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Entry Task- Block #1 Nov. 6th-7th
QUESTION:
What holds atoms together AND what subatomic particle is
involved?
You have 5 minutes!
AGENDA: Ionic vs. Covalent Substance DemoGo over Ch. 8 section 1-2 notesHW: Ch. 8 sec 1-2 ws
IONIC AND COVALENT
SUBSTANCES- DEMO
# Name Formula Phase Dissolves in water
Conduction Melting point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Isopropyl alcohol
(CH3)2COH -88.0°CLOW
Copper II sulfate
CuSO4600°CHIGH
Sodium chloride
NaCl 800°CHIGH
Camphor C10H16O 177 °CLOW
Potassium nitrate
KNO3306°CHIGH
Naphthalene C10H8 80.5 °CLOW
Iodine I2113-114 °CLOW
Potassium Iodide
KI 681°CHIGH
SOLID YES YES
SOLID YES YES
Liquid YES NO
SOLID NO NO
SOLID YES YES
SOLID NO NO
SOLID NO NO
SOLID YES YES
THINK- TO YOURSELF Write your answer on the answer sheet- QUESTION #1 What is the correlation- connection- between
conduction and melting point? Sort the chemicals to make it easier.
Substance Conduction Melting point
PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER
QUESTION #1 What is the correlation- connection- between
conduction and melting point? Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the
best answer.
Substance Conduction Melting point
THINK- TO YOURSELF Write your answer on answer sheet QUESTION #2 What is the correlation between dissolving in
water and conduction? Sort the chemicals to make it easier
Substance Dissolves in water Conduction
PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER
QUESTION #2 What is the correlation between dissolving in
water and conduction? Sort the chemicals to make it easier
Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best answer.
Substance Dissolves in water Conduction
THINK- TO YOURSELF Write your answer on answer sheet QUESTION #3 Look at the formulas- look up (on periodic table)
what kind of elements (metal/metalloid/nonmetal) makes up the substance. What is the correlation between substances with metal elements and melting point of the substance? Sort the chemicals to make it easier.Substance Have metals Melting point
PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER
QUESTION #3 Look at the formulas- look up (on periodic table) what
kind of elements (metal/metalloid/nonmetal) makes up the substance. What is the correlation between substances with metal elements and melting point of the substance? Sort the chemicals to make it easier.
Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best answer.Substance Have metals Melting point
THINK- TO YOURSELF Write your answer on answer sheet QUESTION #4 Pulling it ALL together. What did you discover?
What are the relationships that connect?
PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER
QUESTION #4 Pulling it ALL together. What did you discover? What
are the relationships that connect? Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best
answer.
FLIP PAPERS OVER
IONIC AND COVALENT SUBSTANCES
Substances- Made of elements
- Chemically bonded
Affect the substances properties
Metals/metalloids/nonmetal
Ionic versus covalent
IONIC SUBSTANCES
Contain Metals!!!
IF THE SUBSTANCE
Ionic Bonds
(Tight bonds)
IONIC SUBSTANCES
Solids at room temperature
High melting points
Hard and brittle
Dissolves in water
Conductive after dissolving in water
Properties
COVALENT SUBSTANCES
Contain Nonmetals only!!!
IF THE SUBSTANCE
Covalent Bonds
(Lose bonds)
COVALENT SUBSTANCES
Liquid/gas at room temperature
Low melting points
Does not dissolve in water
Not conductive
Properties
FLIP PAPERS OVER TO THE
FRONT
# Name Formula Phase Dissolves in water
Conducts Melting point Ionic or Covalent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Isopropyl alcohol
(CH3)2COH -88.0°CLOW
Copper II sulfate
CuSO4600°CHIGH
Sodium chloride
NaCl 800°CHIGH
Camphor C10H16O 177 °CLOW
Potassium nitrate
KNO3306°CHIGH
Naphthalene C10H8 80.5 °CLOW
Iodine I2113-114 °CLOW
Potassium Iodide
KI 681°CHIGH
SOLID YES YES
SOLID YES YES
Liquid YES NO
SOLID NO NO
SOLID YES YES
SOLID NO NO
SOLID NO NO
SOLID YES YES
Ionic
Ionic
Covalent
Covalent
Covalent
Covalent
Ionic
Ionic
I CAN…. Define a chemical bond. Describe the formation of positive and
negative ions Create and name binary ionic compounds.
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
DESCRIBE a chemical bond.
The force that holds two atoms together.
Chemical bonds may form by the attraction between the positive nucleus and negative electrons or the attraction between a positive ion and negative ion.
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDSProvide the electron dot structures for
groups 1A-8A.lithium
Liberyllium
Beboron
Bcarbon
C
nitrogen
Noxygen
Ofluorine
Fneon
Ne
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
RECALL from Ch. 6, what is ionization energy?
Ionization energy is how easily an atom loses electrons.
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
What is electron affinity?
How much attraction an atom has for electrons
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
State the octet rule?
When atoms have 8 electrons in its valence orbit it’s chemically stable- like the noble gases
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
How are positive ions formed? What are they called?
When atoms loses electrons they form positive ions called cations. Metals are cations
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
What are the charges on group 1A?_______
What are the charges on group 2A________
What are the charges on group 3A?_______
1+
2+
3+
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 1:Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions
H+ Li+ Na+ K+
Predicting Ionic ChargesGroup 13: Loses 3 electrons to form 3+ ions
B3+ Al3+ Ga3+
Predicting Ionic ChargesGroup 14: Lose 4 electrons or gain 4 electrons?
Depends! If it’s a metal it will lose 4 electrons = +4
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDSWhat are pseudo-noble gas
configurations? YOU NEED TO READ!!When the inner groups 4-6 lose electrons to fill their s, p, d orbitals by “stealing” from the higher s group. This forms a “fake (pseudo) noble gas configuration.
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
How are negative ions formed? What are they called?
When atoms gain electrons they form negative ions called anions. Nonmetals are anions
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
What are the charges on group 5A?_______
What are the charges on group 6A________
What are the charges on group 7A?_______
3-
2-
1-
Predicting Ionic ChargesGroup 17: Gains 1 electron to form 1- ions
F1-
Cl1-
Br1-
Fluoride
Chloride
Bromide
I1- Iodide
Predicting Ionic ChargesGroup 18: Stable Noble gases do not form ions!
Predicting Ionic ChargesGroups 3 - 12:
Many transition elements have more than one possible oxidation state.Iron(II) = Fe2+ Iron(III) = Fe3+
Predicting Ionic ChargesGroups 3 - 12:
Some transition elements have only one possible oxidation state.
Zinc = Zn2+ Silver = Ag+
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
Formation of an Ionic Bond- READ THIS PART!!
DESCRIBE an ionic bond
When atoms transfer electrons creating a positive-negative ion, the electrostatic forces that hold these opposing particles together is called ionic bonding
Transfer electrons+/-Metal-nonmetalCompound
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
What are ionic compounds?
Compounds that contain ionic bonds are called ionic compounds
Transfer electrons+/-Metal-nonmetalCompound
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
What are binary ionic compounds?
Compounds that contain 2 different elements
EXAMPLES:NaClMgF2
Al2O3
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
Properties of Ionic Compounds What are ionic crystals?
When ionic compounds are packed in a repeated pattern of +/- they create an ionic crystal
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
Properties of Ionic Compounds What are crystal lattices?
Crystal lattices are three-dimensional geometric arrangement of particles. Each positive ion is surround by a negative ion
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
What specific properties do ionic crystals have?
They have high melting and boiling points. The color is related to their structure.Brittle solidsDissolves in waterConductive (when dissolved in water) Electrolytes
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
What causes these particular properties?
The bonded atoms have a strong attraction to each other (+/-).
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
What creates an electrolyte?
When ionic compounds dissolve in water the ions are free from each other and conduct a current.
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
Energy and the ionic bond What is an endothermic reaction?
Exothermic?When energy is absorbed during a chemical reaction, the reaction is endothermic.
When energy is released during a chemical reaction, the reaction is exothermic.
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
Energy and the ionic bond The creation of an ionic bond is which type of
energy reaction?
Exothermic.
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
Energy and the ionic bond What is lattice energy? What is the strength
determined by?
Lattice energy is the energy required to separate ions from each other in an ionic compound.
The strength is determined by hold of each ion has to each other. The MORE negative the lattice energy the stronger the attraction
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
Energy and the ionic bond How does the size of the ions affect lattice
energy?
The smaller the ion the MORE negative value for lattice energy (stronger the attraction).
This is because the valence electrons are closer to the nucleus.
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS
Energy and the ionic bond How does the charge affect lattice energy?
Large positives (+3) and large negatives (-3) the more negative the lattice energy (stronger the attractions).
Mg2+ and O2- = MgO has 4 times the lattice energy than Na1+ and F1- = NaF
8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
Define formula unit
Since ionic compounds exist as a crystal lattice, we call the simplest form of the lattice as the formula unit.
NaCl exist as NaClNaClNaClClNaClNaClNaNaClNaClNaClClNaClNaClNaNaClNaClNaClFormula unit
8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
Define monatomic ion
Monatomic ion is one-atom ion like Mg2+ or Br1-.
MONATOMIC IONS TO BINARY COMPOUNDS
One –atom ion (Monatomic ions)Fluorine atom gains 1 electrons + Fluorine ion
(F-1)Lithium atom loses 1 electron + Lithium ion
(Li+1) Binary compounds
Form when 2 monatomic ion bond to make a formula unit.
Oxidation numbers (charges) have to cancel out
8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
Define polyatomic ion
Polyatomic ions are made of bonded atoms (covalently bonded) that carries a charge.
EXAMPLE- phosphate ion PO43-
8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
Define oxyanion
Oxyanion are polyatomic ions that contain a nonmetal (covalently) bonded to an oxygen.
EXAMPLE- phosphate ion PO43-
HOMEWORK:
CH. 8 SEC. 1-2 WS