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ENVIRONMENTAL Ch 8 and 9 Review

Environmental

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Ch 8 and 9 Review. Environmental . All the members of a species living in the same place at the same time. population. The number of individuals per unit area or volume. A populations’ density. The relative distribution or arrangement of its individuals within a given amount of space. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Environmental

ENVIRONMENTAL Ch 8 and 9 Review

Page 2: Environmental

All the members of a species living in the same place at the same time.

population

Page 3: Environmental

The number of individuals per unit area or volume.

A populations’ density

Page 4: Environmental

The relative distribution or arrangement of its individuals within a given amount of space.

dispersion

Page 5: Environmental

How do scientists use properties such as size, density, and dispersion when referring to populations?

To predict changes within them

Page 6: Environmental

How does a population gain or lose individuals?

Birth, death, emigration, and immigration

Page 7: Environmental

A change in the size of a population over a given period of time.

Growth rate

Page 8: Environmental

How can the growth rate for a population be zero?

The number of births must equal the number of deaths.

Page 9: Environmental

What does it mean to say that a populations’ growth rate is negative?

The population decreases

Page 10: Environmental

How can populations remain stable when some species are capable of producing thousands of offspring?

Various factors kill individuals before they can reproduce

Page 11: Environmental

The fastest rate at which a population can grow.

Biotic potential

Page 12: Environmental

The maximum number of offspring that each member of a population can produce.

Reproductive potential

Page 13: Environmental

In what 3 ways may reproductive potential increase?

1) when individuals produce more offspring at one time

2) reproduce more often 3) reproduce earlier

Page 14: Environmental

The average time that it takes a member of the population to reach the age when it reproduces.

Generation time

Page 15: Environmental

When in nature can exponential growth occur?

When populations have plenty of space and food. When they have little or no competition.

Page 16: Environmental

What limits population growth?

Limited resources Changes in the environment Increased competition

Page 17: Environmental

The maximum population that an ecosystem can support.

Carrying Capacity

Page 18: Environmental

A natural resource that limits the carrying capacity for a species.

Limiting resource

Page 19: Environmental

An area defended by one or more individuals against other individuals.

territory

Page 20: Environmental

The unique role of a species within an ecosystem.

niche

Page 21: Environmental

Where an organism lives.

habitat

Page 22: Environmental

What are the five major types of species interactions?

Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

Page 23: Environmental

A relationship in which different individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource.

competition

Page 24: Environmental

When does niche restriction occur?

When each species uses less of the niche than it is capable of using.

Page 25: Environmental

An organism that feeds on another organism.

predator

Page 26: Environmental

The organism that is fed upon.

prey

Page 27: Environmental

An organism that lives in or on another organism and feeds on it.

parasite

Page 28: Environmental

A close relationship between two species in which each species provides a benefit to the other.

mutualism

Page 29: Environmental

A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped.

commensalism

Page 30: Environmental

If one species becomes extinct, and then soon after, another species becomes extinct, was their relationship most likely competition or predation?

Predation. One species consumed the other and then succumbed to extinction

Page 31: Environmental

Scientists do not all agree on the specific carrying capacity of Earth for humans. Why might this be difficult to determine?

Different amounts of land is used by different countries for the production of meats, vegetables, and grains. You also have to include aquatic farms, ponds, and indoor green houses.

Page 32: Environmental

.

What determines how a species interaction is categorized?

Whether or not a species is benefited or harmed

Page 33: Environmental

The study of human populations.

Demography

Page 34: Environmental

Why do demographers study the size and makeup of populations of countries?

To make comparisons and predictions. Economic growth, social structure, job availability, resource management.

Page 35: Environmental

How do demographers group countries?

As developed or developing

Page 36: Environmental

What are 3 characteristics of a developed country?

Higher average incomes, slower population growth, diverse industrial economies

Page 37: Environmental

What are 3 characteristics of a developing country?

Lower average incomes, simple and agriculture based economies, rapid population growth

Page 38: Environmental

Why did the human population grow rapidly in the 1800’s?

Increases in food production Improvements in hygiene

Page 39: Environmental

The distribution of ages in a specific population at a certain time.

Age structure

Page 40: Environmental

A double sided bar graph used to analyze population age structure.

Population pyramid

Page 41: Environmental

Countries that have high rates of growth usually have more ________ people than ________ people.

Young, older

Page 42: Environmental

Countries that have slow growth or no growth usually have an _________ distribution of ages.

even

Page 43: Environmental

The percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age.

survivorship

Page 44: Environmental

What is the difference between a type I and type II survivorship curve?

Type I represents wealthy countries where people live to an old age. Type II represents poor countries where many children die.

Page 45: Environmental

The number of babies born each year per 1000 women in a population.

Fertility rate

Page 46: Environmental

The average number of children a woman gives birth to in her lifetime.

Total fertility rate

Page 47: Environmental

The movement of individuals between areas.

migration

Page 48: Environmental

The movement of individuals into an area.

immigration

Page 49: Environmental

The movement of individuals out of an area.

emigration

Page 50: Environmental

The average number of years members of a population are likely to live.

Life expectancy

Page 51: Environmental

Life expectancy is most affected by ____________.

Infant mortality

Page 52: Environmental

What affects infant health more than anything else?

Access to education, food, fuel, and clean water.

Page 53: Environmental

A model that describes how economic and social changes affect population growth rates.

Demographic transition

Page 54: Environmental

What is the first stage of the demographic transition?

preindustrial

Page 55: Environmental

What happened in the 1800’s that dramatically increased the human population by increasing the rate of survival but decreasing the birth rate?

The Industrial Revolution

Page 56: Environmental

What two factors are most clearly related to a decline in birth rates?

Increasing education and economic independence for women

Page 57: Environmental

The basic facilities and services that support a community, such as public water supplies, sewer lines, power plants, roads, schools, and hospitals.

Infrastructure

Page 58: Environmental

Populations that have high rates of growth may create ____________ problems.

environmental

Page 59: Environmental

What 3 resources are most critically affected by rapid growth?

Vegetation, water, land

Page 60: Environmental

What is the main source of fuel in poor countries?

wood

Page 61: Environmental

Why is water unsafe when a region lacks infrastructure?

The local water supply may be used for drinking, washing, and sewage disposal.

Page 62: Environmental

Land that can be used to grow crops.

Arable land.

Page 63: Environmental

The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

urbanization

Page 64: Environmental

Small communities around cities.

suburbia

Page 65: Environmental

The movement of people from cities to around cities that leads to traffic jams, inadequate infrastructure, and the reduction of land for farms and wildlife habitat.

Suburban sprawl

Page 66: Environmental

How have China, Thailand, and India attempted to reduce birth rates?

Public advertising, family planning programs, economic incentives, legal punishments.

Page 67: Environmental

Most demographers predict the medium growth rate and a world population of ________ in 2050.

9 billion