.Wastes of secondary / finishing works are very heterogeneous: scrap wood, metal, packaging, etc The second work activities generate a significant portion of waste such as leftover paint, coatings, adhesives, solvents, etc.. These products should be segregated prior to collection.

H.3.1.5 Involuntary resettlement

Population displacement will not occur in this project because the site of Kality is free of residents. In order to avoid any negative impacts, the Kality district authorities must strictly control an expansion of nearby human settlements to the store construction area. This action will help to provide a safe and prescribed distance between the store area and the residential area.

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Table 17 : Potential environnemental impacts in construction phase.

Activity impact description impact Nature Intensity Extend Time/

frequency Importance

Impacts on flore and fauna

ClearingLoss of vegetation cover mainly composed of herbs and grass and Negative medium Isolated Long Minor to negligible

Destruction of wildlife habitat occupying the study area (birds, ) Negative weak Local Long Minor to negligibleImpacts on waterInvolvement of construction equipment and discharge of waste water

Groundwater pollution by hydrocarbons (fuel, oil) Negative weak Local short Minor to negligible

Impacts on air

Excavation and backfilling Movement of construction equipment

Release of dust Negative medium Local short Minor to negligibleNoise Negative medium Local short Minor to negligibleAtmospheric emissions containing NOx, SO2, CO, particulates Negative medium Local short Minor to negligibleDisruption of the sound environment and punctual constraint for surrounding settlements Negative medium Local short Minor to negligible

wastes

Structural works (clearing, grading, filling, construction, etc..)

Generation of excavated material (cuttings from the excavation, earthmoving ...) including the topsoil and sub-topsoil Negative medium Isolated short Minor to negligible

Generation of construction waste (fall of wood, metal or inert waste such as non-reusable formwork, reinforcing irons or extra concrete, various packaging, tec.) which impact on the landscape

Negative medium Isolated short Minor to negligible

Generation of special waste such as leftover paint, coatings, adhesives, solvents etc. Negative medium Isolated short Minor to negligible

Socio economic Impacts

Operation and movement of construction equipment

Discomfort of movement of people (near the railway) Negative medium Isolated short Minor to negligibleDisruption of the sound environment and constraint point for nearby Negative medium Isolated short Minor to negligible

Release of dust: punctual inconvenience for surrounding settlements and nearby workers Negative medium Isolated short Minor to negligible

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H.3.2 Impact of the operational phase

The operation of the pesticide store does not significantly affect the physical components of the environment during normal operation.But in abnormal operating conditions, environmental components such as atmosphere (air quality), soil, groundwater and surface (water quality), fauna and flora could be affected.Furthermore, operation of the store if repackaging is done into smaller container will produce special waste (packaging, and contaminated absorbent). The residence time provided in the projections suggests that it is unlikely to have obsolete pesticides in Kality store. The Kality store will not be used to receive obsolete pesticides from any sources for storage.

H.3.2.1 Environmental and health impacts of storage of pesticides (risks of fire, explosion, accidental spillage)

According to MoA / ASP PMT, pesticides to be stored in the store are : carbosulfan, carbaryl, chlorpyriphos-ethyl, diazinone, fenithrothion, profenofos+ cypermethrin, malathion, fenthion. They are stable under normal conditions of storage (store well ventilated, cool, dry), compared to their reactivity.

If the store will host other pesticides than the above described, there is a risk related to pesticides that are reactive substances (substances or mixtures of liquids or solids thermally unstable) liable to undergo a strongly exothermic decomposition even in the absence of oxygen (air).

Liquid formulations based on organic solvents may be flammable. They could catch fire in the presence of heat. The risk of fire and explosion are increased if formulations contain flammable / explosive solvents. The gases and vapors produced in case of fire are toxic and irritating and may cause irritation and poisoning among populations living in the vicinity of the store.

Poor Storage method of products can lead to these risks:

Under normal conditions of storage (impermeability of the store floor and the immediate vicinity of the store, no leaks or spills), soil and groundwater will not be affected by the stored products.

But in case of malfunction (spillage during supplying the store) and lack of consideration of security measures (lack of sealing of the store floor), the soil may be polluted and products leach into groundwater. (See the impacts of accidental spills and leaks)

H. 3.2.2 Impacts of stocks management (production of obsolete pesticide)

Poor management and inadequate provision of stocks of pesticides can cause serious problems. The failure to implement the FIFO principle (First In First Out) may lead to the accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks. Indeed, pesticides have a limited shelf life and when the oldest are not used, they may become obsolete.

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Although pesticides have a long lifetime, long storage can cause deterioration of containers and encourage leaks into the environment. This poses a risk to staff working in the warehouse, environmental pollution and economic costs to the state (loss of product and disposal costs).

H..3.2.3 Impacts of local transport of pesticides Kality pesticide store to regions

- accidental spills or leaks of products can cause poisoning of personnel, contamination of vehicles and localized soil pollution in the site of unloading drums of pesticides, soil and water pollution in the transport route - Fire or explosion because of accidental contact of leaking oil products with a heat source (cigarette flame or spark lit by persons on board the vehicle),- Deterioration of packaging of powder products can cause wind dispersal of pesticides- Deterioration of labels of pesticides container that may make them difficult to identify in the future with all the problems of monitoring that may arise.

H..3.2.4 Impacts of accidental spills and leaks (characteristics of environmental contamination of products to be stored)

Impacts of accidental spills and leaks of pesticides

Pesticides are biologically active substances and potentially dangerous to health and the environment. When transporting and unloading / loading pesticides containers, spills and accidental leaks inside the store are the largest sources of pollution for the different environmental compartments (including the store floor if it is not waterproof) and handlers and management personal. Also this can occur outside the site in the course of pesticides transportation

The impacts of spills and leaks of pesticides on the environment depend strongly on the characteristics of pesticides such as water solubility, adsorption coefficient, particulate hydrolysis rate, duration of half-life in soil, vapor pressure, soil type, depth of water and amount of spillage.

Table 18 : Characteristics of environmental contamination of pesticides which will be stored in case of leakage or accidental spillage

Pesticides Characteristics of environmental contamination

Comments Environmental contamination risk in case of leakage or accidental spillage

Chlorpyriphos-ethyl

Vapour pressure at 20°C : Vp=1,43 10-3Pa Solubility in water: 1,39 mg/l Partition coefficient (Koc): 125,2 (Log : 2,096)

Can easily volatilize and disperse in the atmosphere because Vp > 1,3.10-3PaModerately mobile 2 < Koc<3

Risks of air pollution based on the quantities dischargedLikelihood of

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Pesticides Characteristics of environmental contamination

Comments Environmental contamination risk in case of leakage or accidental spillage

Hydrolysis speed: 58.1 dayshalf-life in soil (aerobic conditions) : 113,3 days half-life in soil (anaerobic conditions) : 135,5 days

Moderately soluble 1<S<10Slightly degradable car 60<DT 50<180

groundwater pollution because mobility and solubility medium and produces slightly degradable

Fenitrhothion

Vapour pressure at 20°C : 18 10-3PaSolubility in water at 30°C : 14 mg/lPartition coefficient (Koc): 251,18-1548,81 (Log: 2,4 – 3,19)Hydrolysis speed: 200 - 630 days au pH de 5 à 9 half-life in soil (aerobic conditions) : 12-28 days half-life in soil (anaerobic conditions) : 4-54 days

Can easily volatilize and disperse in the atmosphere because Vp > 1,3.10-3PaSlightly Mobile 3 < Koc<4Readily soluble 10<S<100Fairly degradable 20<DT < 60

High risk of air pollution because high Vp.Low risk of groundwater pollution as low mobility and low solubility and degradability.

Malathion Vapour pressure at 30°C : 0.0053 PaSolubility in water : 125 mg/l Partition coefficient (Koc): 1000 (Log : 3)Hydrolysis speed: 6 dayshalf-life in soil (aerobic conditions) : 2 dayshalf-life in soil (anaerobic conditions) : 30 days

Can easily volatilize and disperse in the atmosphere because Vp > 1,3.10-3PaSlightly Mobility 3 < Koc<4Readily soluble 10<S<100Fairly degradable 20<DT < 60

Recognized risks of air pollution because significant VpLow risk of groundwater pollution as low mobility and solubility and degradability medium

Classification of mobility Classification of solubility in water

Classification of degradability in soil (biological and physicochemical transformations)

MobilityLog Koc

Classification

<1 Highly mobile1–2 Mobile2–3 Moderately mobile3–4 Slightly mobile4–5 Hardly mobile>5 Immobile

Solubility Classification<0.10 Not soluble0.1–1 Slightly soluble1–10 Moderately soluble10–100 Readily soluble>100 Highly soluble

Halflife 50 in soil in daysDT50

Classification

<20 Readily degradable20–60 Fairly degradable60–180 Slightly degradable>180 Very slightly degradable

Mitigation of repeated pollution is heavily dependent on technical capabilities (training of warehouse staff) and the availability of firefighting equipment.Indeed, undetected or untreated spill and leaks can cause deterioration of containers by corrosion effect of metal drums or dirt of bags. It may cause contamination of warehouse staff and emission of toxic fumes or flammable vapors.

Similarly, the deterioration of packaging of powder pesticide formulations can lead to their dissemination by the wind or the aeration system/ventilation and cause powdery deposits around the storage site if they are not stabilized first.

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H.3.2.5 Impacts of the generation of solid waste

The operations of the store of pesticides can produce special waste: packaging contaminated by traces of pesticide, expired pesticides and absorbent materials contaminated with pesticide.If the segregation and disposal of these key wastes is not managed properly, they can harm the environment and security, the health of workers and local populations.Recovery of empty containers by local populations may be the cause of many accidents due to reutilization for storing water or holding food and due to the local population being uninformed about the risks associated. An empty pesticide container can never be perfectly cleaned and should be disposed of so that it cannot be used for other purposes.In abnormal situations (eg leakage), cleaning of spills may generate dust, sand or dry earth containing the chemical absorbed. Whenever leaks or spills are encountered ,the floor will be decontaminated with absorbent material (sand or sawdust)and safeguarded/transferd to salvage drum. Water and detergent (surfactant) wil be used to further clean the contaminated spots with vacuum cleaner and directed to salvage drum . All collected contaminates will remain in the salvage drum until it gets disposed propery.

H. 3.2.6 Impacts of the generation of liquid waste

The storage of pesticides will not create more wastewater discharges under normal conditions, except the effluent from operations personnel and storekeeper water needs (bathing, other). Thus, the only water that will be produced is toilet wastewater.

However, in cases of abnormal functioning (spill or leak of oily formulations), water could be used both for rinsing the floor as a means of decontamination. In addition to the rinse water there is a possibility that the rain water could be also polluted and consequently lead to additional pollution of the parking areas and vehicles moving or parking there.

H.3.2.7 Health impacts associated with the storage of pesticides (acute and chronic toxicity of products)

Table 19 : Health impacts associated with the storage of pesticidesPesticides Result of accidental exposure

WHO Class (3) Effects of acute intoxication Effets of chronic intoxicationClorpyriphos ethyle (1)

II (Moderatly dangerous)

Nausea. Dizziness. Vomiting. Cough. Loss of consciousness. Convulsions. Constriction of the pupil. Muscle cramps. Salivation.A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesteraseExposure above the OEL may result in death

The substance may have effects on the nervous system, cholinesterase inhibitor

Fenitrothion(1) II (Moderatly dangerous)

Cramps. Diarrhea. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Loss of

The substance may have effects on the nervous system,

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Pesticides Result of accidental exposureWHO Class (3) Effects of acute intoxication Effets of chronic intoxication

consciousness.A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesteraseExposure above the OEL may result in death

cholinesterase inhibitor

Malathion (1) III (Slightly hazardous)

The substance may have effects on the nervous system, causing convulsions, muscle cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive salivation, sweating, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness. A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesteraseExposure above the OEL may result in death.

A prolonged or repeated contact may cause skin sensitization. Cholinesterase inhibitor; possibility of cumulative effects

Dizinon II (moderatly hazardous)

The main symptom of soft acute diazinon poisoning are headache, nausea, dizziness, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, tightness in the chest, difficulty in breathing, muscle weakness or twitching, difficulty in walking, vomiting abdominal cramps and diarrhea Effects on the central nervous system may include confusion, anxiety, drowseness, depression, difficulty in concentrating, slurred speech, poor recall, insomnia, nightmares and a form of toxic psychosis resulting in bizarre behavior.

Cholinstrase inhibitor.Accumulation of acetylcholine at junctions between nerves and glands results in gland secretion;and accumulation between nerves in the brain causes sensory and behavioral disturbances.

Cypermethrin II(moderatly hazardious)

Symptoms of acute poisoning include abnormal facial sensations, dizziness, headache, nausea, anorexia and fatigue, vomiting and increased stomach secretion

Chronic symptoms include brain and locomotry disorders, polyneurophasy and immuno-suppression and resembles the multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome

Carbosulfan II (Modrately hazardous

The acute symptoms of carbosulfan in humans are characterstics of other organoposphate and carbamate insecticides. Signs include dizziness, salivation, excess salivation, nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, pi-point pupils, difficulty breathing and muscle twitching

-

Carbaryl II (Modrately hazardous

>> >> >> -

Profenofos II (Modrately hazardious

Muscarinic, nicotinic and central nervous system manifestations

There is no available data concerning chronic toxicity of profenofos

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Table 20 : Potential negative impacts associated with different activities

Activities Potential negative impacts

Pesticides transportation

Poisoning and exposure of personal following accidental spills or leaks;Pollution of soil following a spill or accidental release;Fires or explosions because accidental contact of leaking oil products with a heat source;Wind dispersal of pesticides following a deterioration of packaging products in powder or granules;Confusion about the nature of the pesticide following a deterioration of package labels

Pesticides Storage

Accumulation of stocks of obsolete pesticides;Explosion and fire of products stored or fire by spontaneous combustion;Contamination of water by the water used to extinguish a fire;Poisoning and exposure of the store staff handling due to accidental spills or leaks;

Spills, leaks and containers and chemicals disposal

Air pollution in light of spillage quantity and exposure of local residents;Groundwater pollution;Soil pollution;Air pollution based on the quantities discharged and Exhibition of warehouse personnel;Generation of hazardous special waste (iron drums, plastic and cardboard packaging or paper);Generation of hazardous special waste (sawdust, sand or dry soil containing the chemical absorbed) as a result of leakage of product;

Store Location Deterioration of the residential / living condition of surrounding population due to the release of odors from the store;Limiting the possibilities of settlement extension

ConclusionThe importance of potential environmental and health impacts of the Kality pesticide storage facility remains heavily dependent on the human factor, especially as it rests with the staff on site to ensure the integrity of facilities, packaging and the validity of stored products.This means that under normal storage and operating, the potential environmental impacts are kept to a minimum. Indeed, in designing the storehouse, the Project Management Team( PMT )has insisted that the standards set in this field by FAO are taken into account in order to minimize significant environmental risks (see design of the store).To this end, the concept of the store has taken into account:

compliance with safety distances from human settlements, not to involve displacement and sanitary nuisances,

the architectural drawing of the store that can guarantee a ventilation system, lighting and security at places of proper storage,

storage requirements up to dealing with locust, armyworm and quelea birds a roof in galvanized iron sheet(Egametal sheet) provides a barrier in case of fire.

The main environmental risks mainly come from: Methods of storage and segregation of products, The convenience of handling and manipulation of products within the store,

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The registration system and monitoring the quality and integrity of obsolete pesticide stocks,

The level of awareness of hazards by personnel assigned to the operation and management of pesticide products.

All these factors are dependent on human skills. If they are well understood by the technical staff, this could help to better control or inhibit the inherent risks (fire, explosion) and deal with emergency situations (floods, lightning strikes and population protests).

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I Hazard studies

The description of site environment and main activities and installations are described in chapter B and chapter H

I.1 Review of the toxicity of pesticides stored (toxicology)

Table 21 : Toxicity and health effects of pesticides to be stored in the new proposed store

Pesticides WHO Class Potential Heath effect

Clorpyriphos ethyle (1)

II (Moderately dangerous)

Effects of acute and chronic intoxicationNausea. Dizziness. Vomiting. Cough. Loss of consciousness. Convulsions. Constriction of the pupil. Muscle cramps. Salivation.A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesteraseExposure above the OEL may result in death The substance may have effects on the nervous system, cholinesterase inhibitorThermal decomposition products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide on combustionAcceptable daily intake ADI: 0.001 mg / kg / day

Fenitrothion(1)

II (Moderately dangerous)

Effects of acute and chronic intoxicationCramps. Diarrhea. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Loss of consciousness.A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesteraseExposure above the OEL may result in death The substance may have effects on the nervous system, cholinesterase inhibitorDecomposition Products: desmethyl fenitrothion, Dimethyl phosphate, phosphate Dimethylthio

Acceptable daily intake (ADI): 0.05 mg / kg / day

Malathion (1) III (less dangerous)

Effects of acute and chronic intoxicationThe substance may have effects on the nervous system, causing convulsions, muscle cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive salivation, sweating, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness. A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesteraseExposure above the OEL may result in death. A prolonged or repeated contact may cause skin sensitization. Cholinesterase inhibitor; possibility of cumulative effectsThe thermal decomposition products, in fire, may contain dimethyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, phosphorus pentoxide and nitrogen oxides

Acceptable daily intake ADI: 0.03 mg / kg / day

Diazinon II modarately hazardous

The main symptom of acute diazinon poisoning are headache, nausea, dizziness, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, tightness in the chest, difficulty in breathing, muscle weakness or twitching, difficulty in walking, vomiting abdominal cramps, and diarrhea

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Pesticides WHO Class Potential Heath effect

Effects on the central nervous system may include confusion, anxiety, drowsiness, depression, difficulty in concentrating, slurred speech, poor recall, insomnia, nightmares and a form of toxic psychosis resulting in bizarre behavior.Chronic symptomsCholinesterase inhibitor. Accumulation of acetylcholine at junctions between nerves and glands results in gland secretion; and accumulation between nerves in the brain causes sensory and behavioral disturbancesADI:0.002 mg/kg/day

Cypermethrin II modarately hazardous

Symptoms of acute poisoning include abnormal facial sensations, dizziness, headache, nausea, anorexia and fatigue, vomiting and increased stomach secretion. Chronic symptoms include brain and locomotry disorders, polyneurophasy and immuno-suppression and resembles the multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome

Carbosulfan II modarately hazardous

The acute symptoms of carbosulfan in humans are characteristics of other organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Signs include dizziness, salivation, excessive salivation, nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, pi-point pupils, difficulty breathing and muscle twitching

Carbaryl II modarately hazardous

The same above

Profenfos II modarately hazardous

The same above

Fenthion II modarately hazardous

The same above

I.2 Review of risks linked to the environment (flood, population unrest, accidents)

The risk of flooding

The topography and soils of the Kality site present some risk of flooding to the storehouse and its surroundings as indicated by the conclusion of soil study. In the case of water intrusion in the store, the potential damage to the product could be considerable, even though the products are stored in several layers (2)Another risk might come from water leakage resulting from defective sealing of the structure (roof or ventilation systems) that would damage the integrity and sealing of containers of liquids or powders that then would become less resistant and may leak or open up when they are wet. In these cases, the immediate environment of the site may be contaminated on a small area without causing severe environmental pollution due to biodegradation and sunlight (photo-degradation).

Population protest

The risks of negative reaction following the construction and operation of the store are not great because (i) the site is fenced, (ii) is guarded and (iii) belongs to government/public property. Moreover, public support received during the public consultations in the course of this EISA appears to reject this risk.

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Analysis of risk of accidents

Identification and characterization of potential hazards

Potential sources of risk are multiple and relate mainly to the intrinsic nature of products handled, on the one hand, and operation phases of the project, on the other.Indeed, pesticides handled within the framework of this project are mostly in the form of liquid and present greater risks. These risks are present in virtually all phases of the project:

a) Phase 1Transportation of products to/from Kality site

Transportation is a step whose importance is often minimized during the various phases of pesticide handling. The risks and dangers are often overlooked despite the fact that they are real at this level. The products are in concentrated form, any road accident, for example, could lead to risks of fire / explosion and even the risk of inhaling toxic fumes.These risks may jeopardize however, first the health of those directly involved in the operation, second the integrity of the natural ecosystem by environmental pollution (spillage of product on the road or in water for example).

Occupational accidents and fires / explosions may occur as:- Slips, trips and falls to floor; clashes against objects (especially when wearing protective masks limiting the field of vision);- Heavy falling objects, containers especially on the feet;- Cuts and other injuries caused by sharp-edged objects such as metal plugs containers;- Burst pressure vessels, with projections of pesticides, because of poor conditioning and / or under certain conditions of transport;- Skin burns caused by exposure to pesticides without protective equipment;- Electrical hazards in the event of failure of the truck loaded with pesticides;- Increased risk of road accidents in driving conditions often encountered (long distances, heavily loaded vehicles, bad roads as is the case between the main road and the gate of the Kality site, weather conditions);

b) Phase 2: Storage

Ninety percent of the pesticides to be stored are expected to be in liquid form and would present greater risk of ignition due to the presence of solvents in their formulations, but also can release toxic vapors specially in summer where maximum temperature reaches 25c0. As a mitigation measure to control the high temperature and to prevent toxic fumes and flammable atmosphere ,twenty (20) large vents will be fitted (as it is already me3ntioned under B2.4.2 in the upper and lowewr position of the store. Several situations may increase such risks, including:- Non-compliance of storage conditions that implies such risk situations (inadequate ventilation, inadequate conditions of the stock by the lack of shelving and pallet, no consideration of chemical reactivity of products in stacking containers...);- Lack of fire safety devices in the store;- Inadequate and unsafe storage system within the store;- The existence of untreated leaks or spills, that an instant fire favored by the presence of an electric spark, flame or even the rays of the sun.

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These cases could ultimately lead to accidents such as fire and / or explosion under the influence of heat, whose impact can be catastrophic (risk of poisoning by product contact or inhalation during diffusion of toxic fumes, air and water pollution, human poisoning and damage to plants and animals).

c) Phase 3: Pesticide manipulation in the store (handling, repackaging)

The handling of pesticides in the store could also lead to accidents (e.g. inhalation) because of any lack of care and attention given to this operation.The risks of product release, which can cause poisoning of personnel working in the store. Inadequate training and personnel information on the actual risks and precautions could be an origin of this situation.

d) Phase 4: Storage of unused and obsolete equipment

The withdrawal of use of certain products because of their toxicity (on recommendations of the manufacturer or banned by national or international regulation) may cause the presence of unused stocks that may deteriorate as when they are stored. The presence of these stocks could be a source of hazards including:- contamination as a result of accidental leaks caused by corrosion of the packaging,- poisoning of staff working in the storehouse (by contact or inhalation of toxic fumes)- the risk of induced contamination with a possible misuse of products and / or disposal by methods not recommended and not complying with safety guidelines of environmental protection.

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Table 22 : Summary of risks linked to operational phase

Activity Source of danger Main identified riks

Delivery of pesticides to/out Kality store

- Transport-Loading- Unloading

- Slips, trips and falls to floor; clashes against objects;- Heavy falling objects, containers especially on the feet;- Cuts and other injuries;- Burst pressure vessels;- Skin burns;- Electrical hazards;- Increased risk of accident.

Storage - Inadequate ventilation- Inadequate store management conditions of the stock by the lack of shelving and pallet, bad stacking without consideration of products chemical reactivity- Presence of electrical spark, open flame or even sunlight concentrated by a glass container;- Lack of fire safety devices- lack of fire safety devices- Falls of drums filled with pesticides.

- Fire and / or explosion;- Inhalation of toxic fumes especially for products with high vapor pressure (malathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos ethyl);- Injuries

Management inside the store

- Human error- Lack of PPE- Inadequate staff training and information.

- inhalation of toxic fume ;- Risks of poisoning

storage of unused and obsolete equipment

- Presence of obsolete stocks - Inhalation of toxic fumes especially from products with high vapor pressure (malathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos ethyl);- Poisoning of personnel.

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J. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

This environmental management plan is divided into three parts: measures to mitigate impacts caused by the project during construction and operation

phases; the monitoring plan (implementation of mitigation measures); institutional and capacity building for environmental management

J.1 Mitigation measures - store construction phase

J.1.1 Fauna and floraDuring the preparation phase, the contractor should avoid excessive clearing and should be limited to areas directly affected by the work and the safety zone.

Alongside these initiatives, nuisance to wildlife and its habitat potentially induced by the activities of the preparation can be reduced by adopting an appropriate method with low emission, combining stabilization (regular watering of active zones) and reflecting sources of noise.

J.1.2 Atmosphere, human and biological media

Nuisances (release of dust, if in dry season, and noise, mostly) believed at this stage that this will be mitigated through a series of organizational and technical measures. Organizational measures to implement include:- The prior informing of the neighborhood on the nature and duration of the construction and the means implemented to address various nuisances;- Work organization: coordination and planning phases to maintain a minimum level of noise and emissions.- Carrying out the work outside sensitive times (nights, weekends).

Regarding the material- Check the good condition of equipment and its operation. Proper maintenance and careful use of equipment are important points;- Stabilizing sources of dust emissions if any on all routes by watering as needed to limit the production of dust.

The project should arrange for the fueling and maintenance of its vehicles off-site. This will reduce the risks of contamination even if these risks are potentially low.

J.1.3 Production of construction wastes

The ideal measure in a construction site is to obtain a balance between cuts and fills. Whenever possible, the Contractor shall ensure the reuse of rubble.In addition, the ASP may include in the specifications of the contractor the terms of hygiene and sanitation, and its strict compliance will be verified through site inspections

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J.1.4 Flooding

Source : Soil analysis study by MoA

J.2 Mitigation measures for store operational phase

J.2.1 Procedure for tracking stock (supply, storage, inspection)

J.2.1.1 SupplyIt is essential to develop a good strategy for the supply of pesticides. Such a strategy will be based on sound forecasting of pesticide demand and a good estimation of strategic stock to prevent the accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks in a way which is economical in terms of cost and would avoid any possible health hazards and environmental degradation.

J.2.1.2 Storage

Container arrangement and height of cells

The storage of pesticides should allow easy access to all stored products and the priority use of oldest stocks (applying the principle "first in, first out or FIFO).In addition, containers should be placed properly so as to avoid their mishandling and the deterioration of packaging that may cause leakage of toxic substances into the environment.The storekeeper will use pallets so that containers are not directly put on the ground. The shelves of storage do not have to exceed a height of 2 m to avoid the use of ladders.The space on the ground must not be blocked and it is necessary to fit out paths of 1 m of wide between shelves with marking on the ground which facilitate the inspection and the free circulation of the air.Containers should not exceed a height of 107 cm on each pallet. Containers and cartons must be stacked to heights ensuring their stability. This height will depend on the type of containers material

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Table 23 : Maximum stacking of containers on top of each other

Package type Package type Number of layers on basal pallet

Palletized: number of packages on each pallet

Steel drums (200 l) 1 3-4Steel drums (less than 200 l) 2 3-4Fiber drums (200 l) 1 3Fiber drums (less than 200 l) 2 3Plastic drums (200 l) 1 2Plastic barrels (less than 200 l) 2 2Paper bags 4-5 3Plastic Bags 4-5 3Boxes containing fiber cans 4-6 3-4Boxes containing fiber flexible packaging (plastic bottles, bags)

4-6 2

Wooden boxes 2-4 3-4Sources: Pesticide Disposal Series N ° 3 "Pesticide storage and stock control," FAO

Compatibility for storage of pesticides

A maximum chemical reactivity of products will be the first parameter to consider when arranging stocks in the store

Summary of Hazard Predictions (if all substances mixed)

Reaction proceeds with explosive violence and/or forms explosive products. Heat generated from chemical reaction may initiate explosion. May become highly flammable or may initiate a fire, especially if other combustible materials are present. Combination liberates gaseous products, at least one of which is flammable. May cause pressurisation. Combination liberates gaseous products, including both flammable and toxic gases. May cause pressurisation. Exothermic reaction. May generate heat and/or cause pressurization. Combination liberates gaseous products, at least one of which is toxic. May cause pressurisation. Combination liberates nonflammable, nontoxic gas. May cause pressurization. Exothermic, generation of toxic and corrosive fumes. Generates water soluble toxic products. Reaction may be intense or violent

J.2.1.3 Stocks Inspection

In order to comply with the rules and procedures of FAO, handlers and managers will be trained on:- Daily Inspection of drums and containers to ensure there were no leaks or spills during the night.

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- The systematic and immediate cleanup of pesticides that are spilled or are leaking,- The monthly inspection of drums and containers to detect leaking closures, split seams and corrosion.- The systematic removal of old or leaking drums and decanting their contents into empty sealed and labeled containers.- The recording of any transfer of chemicals into new containers in the inventory records.- The monthly monitoring of dates on the labels of containers in the storehouse and the segregation of stockpiles before disposal.- Replacement of bad labels to ensure proper monitoring of stored products.

J.2.2 Precautions during transportPesticides will be transported to the proposed store and from the proposed store to the regions by trucks.For the benefit of handlers and transporters of pesticides to supply the Kality store and the region, precautions will be recalled, including:- Checking the status of the transport vehicle prior to loading containers of pesticides.- Prohibition of simultaneous transportation of food in the same vehicle.- The loading of pesticides with care on the transport vehicle and giving the driver a delivery sheet/packing list with relevant Material safety Data Sheet. As indicated under B2.3, inorder to prevent associated risks,Personal Protective Equipment,fire extigusher,spill control kit,pesticide absorbent material (eg sand), shovel along the pesticide consignment.Based on the nature of the pesticide consignment hazard signs will be placed on the truck loading the pesticide. The hazard signs include;Toxic,Flammable,Explosive,oxidizing,corrosive,toxic to aquatic life and water reative, Prior to travel orientation on the necessary safety precautions to be taken (fire fighting,containing the pesticides that leak from contaminating the general environment).- Meticulous unloading of pesticide containers;- The systematic control of spills and integrity of packaging to the rear of the transport vehicle.

J.2.3 Safe destruction of empty containers (metal, plastic, paper or cardboard)

The empty pesticide containers will be collected and sent to the store nearby on the same site where an effective management of empty pesticide containers (metal and plastic) is set up.

The process is as follows: the packaging, once collected should be initially decontaminated: decontamination is meant to wash and rinse with solvent SOLVESO so that this material can recover and absorb most of the pesticide residues.The decontaminated metal packaging will be compacted in a press. This process will involve making a hole in the container and reducing the packaging to less than one tenth of its original volume.

The line of drums treatment is already installed but not in use.The line of small containers includes successively:

A crushing line which can be used also for drums eventually A washing line including the treatment of washing effluent

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There are 2 ways of monetization of cleaned plastic wastes: Incineration in a cement kiln as co-fuel Recycling as a raw material

The disposal of paper or cardboard packaging can be done either:• by burning while taking care that the smoke that emerges should not be inhaled by any human or any animal, and is directed away from buildings, roads and open spaces frequented by the public or;• taking it to a landfill waste.

Emty container Managt

New Store

Figure 6 Location store for empty container management

Store management

Empty container management management of input and output

Input of new pesticides

Repacking for distribution

Repacking Obsolete pesticides

Contaminated empty container

Drums Small plastic drums

Recycling of materialTreament of used washing effluent

Disposal of Obsolete pesticides

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Figure 7 : Pesticide store management

Metal and plastic drums small plastic containers (1 )

Washing

Shredding

Press

Empty container management

Washing (1)

Treatment of used solvent

Cement kiln Incineration abroad

Plastic Recycling facility

Washing effluent treatment

Used activated carbonShredded material

Incineration abroad

Figure 8 : Management of empty container Crushing equipment

Type of Shredder for plastic drums. Shape of shredded plastic components

Photo 5 : Shredder for plastic drums

J.2.4 Effluent management

Under normal operation, the store does not generate waste, but any sewage from toilets must be handled by septic tanks.

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In abnormal operation (in case of fire, for example), provisions have been incorporated into the design of the store to hold the water used to extinguish the fire. If the water used to extinguish the fire is contaminated, when the degree of contamination is established, if possible it should be decontaminated, if it should be considered an outdated / obsolete pesticide and treated accordingly.

J.2.5 Security arrangements (transport, storage, preparation)

This section describes the security measures aimed at preventing suspected risks across the various hazards discussed (fires, explosions and release toxic substances). Indeed, the security arrangements are the most important aspect and should comply with FAO pesticide storage and stock control guideline. In addition, it is important to consider all other necessary safety measures to minimize the potential risks during the transport of products by roadSome security arrangements are useful for the following phases:

During transport: The following measures will be used for pesticide transportation by trucks:- Conveyors and handlers will be protected;- Vvehicles will fulfill with the Basic requirements in this type of work (including the prohibition of simultaneous transport of other goods, items for human consumption, for example);- The driver will be aware regarding specific information about the real nature of loading and written instructions on the nature of the pesticides transported;- Information on the nature of hazards and risks that may result in case of accident will be provided to drivers;- Drivers will be Trainedon precautions and actions to be taken in case of emergency.

During storage, All pesticides to be stored in the new store ( see table 3) are insecticides categorized as Flammable liquid (except carbaryl which is Toxic Substance Non combustable in group. Carbaryl will be stored separetly in different part in the same store with out getting joined to the other pesticides in addition to securing the disposal site and the separation and grouping of products by category, the following will apply:- Provide direct access to the outside without passing through another building;- Illuminate and ventilate the work area to deliver and repackage pesticides at some distance from the entrance to the store. From this perspective, exhaust fans must be installed in the store, preferably on timer. Ventilation at roof level and soil (screened against birds and rats) is also recommended to remove fumes and light, warm air and heavy vapors. This will limit the store vulnerability to this risk. Ceiling vents will not be fitted to the store as wall vents are enough to properly remove fumes in a highland locality ( Addis Ababa). - Install a bulkhead separating the different types of pesticides and acting as a firewall- Provide a space to store empty containers and obsolete inventory pending removal for disposal.

The storekeeper's office must be separated from the storage area. It is a place to wash if there is no running water. Protective clothing should not be stored with pesticides. Sparks can cause fires; electrical installations must be properly insulated (mineral insulated or armored cable).

During the preparation for use:- Read and follow label instructions;- Use protective clothing;

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- Use the proper equipment;- Equipment for personnel protection.

Specifically when handling products on the store, it is recommended to make available to each member of staff, always:- Work clothing, rubber boots and gloves of impervious PVC gloves for handling everyday packaging;- PVC apron, nitrile rubber or neoprene or polyethylene those who throw themselves after use;- Goggles or a visor safety dust masks disposable breathing mask with his game cartridge dust and anti-vapor.

This equipment must be maintained and cleaned after use (washing with hot soapy water then rinse with clear water).Good stock management avoids direct contact of personnel with the products.

J.2.6 Safety means

J.2.6.1 Hygiene and health protection equipment

The site must be equipped with toilets, a shower and a sink, which can be used for daily hygiene (washing hands and face before meals, for example) and in case of incident.In addition, personal protective equipment will be available to handlers and storekeepers. They will be equipped:- Hard Hat or canvas;- Goggles or face shield (attached to the helmet);- Masks cons powder products and smoke and light;- Face masks to protect against airborne particulates/droplets or gas masks with protective cartridge against organic vapors;- Gloves / gauntlets nitrile rubber or neoprene;- Coveralls;- Aprons nitrile rubber or neoprene;- Boots resistant rubber or neoprene.

J.2.6.2 Fire Safety Equipment

Fire safety equipment will be placed prominently outside the pesticide store, signs marked "Danger: Pesticides entry restricted to authorized persons.

In addition, basic rules to avoid fire are the absolute prohibition of smoking and the use of an open flame in an around the store.. This prohibition should be widely displayed both inside and outside the store, close to the access and in particular to the entrance, a signal understood by all. Such signs must be permanent and regularly maintained.

The store will be provided with means of fire control (mobile or portable fire extinguishers, fixed) adapted to its size and product stored:- Inert powder, liquid or solid;- Water spray with additive on packaging materials and solid products;

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- Carbon Dioxide on electrical installations.- Insulation Blanket- Empty pesticide containers (preferably salvage drums that can hold 200 liters of product)- Empty Bags for reconditioning damaged or very leaky packaging material- Stickers with hazard symbols to mark the drums.

These extinguishing materials must be visible, accessible and regularly maintained. It is recommended to place them near the entry/exit points.The store must also have at least one periodically maintained Fire Network Armored (FNA). The network that is effectively connected with the great powers of officers of the security is generally reserved for use by firefighters. Therefore firefighters in the area must be informed of the existence of the store and the corresponding risks.It is very useful to place a sign outside the store indicating the names and addresses of officials (including those with keys) to notify in case of emergency.

Protective clothing and equipment used by firefighters must be thoroughly decontaminated after use.Moreover,training will be provided to the personnel working in the store on the following areas.

(i)standard operating procedures-site security,inspection,record keeping,empty container management,including waste management

(ii) health and safety measures(no smoking ,first aid in case of poisoning etc) (iii) use of personal protection equipment ( iv)spill prevention,control,and countermeasures (v) emergency planning and response

J.2.7 Emergency (decontamination equipment, first aid, reaction in case of poisoning)

To deal with emergencies and incidents of explosion, the storage warehouse will be equipped with:- Material for handling accidental spills and leaks;- Fire-fighting equipment, and;- Facilities for first aid

Decontamination EquipmentWith regard to material for handling accidental spills and leaks, the store should have:- Container absorbent material (sand, sawdust or dry soil)- Shovel- Broom-brush- Short-handled brush and shovel- Water (current or in tanks) and soap- Detergent Solution- Tube Clamps- Funnel Metal- Equipment fire:- Extinguisher powder- Insulation Blanket- Empty pesticide containers (preferably salvage drums can hold 200 liters of product)- Empty Bags for reconditioning damaged packaging or very leaky- Stickers with hazard symbols to mark the drums

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First Aid Equipment- Aid kit- Stretcher and blanket- Kit for eye rinse.

Reaction in case of poisoning

The spreading of accidental fires and lack of hygiene in the storage facility can be sources of poisoning.It is also advisable to make available at least the following equipment to intervene in cases of poisoning:- Sanitary equipment (sink, shower, tap);- Soap- Dry and clean rags- Containers for storage of soiled clothes.

The staff must be trained to react quickly in case of poisoning and provide first aid. Training must be provided by health services.

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J.3 Supervision Program and Environmental Monitoring

J.3.1. Environmental supervision

J.3.1.1 Supervision

Environmental supervision means all inspections, monitoring and intervention to ensure that:• All requirements and conditions for environmental protection are actually observed before, during and after construction;• Measures of environmental protection prescribed or planned are in place and achieve the objectives;• The risks and uncertainties can be managed and corrected in a timely manner.

Environmental monitoring is primarily responsible for complying with environmental protection measures that have been recommended in the context of this ESIA. Monitoring allow us to control their effectiveness and efficiency.The publication of a monitoring report is an integral part of environmental monitoring activities. Information on pesticide inventory records will be updated by Ministry of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD) annually as inventory changes and the same information would be provided to Deputy Head of APHRD electronically and in hardy copy.

J.3.1.2 Implementation of the environmental monitoring

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The ASP should commit to a comprehensive program of environmental monitoring. Next the different steps of the construction project, major commitments should include:

Table 24 : Major commitments in connection to environmental monitoring

Step CommitmentDesign phase Incorporation of standards and recommendations of FAO for pesticides

store construction into design plans and specificationsPre construction phase Registration in contract actions, requirements, standards and other

environmental requirementsConstruction phase Honoring commitments that ASP Ethiopia will take to protect the

environmentEnd of construction execution of places rehabilitation activities

During the construction phase, the consulting engineer responsible for overseeing work on site will be in touch with an environmental specialist that has as main tasks:

Enforce all current mitigation measures for this specific project; Remind the contractor of their environmental obligations and ensure that these are

respected during the construction period; Ensure commitment of sub-contractors regarding compliance with the measures of

environmental protection; Check plans and specifications to ensure their environmental compliance Prepare reports of environmental monitoring throughout the construction work; Inspect construction and apply the appropriate patches as appropriate; Writing the final report of environmental monitoring program during

Moreover, he/she can act as an interface between local residents and contractor in case of complaints.

J.3.2 Environmental monitoring

For environmental monitoring, it means observing activities and measures to determine the real impacts of a facility compared to the prediction of impacts performed during the EIA. Monitoring is the continuation of the EIA elaboration.

In this study, most of the projected impacts do not justify the development of a detailed monitoring program

J.4 Institutional measures (capacity building, population information)

In light of the dangers associated with the nature of pesticides to humans and the environment, it is for the MoA to provide its employees with sufficient technical and management capacities to minimize their exposure on the pesticide storage site. To this end, training in respect of basic rules of protection, security and management will cover the operation of the store without major incidents. From this perspective, all staff working in the store must periodically receive minimal training on reaction in case of fire. Some staff may be qualified fire safety. It is recommended to organize training with the assistance of firefighters.

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Arrangements by the staff and the public (others workers in Kality site) in case of fire should be widely disseminated within the Kality site. These instructions will be clearly identified with the symbols or figures:- Unauthorized entry,- Stray animal prohibited- Explosion hazard - flammable liquid - prohibition of smoking- Ports of protective equipment required.

In addition, the store keeper will receive adequate training in the areas of First Aid, the use of fire prevention/control measures, but primarily on standards for storage and inventory control.Role of agencies involved to the pesticide projectNo Agency name Responsibility1 ASP/Ministry of

AgricultureAssist in/ liaise (facilitate)

Emergency reports to concerned authorities (Fire brigade, police, Hospital)

Coordination measures in case of emergency.

with the provision of PPEs, safety equipment develop work plan and budget estimation

follwo up the implementation of work plan, working procedures (SOPs), etc of the operation.

Compile progress reports and submit to WB,

Provide emergency reports to concerned authorities (Fire brigade, police, Hospital)

Coordinate / facilitate measures in case of emergency.

Conduct weekly inspection of pesticide stocks in the store

2 Environmental Protection Agency

Audits operational activities including storage and transportation of pesticides are in compliance with Ethiopian and international regulations

3 Ministry of Health/Health Stations

Deals with occupational health/Emergency treatment of the poisoned person

4 Fire Brgede Fire fighting measure 5 Police station Collaborate with ASP/MoA in emergency reporting in

case of emergencies6 Pesticide Store contractor Conduct construction as per the bidding document7 Pesticide store construction Supervision of design amendement (incase if there is

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supervision consultant aneed for design amendment)

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Table 25 : Training needs and institutional strengthening

Project Phase Measure targeted /parties to be trained

Reinforcement needs identified Cost

ConstructionOperation Environmental

supervision and monitoring Plan

MoA ASP

Identify a person or a consultant responsible for the environment in order to monitor the environmental recommendations into implementation phase of the work and to ensure appropriate monitoring of the environment during operation

Store Operating Budget

Provide training for surveillance and monitoring environment in general, in terms of quality management and on particular issues such as nuisance odors associated with inventory management or monitoring of work.

Construction Application of good practices during construction (waste management, limiting noise, etc..)

Contractor Appointment of a person on the site responsible for the implementation of recommendations of environmental good practices.

Include in construction contract

Storage and operation Training of security

measures MoA

Prepare posters and pictograms on the hazards and best practices related to pesticidesOrganize information sessions focused on the hazards of pesticides

MoA

Pesticide handling, Store management and pesticide stocks management

MoA Organize training session for storekeepers, handling personal, drivers

MoA

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Table 26 : Environmental management plan

Phase Impact Mitigation measures Implementation Responsible

Control Responsible

Cost

Construction

Loss of vegetation cover mainly

Re-vegetate the site with native species adapted contractor

ASP Supervision consultant Inside the

contract budget

Water pollution by oil spills of gears on site

oil changes, repair, etc of vehicles made outside of the site

Deposit of waste which impacts on the landscape waste

Waste collection and storage in approved landfill contractor

deposit that can pollute the soil

Collection, storage and disposal of oils and lubricants to potential buyers

contractor

risk leakeage from the store Integrate in the design facilities to ensure soil sealing and the collection of leaks by external sump

Designer(technical study, design, determination of cost)

ASP Supervision consultant

Risk of flooding Integrate in the design, the construction of a drainage channel according to the technical recommendations of the soil study

Embarrassment for workers and Wildlife

Minimization of dust: watering contractor Noise abatement: use of equipment in good condition, arrange work schedules between 8H and 17H, equip workers acoustic protection in case of needSome percussion instruments can also be fitted with noise

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Phase Impact Mitigation measures Implementation Responsible

Control Responsible

Cost

The internal combustion engine machines (scorers, graders, excavators, etc..) Must be equipped with silencersRepair as soon as possible the construction equipment and vehicles that produce excessive emissions of exhaust

Store operation

Explosion and fire Fire Security Equipment

MoA EPA / MoA

Toxic Exposure and staff PPE Risk of pollution of groundwater due to spills, leaks

decontamination material

Risk of soil contamination resulting from spills, leaks special hazardous waste generation (dust, sand or dry soil containing the chemical absorbed) after a pesticide leak

Salvage drum

Special hazardous waste generation (drums iron, plastic and cardboard packaging or paper)

Empty Container management in the Kality site

Odor nuisance from the store to nearby residents

Good management of pesticides stocks Store operational Manuel

Training

Proper store maintenance

Record keeping,spill prevention,control,countermeasure,emergency response,maintaining properly trained on-site staff

MoA

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J.5 Implementation of the EMP

Mitigation measures identified for the project activities must be properly applied.

J.5.1. During the construction

All mitigation measures contained in the ESIA should be stipulated in the tender documents in standard environmental clauses and delivered to the contractor responsible for building the store and thus become part of the contracts.

The specifications and price schedule for the contractor, will state that they will support the measures required to prevent pollution (sewage, solid waste, noise and vibration, storage of materials, rehabilitation of degraded sites etc.).

During the construction phase, the Pesticide store supervision consulting engineer responsible for overseeing work on site will have the responsibility to ensure that all environmental clauses are followed by the contractor.

J.5.2. During operation

MoA is required to provide all means of fire risk reduction – alarm and extinguishing in accordance with the standards requirements.The list of equipment to be acquired should be validated by the Ministry of Agriculture

J.6 Budget

Cost of management plan and environmental and social monitoring

The management plan and environmental monitoring plan comprise three categories of measures:• Measures for inclusion in the tender document and tender and contractual measures which will not be evaluated financially;• Preventive measures, actions in case of emergency by the acquisition of suitable equipment which must be performed in the operating budget of the store;• Environmental measures (capacity building, awareness ...) which is estimated as follows. Thus, the cost of EMP will focus on environmental measures).

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Table 27 : Budget estimate for environmental action plan with the main responsible entities

Area concerned Project phase Activities Responsible organization

Cost USD

Humans Construction and operation

Training and awareness campaign

MoA USD2000

Operation 50 coverall MoA Existing resources (resourses already available at MoA)

Operation 25 Goggle MoA >> >>Operation 10 boots MoA >> >>Operation 6 hard hat USD 60Operation 100 Nitrile glove MoA Existing

resourcesOperation 6 Hard hat MoA USD 60Operation 2 sets of first aid kit MoA USD 100

Environment Operation 2 Spilled control kit MoA Existing resources

6 fire extinguisher MoA USD 300Operation 25 packs of vermiculate

absorbentMoA USD 300

Operation 300 wooden pallet MoA USD 180050 liter detergent MoA USD 150

Operation 6 shovel MoA Existing resources

Operation 10 broom MoA USD 50Operation Decontamination of the store

in the event of leaks or spillsMoA USD 200

Operation 25 salvage drums MoA USD 500Construction of a drainage channel and sump

Construction technical study, design, determination of cost

MoA (designer)

TBD

Miscellaneous Operation Coverage of unforeseen and unspecified events including corrective measures, monitoring, Inspection and measures to deal with accidents

MoA USD 3000

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References

FAO 1996. Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual. Rome

FAO 2000. FAO Pesticide Disposal Series. Assessing Soil Contamination, A reference manual

FAO 2007. Environmental Tool Kit for Obsolete Pesticides (EMTK) Volume 1

FAO 2007 Environmental Tool Kit for Obsolete Pesticides (EMTK) volume 2JICA 2004 Integration of Ground water Related Information in Addis Ababa and Akaki areas Appendix III, Borehole Inventory, Water Quality & List of GIS Data Base.

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ANNEX

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ANNEX 1 Pesticide Store Design and All drawings (see separate file)

ANNEX 2 :Fact sheets on pesticides

Carbaryl

Common formulation : C12H11NO2

CAS registry number : 63–25–2

Use : As an insecticide to control insects on citrus fruits, fruit, cotton, forests, lawns, shade trees and other crops.

CARBARYL IN THE ENVIRONMENT

• Mobility

Based on its moderate soil sorption coefficient, carbaryl exhibits moderate mobility.

• Degradation

Carbaryl has low persistence in soil. Its degradation is mostly due to sunlight and bacterial action. The rate of photolysis at the soil surface depends on the soil water content. Carbaryl has a half-life of 7–14 days in sandy loam soil, and 14–28 days in clay loam soil. It hydrolyses relatively rapidly in moist alkaline soil, but only slowly in acidic soil.

Release to soil results in rapid hydrolysis at pH values of seven and above (half-life 10.5 days, 1.8 days and 2.5 hours at a pH of seven, eight and nine, respectively). In surface water, carbaryl may degrade due to bacteria and through hydrolysis. The half-life varies greatly depending on water acidity. Hydrolysis in acidic water is slow (half-life 1 500 days at pH 5).

• Degradation products

The major degradation products are 3-hydroxycarbofuran. 3-ketocarbofuran and carbofuran phenol.

• Volatilization/evaporation

Evaporation of the compound is very slow.

• Bioaccumulation

Bioaccumulation is thought to be not significant.

• Phytotoxicity

Degradation of carbaryl in crops occurs by hydrolysis inside the plants. It has a short residual life of less than two weeks.

PROPERTIES

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Carbaryl forms colorless to light tan crystals. It is stable in the presence of heat, light and acids. It is subject to hydrolysis.

Parameters

Property Parameter Unit Value ConclusionMelting point   °C 142  Vapour pressure   mPa <5.3  Density   g/cm3 1.232  

Degradation DT50soil Days 17–28 Readily/ fairly degradable

Solubility Sw mg/1 40 Readily solubleMobility Log KOC   2.5 Moderately mobileADI   mg/kg/day 0.01  Permissible Concentrations

Human:      

Direct contact mg/kg dm soil 5 000  

Consumption of vegetables mg/kg dm soil 5  

Consumption of drinking-water μg/l 200  

Fenitrothion

Common formulation

C9H12NO5PS

CAS registry number

122-14-5

Use

As a contact insecticide; it is effective against a wide range of pests, e.g. penetrating, chewing and sucking insects.

FENITROTHION IN THE ENVIRONMENT

• Mobility

Fenitrothion shows medium to low mobility in soil.

• Degradation

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Fenitrothion is biodegraded in soil by co-metabolism. Biodegradation occurs more rapidly under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions. The biodegradation half-life of fenitrothion ranges from 4.4 to 53.7 days in non-flooded soils, and from 3.9 to 10.9 days in flooded soils.

At neutral pH values, the abiotic hydrolysis of fenitrothion in soil is not important. It increases, however, in alkaline environments. A half-life of 4.4 years was estimated for soil samples at pH 7.2. On the soil surface, fenitrothion is subject to photolysis, a process that may occur very rapidly. Photolysis half-life has been estimated at one day. For comparison, the volatilization half-life was found to be more than 12 days.

• Degradation products

The products of degradation are aminonitrophenol and demethyl aminofenitrothion.

• Volatilization/evaporation

According to estimates, the maximum volatilization half-life in an acid environment is 180 days. The volatilization half-life of fenitrothion in lake and brook water was estimated at 21 and 5 days, respectively.

• Bioaccumulation

Expectations are that in water, fenitrothion adsorbs moderately to strongly to suspended particles and sediments, and that it accumulates moderately in aquatic organisms.

• Phytotoxicity

Not applicable.

PROPERTIES

Fenitrothion is a yellow liquid. It is not stable in an alkaline environment.

TABLE Q

Parameters

Property Parameter Unit Value ConclusionMelting point   °C n.a.  Vapour pressure   mPa 0.15  Density   g/cm3 1.32  

Degradation DT50soil Days 4–54 Readily/fairly degradable

Solubility Sw mg/l 21 Readily soluble

Mobility Log Koc   2.4–3.19

Moderately/ slightly mobile

ADI   mg/kg/day 0.005  Permissible Concentrations

Human:      

Direct contact mg/kg dm soil 2 500  

Consumption of vegetables mg/kg dm 3  

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soilConsumption of drinking-water μg/l 100  

Malathion

Common formulation

C10H19O6PS2

CAS registry number

121-75-5

Use

As an insecticide against many insects, including aphids, spider mites and scale insects, as well as large number of other insects which attack fruits, vegetables and stored products.

MALATHION IN THE ENVIRONMENT

• Mobility

Malathion moderately sorbs to the soil and is moderately mobile.

• Degradation

If malathion is released into soil, it is subject to significant biodegradation and hydrolysis. Biodegradation may be an important fate process, especially in soils at pH 7 where the rate of hydrolysis may be slow. Reported biodegradation half-lives in soils range from four to six days.

Malathion in water is subject to hydrolysis with a half-life range of 0.2 weeks at pH 8 to 21 weeks at pH 6.

• Degradation products

The major degradation products are malathion, malathionbetamonoacid, diethyl malathion and malaoxon.

• Volatilization/evaporation

Expectations are that volatilization is of little importance.

• Bioaccumulation

In water, malathion is thought not to bioaccumulate significantly in aquatic organisms.

• Phytotoxicity

Not applicable.

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PROPERTIES

Malathion is a clear amber liquid. It hydrolyses above pH 7 and below pH 5. It is stable in solution buffered to pH 5.26.

Parameters

Property Parameter Unit Value ConclusionMelting point   °C 2.9  Vapour pressure   mPa 5.3  Density   g/cm3 1.23  Degradation DT50soil Days 4–6 Readily degradableSolubility Sw mg/1 145 Highly solubleMobility Log Koc   3 Moderately mobileADI   mg/kg/day 0.02  Permissible Concentrations Human:      

Direct contact mg/kg dm soil 10 000  Consumption of vegetables mg/kg dm soil 100  Consumption of drinking-water μg/l 400  

Diazinon

Common formulation

C12H21N2O3PS

CAS registry number

333-41-5

Use

As an insecticide, mainly applied to fruit trees, horticultural crops, rice, sugar cane, etc.

DIAZINON IN THE ENVIRONMENT

• Mobility

Diazinon does not bind strongly to soil. It shows moderate mobility.

• Degradation

The values of DT50 in Table K are average values from several DT50 values reported in the field.

Diazinon does not persist in soil. Most of the diazinon applied is lost from soil through chemical and biological degradation within about two months of application. Hydrolysis has been reported to be slow at pH greater than 6, but may be significant in some soils.

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Biodegradation is thought to be a major fate process in soils with reported half-lives of more than 1.2 to 5 weeks in non-sterile soils, as compared with half-lives of 6.5 to 12.5 weeks in sterile soils.

The rate of chemical degradation of diazinon strongly depends on environmental acidity. Diazinon is more stable in alkaline environments than at a neutral or an acidic pH value. Hydrolysis half-lives are of 32 days (pH 5), 185 days (pH 7.4) and 136 days (pH 9) at 20°C.

• Degradation products

No data available.

• Volatilization/evaporation

Evaporation from the surface of soil is thought not to be an important transport process. Evaporation from a river may be significant, with a half-life of 46 days.

• Bioaccumulation

Diazinon is thought to sorb moderately to sediments but does not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.

• Phytotoxicity

About 50 percent of the diazinon was lost from treated rice plants within nine days through volatilization from the paddy water and transpiration from the leaves. Less than 10 percent of the radioactivity remains in plants and parent compounds.

PROPERTIES

Diazinon is a colourless liquid. It is more stable in alkaline environments than at a neutral or an acid pH. It has a shelf-life of at least three to five years when stored in a dry place and at minimum storage temperature.

Parameters

Property Parameter Unit Value ConclusionMelting point   °C -  Vapour pressure   mPa 0.097  Density   g/cm 1.11  Degradation DT50 soil Weeks 1.2–5 Fairly degradableSolubility Solubility (water) mg/l 40 Readily solubleMobility Log Koc   1.92 Moderately mobileADI   mg/kg/day 0.002  Permissible Concentrations Human:      

Direct contact mg/kg dm soil 1 000  Consumption of vegetables mg/kg dm soil 0.3  Consumption of drinking-water μg/l 40  

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ANNEX 3 : Kality Pesticide Construction Store Soil Study (see separate file)

ANNEX 4 :OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES

The World Bank’s ten safeguard policies are designed to help ensure that projects proposed for Bank financing are environmentally and socially sustainable, and thus improve decision making. These operational policies include:

OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment; OP 4.04 Natural Habitats ; OP 4.09 Pest Management ; OP 4.11 Cultural Heritage; OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement; OP 4.10 Indigenous People; OP 4.36 Forests; OP 4.37 Safety of Dams; OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways ; OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas.

In addition, there is the Bank’s Disclosure Policy BP 17.50 which requires that all safeguard documents are disclosed in the respective countries and at the Bank’s Infoshop prior to appraisal. Of these operational policies, OP 4.01 is the “umbrella” policy as the environmental screening results will determine which of the afore-mentioned safeguard policies are likely to be triggered, in addition to OP 4.01.

Based on the general applicability of Safeguard Policies to Kaliti pesticides storehouse construction, the KPSC has triggered two of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies, namely, OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment and OP 4.09 Pest Management. The remaining operational policies are not triggered by KPSC.

OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment: The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects financed by the Bank are environmentally and socially sustainable, and that the decision making process is improved through an appropriate analysis of the actions including their potential environmental impacts. Environmental assessment (EA) is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property); and transboundary and global environmental aspects. EA considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way. OP 4.01 is triggered if a project is likely to present some risks and potential adverse environmental impacts in its area of influence. Thus, in the case of KPSC, potential negative environmental and social impacts due to construction activities are likely to include soil erosion, soil and groundwater pollution, air pollution, loss of vegetation, public health impacts such as traffic hazards, noise, dust, and loss of livelihoods. Also in operation the KPSC is dealing with transport, loading and unloading pesticide, storage management of pesticide.

OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement: The objective of this operational policy is to (i) avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement, where feasible and explore all viable alternative project designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income

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earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii) encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement, and (iv) provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. The policy does not only cover physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; and (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. This policy also applies to the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. Though, the project will not entail taking of land for new infrastructure development. This policy will most likely not apply to Kaliti pesticides storehouse construction

OP 4.09 Pest Management: The objective of this policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. In Bank-financed agricultural operations, pest populations are normally controlled through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches. In Bank-financed public health projects, the Bank supports controlling pests primarily through environmental methods. The policy further ensures that health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides are minimized. The procurement of pesticides in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risk, taking into account the proposed use and the intended user. The policy is triggered if procurement of pesticides is envisaged (either directly through the project or indirectly through on-lending); if the project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done, even though the project is not envisaged to procure pesticides. This includes projects that may lead to substantially increased pesticide use and subsequent increase in health and environmental risks; and projects that may maintain or expand present pest management practices that are unsustainable.

Summary of the World Bank protection policies

OP 4.01 Environmental assessment

The objective of the policy is to ensure the projects financed by the Bank are sound and sustainable, and decision making be improved through an appropriate analysis of actions and of their potential environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have environmental risks and impacts (adverse) on its area of influence. OP 4.01 covers the environmental impacts (nature air, water and land); human health and security; physical cultural resources; as well as transboundary and global environmental problems.

Depending on the project, and nature of impacts a range of instruments can be used: EIA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment and environmental management plan (EMP).When a project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required. The EIA is the responsibility of the borrower. Since KPSC is dealing with pesticide handling and construction of an infrastructure environmental and social impact assessment is required.

OP 4.04 Natural Habitats

This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank, therefore, supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and analytical work. The Bank supports, and expects the Borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach

This policy is triggered by any type of project (including any sub project under sectoral investment regime or intermediary funding) that have the potential to cause some important conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats, whether directly (by the construction) or indirectly (by human activities triggered by the les project).

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to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development.

With the KPSC, adverse impacts on natural habitat will not happened

OP 4.36 Forests The objective of this policy is to help borrowers exploit the potential of forests in order to curb poverty in a sustainable manner, efficiently integrate forests in sustainable economic development and protect vital local and global environmental services and forests values. Where forest restoration and plantation are needed in order to achieve these objectives, the Bank helps borrowers in forest restoration activities in order to maintain or develop biodiversity and the operation of ecosystems. The Bank help borrowers in the creation of forest plantations appropriate from the environmental viewpoint and socially beneficial and economically sound in order to help meet the growing forests’ needs and services

This policy is triggered each time an investment project financed by the Bank: (i) has the potential to cause health impacts and the quality of forests or the rights and the well being of the people and their dependency level with the interaction with forests; or (ii) aims at bringing some change in the uses of natural forests or plantations.

Under KPSC, forest are not likely to be impacted since the project is in urban area and far from any forest

OP 4.09 Pest Management

The objective of this policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. In Bank-financed agricultural operations, pest populations are normally controlled through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches. In Bank-financed public health projects, the Bank supports controlling pests primarily through environmental methods. The policy further ensures that health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides are minimized. The procurement of pesticides in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risk, taking into account the proposed use and the intended user.

The policy is triggered if procurement of pesticides is envisaged (either directly through the project or indirectly through on-lending); if the project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done, even though the project is not envisaged to procure pesticides. This includes projects that may lead to substantially increased pesticide use and subsequent increase in health and environmental risks; and projects that may maintain or expand present pest management practices that are unsustainable.

In the framework of the KPSC, good management of pesticide is the main propose.

OP 4.11 Cultural property

The objective of this policy is the help countries avoid or reduce the adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. In order to implement such policy, the word “physical cultural resources” means movable and unmovable objects, sites, structures, natural’s aspects of landscapes that have an importance form the archeological, paleontological, historic, architectural, religious, aesthetic or other. Physical cultural resources could be found in urban or rural areas, as well as both in the open air, under the ground and in the sea also.

This policy applies to all projects included in category A or B of the Environmental assessment scheduled in OP4.01.

With the KPSC, adverse impacts on cultural property will not happen.

OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

The objective of this policy is to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs. Furthermore, it intends to assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards; it encourages community participation in planning and implementing

This policy is triggered not only if physical relocation occurs, but also by any loss of land resulting in: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location.

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resettlement; and to provide assistance to affected people, regardless of the legality of title of land.

Under KPSC, land acquisition is not required.

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