~-=..s;r:z:::.esnr~r _..-':-li;><!? ITI''S.Il, .••••'~-er ~eG::~ -c_-are sually - ow.Yay ive areas. ~Iany

e organismsuse estuarie for reprodu tion.Insec are ammon in fre hwater and ab ent in marine

__.stems. Lake how a tructure similar to that of the ocean,

y al ecosystem 129alpine tundra 125benthic 127benthic ecosystem 127biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 131biome 114boreal forest 124climax community 109coral reef ecosystem 129desert 115emergent plants 130e tuary 129euphotic zone 126eutrophic lake 131freshwater ecosystem 126grassland 116

Review Questions

limnetic zone 130littoral zone 130mangrove swamp ecosystem 129marine ecosystem 126marsh 131Mediterranean shrublands 119northern coniferous forest 124oligotrophic lake 131pelagic 126pelagic ecosystem 126periphyton 131permafrost 125phytoplankton 126pioneer community 109plankton 126prairie 116

1. Describe the process of succession. How does primary succes-sion differ from secondary succession?

2. How does a climax community differ from a successionalcommunity?

3. List three characteristics typical of each of the following bi-omes: tropical rainforest, desert, tundra, taiga, savanna, Mediter-ranean shrublands, tropical dry forest, grassland, and temperatedeciduous forest.

4. What two primary factors determine the kind of terrestrialbiome that will develop in an area?

CHAPTER 6 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities

primary succession 109savanna 118secondary succession 109seral stage 110sere 110steppe 116submerged plants 130succession 109successional stage 110swamp 131taiga 124temperate deciduous forest 123tropical dry forest 119tropical rainforest 122tundra 125zooplankton 126

5. How does height above sea level affect the kind of biomepresent?

6. What areas of the ocean are the most productive?7. How does the nature of the substrate affect the kinds of organ-

isms found at the shore?8. What is the role of each of the following organisms in a marine

ecosystem: phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae, coral animals,and fish?

9. List three differences between freshwater and marine eco y terns.10. What is an estuary? Why are estuaries important?

133

Critical Thinking Questions1. Does the concept of a "climax community" make sense? Why

or why not?What do you think about restoring ecosystems that have beendegraded by human activity? Should it be done or not? Why?Who should pay for this reconstruction?

3. Identify the biome in which you live. What environmental factorsare instrumental in maintaining this biome? What is the currenthealth of your biome? What are the current threats to its health?How might your biome have looked 100,1000,10,000 years ago?

4. Imagine you are a conservation biologist who is being asked bylocal residents what the likely environmental outcomes of de-velopment would be in the tropical rainforest in which they live.What would you tell them? Why do you give them this evalua-tion? What evidence can you cite for your claims?

Concept Map

5. The text says that 90 percent of the old-growth temperate rain-forest in the Pacific Northwest has been logged. What to dowith the remaining 10 percent is still a question. Some say itshould be logged, and others say it should be preserved. Whatvalues, beliefs, and perspectives are held by each side? What isyour ethic regarding logging old-growth in this area? What val-ues, beliefs, and perspectives do you hold regarding this issue?

6. Much of the old-growth forest in the United States has beenlogged, economic gains have been realized, and second-growthforests have become established. This is not the case in the trop-ical rainforests, although they are being lost at alarming rates.Should developed countries, which have already "cashed in" ontheir resources, have anything to say about what is happening indeveloping countries? Why do you think the way you do?

Construct a map to show relationships among the following concepts:

primary successionecondary succession

biomelimax community

pioneer communityprairietemperate deciduous forest

Interactive Exploration

northern coniferous foresttundrasuccessional stage

Check out the website at http://www.mhhe.comlenvironmentaIscience and click on the cover of this textbook for quizzing, careerinformation, case studies, and hot links for the following topics:

Field Methods for Studies of Ecosystemsu cession and Stability

Biomes and Environmental HabitatsDe ertsSa\"annahGras landsRangelands and Land Use IssuesTropical Rainforests-rr:picai Rainforests and Land Use Issues

::al Forests and Extinction

Forests

TaigaTundra_Iarine Habitats~Iarine EcologyThe Marine Pelagic ZoneThe Marine Deep Sea ZoneShallow Subtidal CommunitiesE tuaries

_\fafl!!foves

Coral ReefsFre hwater Habitats