ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION POLLUTION

CHALLENGES IN CHALLENGES IN GANGA RIVER BASINGANGA RIVER BASIN

May 1, 2012

•• 45,000 km of riverine length45,000 km of riverine length

•• 12 major river basins, 46 12 major river basins, 46 medium river basins, 14 medium river basins, 14 minor and desert river minor and desert river basinsbasins

•• Ganga Basin: largest, lies in Ganga Basin: largest, lies in 11 States11 States

•• Lifeline of the people Lifeline of the people

•• Closely linked with culture Closely linked with culture and tradition and tradition

Rivers in IndiaRivers in India

S.No

Level of Pollution

Pollution Criteria

Riverine length (Km.)

Riverine length (percentage)

1. Severely polluted

BOD more than 6 mg/l

6086 14

2. Moderately polluted

BOD 3-6 mg/l

8691 19

3. Relatively clean

BOD less than 3 mg/l

30242 67

Water Quality Status of RiversWater Quality Status of RiversAnalysis of 10 years data with respect to BOD values as indicator of organic pollution

Main Water Quality ThreatsMain Water Quality Threats

•• Municipal Sewage: Municipal Sewage: Sewage treatment Sewage treatment

capacity 12,000 mld against 38,000 mld capacity 12,000 mld against 38,000 mld

generated from class I & II towns generated from class I & II towns

•• Industrial EffluentsIndustrial Effluents

•• NonNon--point sourcespoint sources

•• OverOver--exploitation of water resourcesexploitation of water resources

Ganga BasinGanga Basin

•• Ganga Basin: largest, lies in 11 StatesGanga Basin: largest, lies in 11 States

•• Point Sources : Municipal (80%); Industrial (20%)Point Sources : Municipal (80%); Industrial (20%)

•• NonNon--point sources: runoff from agriculture, solid point sources: runoff from agriculture, solid wastes, open defecation, cattle wallowing, throwing of wastes, open defecation, cattle wallowing, throwing of dead bodiesdead bodies

•• Sewage generated: 12,410 mld; treatment capacity: Sewage generated: 12,410 mld; treatment capacity: 5070 mld (CPCB; 2009) 5070 mld (CPCB; 2009)

•• GAP: Investment of GAP: Investment of `̀ 900 crore; treatment capacity of 900 crore; treatment capacity of around 1065 mld created in 73 townsaround 1065 mld created in 73 towns

•• Diminishing flows Diminishing flows

Ganga Basin: IssuesGanga Basin: Issues

•• Huge sewage treatment deficit; Industrial pollutionHuge sewage treatment deficit; Industrial pollution

•• Tackling fecal coliformTackling fecal coliform

•• Restoring natural ecosystemRestoring natural ecosystem

•• Constraints of ULBs & implementing agencies Constraints of ULBs & implementing agencies

•• Capacity of SPCBs to address compliance & Capacity of SPCBs to address compliance & enforcementenforcement

•• Community involvementCommunity involvement

•• Flow augmentationFlow augmentation

•• Focused attention required on critically polluted Focused attention required on critically polluted stretches e.g. Kannauj to Varanasistretches e.g. Kannauj to Varanasi

ChallengesChallenges

•• Initiated in 1985; Town centric, focussed Initiated in 1985; Town centric, focussed on on interception, diversion and treatment interception, diversion and treatment schemesschemes

•• Investment of Investment of `̀ 900 crore; treatment 900 crore; treatment capacity of around 1065 mld created in 73 capacity of around 1065 mld created in 73 townstowns

•• Despite industrial & urban growth, BOD Despite industrial & urban growth, BOD and DO values at most locations improvedand DO values at most locations improved

Ganga Action PlanGanga Action Plan

SchemesSchemes•• Major types of schemes and % cost incurredMajor types of schemes and % cost incurred

Interception & Diversion of sewage (I&D) Interception & Diversion of sewage (I&D) –– 52 % 52 %

Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) -- 37% 37%

Low Cost Sanitation (LCS) Low Cost Sanitation (LCS) -- 7% 7%

River Front Development (RFD) River Front Development (RFD) -- 1% 1%

Crematoria (CRE) Crematoria (CRE) –– 0.5%0.5%

Public Participation & Awareness (PP&A) Public Participation & Awareness (PP&A) –– 0.5%0.5%

Other schemes Other schemes –– 2%2%

STANDARD( 3 mg/l or

less)

TOWNS

Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (Summer Average)B

OD

(mg/

l)

1987

Water Quality of GangaWater Quality of Ganga

TOWNS

Dissolved Oxygen (Summer Average)

DO

(mg/

l)

1987

STANDARD(5 mg/l or

more)

Water Quality of GangaWater Quality of Ganga

Experience with GAP: Mixed SuccessExperience with GAP: Mixed Success

•• Visible improvement lacking, coliform levels Visible improvement lacking, coliform levels unacceptably highunacceptably high

•• In critically polluted stretches, BOD values In critically polluted stretches, BOD values do not meet bathing water quality standardsdo not meet bathing water quality standards

•• Counterfactual; but for GAP, problem would Counterfactual; but for GAP, problem would have gotten worse; further deterioration have gotten worse; further deterioration arrestedarrested

•• Step in right direction, inadequate Step in right direction, inadequate investment, resources thinly spreadinvestment, resources thinly spread

•• Implementation slowImplementation slow

•• SubSub--optimal utilization of assets optimal utilization of assets

•• Poor O&MPoor O&M

•• Weak enforcement by State Pollution Control Weak enforcement by State Pollution Control BoardsBoards

•• Lack of civil society involvementLack of civil society involvement

Experience with GAP: Mixed SuccessExperience with GAP: Mixed Success

New Initiative: NGRBANew Initiative: NGRBA

•• Constituted on 20.02.2009. Joint CentreConstituted on 20.02.2009. Joint Centre--State State structure. Empowered understructure. Empowered under EPA. Chaired by PM. EPA. Chaired by PM. Includes CMs. Strong presence of experts and civil Includes CMs. Strong presence of experts and civil societysociety

•• Planning, financing & coordinating body. Planning, financing & coordinating body. implementation through Statesimplementation through States

•• Development of river basin management planDevelopment of river basin management plan

•• Maintenance of environmental flowsMaintenance of environmental flows

How new approach is different How new approach is different

•• Empowered AuthorityEmpowered Authority

•• Shift from town centric to river basin approachShift from town centric to river basin approach

•• Integrated approach, no standalone investmentIntegrated approach, no standalone investment

•• Sewerage infrastructure, catchment area Sewerage infrastructure, catchment area treatment, tackling industrial effluents, river treatment, tackling industrial effluents, river front developmentfront development

•• Dovetailing with JNNURM & UIDSSMT schemesDovetailing with JNNURM & UIDSSMT schemes

•• Emphasis on environmental flowsEmphasis on environmental flows

•• Apex Council chaired by PMApex Council chaired by PM

•• Standing Committee under Finance MinisterStanding Committee under Finance Minister

•• Empowered Steering Committee; fast track Empowered Steering Committee; fast track project approval mechanismproject approval mechanism

•• State River Conservation AuthoritiesState River Conservation Authorities

•• Implementation by States, ULBsImplementation by States, ULBs

Institutional DesignInstitutional Design

•• Projects worth Rs 2598 crores sanctionedProjects worth Rs 2598 crores sanctioned

•• Projects relate to sewer networks, sewage Projects relate to sewer networks, sewage treatment, river front development, community treatment, river front development, community sanitationsanitation

Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh :: Rs Rs 1341.60 crore1341.60 croreBihar Bihar :: Rs Rs 441.86 crore441.86 croreWest BengalWest Bengal :: Rs Rs 659.41 crore659.41 croreUttarakhand Uttarakhand :: Rs Rs 155.60 crore155.60 crore

•• Sewage treatment capacity: 470 mldSewage treatment capacity: 470 mld

•• Projects sanctioned on designProjects sanctioned on design--buildbuild--operate operate (DBO) basis with 15 years O&M; first 5 years (DBO) basis with 15 years O&M; first 5 years shared between Centre and Statesshared between Centre and States

Pollution abatement Projects Pollution abatement Projects sanctioned under NGRBA sanctioned under NGRBA

•• Revised Guidelines for DPR formulationRevised Guidelines for DPR formulation

•• Projects based on comprehensive approach, including Projects based on comprehensive approach, including conveyance networks; convergence with JNNURM and conveyance networks; convergence with JNNURM and other schemesother schemes

•• Project appraisal by reputed independent institutionsProject appraisal by reputed independent institutions

•• Third Party Inspections (four stages)Third Party Inspections (four stages)

•• DBO model; 15 years of O&M to be part of project, of DBO model; 15 years of O&M to be part of project, of which initial 5 years O&M costs to be shared by GoIwhich initial 5 years O&M costs to be shared by GoI

New Measures for Improved New Measures for Improved ImplementationImplementation

•• Technology selection based on lifecycle cost analysisTechnology selection based on lifecycle cost analysis

•• Tripartite MoA between Centre, States & ULBs to Tripartite MoA between Centre, States & ULBs to improve implementation and ensure proper O&M improve implementation and ensure proper O&M

•• CityCity--level citizen committeeslevel citizen committees

•• Research Advisory Committee to encourage Research Advisory Committee to encourage innovative technologiesinnovative technologies

•• States setting up exclusive NGRBA implementation States setting up exclusive NGRBA implementation agencies as registered societies agencies as registered societies

New Measures for Improved New Measures for Improved ImplementationImplementation

World Bank Supported ProjectWorld Bank Supported Project

•• National Ganga River Basin Project approved National Ganga River Basin Project approved by GoI & World Bankby GoI & World Bank

•• Project Cost: 7000 crore (US $ 1.55 billion) Project Cost: 7000 crore (US $ 1.55 billion) [Centre: Rs 5100 crore; States: [Centre: Rs 5100 crore; States: Rs 1900 crore]Rs 1900 crore]

•• World Bank assistance: US $ 1 billion (IDA: World Bank assistance: US $ 1 billion (IDA: $199 m, IBRD: $ 801 m); loan agreement signed $199 m, IBRD: $ 801 m); loan agreement signed

•• Project launch: August 2011; Project launch: August 2011; duration: 8 yearsduration: 8 years

•• Implementation by NMCG, SPMGs & EAsImplementation by NMCG, SPMGs & EAs

Infrastructure investments [Rs. 6100 crores]Infrastructure investments [Rs. 6100 crores]

Wastewater (collection and treatment) Wastewater (collection and treatment) –– 4800 cr4800 cr

Industrial pollution control Industrial pollution control –– 500 cr500 cr

Solid waste management Solid waste management –– 300 cr300 cr

River front management River front management –– 500 cr 500 cr

Institutional development [Rs. 600 crores]Institutional development [Rs. 600 crores]

Central & stateCentral & state--level PMGslevel PMGs

Ganga knowledge centreGanga knowledge centre

Water quality monitoring systemWater quality monitoring system

Capacity building of SPCBs and Urban Local BodiesCapacity building of SPCBs and Urban Local Bodies

Research, Studies, Pilots and TrainingResearch, Studies, Pilots and Training

Project Components & OutlaysProject Components & Outlays

Project Implementation support [Rs. 300 crores]Project Implementation support [Rs. 300 crores]

Consultancies: PMC, TSCConsultancies: PMC, TSC

Supervision, monitoring & evaluationSupervision, monitoring & evaluation

Communication & public awareness programCommunication & public awareness program

Incremental operating costs Incremental operating costs

Project Components & OutlaysProject Components & Outlays

NGRBA Program FrameworkNGRBA Program Framework

•• Implementation ArrangementsImplementation Arrangements

•• Investments FrameworkInvestments Framework

•• Financial Management ManualFinancial Management Manual

•• Environment and Social Management Framework Environment and Social Management Framework

•• Communications and Public Outreach Communications and Public Outreach

•• Governance and Accountability Action PlanGovernance and Accountability Action Plan

Ganga Knowledge CentreGanga Knowledge Centre

•• Integral part of NMCG Integral part of NMCG

•• Repository of knowledge for GangaRepository of knowledge for Ganga

•• Data on Ganga river basin management in Data on Ganga river basin management in areas of pollution, water use, biodiversity & areas of pollution, water use, biodiversity & sociosocio--economiceconomic

•• Carry out analysis & modelling Carry out analysis & modelling

•• Dissemination of informationDissemination of information-- outreach centreoutreach centre

Water Quality MonitoringWater Quality Monitoring

•• Need to increase number of stations, Need to increase number of stations, parameters and frequency of monitoringparameters and frequency of monitoring

•• Modern approach and instrumentation Modern approach and instrumentation including realincluding real--time monitoring systemstime monitoring systems

•• Service Contract to be coordinated by CPCBService Contract to be coordinated by CPCB

•• Improved information flow, stronger analysisImproved information flow, stronger analysis

•• Community monitoring, bioCommunity monitoring, bio--monitoring monitoring

Capacity Building of Capacity Building of Pollution Control BoardsPollution Control Boards

•• To address key constraints To address key constraints

•• Improving information systems Improving information systems

•• Staff skills; infrastructure facilitiesStaff skills; infrastructure facilities

•• Improve compliance & enforcement Improve compliance & enforcement

•• Laboratory upgradationLaboratory upgradation

Capacity Building of Capacity Building of Urban Local BodiesUrban Local Bodies

•• Support ULBs as well as localSupport ULBs as well as local--level water and level water and wastewater service providers wastewater service providers

•• Modern & efficient information & planning system Modern & efficient information & planning system

•• Training & equipment Training & equipment

•• Technical assistance for improving revenue and Technical assistance for improving revenue and cost recovery to ensure sustainability of cost recovery to ensure sustainability of investmentsinvestments

•• Prepared by consortium of 7 IITsPrepared by consortium of 7 IITs

•• Management Plan would include:Management Plan would include:Quantification of sewage, industrial, and nonQuantification of sewage, industrial, and non--point pollution loads;point pollution loads;

Measures for maintaining water quality with a roadmap for controMeasures for maintaining water quality with a roadmap for control & l & prevention of pollution into Ganga and its tributaries;prevention of pollution into Ganga and its tributaries;

Measures for maintaining environmental flows;Measures for maintaining environmental flows;

Measures for catchment area treatment, floodplain protection, Measures for catchment area treatment, floodplain protection, public participation and awareness, water conservation;public participation and awareness, water conservation;

GIS based Atlas of Ganga Basin; andGIS based Atlas of Ganga Basin; and

Assessment of technical & financial resources requiredAssessment of technical & financial resources required

•• 5 reports on identification of issues, preparation of urban 5 reports on identification of issues, preparation of urban river management plan, sewage collection, diversion, river management plan, sewage collection, diversion, treatment and reuse, floodplain mapping submittedtreatment and reuse, floodplain mapping submitted

River Basin Environment Management PlanRiver Basin Environment Management Plan

Thank YouThank You