ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ISSUES : ROLES OF SCIENCE …PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND Monthip S. Tabucanon ... rapidly in industries such as fabricated metal products, mechinery

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ISSUES :ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ISSUES :ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

IN THAILANDIN THAILAND

Monthip S. TabucanonMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment

92 Soi Phaholyothin 7,Phaholyothin RoadBangkok 10400,Thailand

One of the remarkable features of Thailand’s economic growth during past two decades has been the rapid expansion of industrial sector. Since 1981, the manufacturing sector in Thailand has grown at an average rate of over 10%

The share of manufacture sector in GDP has alsorisen from 23% in (1981) to 29% in (2005). The structureof manufacturing has also changed substantiallyduring the same period. The number of firms has grownrapidly in industries such as fabricated metal products,mechinery and transport equipment.

Table 1 shows :Table 1 shows : Manufacturing Value Added Shares Sub Sectors at Constant 2003 prManufacturing Value Added Shares Sub Sectors at Constant 2003 pricesices

2.6541350,000,0009,289,510Leather16

6.902310,030,995,722692,368,357Iron15

22.33067,191,415,0001,605,883,925Glass14

3.3983746,644,98125,372,910Furniture12

2.02984,500,108,96791,343,015Shoes11

2.646838,172,690,7001,010,370,053Food10

2.71786,476,679,650176,025,335Electric Machinery and Supplies9

10.712069,484,406,9787,443,184,167Chemical8

16.19956,455,393,0181,045,738,171Ceramic7

10.3465370,605,82038,344,843Cement6

5.380110,842,921,659583,362,170Transport Equipment5

0.455724,538,600,000111,824,787Cars4

5.96964,074,408,988243,226,633Aluminium3

0.878812,574,873,655110,505,962Aircondition2

3.3578341,780,00011,476,443Agricultural Machinery1

% Energy value per production value

Production Cost[Baht]

Energy Consumption[Baht]SubsectorsN

o.

Table 1 shows:Table 1 shows: Manufacturing Value Added Shares Sub Sectors at Constant 2003 prManufacturing Value Added Shares Sub Sectors at Constant 2003 prices. (Continue)ices. (Continue)

6.0521313,381,591,41518,966,259,878Average

2.757819,699,301,657543,268,026Petrochemical30

0.2143310,059,206664,400Ornament29

4.334262,000,000,0002,687,221,028Petroleum27

4.10104,113,892,359168,708,802Machinery25

11.72176,654,997,632780,079,437Textile24

1.2903768,194,0009,911,815Wearing apparel23

10.90041,285,755,000140,152,750Plywood22

3.73217,299,382,751272,422,617Rubber21

11.03206,760,193,463745,784,217Paper and Pulp20

1.73011,257,219,00021,751,517Printing19

5.83986,730,015,349393,021,928Plastic18

1.4120351,055,8594,957,060Drug17

% Energy value per production value

Production Cost[Baht]

Energy Consumption[Baht]SubsectorsNo.

Source : The Institute of Industrial Energy (2005)

Some of there manufacturers are considered highlypolluting especially in terms of hazardous and toxicwaste generation.

II) STATE OF ENERGY USE IN THAILANDII) STATE OF ENERGY USE IN THAILANDAlthough domestic energy production in Thailandis growing. The country still imports the majorityof its energy.

Table 2 shows : The demand and supply of energy (2000Table 2 shows : The demand and supply of energy (2000--2004) in Thailand2004) in Thailand

6.16.95.32.14.8GDP (%)

14.19.45.310.73.8Import

1.16.36.217.4Production

7.75.46.55.21.9Usage

6464626360Import/Usage (%)

991869795755682Import

679672631594589Supply

1,4551,3521,2821,2031,144Demand

20042003200220012000

Source : Office of National Social Economic Development Board (2004)

Figure 1 : The ratio of energy production in ThailandFigure 1 : The ratio of energy production in Thailand

57%13%

9%

17%4%

Natural Gas Crude oil CondensateLignite Hydro power

Source : NEPO (2005)

Figure 2 : The imported amount of commercial energy (2002 Figure 2 : The imported amount of commercial energy (2002 -- 2004)2004)

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

2002 2003 2004equa

l to

thou

sand

bas

ser

of

crud

e oi

l per

day


Domestically- produced oil contributer only about

7% of the total requirement which is shipped

To domestic oil refineries for processing.

Table 3 : The cost of imported energy use in Thailand (baht)Table 3 : The cost of imported energy use in Thailand (baht)

566,389411,130341,763331,033312,601Total

5,6594,1594,4744,7014,671Electriciting

12,2759,3707,8727,4895,068Coal

46,05342,63535,07330,5597,839Natural gas

15,7758,9097,3913,9119,160Gasoline

486,627346,057286,953284,373285,862Crude oil

20022001200019991998Type


• Between 2003 to 2004, average energy consumption

in Thailand increased by more than 10% per year.

A major expansion in the electricity sector is

underway in order to meet this rapid projected

increase in demand. Installed capacity is expected

to more than double over the next decade from

approximatally 9,000 megawatts in 1991 to about

19,000 MW in 2001 and up to 25,000 MW by 2006

Figure 3 : Energy Consumption in ThailandFigure 3 : Energy Consumption in Thailand

795 869991

0200

400600800

10001200

2002 2003 2004equa

l to

thou

sand

bas

sel o

f cr

ude

oil p

erda

y


Thailand has signed memoranda of understanding(MOU) for 3,000 MW for power import from Lao PDR By the year 2006 and for 1,500 MW of power import from Myanmar by the year 2010

Additionally an agreement has been arranged forThe import of 7,500 MW of power from Yunnan’s Jinghong Hydroelectric Project.

Table 3 shows: Information on Plan for Table 3 shows: Information on Plan for HydroclectricHydroclectric Project in Greater Project in Greater MaekongMaekong SubSub--regionregion

1998/99725Yadana, YelagunMyanmar to Thailand

Gas

199960Nam Leuk,

1998150Houay Ho

1998210Theun-Hinboun

Since 199145Xeset

Since 1972150Nam NgumLaoPDR to Thailand

A. Current Projects

Year ofCompletio

n

Capacity(MW)

ProjectName

CountriesProjectType

GMS Subregional Energy Trade

Table 3 : Information on Plan for Table 3 : Information on Plan for HydroclectricHydroclectric Project in Greater Project in Greater MaekongMaekong SubSub--region (continue)region (continue)

4,713Total MW

20061,500JinghongYunnan to Thailand

2006468Xe Kaman 1

2006390Xe Pian SNN

2003460Nam Ngum 3

2005615Nam Ngum 2

2005680Nam Theun 2Lao PDR to ThailandHydropower

2005600Hong Sa LigniteLao PDR to ThailandThermal PowerB. Firmly Planned Projects

Table 3 : Information on Plan for Table 3 : Information on Plan for HydroclectricHydroclectric Project in Greater Project in Greater MaekongMaekong SubSub--region (continue)region (continue)

ca.5,000Various projectsYunnan to Thailand

ca. 7,0008 projectsMyanmar to Thailand

ca.1001 projectsCambodia to Thailand

ca.351 projectsLao PDR to Cambodia

ca. 6003 projectsLao PDR to Viet Nam

2,5008 projectsLao PDR to ThailandHydropowerC. Possible Future Projects

Source : Asian Development Bank

Petroleum products, natural gas, coal and lignite

constituted a major share of total energy consumed

in 2004 by 7%. Renewable energy, consisting fuel wood.

paddy husk and baggasse is also significant and

contributed about 26% of total energy required.

Figure 4 : The energy consumption from different sourcesFigure 4 : The energy consumption from different sources

22,0

45

23,3

15

24,5

38

23,6

93

25,3

50

28,5

63

44,7

27

48,2

52

50,6

18

192

228

245

8,46

6

8,99

2

9,00

0

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2002 2003 2004

Household Business Industry Agricalture etc.

III) STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BANGKOK, THAILAND

3.1 Air Quality

-10%-Opacity Standard

1,000 ppm.-100 mg/m3CO Limit

400 mg/m3--HCl Limit

470 mg/m3-100 mg/m3NOx Limit

140 mg/m3-100 mg/m3SO2 Limit

400 mg/m3-100 mg/m3TSP Limit

-YesYesFuel and Emissions Controls

-Gas or DieselLPGFuel Type

-1 second1 secondSecondary Chamber Residence Time

-1,000oC850oCSecondary Combustion Chamber

--11%Standards O2 (dry)%

-22Number of Chambers

Infectious Waste Incinerator Standards

National Standards

BMA StandardsPARAMETER

Table 4: Comparison of Crematory Standards in Thailand

Table 5 : Estimated Potential Emissions Reductions (Ton per Year)

0.9311.00880%1.260CO

1.8010.53035%1.515NOx

0.9360.49253%0.928SO2

1.3771.66684%1.984Particulate

Total Future

Emission

Potential Emission

Reductions

Percent Reduction Required

Current Emissions from

Wood-Fired Facilities

Pollutant

3.1.1 Ambient Air Quality

0/79,930 (0)17023.90-157.0Nitrogen dioxide,1 hour average, in ppb

0/3,236 (0)1205.200-25.4Sulfur dioxide, 24 hour average, in ppb


93/62,669 (0.15)10013.70-162.0Ozone, 1 hour average, in ppb

0/83,928 (0)90.900-5.2Carbon monoxide,8 hour average, in ppm


7/1,775 (0.39)12049.416.7-141.7Small particulate matter (PM10), 24 hour average, µg/m3

0/491 (0)0.330.100.01-0.31Total suspended particulate (TSP), 24 hour average, in mg/m3

Number of data that exceeded

standard/total data (%exceeding)

StandardValue

Average Range(Min-Max)

Air Pollutants

Table 6: Ambient Air Quality in Bangkok Metropolis

3.1.2 Roadside Air Quality

1/23,914 (0.004)17036.740-171.0Nitrogen dioxide,1 hour average, in ppb



1/12,790 (0.008)1008.780-113.0Ozone, 1 hour average, in ppb

9/57,144 (0.015)91.860-9.6Carbon monoxide,8 hour average, in ppm


69/1,814 (3.8)12057.89.3-268.6Small particulate matter (PM10), 24 hour average, µg/m3

29/677 (4.3)0.330.180.01-0.50Total suspended particulate (TSP), 24 hour average, in mg/m3

Number of data that exceeded

standard/total data (%exceeding)

StandardValue

Average Range(Min-Max)

Air Pollutants

Table 7: Air Quality at Roadside in Bangkok Metropolis, 2002

Figure 5: Particulate Matter of Small Sizes Less Than 10 Micron (PM10), on 24 Hour Average Measurements, at Roadside of Bangkok During 1992-2002

3.1.3 Public Health Problems Resulting from Air Pollution.

Health studies in Bangkok on Air Pollutants

• Health effects centered on respiratory-related illnesses

• Association between respiratory symptoms and PM10


• Incidence of upper respiratory symptoms (high exposed to PM10) 30 µg/m3 increase of PM10 at 9 % for children

at 26 % for adults

• Incidence of upper respiratory symptoms (lower exposed to PM10) 9 % for adults exposed for PM10


• Incidence of lower respiratory symptoms (lower exposed to PM10)30 µg/m3 increase of PM10 at 1 % for childrenat 20 % for adults (high exposed)at 5 % for adults (low exposed)


30 µg/m3 daily increase in PM10 resulted in 5.3 % to 17.6 % daily increase in hospital admissions


Figure 6: Level of PM10 concentration and the number of outpatients with respiratory diseases peak

Table 8: Thailand Health Impact and Costs by PM10 in Six Citiesin Thailand for 2000

643.99,6262,33014Total

214641040.00611.241Songkhla

56.81,4262860.00552.651NakhonRatchasima

59.21,4763240.0061.866Khon Kaen

26.16301340.00581.151Nakhon Sawan

5681,0803900.009851.657Chiang Mai

4244,5501,0920.00655.764Bangkok

Cost in million

US$

Chromic Bronchitis

Excess deaths

Mortality Rate

Population

(million)

PM10(ug/m3)

City

Figure 7: Health Costs of PM10 for Six Major Provinces (billion Baht)

Figure 8: Health Costs of PM10 for Bangkok, 2001-2020

3.2 Water quality3.2.1 Surface Water Contamination

Table 9: Quantity of Wastewater in Bangkok Metropolis

3,870,600780,560227,2202,862,8202022

3,356,540662,650200,6602,493,2302017

2,909,715562,550178,3452,168,8202012

2,514,265477,575159,2401,877,4502007

2,172,610405,430142,6001,624,5202002

Total (cu.m/day)

Industry (cu.m/day)

Commercial (cu.m/day)

From Households (cu.m/day)

Year

Figure 9: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Loading for Bangkok Metropolis

Table 10: Wastewater Treatment Projects in Operation and Under Construction

StatusP (mg/l)

N (mg/l)

BOD (mg/l)

2002 (cu.m/day)

Capacity (cu.m/day)

Area (sq.km)

---307,000992,000191.7Total

Under constructio

n

----150,00033.46. BMA-4 (Chatuchak)

1.22.4447,00065,00042.0-Rajaburana

Operation0.810.74100,000157,00044.0- Nongkhaem5. BMA-3

Operation2.34.14107,000200,00028.54. Chongnonsi

Under constructio

n

----350,00037.03. BMA-1 (Dindaeng)

Operation0.30.81233,00040,0004.12. Rattanakosin

Operation3.010420,00030,0002.71. Si Phaya

ProjectQuality

EffluentInfluent inTreatmentService Project

3.2.2 Groundwater contamination

3.2.3 Drinking Water Supply and Management

http://images.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ceroi.net/reports/dushanbe/Eng/7c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ceroi.net/reports/dushanbe/Eng/water.htm&h=241&w=380&sz=43&tbnid=V6JdzWwPSF8J:&tbnh=75&tbnw=118&start=34&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwater%2Bsupply%2Bsystem%26start%3D20%26hl%3Dth%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

http://images.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ci.boulder.co.us/publicworks/depts/utilities/Wwaert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ci.boulder.co.us/publicworks/depts/uw2.html&h=300&w=400&sz=26&tbnid=vkyx0GAjiVYJ:&tbnh=90&tbnw=120&start=23&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwater%2Bsupply%2Bsystem%26start%3D20%26hl%3Dth%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

3.3 Solid and Hazardous Waste

Table 11: Per Capita Solid Waste Generation Rates in Thailand, 2002

5.0Patong Beach, Phuket1.6Pattaya, Chon Buri

Tourist areas0.4-0.6Rural areas

1.3Kanchanaburi0.6Chantha Buri0.7Ranong1.0Khon Kaen1.3Bangkok

0.4-1.9Urban areas0.65Thailand average

Generation Rate (kg/cap/day)

Figure 10: Per Capita Solid Waste Generation for Asian Cities

Figure 11: Amount of Solid Waste Collected within Bangkok Metropolis

during 1987-2002 and projection for 2003-2015

Figure 12: Composition of Collected Solid Waste, 2002

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Combustibles 91.01 91.63 92.31 89.67 93.23 93.94 97.37 95.08 93.77 90.42

Paper 15.40 13.99 14.49 11.25 11.39 11.58 9.57 8.66 8.58 13.58

Cloth 4.50 3.49 1.95 7.34 6.17 3.71 11.01 6.43 4.00 4.58

Plastic and foam 16.02 20.66 18.72 19.06 17.43 19.80 25.84 19.47 19.41 20.76

Wood and leaves 4.24 5.89 5.39 2.98 5.77 14.51 7.89 6.77 7.52 6.59

Food Scraps 15.76 14.72 20.72 28.74 44.28 35.54 35.41 46.88 46.92 34.16

Leather and Rubber 2.17 0.15 0.82 2.36 0.62 0.82 2.15 0.11 0.78 2.19

Unclassifiable 32.92 32.73 30.22 17.93 7.57 7.87 5.50 6.76 6.56 8.57

Non-combustibles 8.99 8.37 7.69 10.34 6.77 6.17 2.63 4.92 6.23 9.58

Metal 2.52 2.00 1.28 2.76 2.30 2.00 0.96 1.49 1.64 2.19

Glass 4.65 4.64 3.86 6.72 4.47 4.17 1.67 2.57 2.30 5.07

Stones and Ceramics 0.61 1.11 1.77 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 1.00 0.58

Bones and Shells 1.21 0.62 0.78 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 1.29 1.74

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage of Total WeightType of Waste

Table 13: MSW Recycling Rates in Asian Cities

City MSW RecycledHong Kong 36%

Seoul 45 %

Singapore 39%

Manila 13%

Bangkok 15%

Beijing < 10%

IV) GOVERNMENT POLICIES FOR SCIENCE IV) GOVERNMENT POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON AND TECHNOLOGY ON

ENERGY AND ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

4.1 Science and Technology Policy4.1 Science and Technology Policy

Expedite the development of personnel in the areas of science and technology at every level. Support sustainable national development and prepare the country for entering the New Economy.

Promote science and technology in the area of

research and development by providing support to

agencies in both the public and private sectors to

benefit the management and production of

small-and-medium-sized enterprises.

Science and technology should be used to help resolve economic, social and environmental problems as well as the selection of the appropriate skills suitable to improve the potential, expertise and proficiency of the people.

Promote the use of technology, particularly

information technology, for modern

administration and management in order to

respond to the needs of national economic and

social development.

Revise and amend the laws dealing with science

and technology.

Manage the environment, in an integrated manner

by upholding the principles of good governance and

popular participation by the people and the local

community.

4.2 Environmental Policy4.2 Environmental Policy

Promote and encourage participation by

the people and the community in waste

control and waste disposal, both of which

affect the health, welfare and quality of life of

the people.

Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy

Support the notion of taking social costs into

consideration. In managing the environment

and natural resources, the Government

supports the principle that whoever causes

pollution shall also bear the costs as well as the

system of joint rights.


Promote technological research and

development with a view to in creasing

Thailand’s capacity to manage, conserve and

restore the environment.


Set national environmental standards that are

suitable for and compatible with Thailand’s level

of development in the scientific, economic and

social spheres.


Set standards for controlling the importation of

chemical, toxic and hazardous substances in

accordance with the international standards set by

developed countries.


Promote the combined use of energy by

further developing the use and exploitation of

Thailand’s natural gas, which is a domestic

resource, as the country’s major source of

energy.

4.3 Energy Policy4.3 Energy Policy

Promote the efficient procurement and use of

alternative energy sources by expediting the

survey, development and procurement of

alternative energy sources as well as by

promoting research and development of

innovative energy sources for the purpose of

energy conservation.

Energy PolicyEnergy Policy

Emphasize energy management to increase the

competitiveness of Thailand’s production

sector and to enhance the stability of energy

prices through appropriate monetary, fiscal

and managerial measures.

Energy PolicyEnergy Policy

V) ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY V) ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY

ISSUES ISSUES

5.1 Study on Energy Supply and Demand5.1 Study on Energy Supply and Demand

The main objectives of the study are to analyseenergy demand and supply situations in the country during the period of 20 years, and to assist the country in preparing a plan for the future energy development and revising the Energy Conservation Plan.

The specific objectives are :

To review and update energy demand forecast of the country.To formulate least-cost energy supply development strategics of Thailand over the study period.To develop a strategy and policy framework for building a sustainable energy future.

Task 1 : Review The Past Growth of the Economy

• Past Growth and Development patterns based on existing statistics and data

• National Development Plans• Various report prepared by Development Bank and

International Organizations

Task 2 : Review The Long Term Development Plan of Country’s Economy

• macro-economic and development policy • sectoral and regional allocation of public, private

and foreign investment • global economic situation• energy resources, and their evolution in the long

term.

Task 3 : Review and Update Energy Demand Forecasts

• Existing energy demand forecasts of the country

• Forecast energy demand up to 2025

Task 4 : Investigate Energy Supply Options

• Assess available energy supply options

• Assess the available resources of fossil fuels

Task 5 : Formulate Long Term Energy SupplyDevelopment and Identify the Most Feasible Energy Supply Options.

• Carry out the energy supply system analysis for

energy sector development.

• Provide the framework for analysing and evaluating

all the social and environmental impacts of various

energy scenarios

5.2 Study on Energy and Conservation Plan5.2 Study on Energy and Conservation Plan

The Main objectives are to develop suggested

and an action plan to meet the neds of

country’s energy policies in terms of overall

conservation in the use and development

of energy resources


Potential and preferred options

Implementation experience of the Energy Conservation Plan

Attitudes and beliefs of key stakeholders

Preferences and policies of government and private sector leaders guiding the development and investment in the power, building, industry, and transportation sectors.

5.3 Integration of Recycling into the energy 5.3 Integration of Recycling into the energy conservation planconservation plan

The main objectives of the study are to

develop a recycling strategy and incorporated

the impacts of the recycling strategy into the

energy conservation plan.


Incorporate of the relevant impacts of the recycling strategy into the energy conservation plan.

Development of a description of the existing recycling infrastructure

Development of case studies of different

recycling approachesAnalysis of the case studies to identify appropriate approaches to recycling in the country.Development of a comprehensive recycling strategy

5.4 Management of energy use in industrial and 5.4 Management of energy use in industrial and

urban transportation sectors to control urban transportation sectors to control

green house gas and air pollution is the citiesgreen house gas and air pollution is the cities

The main objectives of the study are to identify the increase of energy consumption and green house gas (GHG) emissions take place from different sectors in cities.


To identify the demand for passenger mobility and

freight transport

To evaluate the number of automobiles which will

exacerbate traffic congestion and air and noise

pollution as well as energy consumption and carbon

dioxide emission

To identify the energy scenarios and carbon dioxide in cities.

To provide good basis for cities to consider comprehensive action strategies which promote sustainable development.

To identify emission reduction strategies in different cities’ condition

5.5 Assessment of environmental externalities 5.5 Assessment of environmental externalities

and social benefits of renewable energy and social benefits of renewable energy

programmeprogramme

The main objectives of the study are to provide

necessary information about the external costs and

benefits to the society associated with production

and use of a certain energy form.


To promote the extensive use of abundantly available renewable energy resources

To provide policy makers with necessary information in

order to justify the promotion of renewable energies in

the context of sustainable development

To assess the social effects (benefit to the society)

To assess the environmental externalities

(damages to society)

5.6 Evaluation of conditions for electricity 5.6 Evaluation of conditions for electricity

production in the country based on production in the country based on

biomassbiomass

The study aims at providing background information

for prioritizing the resources available for the

promotion of renewable energy.


To identify the main barriers in the dissemination of the utilization of biomass for energy purposes.

To provide information necessary for analyzing the financial, economic and environmental implications of possible pricing incentives.

5.7 Sound energy management in the city5.7 Sound energy management in the city

The study is to identify measures in the city to tackle urban warming and GHG emission issues.


To increase the awareness of the city in giving

high priority to global issues

To strengthen the energy efficiency improvement

programme

To provide GHG mitigation implicity in the implementation of local air pollution measures and energy sector restructuring.

To provide broader policy agendas related to emission trading and mandatory reductions in the corporate sector.

5.8 National and local capacity building for 5.8 National and local capacity building for

energy environment managementenergy environment managementEnergy management has traditionally not been priority for municipal policy makers as major energy – related decisions are usually made by national governments.

• No comprehensive policy framework exists forenergy issues at the local level

5.8 National and local capacity building for 5.8 National and local capacity building for

energy environment managementenergy environment management

• Intervention in energy – related policies at the local level emerge primarily either from energy availability or from the impact of energy use on environment.

• A comprehensive policy framework for urban environmental management is lacking and fragmented into different sectors and acted without proper coordination

Further management plan:

To improve the scientific information base for

understanding and finding the solutions to

reduce carbon dioxide

To improve the institutional capacities and arrangements for addressing policy integration at national and local levels.

To promote research on the opportunities for and constraints on policy integration on its impacts.

To reorient sectoral planning towards holistic urban-level planning.

To enhance national and local cooperation in

mitigating emissions.

To create forums for sharing experiences.

To increase the role of international institution in promoting policy integration.

Further management plan:

VI) PROMOTION COOPERATION AND VI) PROMOTION COOPERATION AND

STRATEGYSTRATEGY

6.1 Renewable Energy Partnerships for Poverty 6.1 Renewable Energy Partnerships for Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development:Eradication and Sustainable Development:Partners for Asia.Partners for Asia.

The main objectives are to prove the role of renewableenergy in poverty eradication through the creation of partnerships and to support policy making in the areas of renewable energy and sustainable resource management, health and enterprise development.

The plan is in line with the Millennium Development Goals by focus on better access to sustainable energy services for serving the energy poor in Asia.

Partnerships : Renewable energy and sustainable

resource management

Policy Partnership : Government Policy on

Fuel use

Policy Partnership : Government Policy on

Cogeneration

Programme Partnership : Reduction of Indoor Air

pollution in Poor

Households

Action Partnership : Bioenergy and Small-

hydro to improve Access

to Energy Services

Action Partnership : Biomass

• Programme Partnership : Micro credits and seed capital to Entrepreneurs Active in the field of Clean and Sustainable Energy

• Action Partnership : Water and Sanitation

• Policy Partnership : Comprehensive Renewable Energy Policy Methodology

• Action Partnership : Energy Service Companies for Rural Electrification

6.2 Joint Acidification Study in Asia 6.2 Joint Acidification Study in Asia

Acidification of ecosystems are regionally transportedby the air masses and act as acidifying substances in the environment.

To secure a sustainable emission database for

Asia, through capacity building in cost- effective

methods to perform yearly updates.

To address and quantify the relative importance

of different air pollutant emission sources.

The specific objectives are:

To formulate the policies related to clean air in

the region.

To review existing data related to “Critical Load

“and to analyse the possible role of “ integrated

assessment models “ in comparing effects and

potential mitigation measures.

To adapt the more relevant multi-component/

multi-effect approach in assessing the regional air

pollution situation.

VII) CONCLUSIONSVII) CONCLUSIONS

The growing gap between demand and

supply of urban environmental infrastructures

and public services is very significant at the

national and regional levels.

Changes in the demand of energy consumption

have accelerated the pace of urban economic

growth and create the environmental pollution.

With further rapid economic growth and urban clustering expected, the environment and energy situation can only create the problems unless countermeasures are adopted in time.

Research and development on energy and

environment shows that factors such as

institutional arrangement, policies, technology,

partnerships can have a larger impact on

sustainable development.

Documents

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ISSUES : ROLES OF SCIENCE …PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND Monthip S. Tabucanon ... rapidly in industries such as fabricated metal products, mechinery