ENVI 121 Life in the Ocean Dr. Ron KaufmannDr. Ron Kaufmann [email protected]@sandiego.edu Shiley Center 277 (x5904)Shiley Center 277 (x5904)

ENVI 121ENVI 121Life in the OceanLife in the Ocean

• Dr. Ron KaufmannDr. Ron Kaufmann• [email protected]@sandiego.edu• Shiley Center 277 (x5904)Shiley Center 277 (x5904)• Office Hrs: Tue, Thu 8:00-10:30Office Hrs: Tue, Thu 8:00-10:30– www.sandiego.edu/~kaufmann/envi121/envi12www.sandiego.edu/~kaufmann/envi121/envi12

1.html1.html– AIM: rskusdAIM: rskusd

I.I. What is Marine Biology?What is Marine Biology?

• Biology of organisms inhabiting the Biology of organisms inhabiting the oceanocean

• Marine biologists study different things Marine biologists study different things at different levelsat different levels

• Related to oceanography, particularly Related to oceanography, particularly biological oceanographybiological oceanography

– Coastal vs. Open OceanCoastal vs. Open Ocean– Perspective: Organismal vs. EnvironmentalPerspective: Organismal vs. Environmental

• Studying marine organisms requires Studying marine organisms requires understanding of physical/chemical understanding of physical/chemical environmentenvironment

II.II. HistoryHistory

A.A. EarlyEarly1.1. Aristotle – Described forms, recognized Aristotle – Described forms, recognized

gillsgills

2.2. Explorers (Eriksson, Columbus, Magellan, Explorers (Eriksson, Columbus, Magellan, Drake) – Learned about winds, currents, Drake) – Learned about winds, currents, physical characteristicsphysical characteristics

3.3. Cook (1768-1779) – Took full-time Cook (1768-1779) – Took full-time naturalist on crewnaturalist on crew

4.4. Darwin (1831-1836) – Sailed on HMS Darwin (1831-1836) – Sailed on HMS BeagleBeagle

– Collected planktonCollected plankton– Proposed theory of coral atoll formationProposed theory of coral atoll formation– Studied and described barnaclesStudied and described barnacles


B.B. Oceanographic ExpeditionsOceanographic Expeditions• Began in mid 1800sBegan in mid 1800s• Edward Forbes (BBBB - British)Edward Forbes (BBBB - British)

• Father of Biological OceanographyFather of Biological Oceanography• Sampled sea floor life extensivelySampled sea floor life extensively• First to recognize that different organisms are First to recognize that different organisms are

found at different depthsfound at different depths

• Before Forbes’ time, many people Before Forbes’ time, many people regarded the deep ocean as regarded the deep ocean as azoicazoic

• Early work by Wyville Thomson showed Early work by Wyville Thomson showed life on deep sea floorlife on deep sea floor


C.C. The The ChallengerChallenger Expedition (1872-1876) Expedition (1872-1876)• British scientists convinced government to British scientists convinced government to

fund oceanographic expeditionfund oceanographic expedition• HMS HMS ChallengerChallenger

• Refitted warshipRefitted warship• Departed England in Dec 1872Departed England in Dec 1872• Expedition lasted three and a a half yearsExpedition lasted three and a a half years• Collected samples and provided unprecedented Collected samples and provided unprecedented

insights into diversity of marine lifeinsights into diversity of marine life• Data took 19 years to publish in 50 large volumesData took 19 years to publish in 50 large volumes• First extensive exploration of life in the oceanFirst extensive exploration of life in the ocean• Paved the way for modern marine biologyPaved the way for modern marine biology

Track of HMS Challenger1872 - 1876

Fig. 1.4

III.III. Marine LabsMarine Labs

A.A. Stazione Zoologica (Naples)Stazione Zoologica (Naples)• Founded in 1872 by German scientistsFounded in 1872 by German scientists

B.B. Marine Biological Lab (Plymouth, England)Marine Biological Lab (Plymouth, England)• Founded in 1879Founded in 1879

C.C. Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole)Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole)• Established in 1888Established in 1888

D.D. Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SD)Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SD)• Opened in 1903Opened in 1903

E.E. Hopkins Marine Station (CA)Hopkins Marine Station (CA)

F.F. Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory (WA)Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory (WA)

IV.IV. Modern Marine BiologyModern Marine Biology

• Involved the development of new Involved the development of new technology for studying marine lifetechnology for studying marine life

A.A. SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)• Developed during World War II to help Developed during World War II to help

engage in submarine warfareengage in submarine warfare

SONARSONAR

Fig. 1.6

I.I. Modern Marine BiologyModern Marine Biology

A.A. SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)

B.B. SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)Breathing Apparatus)

• Invented in late 1940s by Cousteau and GagnanInvented in late 1940s by Cousteau and Gagnan• Allows scientists to work underwater for Allows scientists to work underwater for

extended periods of timeextended periods of time




C.C. Oceanographic Research VesselsOceanographic Research Vessels• Ships (Ships (MelvilleMelville, , RevelleRevelle, , ThompsonThompson))• Submersibles (Submersibles (AlvinAlvin, , Johnson Sea LinkJohnson Sea Link))• ROVs/AUVs (ROVs/AUVs (JasonJason, , TiburonTiburon, , VentanaVentana))• Other vessels (Other vessels (FLIPFLIP))

R/V Thomas G. Thompson

R/V FLIP

DSV Alvin

Theseus IFREMER AUV

ROV Jason




C.C. Oceanographic Research VesselsOceanographic Research Vessels

D.D. ComputersComputers• Processing of large data setsProcessing of large data sets• Collection of sophisticated informationCollection of sophisticated information

Fig. 1.14

Link

www7320.nrlssc.navy.mil/IASNFS_WWW/IASNFS_ssh.html




C.C. Oceanographic Research VesselsOceanographic Research Vessels

D.D. ComputersComputers

E.E. Remote SensingRemote Sensing• Use of satellites to monitor oceanUse of satellites to monitor ocean• Especially useful for studying large scale Especially useful for studying large scale

features and processesfeatures and processes

Fig. 1.15

Documents

ENVI 121 Life in the Ocean Dr. Ron KaufmannDr. Ron Kaufmann [email protected]@sandiego.edu Shiley Center 277 (x5904)Shiley Center 277 (x5904)