Entrada cultural - McGraw Hill Educationnovella.mhhe.com/sites/dl/free/0073534390/880747/Capitulo_preliminar.pdfb be, be grande, be larga, Bolivia Buenos días. or be de burro c ce

The United States has a varied and fascinating blend of ethnic cultures, of which Hispanic culture is one of the richest and most important. Several factors interact to create this cul-tural wealth: the differing origins of Hispanics (Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, and Spain), the historical tendency of different groups to reside in different areas (Cubans in Florida, Puerto Ricans in New York, and Mexicans in states that border Mexico), and the sheer numbers of Hispanics who now live throughout this country. They live in large cities, small towns, and rural areas. They work as doctors, judges, teachers, shopkeepers, factory workers, and on farms. They represent an integral part of the United States. In the United States, as of 2007, Hispanics represented more than 15 percent of the total population, or more than 45 million people. They comprise the most numerous minority group in the country, and projections indicate that by 2050 Hispanics will constitute 25 percent of the estimated 400 million people who will live in the United States at that time. Examples of the contributions of Hispanics to American contemporary culture are found everywhere: in architecture, in painting, and in depictions that combine traditional forms with

modern influences. We hear them every day in the Latin music created in the United States, as well as in the works of popular singers from Hispanic countries.

Television broadcasts dozens of programs in Spanish, Hispanic actors star in U.S. movies, and Americans read the works of Hispanic authors.

We hear the influence of Spanish in spoken American English, and we see it in the written language as well. American cuisine also

contains many foods of Hispanic origin. Did you know that the turkey eaten on Thanksgiving is of Central American origin? And did you know that potatoes originated in the Andean region where Peru and Bolivia are now located? Imagine a summer picnic without potato salad! Certainly there are few people in the United States in the 21st century who are unfamiliar with tortillas and the foods we make with them, which originated in Mexico and Central America. Look at

the photos on this page. Can you think of other examples of Hispanic culture that we see on a daily basis?

Entrada culturalEn el National Puerto Rican Day Parade, Manhattan

En El Paso, Texas En la Calle Ocho, Miami

Shakira

Hispanics in

the United

States

2

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3

Dual Life (2001), por (by) Rafael López (México y los Estados Unidos)

preliminar¿Somos semejantes?*

1. How would you define the term culture?

2. What are some similarities and differences between your culture and another culture that you’re familiar with?

3. In your opinion, what do you think the painting Dual Life represents?

EN ESTE CAPÍTULO†

Los Estados Unidos

Vocabulario• Greetings, Introductions, and

Good-byes 4• The Alphabet 8• Numbers from 0 to 30 10Gramática• Nouns, Articles, Gender, and

Number 12• Subject Pronouns and the

Verb ser 14

*¿Somos… Are We Similar?†En… In This Chapter

www.connectspanish.com

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4 cuatro CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

TEMA: La identidad

Vocabulario del tema*Los saludos, las presentaciones y las despedidasº Los… Greetings, Introductions, and Good-byes

2. — Buenos días, profesora Peña. ¿Cómo está usted?

— Bien, profesor Galeano. ¿Y usted?

—Muy bien, gracias.—De nada.

*del… thematic1. Hi, Paula. How are you? / Fine, thanks. And you? / Very well, thanks. 2. Good morning, Professor Peña. How are you? / Fine, Professor Galeano. And you? / Very well, thank you. / You’re welcome. 3. See you later, Jorge. / Good-bye, Luis. 4. Hello. What’s your name? / My name is Jaime García. / Nice to meet you. / Likewise. 5. Hi, I’m Guillermo. What’s your name? / My name is Rosa María. / Nice to meet you, Rosa María. / It’s a pleasure, Guillermo. Where are you from? / I’m from San José. And you? / I’m from New York.

—Hola. ¿Cómo te llamas?—Me llamo Jaime García.—Mucho gusto.—Igualmente.

4.

— Hola. Soy Guillermo. ¿Cuál es tu nombre?

— Mi nombre es Rosa María.— Mucho gusto, Rosa María.— Encantada, Guillermo.

¿De dónde eres?—Soy de San José. ¿Y tú?—Soy de Nueva York.

5.

—Hola, Paula. ¿Cómo estás?—Bien, gracias. ¿Y tú?—Muy bien, gracias.

1.

—Hasta luego, Jorge.—Adiós, Luis.

3.

Throughout Expe-rience Spanish, you’ll find transla-tions for vocabu-lary and grammar presentations at the bottom of the page.O

bse

rve

(Not

e)

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TEMA La identidad cinco 5

To greet someone, you can use one of these expressions.

Hola. Hello.Buenos días. Good morning (until midday meal).Buenas tardes. Good afternoon (until evening meal).Buenas noches.* Good evening (after evening meal).

Here are some expressions you can use to talk about yourself and find out more about someone else.

¿Cómo estás? How are you (familiar)?¿Cómo está usted? How are you (formal)?¿Qué tal? How’s it going?Muy bien. Very well.Bien. Fine.Regular. So-so.No muy bien. Not very well.¿Y tú? And you (fam.)?¿Y usted? And you (form.)?

* Buenas noches can also be translated as Good night and thus used as a way of saying good-bye to someone, as in Buenas noches, hasta mañana. (Good night, see you tomorrow.)

Nota cultural

ADDRESSING PEOPLE IN FORMAL AND FAMILIAR SITUATIONS

Spanish has two ways of directly addressing a single person as you. Usted is used in formal situations, such as with a professor or in a business context. Tú is used in familiar situations, such as with family and friends. However, in some Hispanic cultures, it’s common for relatives to use usted with each other as a sign of respect.

Sometimes native speakers will knowingly go against the rules of appropriateness to establish distance from someone on purpose, or even to express humor. Let’s say a husband and wife are in the habit of addressing each other with tú. Then one day, one of them starts giving the other a list of things to get done around the house. The spouse receiving the list of chores might respond with the phrase, “Como usted mande, mi amor.a” Had the speaker instead used tú, the phrase could have been viewed as funny; however by switching to usted, the speaker adds a level of sarcasm that makes the response even funnier.

If you’re ever unsure whether to use tú or usted, remember the following simple rule: use usted until you’re told it’s OK to use tú. It’s better to be inappropriately formal than insultingly familiar.

aComo… As you command, my love.

SITUACIONES Indicate whether you should use tú or usted forms to address people in the following situations.

TÚ USTED

1. You bump into your Spanish professor at the library. 2. You greet a classmate in the hallway.

Como usted mande, mi amor.


6 seis

CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

*Use encantado if you’re male, encantada if you’re female.

⎫⎬⎭

⎫⎬⎭

⎫⎬⎭

⎫⎬⎭

a. —Bien. Hasta luego. b. — Buenos días, señora Martínez. ¿Cómo

está usted? c. —Nos vemos. d. —Hola, Miguel. ¿Qué tal? e. —Muy bien, gracias.

¿Cómo te llamas? What’s your (fam.) name?¿Cuál es tu nombre?

¿Cómo se llama usted? What’s your (form.) name?¿Cuál es su nombre?

Me llamo… My name is . . .Mi nombre es…

Soy… I’m . . .Mucho gusto.

It’s a pleasure (to meet you).Encantado/a.*Igualmente. Likewise.¿De dónde eres? Where are you (fam.) from?¿De dónde es usted? Where are you (form.) from?Soy de… I’m from . . .

To say good-bye to someone, you can use:

Adiós. Good-bye.Hasta luego. See you later.Hasta mañana. See you tomorrow.Hasta pronto. See you soon.Nos vemos. See you later. (lit. We’ll see each other.)

Here are a few polite expressions that you should know.

Gracias. Thank you.De nada. You’re welcome.No hay de qué. Don’t mention it.

ACTIVIDADES

A. Saludos y despedidas. Finish the dialogues by matching the responses in column B with the blanks in column A.

A B

1. —Buenos días, señor Osorio. —____ —Bien, gracias. ¿Y usted? —____ —Adiós. 2. —____ —Bien, gracias. ¿Y tú? —____ —Hasta mañana. —____


TEMA La identidad siete 7

B. Respuestas (Answers) lógicas. Listen to the expressions and select the appropriate answer.

1. a. Encantado. b. Me llamo Andrea. c. ¿Cuál es tu nombre? 2. a. Mi nombre es Rose. b. Mucho gusto. c. Soy Rose. 3. a. Lisa. b. Hola. Encantada. c. ¿Cómo te llamas? 4. a. Me llamo Ana. b. Soy de Pennsylvania. c. Muy bien, gracias. 5. a. Encantada. b. Hasta luego. c. Buenos días. 6. a. Buenas tardes. b. No muy bien. c. De nada.

C. A conocerlo/la (Getting to know you). Answer the questions about yourself, using a complete sentence whenever possible.

1. ¿Cómo se llama usted? 2. ¿Cómo está usted? 3. ¿De dónde es usted?

D. Entrevista (Interview). Find a classmate that you haven’t met yet and have a short conversation with him/her in Spanish. Be sure to do the following:

1. Greet him/her and introduce yourself. 2. Ask what his/her name is. 3. Ask how he/she is or how it’s going. 4. Ask where he/she is from. 5. Say good-bye to him/her.

Nota cultural

LOS SALUDOS

It is very common for people from Hispanic cul-tures to shake hands, hug each other, and even kiss each other on the cheek when greeting or saying good-bye to someone. Typically, women kiss each other on the cheek whether they are already acquainted or meeting for the first time. The same is true when a man and a woman meet. It is more common for two men to shake hands, although they may hug each other if they are close friends.

Recently, there has been a greater tendency among young men in Spain who are long-time friends to kiss each other on both cheeks when greeting and saying good-bye, just as women do.

PREGUNTAS Answer the questions.

1. What do you think about the Hispanic way of greeting people? 2. How does the Hispanic way of greeting people compare to how people

greet each other in non-Hispanic cultures?

¡Hola! ¿Qué tal?


8 ocho CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

El abecedario° El… The Alphabet

The Spanish alphabet (el abecedario or el alfabeto) consists of 29 letters. The letter ñ follows n in alphabetized lists, and the letters k and w only appear in words borrowed from another language, for example: kilo, whisky.

THE SPANISH ALPHABET

LETTER NAME(S) OF LETTER EXAMPLES

a a Argentina Adiós.

b be, be grande, be larga, Bolivia Buenos días. or be de burro

c ce Colombia ¿Cómo estás?

ch che Machu Picchu Mucho gusto.

d de República Dominicana despedida

e e España Encantado.

f efe Francia frase

g ge Guinea Ecuatorial Gracias.

h hache Honduras Hasta luego.

i i Islas Galápagos Igualmente.

j jota San José jueves

k ka Kenya kilo

l ele Lima libro

ll elle or doble ele Barranquilla Me llamo…

m eme Maracaibo Muy bien.

n ene Nicaragua nacionalidad

ñ eñe Cataluña mañana

o o Oviedo otro

p pe Panamá palabra

q cu Quito ¿Qué tal?

r ere Rosario Regular.


TEMA La identidad nueve 9

THE SPANISH ALPHABET

LETTER NAME(S) OF LETTER EXAMPLES

s ese Sucre saludo

t te Tierra del Fuego Buenas tardes.

u u Uruguay uno

v ve, uve, ve chica, Venezuela Nos vemos. ve corta, or ve de vaca

w doble ve or ve doble Winnipeg página Web

x equis México extranjero

y i griega Guayaquil ya

z ceta or zeta Zaragoza zanahoria

ACTIVIDADES

A. Buscando en el mapa (Searching on the map). Review the sample words and phrases in the third column of the preceding chart. Did you notice that they’re all place-names? See how many of these place-names you can find on the three regional maps inside the back cover of Experience Spanish. ¡OJO! (Careful!) All but two of these place-names can be found on the maps.

B. Buscando en el diccionario

PASO 1. Review the sample words and phrases in the fourth column of the preceding chart and jot down any whose meaning you don’t know.

PASO 2. Now, using the Spanish-English Vocabulary near the back of Experience Spanish or a Spanish-English dictionary, look up the meanings for at least ten of the words that you jotted down in Paso 1.

C. ¡A deletrear! (Let’s do some spelling!)

PASO 1. Jot down this information.

1. your full name 2. your best friend’s full name 3. the name of the first street on which you remember living 4. the name of the city where you were born 5. the name of a place in the Spanish-speaking world that you would like to visit

PASO 2. Now, working with a partner, spell aloud each answer that you jotted down in Paso 1. Your partner should jot down each letter as you say it with the goal of guessing what you’re trying to spell. Did you successfully spell each item, and did your partner understand? If not, try again. Then switch roles.


10 diez CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

Uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco.

0 cero 8 ocho 16 dieciséis 24 veinticuatro1 uno 9 nueve 17 diecisiete 25 veinticinco2 dos 10 diez 18 dieciocho 26 veintiséis3 tres 11 once 19 diecinueve 27 veintisiete4 cuatro 12 doce 20 veinte 28 veintiocho5 cinco 13 trece 21 veintiuno 29 veintinueve6 seis 14 catorce 22 veintidós 30 treinta7 siete 15 quince 23 veintitrés

Note the accents on dieciséis, veintidós, veintitrés, and veintiséis.

When used as an adjective, uno changes to un for masculine and una for feminine.

Hay sólo* un hombre aquí. There’s only one man here.Tengo sólo una tía. I have only one aunt.

Veintiuno changes to veintiún or veintiuna when used as an adjective.

Tengo veintiún dólares. I have $21.Hay veintiuna rosas aquí. There are twenty-one roses here.

You may see the numbers 16–19 and 21–29 written out in a longer but less common form.

diez y seis diez y siete diez y ocho diez y nueveveinte y uno veinte y dos veinte y tres veinte y cuatro…

* According to the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy), which is the official governing body of the Spanish language, the adverb sólo (only) does not require an accent, except in cases of possible confusion with the adjective solo/a (alone). However, throughout the Experience Spanish program, the adverb sólo will always appear with an accent as a matter of style. You should check with your instructor to find out if he or she will require the accent on this adverb for grading purposes.

Nota comunicativa

Hay AND ¿cuántos/as?

The verb form hay is used in Spanish to mean there is or there are. Can you guess what no hay means? (If you said there isn’t or there aren’t, you’re right.)

Hay doce libros en el escritorio. There are twelve books on the desk.

¿Cuántos/as? is used before plural nouns to ask how many? ¿Cuántos? is used before masculine plural nouns and ¿cuántas? before feminine ones. You’ll learn more about gender agreement (masculine vs. feminine) later in this chapter and in Capítulo 1.

—¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en esta How many students are there in thisclase? class?

—Hay veinticinco. There are twenty-five.—¿Cuántas personas hay en esta How many people are there in this

foto? photo?—Hay siete personas. There are seven people.

Los números de 0 a 30° Los… Numbers from 0 to 30


TEMA La identidad once 11

ACTIVIDADES

A. Los números. Write out the numbers.

MODELO 4 → cuatro

1. 10 4. 21 7. 28 10. 16 2. 14 5. 6 8. 5 11. 8 3. 7 6. 12 9. 15 12. 1

B. ¿Cuántos dijo? (How many did he/she say?) Listen to some short phrases, each containing a number. Jot down the number you hear, as in the model.

MODELO (you hear) Hay siete hombres en mi familia. →(you write) siete

C. Matemáticas. With a partner, take turns reciting the mathematical expressions aloud as in the model. ¡OJO! 1 (más), 2 (menos), 5 (son).

MODELO 2 1 2 5 4 →Dos más dos son cuatro.

1. 2 1 3 5 5 4. 1 1 8 5 9 7. 14 1 12 5 26 10. 16 1 12 5 28 2. 3 1 4 5 7 5. 20 2 9 5 11 8. 2 1 27 5 29 11. 24 2 22 5 2 3. 10 2 4 5 6 6. 23 2 8 5 15 9. 30 2 17 5 13 12. 21 2 14 5 7

D. ¿Cuántos hay? Answer the questions with complete sentences, as in the model.

MODELOS ¿Cuántos profesores hay en la clase? →Hay un profesor en la clase.Hay una profesora.

1. ¿Cuántas horas (hours) hay en un día? 2. ¿Cuántos días hay en una semana (week)? 3. ¿Cuántas semanas hay en el mes (month) de febrero, normalmente (usually)? 4. ¿Cuántos días hay en el mes de septiembre? 5. ¿Cuántos hombres hay en la clase hoy? 6. ¿Y cuántas mujeres hay?

Vocabulario práctico

hombres men libros booksmi my escritorio deskfamilia family teléfonos celulares cell phonesclase class computadoras computershoy today laboratorio laboratorymujeres women


12 doce CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

Gramática

GRAMÁTICA EN CONTEXTO A Trip to the Southwestern United States / • the car • (the) Route 66 • the friends • the views/sites • a museum in the Grand Canyon • a church in San Antonio • some souvenirs • some mountains in Colorado

INDEFINITE ARTICLES (a, an; some)

MASCULINE FEMININE

SINGULAR un libro a book una pluma a pen

PLURAL unos cuadernos some notebooks unas ventanas some windows

DEFINITE ARTICLES (the)

MASCULINE FEMININE

SINGULAR el libro the book la pluma the pen

PLURAL los cuadernos the notebooks las ventanas the windows

Identifying People and Things

El Valle (Valley) de los Monumentos, Utah

P.1 Nouns, Articles, Gender, and Number

GRAMÁTICA EN CONTEXTO

Un viaje al suroeste de los Estados Unidos

• el carro • un museo en el Gran Cañón• la Ruta 66 • una iglesia en San Antonio• los amigos • unos recuerdos• las vistas • unas montañas en Colorado

COMPRENSIÓN

PASO 1. Give the correct plural form of each article.

MODELO un museo → unos museos

1. la ruta → _____ rutas 2. el carro → _____ carros 3. una iglesia → _____ iglesias

PASO 2. Give the correct singular form of each article.

MODELO los amigos → el amigo

1. unas montañas → _____ montaña 2. unos recuerdos → _____ recuerdo 3. las vistas → _____ vista

In Spanish, nouns identify people, places, things, and ideas, and they are either mas-culine or feminine in gender. Definite articles (el/la/los/las 5 the) and indefinite articles (un/una/unos/unas 5 a, an; some) must agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany, as shown in the following charts.


TEMA La identidad trece 13

GENDER

A. Most nouns ending in -o or nouns that refer to male beings are masculine.

el cuaderno (notebook) un hombre (man)

B. Most nouns ending in -a or those denoting female beings are feminine.

la mesa (table) una mujer (woman)

C. Most nouns that refer to people have corresponding masculine and feminine forms. Here are some simple rules to remember.

1. Masculine nouns ending in -o have a corresponding feminine form ending in -a.

el compañero de clase (male classmate) un amigo (male friend)la compañera de clase (female classmate) una amiga (female friend)

2. Generally, masculine nouns that end in a consonant form their feminine counterparts by adding an -a to the consonant.

el profesor / la profesora un alemán (German [man]) / una alemana

3. Nouns ending in -ante and -ista use the same form for both masculine and feminine. The article or the surrounding context will determine the gender.

el estudiante / la estudiante un dentista / una dentista

D. Nouns that refer to places, things, or ideas (i.e., not people) still must be either masculine or feminine; however, there’s often no apparent logic for which gender such nouns carry. Here are some general rules to remember.

1. Most nouns ending in -ión and -d are feminine.

la acción (action) una universidad (university)

2. Most nouns ending in -l, -n, -r, and -s are masculine.

el fin (end) el amor (love)un papel (paper) un mes (month)

3. Many nouns ending in -ma, -pa, or -ta are masculine even though they end in -a.

el problema un mapa el atleta (athlete)

4. Nouns ending in -e don’t follow any rule and their gender needs to be memorized.

el café (café; coffee) una clase

5. Some common nouns are irregular and don’t follow the rules. The gender of these nouns needs to be memorized.

el día una mano (hand)

NUMBER

A. Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding -s.

cuaderno → cuadernos

B. Nouns that end in any consonant except -z add -es to form the plural.

mujer → mujeres

C. To form the plural of nouns ending in -z, change the -z to -c and add -es.

lápiz (pencil) → lápices


14 catorce CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

Expressing to be

GRAMÁTICA EN CONTEXTO A Facebook Page / Hello. My name is Antonio. • I’m intelligent, flexible, and liberal. • I’m not a pessimist. • I’m from Guadalajara, Mexico. / My friend’s name is Ana. • She’s inde-pendent and responsible. • She’s not at all inflexible. • She’s from La Paz, Bolivia.

ACTIVIDADES

A. Los artículos definidos. Give the definite article (el/la/los/las) of each noun. ¡OJO! Some nouns can be either masculine or feminine.

1. _____ actor 4. _____ tendencias 7. _____ artista 2. _____ sistema 5. _____ cantante (singer) 8. _____ libertad (freedom) 3. _____ amigos 6. _____ televisión

B. Los artículos indefinidos. Give the indefinite article (un/una/unos/unas) of each noun.

1. _____ comunidad 4. _____ deporte 7. _____ escritor 2. _____ elección 5. _____ novelas 8. _____ día 3. _____ tema 6. _____ influencias

C. ¿Singular o plural? With a partner, change the phrases from singular to plural, or vice versa.

MODELOS un saludo → unos saludos las despedidas → la despedida

1. la universidad 3. un optimista 5. una flor (flower) 7. un escritorio 2. los profesores 4. los días 6. la clase 8. unas estudiantes

P.2 Subject Pronouns and the Verb ser

GRAMÁTICA EN CONTEXTO

Una página de Facebook

Hola. Yo me llamo Antonio.

• Soy inteligente, flexible y liberal.• No soy pesimista.• Soy de Guadalajara, México.

Mi amiga se llama Ana.

• Es independiente y responsable.• No es inflexible para nada.• Es de La Paz, Bolivia.

¿Y usted? Complete the statements using the cues.

1. Yo soy _____, _____ y _____. No soy _____. conservador(a) inteligente optimista independiente (im)paciente pesimista (in)flexible liberal (ir)responsable

2. Soy de _____ [place-name].

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TEMA La identidad quince 15

Like English, Spanish uses pronouns to refer to the subject of a verb. Review the chart.

* The subject pronouns usted and ustedes are usually abbreviated Ud. and Uds., respectively. Experience Spanish will use Ud. and Uds. from now on.

SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND THE VERB ser (to be)

SINGULAR PLURAL

yo soy I am nosotros somos we are nosotras somos

tú eres you are (fam.) vosotros sois you are (fam. vosotras sois Spain)

usted (Ud.*) es you are (form.) ustedes (Uds.*) you are (form. son Spain; fam.,

form. elsewhere)

él es he is ellos son they areella es she is ellas son

A. The masculine plural subject pronouns nosotros, vosotros, and ellos have corre-sponding feminine forms. The feminine forms can only be used if a group consists of all women. The masculine forms are always used for groups of all men as well as when referring to mixed groups.

Nosotras somos de Miami. We’re from Miami (all women).Ellos son inteligentes. They’re intelligent (all men or a mixed group).

B. In many parts of Spain, vosotros/as forms are used in familiar situations and Uds. forms in formal ones. Elsewhere, Uds. forms are used in both formal and familiar situations.

¿Cómo sois vosotros? What are you (fam. Sp.) like? (How would you describe yourselves?)

¿Cómo son Uds.? What are you (form. Sp.; fam., form. elsewhere) like? (How would you describe yourselves?)

C. Subject pronouns in Spanish are optional in most cases. They’re typically only used to avoid confusion, to add emphasis, or to stress an opposition, as in the following example.

Yo soy de Phoenix. ¿De dónde I’m from Phoenix. Where are you eres tú? from?

D. Ser is used with adjectives to describe people and things.

El profesor es inteligente y muy The professor is smart and verypaciente. patient.

E. Ser is used with de to express origin.

—¿De dónde son Uds.? Where are you from?—Somos de Nueva York. We’re from New York.

F. When de is followed by the definite article el, the two words are combined to form the contraction del (de 1 el 5 del).

Fernando es del estado de Texas. Fernando is from the state of Texas.


16 dieciséis CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

Nota comunicativa

BASIC NEGATION

Insert the word no before a verb to make it negative.

No soy de los Estados Unidos. I’m not from the United States.

No somos de aquí. We’re not from here.

ACTIVIDADES

A. ¿Cómo soy yo? Indicate whether or not these adjectives correctly describe you.

¿Es Ud… ?

SÍ NO SÍ NO

1. altruista 6. independiente 2. idealista 7. inocente 3. realista 8. paciente 4. materialista 9. responsable 5. optimista 10. flexible

B. No soy así (I’m not like that). Say whether or not these adjectives correctly describe you. If they don’t, then say who (either a real person or a character from a book, movie, or TV show) that adjective correctly describes, as in the model.

If you use an adjective to describe more than one person, place, thing, or idea, the adjective must be in the plural.

Julia y David son inteligentes.

Use the same rules to make adjectives plural that you learned earlier in this chapter for making nouns plural: Add -s to words ending in a vowel; add -es to words ending in a consonant.

Ob

serv

e

The adjectives in activity A are cog-nates (cognados). Cognates are words that are similar or identical in form and meaning in two or more different languages.

Ob

serv

e

Vocabulario práctico

sí yes, indeed a veces sometimespero but un poco a little

MODELOS cruel → No, yo no soy cruel, pero Hannibal Lecter sí es cruel. No, yo no soy cruel, pero Hannibal Lecter y Jason de Friday the 13th

sí son crueles. Sí, soy un poco cruel a veces.

1. impaciente 5. superficial 9. extravagante 2. rebelde 6. inflexible 10. liberal 3. arrogante 7. irresponsable 11. sentimental 4. pesimista 8. elegante 12. inteligente


TEMA La identidad diecisiete 17

C. Y tú, ¿cómo eres? Describe yourself to a partner using the adjectives that you learned in activities A and B.

MODELO estudiante 1: ¿Cómo eres, Amy? estudiante 2: Soy optimista, idealista, independiente y rebelde. Y tú,

¿cómo eres? estudiante 1: Yo soy idealista, independiente y optimista, pero no soy

rebelde. Soy flexible.

D. ¿Y cómo son estas (these) personas?

PASO 1. Read the selections about some people from the Hispanic world who have become famous in this country.

SALMA HAYEK, having already gained popularity as an actress in Mexico, left for Los Angeles with the dream of becoming an equally successful actress in the United States. She soon realized that there would be more challenges than she had anticipated. One such challenge was her very thick accent in English, which closed many opportunities for her. She worked very hard, took English lessons, studied acting, and eventually over-came all of the challenges to become one of Hollywood’s leading actresses.

JAVIER BARDEM was famous in his native Spain before he became popular in this country. In 2000, he was the first Spanish actor to be nominated for an Oscar for his portrayal of Reinaldo Arenas, a gay Cuban writer, in Before Night Falls. The excitement after his nomination was such that fans mobbed him on the streets of Madrid and paparazzi waited at his doorstep. King Juan Carlos even invited him to dinner! In 2008, Bardem finally became the first Spanish actor to win an Oscar, for his role in No Country for Old Men.

PASO 2. With a partner, answer the questions about the people described in Paso 1. ¡OJO! For item 3, mention what characteristics both actors have in common. Use adjectives that you learned in activities A and B and elsewhere.

1. ¿Cómo es Salma Hayek? 2. ¿Cómo es Javier Bardem? 3. ¿Cómo son los dos (both of them)?


18 dieciocho CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

Nota interdisciplinaria

GEOGRAFÍA: LOS PAÍSES Y LAS NACIONALIDADES

Spanish is the official language of more than twenty countries. Review the list of country (país) names and nationalities (nacionalidades) and locate each country on the map.

PAÍS NACIONALIDAD PAÍS NACIONALIDAD

Argentina argentino/a Honduras hondureño/a

Bolivia boliviano/a México mexicano/a

Chile chileno/a Nicaragua nicaragüense

Colombia colombiano/a Panamá panameño/a

Costa Rica costarricense Paraguay paraguayo/a

Cuba cubano/a Perú peruano/a

Ecuador ecuatoriano/a Puerto Rico puertorriqueño/a

El Salvador salvadoreño/a República dominicano/a Dominicana

España español(a) Uruguay uruguayo/a

Guatemala guatemalteco/a Venezuela venezolano/a

Guinea ecuatoguineano/aEcuatorial

CANADÁ

ESTADOSUNIDOS

MÉXICO

GUATEMALA

CUBA REPÚBLICADOMINICANA

PUERTO RICOHONDURAS

EL SALVADORNICARAGUACOSTA RICA

PANAMÁ

ECUADOR PERÚ

PARAGUAYURUGUAY

CHILE

ARGENTINA

VENEZUELA

COLOMBIA

BOLIVIA

ESPAÑA

GUINEAEQUATORIAL

You already know that adjectives must agree in number with the nouns they modify. They must also agree in gender with those nouns.

Alejandra es de Colombia. Es colombiana.

Ob

serv

e


TEMA La identidad diecinueve 19

Lectura culturalANTES DE LEER°

As you study Spanish, you will undoubtedly encounter words that you’ve never seen or heard. However, there are several strategies you can use to help you understand the overall message of a text. For example, read the title and any subheadings to anticipate the main topic and subtopics. Look at photos and photo captions. Review any charts or bulleted lists that may give you more clues about the specific points a text is trying to convey. And finally, look for cognates, words that are spelled almost the same and that have the same meaning in both English and Spanish. As you read the following text for the first time, see how many cognates you can find. Then read the text again to see how well you can understand the overall message, without using a dictionary. We understand there are a lot of words in this selection that you won’t know. However, try not to be bothered by this fact, and instead focus on the cognates to see how much you can guess. You may be surprised at how much you can understand.

Antes… Before reading

Biografía: Cristina García

Cristina García, una autora famosa, nacióa en La Habana, Cuba, en 1958, pero se mudó ab los Esta-dos Unidos con su familia en 1961. Sus padres le contabanc muchas historias de Cuba y de las costum-bresd cubanas. En su primera novela, Dreaming in Cuban (en español, Soñar en cubano), García describe las expe-riencias de Pilar, una cubana que se mudó a los Estados Unidos de joven.e

Muchos años después,f Pilar vuelve ag Cuba para conectarse con su familia y con su identidad cultural.

awas born bse… she moved to cSus… Her parents used to tell her dcustoms ede… as a young girlfMuchos… Many years later gvuelve… she returns to

Cristina García

DESPUÉS DE LEER

PASO 1. Make a list of all the cognates that you found in the reading.

PASO 2. Based on your list from Paso 1 and your understanding of the overall message, indicate which of the statements you believe best summarizes the reading.

1. Cristina García has worked for several newspapers and continues to enjoy her life as a reporter.

2. Cristina García has been very active in the anti-Castro movement in the Cuban community in Miami.

3. Cristina García is a Cuban-American novelist who has written about searching for one’s cultural identity.


20 veinte CAPÍTULO preliminar ¿Somos semejantes?

Vocabulario

Los saludos, las Greetings, Introductions,presentaciones y las and Good-byesdespedidas

Hola. Hello.Buenos días. Good morning (until midday meal).Buenas tardes. Good afternoon (until evening meal ).Buenas noches. Good evening (after evening meal ).

¿Cómo estás? How are you (fam.)?¿Cómo está usted (Ud.)? How are you (form.)?¿Qué tal? How’s it going?

Muy bien. Very well.Bien. Fine.Regular. So-so.No muy bien. Not very well.

¿Y tú? And you (fam.)?¿Y usted? And you (form.)?

¿Cómo te llamas? What’s your (fam.) name?¿Cuál es tu nombre?¿Cómo se llama usted (Ud.)? What’s your (form.) name?¿Cuál es su nombre?

Me llamo… My name is . . .Mi nombre es…Soy… I’m . . .

Mucho gusto. It’s a pleasure (to meet you).Encantado/a.Igualmente. Likewise.

¿De dónde eres? Where are you (fam.) from?¿De dónde es usted (Ud.)? Where are you (form.) from?Soy de… I’m from . . .

Adiós. Good-bye.Hasta luego. See you later.Hasta mañana. See you tomorrow.Hasta pronto. See you soon.Nos vemos. See you later. (lit. We’ll see each other.)

Los números de 0 a 30 Numbers from 0 to 30

cero, uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, quince, dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, diecinueve, veinte, veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, veinticuatro, veinticinco, veintiséis, veintisiete, veintiocho, veintinueve, treinta

Los pronombres personales Personal Pronouns

yo Itú you (sing. fam.)

usted (Ud.) you (sing. form.)él heella shenosotros/as wevosotros/as you (pl. fam. Sp.)ustedes (Uds.) you (pl. form. Sp.; pl. fam., form. elsewhere)ellos/as they

Las descripciones Descriptions

¿Cómo eres? What are you (fam.) like?¿Cómo es usted (Ud.)? What are you (form.) like?

Las nacionalidades Nationalities

argentino/a, boliviano/a, chileno/a, colombiano/a, costarricense, cubano/a, dominicano/a, ecuatoguineano/a, español(a), guatemalteco/a, hondureño/a, mexicano/a, nicaragüense, panameño/a, paraguayo/a, peruano/a, puertorriqueño/a, salvadoreño/a, uruguayo/a, venezolano/a

Los verbos Verbs

ser (irreg.) to be soy I am eres you (sing. fam.) are es he/she is, you (sing. form.) are somos we are sois you (pl. fam. Sp.) are son they are, you (pl. form. Sp.; pl. fam., form. elsewhere)

are

Otras palabras y Other Words and expresiones Expressions

a veces sometimesel abecedario alphabet¿cuántos/as? how many?de fromdel from theDe nada. You’re welcome.el / la / los / las theGracias. Thank you.hay there is/areno no; notNo hay de qué. Don’t mention it.el país countrypero butsí yessólo onlyun poco a littleun(a) aunos/as somey and

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Documents

Entrada cultural - McGraw Hill Educationnovella.mhhe.com/sites/dl/free/0073534390/880747/Capitulo_preliminar.pdfb be, be grande, be larga, Bolivia Buenos días. or be de burro c ce