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7/30/2019 enviornment strategies
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4.The Triple Bottom Line Concept
Economy
EnvironmentSociety
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Policy instruments
Regulatory:standards, norms, EPR(environmental performance reviews),labelling, (enforcement)
Economic instruments: taxes, subsidies,credits, financial incentives, etc.
Social: awareness raising, education,information, voluntary initiatives
Others: indicators, green accounting...
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PASSIVE
Ignore pollution
REACTIVE
Dilution and dispersion
PROACTIVE
Cleaner Production
BACKGROUNDResponses of businesses to pollution
CONSTRUCTIVE
End-of-pipe treatment
1 2
43
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CLEANER PRODUCTIONDefinition by UNEP
Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an
integrated,preventive environmental strategy towards
processes,products andservices in order to increase
overall efficiency andreduce damage and risks forhumans
and the environment.
Continuous
Preventive
Integrated
ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGY
Processes
Products
Services
RISKREDUCTION
Humans
Environment
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CLEANER PRODUCTIONOperational improvements to business
> CP improves products and services
> CP lowers risks (liability)
> CP improves company image
> CP improves workers health and safety conditions
> CP reduces waste treatment and disposal costs
> CP can be integrated with the business EMS> CP saves costs on raw material, energy and water
> CP makes companies more profitable and competitive
What are the benefits for industrials ?
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Relationship with MEAs:
1- UNFCCC/Kyoto Green House Gas emissions
2- Basel Convention Waste minimisation
3- Stockholm Convention Avoid unintentionally
produced POPs (PCBs, dioxins and furans)
Cleaner Production categoriesIMPLEMENTING CP
TECHNOLOGY
INPUT MATERIALS
OPERATION
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTION PROCESS
WASTE &
EMISSIONS
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INTERNAL BARRIERS> Traditional philosophy of CEOs (low awareness)
> Internal organisation and communication (initial constraints)
> Limited information, data and expertise on waste and emissions
> Focus on end of pipe solutions and short term profits
> Inadequate cost/profit calculations CP options
> Missing, outdated or unreliable process instrumentation
> No or limited support of middle management
> No EMS to achieve continual improvement
EXTERNAL BARRIERS
> Availability of investment capital
> Availability of CP technologies
To be solved by
an organised approach
METHODOLOGYBarriers to CP implementation
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METHODOLOGYCP methodology
The recognized needfor Cleaner Production
1.Planning and
Organization
2.Assessment
3.Feasibility
Analysis
4.Implementation
Successfully implemented
Cleaner Production projects
Sustain
&
Continue
(EMS)
> Obtain management commitment
> Organise project team
> Identify barriers & solutions
> Set objectives
> Pre-assess
> Identify sources (WHERE)
> Analyse causes (WHY)
> Generate possible options (HOW)
> Evaluate options on:
Technical, environmental
and economic feasibility
> Select best options
> Option implementation
> Monitoring and evaluation
> Sustain and continue
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UPWARD DIFFUSIONNational policies
Legislation
Action plans
CP Funds
DOWNWARD DIFFUSION
Local authorities
NGOs
CP Clubs
Partnerships
LATERAL DIFFUSIONNew Sectors
Industrial estates
Building design
Tourism
Eco-towns
LATERAL DIFFUSIONNew Tools
Financial incentives
Environmental reporting
Eco-labeling
ISO 14000
Award scheme
CONCLUSIONAbout CP trends
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Life Cycle Analysis
The Life cycle concept (ISO 14040)
Industrial systems are comprised of interdependent processes and
activities, requiring a systems approach for considering technology
from a cradle-to-grave/cradle perspective.
TheIndustrialSystem
TheEnvironmentInputs Outputs
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Life Cycle Analysis
The Life cycle concept
LCA is a holistic analytical technique for assessing the
environmental effects associated with a product, process,
or activity.
System-wide, multi-media perspective
Functional unit accounting system
Comparative assessment of relative or
functional unit differences
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Life Cycle Analysis
Raw Materials
Extraction/Processing
Product Manufacturing
Product Use/Reuse
Maintenance and Repair
EOL Disposition
Inputs Life-Cycle Stages Outputs
RawMaterials
Energy
WaterEffluents
AirborneEmissions
Solid
Wastes
Products
Co-
ProductsBoundary
General Scope of LCA
source: www.epa.gov.in
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Life Cycle Analysis
Advantages of LCA Supports decision-making for product/production systems with scientificdata and competence
Identifies opportunities of improvement
Identifies key impacts and life-cycle stages of system
Improves marketability of product (ecolabelling, environmentalclaim, product declaration)
Identifies trade offs and information gaps
Results in cost reductions, enhanced public image, competitive advantages,performance, productivity and profits
Helps companies to adopt a remanufacture approach to reduce theresource use and cost
Provides guidance towards optimizing the actual technologyimplementation by pinpointing process steps with high environmental
impact (Schmidinger and Nardoslamsky, 2008)
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Life Cycle Analysis
Limitations of LCA Availability and quality of life-cycle inventory data
Uncertainties in the inventory and in the impact assessmentmethodology
Impossible to assess the quality of results due to its complexity
Differences in LCA problem formulation due to differences invalues
High cost associated with a comprehensive LCA
Practical difficulty in carrying out detailed life-cycle inventories and
also to translate the results into appropriate actions Time consuming and complex nature of LCA