Entire Book TM

MBROJTJA DHE ZBATIMI I MARKAVE TREGTARETRADEMARK PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT

Prgatitur nga: Prepared by:

Luljeta Plakolli-Kasumi, LL.M.

Pr EMSG - Menaxhimi Ekonomik pr Stabilitet dhe Zhvillim For EMSG - Economic Management for Stability and Growth

sponsoruar nga: sponsored by:

USAIDNntor/November 2008

Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION TO TRADEMARK PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT Overview..............................................................................................................................1 Learning Objectives .............................................................................................................1 About the Course .................................................................................................................2 Learning Methodology.........................................................................................................2 Participation Requirements..................................................................................................2 List of Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................3 Summary..............................................................................................................................4 MODULE 1: FOUNDATIONS AND PURPOSES OF TRADEMARKS 1.1 Overview........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Learning Objectives .......................................................................................................1 1.3 Exercise 1: Real-Life Experience ..................................................................................2 1.4 Intellectual Property and Trademarks: A Brief History................................................3 1.5 The Impact of Trademarks on Economic Growth .........................................................4 1.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................6 MODULE 2: KOSOVO LAW ON TRADEMARKS 2.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1 2.2 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................1 2.3 Definition of Trademarks..............................................................................................2 2.4 Main Trademark Related International Instruments and the EU Acquis Communautaire...................................................................................................................3 2.5 Kosovo Law on Trademarks and its Compliance with International and EU Trademark Related Instruments..........................................................................................5 2.6 Exercise 2: Types of Marks .........................................................................................8 2.7 Exercise 3: Well Known Marks....................................................................................9 2.8 Summary .......................................................................................................................11

Tabela e PrmbajtjesHYRJE N KURSIN PR MBROJTJEN DHE ZBATIMIN E MARKAVE TREGTARE Pasqyr......................................................................................................................................1 Objektivat Msimore ................................................................................................................1 Rreth ktij kursi.........................................................................................................................2 Metodologjia e t Msuarit .......................................................................................................2 Kushtet e Pjesmarrjes..............................................................................................................2 Lista e Akronimeve...................................................................................................................3 Prmbledhje ..............................................................................................................................4 MODULI 1: BAZAT DHE QLLIMET E MARKAVE TREGTARE 1.1 Pasqyr................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Objektivat Msimore ..........................................................................................................1 1.3 Ushtrimi 1: Prvoja nga jeta e prditshme.........................................................................2 1.4 Pronsia Intelektuale dhe Markat Tregare: Historiku.......................................................3 1.5 Ndikimi i Markave Tregtare n Zhvillimin e Ekonomis...................................................4 1.6 Prmbledhje ........................................................................................................................6 MODULI 2: LIGJI PR MARKAT TREGTARE I KOSOVS 2.1 Pasqyr................................................................................................................................1 2.2 Objektivat Msimore ..........................................................................................................1 2.3 Prkufizimi i Markave Tregtare..........................................................................................2 2.4 Instrumentet Kryesore Ndrkombtare, dhe ato t Acquis Communautaire t BE-s pr Markat Tregtare ........................................................................................................................3 2.5 Ligji pr Markat Tregtare i Kosovs, dhe Prputhshmria e tij me Instrumentet Ndrkombtare dhe t BE-s pr Markat Tregtare ...................................................................5 2.6 Ushtrimi 2: Llojet e Markave..............................................................................................8 2.7 Ushtrimi 3: Markat e Njohura.............................................................................................9 2.8 Prmbledhje .....................................................................................................................11

MODULE 3: PREREQUISITES AND LIMITATIONS TO TRADEMARKS 3.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1 3.2 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................1 3.3 Prerequisites to Protection of Trademarks ....................................................................2 3.3.1 Distinctiveness .......................................................................................................2 3.3.2 Functionality of Marks...........................................................................................3 3.4 Limitations on Trademarks Protection..........................................................................4 3.5 Exercise 1: Spectrum of Distinctiveness (word marks)................................................6 3.6 Summary .......................................................................................................................7 MODULE 4: TRADEMARK REGISTRATION 4.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1 4.2 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................1 4.3 Trademark Registration at the Kosovo Industrial Property Office(KIPO)...................2 4.4 NICE Classification Agreement ...................................................................................4 4.5 International Trademark Registration: Madrid System ................................................5 4.5.1 Background and Substantive Requirements ..........................................................5 4.5.2 Application Steps ...................................................................................................6 4.6 Community Trademark Registration (CTM) ................................................................8 4.7 Exercise 1: Priority Right..............................................................................................9 4.8 Summary ....................................................................................................................10 MODULE 5: ENFORCEMENT OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS 5.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1 5.2 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................1 5.3 Rights Conferred by Trademark Registration: Property Nature of Trademarks...........2 5.4 Licensing of Registered Trademarks ............................................................................4 5.5 Violation of Trademarks: Consumer Confusion...........................................................5 5.6 Loss of Trademark Rights.............................................................................................7 5.7 Exercise 1: Loss of Trademark Rights Through Non Use (Trademark Licensing Agreement) .........................................................................................................................8 5.9 Summary ....................................................................................................................10

MODULI 3: PARAKUSHTET DHE KUFIZIMET E MARKAVE TREGTARE 3.1 Pasqyr................................................................................................................................1 3.2 Objektivat Msimore ..........................................................................................................1 3.3 Parakushtet pr Mbrojtjen e Markave Tregtare ..................................................................2 3.3.1 Dallueshmria ..............................................................................................................2 3.3.2 Funksionaliteti i markave.............................................................................................3 3.4 Kufizimet n Mbrojtjen e Markave Tregtare ......................................................................4 3.5 Ushtrimi 1: Spektri i Dallueshmris (markat me fjal).....................................................6 3.6 Prmbledhje ........................................................................................................................7 MODULI 4: REGJISTRIMI I MARKAVE TREGTARE 4.1 Pasqyr................................................................................................................................1 4.2 Objektivat Msimore ..........................................................................................................1 4.3 Regjistrimi i Markave Tregtare n Zyrn e Pronsis Industriale t Kosovs (ZPIK)......2 4.4 Marrveshja e Klasifikimit NICE .......................................................................................4 4.5 Regjistrimi Ndrkombtar i MT: Sistemi i Madridit ........................................................5 4.5.1 Historiku dhe Kushtet Prmbajtsore ..........................................................................5 4.5.2 Hapat pr t Aplikuar pr Regjistrim...........................................................................6 4.6 Regjistrimi i Markave Tregtare t Komunitetit (MTK)......................................................8 4.7 Ushtrimi 1: E Drejta e Prparsis......................................................................................9 4.8 Prmbledhje .....................................................................................................................10 MODULI 5: REALIZIMI I T DREJTAVE T MARKAVE TREGTARE 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Pasqyr.............................................................................................................................1 Objektivat Msimore .......................................................................................................1 T Drejtat q Rrjedhin nga Regjistrimi i Marks Tregtare: Natyra Pronsore e MT ......2 Liencimi i Markave Tregtare t Regjistruara .................................................................4 Shkelja e Markave Tregtare: Konfuzioni tek Konsumatort ...........................................5 Humbja e t Drejtave t Markave Tregtare......................................................................7 Ushtrimi 1: Humbja E Markave Tregtare Prmes Mos Prdorimit (Marrveshja e Liencimit).......................................................................................................................8 5.8 Prmbledhje ..................................................................................................................10

MODULE 6: REMDIES TO TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT 6.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1 6.2 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................1 6.3 National Remedies Available for Trademark Infringement .........................................2 6.3.1 Civil Proceedings ...................................................................................................2 6.3.2 Criminal Proceedings.............................................................................................3 6.3.3 Administrative Proceedings ...................................................................................4 6.4 The Role of Customs in Combating Counterfeiting and Enforcing Trademark Rights: Examples from Other Countries.............................................................................5 6.5 Exercise 1......................................................................................................................7 6.7 Summary .......................................................................................................................9 MODULE 7: COLLECTIVE AND CERTIFICATION MARKS 7.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1 7.2 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................1 7.3 Collective Marks ...........................................................................................................2 7.4 Certification Marks .......................................................................................................4 7.5 Exercise 1: Likelihood of Consumer Confusion...........................................................5 7.6 Summary .......................................................................................................................7 MODULE 8: DOMAIN NAMES AND CYBERSQUATTING 8.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1 8.2 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................1 8.3 Domain Names and Trademarks...................................................................................2 8.4 Cybersquatting and Available Remedies ......................................................................4 8.5 Exercise 1: Domain Name Dispute...............................................................................6 8.6 Summary .......................................................................................................................8 SUMMARY Overview.............................................................................................................................1 Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................1 Participants Guide...............................................................................................................2 Summary.............................................................................................................................3 Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................3

MODULI 6: MJETET JURIDIKE PR SHKELJET E MARKAVE TREGTARE 6.1 Pasqyr................................................................................................................................1 6.2 Objektivat Msimore ..........................................................................................................1 6.3 Mjetet e Disponueshme Juridike Vendore pr Shkeljet e Marks Tregtare .......................2 6.3.1 Procedura Civile...........................................................................................................2 6.3.2 Procedura Penale..........................................................................................................3 6.3.3 Procedura Administrative ............................................................................................4 6.4 Roli i Doganave n Luftimin e Falsifikimit dhe n Mbrojtjen e T Drejtave nga Markat Tregtare: Shembuj nga Shtete t Tjera .........................................................................5 6.5 Ushtrimi 1: Shkelja e Marks Tregtare...............................................................................7 6.7 Prmbledhje ........................................................................................................................9 MODULI 7: MARKAT KOLEKTIVE DHE ERTIFIKUESE 7.1 Pasqyr................................................................................................................................1 7.2 Objektivat Msimore ..........................................................................................................1 7.3 Markat Kolektive ................................................................................................................2 7.4 Markat ertifikuese ............................................................................................................4 7.5 Ushtrimi 1: Mundsia E Konfuzionit T Konsumatorve ..................................................5 7.6 Prmbledhje ........................................................................................................................7 MODULI 8:EMRAT E DOMENIT DHE UZURPIMET KIBERNETIKE 8.1 Pasqyr................................................................................................................................1 8.2 Objektivat Msimore ..........................................................................................................1 8.3 Emrat e Domenit dhe Markat Tregtare ...............................................................................2 8.4 Uzurpimi Kibernetik dhe Mjetet e Disponueshme Juridike ...............................................4 8.5 Ushtrimi 1: Kontest lidhur me emrin e domenit .................................................................6 8.6 Prmbledhje ........................................................................................................................8 PRMBLEDHJE Pasqyr......................................................................................................................................1 Objektivat Msimore ................................................................................................................1 Udhzuesi i Pjesmarrsve .......................................................................................................2 Prmbledhje ..............................................................................................................................3

HYRJE N MBROJTJEN DHE ZBATIMIN E MARKAVE TREGTARE INTRODUCTION TO TRADEMARK PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT

Asnj pjes e ktij botimi nuk lejohet t riprodhohet, t ruhet pr shumfishim, ose t transmetohet n mnyr elektronike, mekanike, fotokopjuese, t incizuar, apo n ndonj mnyr tjetr, pa lejen e EMSG.

EMSG Menaxhimi Ekonomik pr Stabilitet dhe Zhvillim

Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION TO TRADEMARK PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT Overview .............................................................................................................................. 1 Learning Objectives .............................................................................................................. 1 About the Course .................................................................................................................. 2 Learning Methodology.......................................................................................................... 2 Participation Requirements ................................................................................................... 2 List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................. 3 Summary............................................................................................................................... 4

EMSG Economic Management for Stability and Growth

Tabela e PrmbajtjesHYRJE N KURSIN PR MBROJTJEN DHE ZBATIMIN E MARKAVE TREGTARE Pasqyr ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Objektivat Msimore.................................................................................................................... 1 Rreth ktij kursi ........................................................................................................................... 2 Metodologjia e t Msuarit........................................................................................................... 2 Kushtet e Pjesmarrjes ................................................................................................................. 2 Lista e Akronimeve ...................................................................................................................... 3 Prmbledhje ................................................................................................................................. 4


Introduction to Trademark Protection and Enforcement OverviewThis module explains the purpose and the learning methodology of the Trademark Protection and Enforcement Course.

Learning ObjectivesUpon completion of this module, you will be able to: Explain the purpose of the Trademark Protection and Enforcement Course; Introduce the learning methodology and participation requirements.


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Hyrje n Mbrojtjen Dhe Zbatimin e Markave Tregtare PasqyrKy modul shpjegon qllimin dhe metodologjin e t msuarit pr Kursin e Mbrojtjes dhe Zbatimit t Markave Tregtare.

Objektivat MsimorePas prfundimit t ksaj hyrje, ju do t keni mundsi: T shpjegoni qllimin e Kursit pr Mbrojtjen the Zbatimin e Markave Tregtare; T prezantoni metodologjin e t msuarit dhe kushtet e pjesmarrjes.


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Introduction: Trademark Protection And Enforcement

About the CourseThis course is designed for legal and other groups of professionals who work with Trademarks. It is especially useful for judges and attorneys who deal with Trademark cases, and assist clients and parties with the acquisition, enforcement and protection of Trademark rights.

Learning MethodologyThe Course will apply an interactive learning methodology comprised of lectures, exercises and discussions. Participants will be able to go through different exercises after each presentation delivered by the instructor, and engage in discussions with other participants and the instructor upon completion of each exercise.

Participation RequirementsYou are expected to contribute to group discussion. Your involvement will help to achieve the learning objectives of the course. In addition, you are encouraged to present questions, solutions and recommendations during the entire course of the training


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Hyrje N Kursin Pr Mbrojtjen Dhe Zbatimin E Markave Tregtare

Rreth ktij kursiKy kurs sht i prpiluar pr grupe profesionistsh t lmit juridik, dhe grupe t tjera profesionistsh q punojn me Markat Tregtare. Kursi sht posarisht i dobishm pr gjykats dhe avokat t cilt merren me raste t markave tregtare, dhe t cilt u ndihmojn klientve dhe palve n procesin e fitimit, realizimit, dhe mbrojtjes s t drejtave t markave tregtare.

Metodologjia e t MsuaritKy kurs do t aplikoj nj metodologji interaktive t t msuarit e cila prbhet prej ligjratave, ushtrimeve dhe diskutimeve. Pjesmarrsit do t ken mundsi t zhvillojn ushtrime n prfundim t do ligjrate t dhn nga instruktori, dhe t angazhohen n diskutime me pjesmarrsit tjer dhe me instruktorin pas secilit ushtrim.

Kushtet e PjesmarrjesNga ju pritet t kontribuoni n diskutimet grupore. Angazhimi i juaj do t ndihmoj n arritjen e objektivave t ktij kursi. Gjithashtu, ju inkurajojm t bni pyetje, t ofroni zgjidhje, dhe t jepni rekomandime gjat tr zhvillimit t kursit.


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Introduction to Trademark Protection and Enforcement

List of AbbreviationsCTM EEC Treaty ECJ ICANN Community Trade Mark European Economic Community Treaty European Court of Justice International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Intellectual Property Rights Kosovo Industrial Property Office Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services Office for Harmonization of Internal Market Service Mark Trade Mark Agreement On Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy World Intellectual Property Organization World Trade Organization

IPR KIPO NICE Agreement

OHIM SM TM TRIPS Agreement

UDRP WIPO WTO


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Lista e AkronimeveDPI GjED ICANN T Drejtat e Pronsis Intelektuale/Industriale Gjykata Evropiane e Drejtsis Korporata Ndrkombtare pr Emra dhe Numra t Caktuara Marrveshja mbi Klasifikimin Ndrkombtar t Mallrave dhe Shrbimeve Marrveshja mbi Aspektet Tregtare t t Drejtave t Pronsis Intelektuale Marka Shrbimi Marka Tregtare Marka Tregtare Komunitare Organizata Botrore pr Pronsi Intelektuale Organizata Botrore Tregtare Politikat Uniforme pr Zgjidhjet e Kontesteve lidhur me Emrat e Domenit Traktati i Komunitetit Ekonomik Evropian Zyra e Pronsis Industriale e Kosovs

Marrveshja NICE

Marrveshja TRIPS

MSh MT MTK OBPI OBT PUZK

Traktati i KEE ZPIK

ZHTB

Zyra pr Harmonizimin e Tregut t Brendshm


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Introduction to Trademark Protection and Enforcement

SummaryUpon completion of this introduction, you learned to: Explain the purpose of the Trademark Protection and Enforcement Course; Introduce the learning methodology and participation requirements.


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PrmbledhjeMe prfundimin e ksaj hyrje, ju keni msuar: T shpjegoni qllimin e Kursit pr Mbrojtjen the Zbatimin e Markave Tregtare; T prezantoni metodologjin e t msuarit dhe kushtet e pjesmarrjes.


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MODULI 1: BAZAT DHE QLLIMET E MARKAVE TREGTARE FOUNDATIONS AND PURPOSES OF TRADEMARKS

Asnj pjes e ktij botimi nuk lejohet t riprodhohet, t ruhet pr shumfishim, ose t transmetohet n mnyr elektronike, mekanike, fotokopjuese, t incizuar, apo n ndonj mnyr tjetr, pa lejen EMSG.


Table of ContentsMODULE 1: FOUNDATIONS AND PURPOSES OF TRADEMARKS 1.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Exercise 1: Real-Life Experience..................................................................................... 2 1.4 Intellectual Property and Trademarks: A Brief History ................................................... 3 1.5 The Impact of Trademarks on Economic Growth............................................................. 4 1.6 Summary......................................................................................................................... 6


Tabela e PrmbajtjesMODULI 1: BAZAT DHE QLLIMET E MARKAVE TREGTARE 1.1 Pasqyr........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Objektivat Msimore ................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Ushtrimi 1: Prvoja nga jeta e prditshme................................................................... 2 1.4 Pronsia Intelektuale dhe Markat Tregare: Historiku ................................................. 3 1.5 Ndikimi i Markave Tregtare n Zhvillimin e Ekonomis ............................................. 4 1.6 Prmbledhje ................................................................................................................ 6


Foundations and Purposes of Trademarks1.1 OverviewThis module deals with basic principles of Trademarks in the context of the intellectual property system, as well as the historical background which led to system of trademark protection and enforcement that is effective today. It also explains why Trademarks are necessary for economic growth.

1.2 Learning ObjectivesUpon completion of this module, you will be able to: Place trademarks into the larger system of intellectual property; Explain historical background of trademarks; Describe the need for Trademarks in a market economy.


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Bazat Dhe Qellimet e Markave Tregtare1.1 PasqyrKy modul trajton parimet themelore t Markave Tregtare n kontekstin e sistemit t Pronsis Intelektuale, si dhe historin e cila shpiu deri te krijimi i sistemit t mbrojtjes dhe zbatimit t markave tregtare, i cili sht sot n fuqi. Gjithashtu shpjegon pse markat tregtare jan t nevojshme pr zhvillimin e ekonomis.

1.2 Objektivat MsimorPas prfundimit t ktij moduli, pjesmarrsit do t ken mundsi: Ti vendosin markat tregtare n kornizn m t gjer t pronsis intelektuale; Ta prshkruajn historikun e markave tregtare; T shpjegojn nevojn pr Markat Tregtare n ekonomin e tregut.


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Module 1: Foundations and Purposes of Trademarks

1.3 Exercise 1: Real-Life ExperienceINSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions below and answer them based on your personal experience. For some questions, you are required to choose among several answers. If none of them seem appropriate for you, give your own answer. You can choose more than one answer. After you have answered the questions, please share the answers with the others. 1. When you go for shopping, what do you look for in a product? to you? MARLBORO LIPTON ARIEL GORENJE LESNA Price; Packaging; Producer(s); Quality; Other (describe)

2. Look at the following trademarks and tell us, to what extent they communicate things

3. What meaning do you take away after seeing or hearing about the abovementioned trademarks? 4. How do you use trademarks as you go about your daily life? 5. What role do you think trademarks play in our society? Help us tell others about our lifestyle; Help us to choose among a variety of goods and services in the market quickly and cost effectively; Protects consumers; Protects the proprietor


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Moduli 1: Bazat Dhe Qellimet E Markave Tregtare

1.3 Ushtrimi 1: Prvoja nga jeta e prditshmeUDHZIMET: Lexoni pyetjet e dhna m posht dhe prgjigjuni n to bazuar n prvojn tuaj personale. Pr disa pyetje ju duhet t zgjedhni nga mesi i disa prgjigjjeve t dhna. Nse asnjra prej tyre nuk ju prshtatet, jepeni prgjigjjen tuaj. Ju mund t zgjedhni m shum se nj prgjigjeje. Pasi q tiu keni prgjigjur pyetjeve, luteni ti ndani prgjigjjet tuaja me t tjert. PYETJET: 1. Kur bni pazar, far shikoni tek nj produkt: mimin? Paketimin (ambalazhin)? Prodhuesin(t)? Kualitetin? T tjerat (prshkruaje)?

2. Hidhni nj sy markave tregtare t dhna m posht, dhe tregoni deri n mas iu komunikojn ato gjra juve ? MARLBORO LIPTON ARIEL GORENJE LESNA

3. far kuptimi nxirrni ju kur i shihni apo dgjoni pr markat tregtare t lartprmendura? 4. Si i prdorni markat tregtare n jetn tuaj t prditshme? 5. far roli mendoni se luajn markat tregtare n shoqrin ton? Na ndihmojn tiu tregojm t tjerve se far stili t jets kemi? Na ndihmojm t zgjedhim nga mesi i mallrave dhe shrbimeve n treg m shpejt dhe m lir? I mbrojn konsumatort? I mbrojn pronart e tyre?


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1.4 Intellectual Property and Trademarks: A Brief HistoryIntellectual Property Rights (IPR), are a set of exclusive rights which are granted for a limited period of time to certain people for the works of their mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Intellectual Property is divided into two categories: Industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs; and Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical and others. Trademarks are a significant component of the intellectual property system since they are used by undertakings during the course of their business to distinguish their goods and services from the goods and services of others. The origin of trademarks dates back to ancient times, when craftsmen reproduced their signatures, or "marks" on their artistic or utilitarian products. At that time, trademarks were used only to identify the owner of a particular good. In other words, trademarks served to protect personal property from theft or robbery. With geographical expansion of trade between countries and continents, the function of trademarks changed. Trademarks were now used to identify and distinguish goods between different countries and territories as well. The first Trademark laws came out during industrial era first in France in 1857, England in 1862, and then the United States of America in 1870. The landmark case in England is Southern v. How, 79 Eng.Rep.1243 (U.K. 1618).This case marked the birth of trademark law in this country and shaped the trademark laws of many other countries around the world. The main importance of this case lies in the fact that it shifted the primary focus of trademark law from misappropriation- the problem of one producers placing his rivals mark in his own goods, to the prevention of unfair competition through misappropriated marks. According to the historical treatment of this case by courts and scholars, the case illustrates that a trademark functions as a guarantor of quality, supplier of information to consumers seeking a reliable source of products, insurer of proper allocation of reward to investors in the good will and reputation of a trade name, thus preserving property rights and responsibilities. Today, trademarks have evolved into a system of registration and protection. They are still used to protect the interests of undertakings, but also serve as a protection for consumers. Trademarks enable consumers to choose among different goods and services offered in the market, and signify that all goods bearing a trademark come from a single source.


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Moduli 1: Bazat Dhe Qllimet E Markave Tregtare

1.4 Pronsia Intelektuale dhe Markat Tregare: HistorikuT Drejtat e Pronsis Intelektuale (DPI), jan nj numr i t drejtave t veanta (ekskluzive) t cilat u jepen personave t caktuar pr nj periudh t kufizuar kohore pr veprat e tyre mendore, si jan: shpikjet, veprat letrare dhe artistike, simbolet, imazhet, dhe dizajnt e prdorura n afarizm. Prona Intelektuale ndahet n dy kategori: Pronsi Industriale, e cila prfshin shpikjet (patentat), markat tregtare, dizajnt industrial; dhe e Drejta e Autorit, e cila prfshin veprat letrare dhe artistike, si jan novela, poezia, drama, filmi, muzika dhe vepra t tjera. Markat Tregtare jan komponent e rndsishme e sistemit t Prons Intelektuale. Ato prdorn nga ndrmarrjet gjat zhvillimit t afarizmit t tyre me qllim t dallimit t produkteve dhe shrbimeve t tyre nga produktet dhe shrbimet e t tjerve. Ekzistimi i markave tregtare daton q nga koht e lashta, kur zejtart rikrijonin nnshkrimin e tyre, ose markn n produktet e tyre artistike apo mjetet e puns. N at koh, marka tregtare shfrytzohej vetm pr tu identifikuar pronari i nj malli t caktuar. Me fjal tjera, marka prdorej pr t ruajtur pronn personale nga vjedhja apo humbja. Me zgjerimin gjeografik t tregtis, funksioni i markave tregtare filloi t ndryshoj. Markat tregtare tani prdoreshin gjithashtu pr t identifikuar dhe dalluar mallrat n mes t shteteve dhe territoreve t ndryshme. Ligjet e para pr markn tregtare s pari u shfaqn gjat periudhs industriale n France n vitin 1857, n Angli m 1862, dhe pastaj n Shtetet e Bashkuara t Ameriks m 1870. Rasti i par gjyqsore u zhvillua n Angli i cili titullohej Southern kundr How, 79 Eng.Rep.1243 (U.K. 1618). Ky rast shnoi lindjen e ligjit pr markat tregtare n kt shtet dhe iu dha form ligjeve pr markat tregtare t shum shteteve t tjera n mbar botn. Rndsia kryesore e ktij rasti qndron n faktin se bri zhvendosjen e fokusit primar t ligjit pr markat tregtare nga keqprdorimi- problemi i vendosjes s marks s konkurrentit n produktet e veta, n parandalimin e konkurrencs jo-lojale prmes keqprdorimit t markave. Sipas trajtimit historik t ktij rasti nga gjykatat dhe studiuesit, rasti ilustron faktin se marka tregtare funksionon si garantues i cilsis, indikator pr konsumatort q krkojn produkte t sigurta, sigurues q shprblimet u shkojn investitorve t cilt posedojn emr tregtar i cili prfaqson qllim dhe reputacion t mir, dhe njkohsisht mbron t drejtat dhe detyrimet q ndrlidhen me pronn. Sot, markat tregtare kan evoluar n nj sistem t regjistrimit dhe t mbrojtjes. Ato vazhdojn t prdoren pr mbrojtjen e interesave t ndrmarrjeve, por njkohsisht t shrbejn edhe n mbrojtjen e konsumatorve. Markat tregtare u mundsojn konsumatorve t zgjedhin n mes t shum mallrave dhe shrbimeve q sot ofrohen n treg, dhe ato tregojn se t gjitha mallrat t me nj mark tregtare t caktuar vijn nga i njjti burim.


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1.5 The Impact of Trademarks on Economic GrowthTrademarks play a significant role in market economies for several reasons including, but not limited to, the following: Reduce search costs: Being able to identify a brand of a good or service that you want to buy as a consumer will save you time and money. As the saying goes time is money. Promote competition: Customers tend to buy the best and highest quality goods and services. Trademarks help them identify those goods or services by providing them with accurate information about that product. This is why producers spend considerable time and money improving the quality of the goods and services that they offer under a certain Trademark. This competition between different producers leads to better quality of goods and services being offered to consumers, which contributes to economic development. Enhance sales and create goodwill: If the goods or services sold under a Trademark signals a high quality, many persons interested in quality products will purchase them no matter what the cost. They will seek out these products, looking for the Trademark under which they are sold. Example: When one says, I want a high quality dishwasher machine, and knows that Gorenje, for instance, offers this. Promote exports: If consumers choose one product over another by its Trademark within one territory, it seems logical that a consumer in another territory will desire such product. The export of such products will benefit not only the Trademark owner, but also consumers of that other territory. Trademarks also promote the importation of goods and services and attract foreign investors. Can become valuable assets to companies/businesses: Trademarks are intangible assets which, in developed countries, have become valuable and indispensable assets to commercial transactions. The best global example of this is the United States of America. Enterprises and large companies in the United States invest more in intangible than tangible assets. On average, these intangible assets are valued at 40% of the total value of the company. The worlds most famous brand owners, such as Coca-Cola Company, Microsoft Corporation, and the IBM have an estimated market value of brands ranging from $50 to $70 billion. These profits are mainly generated from the licensing and franchising of Trademark rights.


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1.5 Ndikimi i Markave Tregtare n Zhvillimin e EkonomisMarkat tregtare luajn nj rol t rndsishm n ekonomit e tregut pr disa arsye, t cilat jan cekur n vijim, por q nuk kufizohen vetm n kto: Ulin koston e krkimit: T jeni n gjendje ta identifikoni nj mark t nj produkti apo shrbimi t cilin si konsumator doni ta blini do t ju kursej koh dhe para. Si qndron edhe thnja koha sht para. Nxisin konkurrencn: Konsumatort zakonisht blejn mallrat dhe shrbimet t cilsive t larta. Markat tregtare u ndihmojn atyre t identifikojn mallra ose shrbime t cilat sigurojn informata t sakta lidhur me at produkt. Pr kt arsye, prodhuesit shpenzojn koh dhe para t konsiderueshme pr prmirsimin e cilsis s mallrave dhe shrbimeve t cilt ata i ofrojn nn markn e tyre tregtare. Kjo konkurrenc n mes t prodhuesve t ndryshm shpien n cilsi t rritur t mallrave dhe shrbimeve t cilat u ofrohen konsumatorve, gj q kontribuon edhe n zhvillimin ekonomik. Rrisin shitjen dhe krijojn mirbesim: Nse mallrat apo shrbimet e shitura nn nj mark t caktuar tregtare tregojn cilsi t lart, shum njerz do t fillojn ti blejn ato pa marr parasysh mimin. Ata do ti krkojn kto produkte prmes marks tregtare nn t cilat ato shiten. Shembull: Kur dikush thot Dua t blej nj enlarse cilsore dhe ai/ajo e din q Gorenje, pr shembull, e ofron kt. Nxisin eksportin: Nse konsumatort zgjedhin nj produkt mbi tjetrin brenda nj territori n baz t marks tregtare, sht e logjikshme q konsumatort e nj territori tjetr do ta dshirojn t njjtin produkt. Eksportimi i produkteve t tilla nuk sht i dobishm vetm pr pronarin e marks tregtare, por edhe pr konsumatort e territorit tjetr. Markat tregtare po ashtu nxisin importin e mallrave dhe shrbimeve, dhe trheqin investitort e huaj. Mund t shndrrohen n pasuri t vlefshme pr kompanin/biznesin: Markat tregtare jan pasuri t paprekshme t cilat n shtete t zhvilluara jan br pasuri e vlefshme dhe e domosdoshme n zhvillimet afariste. Shembulli m i mir pr t dshmuar kt jan Shtetet e Bashkuara t Ameriks. Ndrmarrjet dhe kompanit e mdha n ShBA shpenzojn m tepr n pasuri t paprekshme se n pasuri t prekshme. Mesatarisht, kjo pasuri e paprekshme vlersohet t jet 40% e vlers. Emrat m t famshm tregtar n bot, si jan kompania Coca-Cola, korporata Microsoft, dhe IBM jan emra, vlera e tregut e t cilave sht prej 50 deri n 70 miliard dollar. Kto prfitime krijohen kryesisht prmes dhnies me lienc t t drejtave t Marks Tregtare.


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In summarizing the need for trademark law in a market economy, the United States Supreme Court said it best: "[T]rademark law, by preventing others from copying a source-identifying mark, 'reduce[s] the customer's cost's of shopping and making purchasing decisions,' for it quickly and easily assures a potential customer that the this item -- the item with this mark -- is made by the same producer as other similarly marked items that he or she liked (or disliked) in the past. At the same time, the law helps assure a producer that it (and not an imitating competitor) will reap the financial, reputation-related rewards associated with a desirable product." Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co, U.S. Supreme Court (1995).


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Si prmbledhje e arsyes pse nevojitet ligji pr markat tregtare n nj ekonomi t tregut, Gjykata Supreme e Shteteve t Bashkuara e ka thn m s miri: "Ligji pr markat tregtare, duke parandaluar t tjert nga kopjimi i nj marke q identifikon nj burim, zvoglon shpenzimet e nj konsumatori kur del pr t bler dhe kur vendos far t blej, sepse e siguron at q ky mall me mark t caktuar prodhohet nga i njjti prodhues sikurse edhe produktet e tjera me mark t ngjashme t cilat ktij konsumatori i kan plqyer, ose jo, n t kaluarn. Njkohsisht, ligji ndihmon duke e siguruar prodhuesin se ai (e jo konkurrenti imitues) do t korr shprblimet financiare dhe reputacionin e mir lidhur me nj produkt t dshirueshm." Qualitex Co. kundr Jacobson Products Co, Gjykata Supreme e ShBA (1995).


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1.6 SummaryIn this module, you have examined the foundations and purposes of Trademarks. This module has also provided relevant information on the importance of Trademarks for economic growth. In this module, you learned to: Place trademarks into the larger system of Intellectual Property; Explain the historical background of trademarks; Describe the need for Trademarks in a market economy.


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1.6 PrmbledhjeN kt modul keni shqyrtuar bazat dhe qllimet e markave tregtare. Ky modul, gjithashtu, u ka ofruar informata relevante lidhur me rndsin e markave tregtare n zhvillimin e ekonomis. N kt modul keni msuar: Ti vendosni markat tregtare n kornizn m t gjer t pronsis intelektuale; Ta prshkruani historikun e markave tregtare; T shpjegoni nevojn pr Marka Tregtare n ekonomin e tregut.


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MODULI 2: LIGJI PR MARKAT TREGTARE I KOSOVS KOSOVO LAW ON TRADEMARKS

Asnj pjes e ktij botimi nuk lejohet t riprodhohet, t ruhet pr shumfishim, ose t transmetohet n mnyr elektronike, mekanike, t fotokopjuar, t incizuar, apo n ndonj mnyr tjetr, pa lejen e EMSG.


Table of ContentsMODULE 2: KOSOVO LAW ON TRADEMARKS 2.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Learning Objectives .................................................................................................... 1 2.3 Definition of Trademarks ............................................................................................ 2 2.4 Main Trademark Related International Instruments and the EU Acquis Communautaire................................................................................................................. 3 2.5 Kosovo Law on Trademarks and its Compliance with International and EU Trademark Related Instruments......................................................................................... 5 2.6 Exercise 2: Types of Marks ........................................................................................ 8 2.7 Exercise 3: Well Known Marks ................................................................................... 9 2.8 Summary..................................................................................................................... 11


Tabela e PrmbajtjesMODULI 2: LIGJI PR MARKAT TREGTARE I KOSOVS 2.1 Pasqyr........................................................................................................................ 1 2.2 Objektivat Msimore ................................................................................................... 1 2.3 Prkufizimi i Markave Tregtare................................................................................... 2 2.4 Instrumentet Kryesore Ndrkombtare, dhe ato t Acquis Communautaire t BEs pr Markat Tregtare ...................................................................................................... 3 2.5 Ligji pr Markat Tregtare i Kosovs, dhe Prputhshmria e tij me Instrumentet Ndrkombtare dhe t BE-s pr Markat Tregtare ............................................................. 5 2.6 Ushtrimi 2: Llojet e Markave....................................................................................... 8 2.7 Ushtrimi 3: Markat e Njohura...................................................................................... 9 2.8 Prmbledhje ................................................................................................................ 11


Kosovo Law on Trademarks

2.1 OverviewThis module gives the definition of trademarks, and analyses main trademark-related international and EU instruments. It further interprets Kosovo Law on Trademarks, and compares it with the requirements which derive from these international and EU instruments.

2.2 Learning ObjectivesUpon Completion of this module, you will be able to: Comprehend the notion of trademarks and list types of marks; Interpret main international and EU instruments relating to trademarks; Compare the Kosovo Law on Trademarks with these international and EU instruments


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Ligji Pr Markat Tregtare I Kosovs2.1 PasqyrKy modul prfshin prkufizimet e Markave Tregtare dhe shqyrton instrumentet kryesore ndrkombtare dhe t BE-s pr markat tregtare. Gjithashtu, bn nj interpretim t Ligjit pr Markat Tregtare t Kosovs, dhe e krahason at me krkesat t cilat rrjedhin nga kto instrumente ndrkombtare dhe t BE-s.

2.2 Objektivat MsimorePas prfundimit t ktij moduli, ju do t keni mundsi: Ta kuptoni nocionin e Markave Tregtare, dhe ti numroni llojet e markave; Ti interpretoni instrumentet kryesore ndrkombtare dhe Evropiane lidhur me Markat Tregtare Ta krahasoni Ligjin pr Markat Tregtare t Kosovs me kto instrumente ndrkombtare.


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Module 2: Kosovo Law on Trademarks

2.3 Definition of TrademarksA Trademark (TM) is defined as a sign which describes a product and conveys information to the consumers about the source of that product. Its main function is to serve as a source identifier. Signs used to tell the source of a service, are called Service Marks (SM). Other types of marks which can serve as source identifiers include: Certification marks- a mark used by someone other than the owner to identify goods and services which come from a particular certified organization; Collective marks- a mark used by members of an association or other collective group to indicate their membership to that particular association or group; and Commercial Designations- a mark used in the course of a trade as a name, firm, or special designation of an undertaking. All of these marks can consist of words, colors, letters, phrases, designs, numerals, personal names, sounds, domain names or any combination thereof, provided that they are of distinctive nature. (See Module 3).


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Moduli 2: Ligji Pr Markat Tregtare I Kosovs

2.3 Prkufizimi i Markave TregtareNj Mark Tregtare (shkurtesa n anglisht TM) prkufizohet si nj shenj e cila prshkruan nj produkt dhe bart informacione tek konsumatori lidhur me prejardhjen e atij produkti. Funksioni kryesor i marks tregtare sht t shrbej si identifikues burimi. Shenjat, t cilat prdoren si tregues burimi t nj shrbimi quhen Marka Shrbimi (shkurtesa n anglisht SM). Lloje t tjera t markave, t cilat mund t shrbejn si identifikues t burimit jan: Markat Certifikuese- mark e cila prdoret nga nj person, prve pronarit, pr t identifikuar mallrat dhe shrbimet t cilat vijn nga nj organizat e caktuar e certifikuar; Markat Kolektive- mark e cila prdoret nga antart e nj shoqate ose ndonj grupi tjetr kolektiv, pr t treguar antarsimin e tyre n at shoqat ose at grup; dhe Emrtimet Tregtare- mark e cila prdoret gjat zhvillimit t nj tregtie si emr, firm, ose emrtim i veant i nj ndrmarrje. T gjitha kto marka mund t prbhen nga fjal, ngjyra, shkronja, fraza, dizajn, numra, emra personal, tinguj, emra t domenit (domain names), ose duke i kombinuar kto, por duke u siguruar q ato jan t nj natyre t veant dhe t dallueshme. (shih Modulin 3).


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2.4 Main Trademark Related International Instruments and the EU Acquis CommunautaireTrademark laws all around the globe are territorial in nature. This means that what might qualify as a Trademark in country A, might not qualify as a Trademark in country B. For example, some countries grant TM protection for sounds, while others do not. Further, the fact that you have a registered TM in your own country does not mean that you can claim rights over the same TM in another country. One needs a national registration in order to claim rights over a TM. There are many ways in which one national trademark law may vary from another national trademark law. This makes the cross-border protection of a TM a difficult task. To sort out these differences, international and regional instruments have been introduced with the aim of harmonizing national trademark laws. In Europe, the harmonization has been accomplished through the EU Directives designed to overcome any barriers that would hinder the goals of the common market established under the EEC Treaty. The main international and EU instruments that regulate Trademarks are as follows: The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property1 (March 20, 1883)- is the first international treaty in the field of IP law that set common rules and principles for all Contracting States. The main principles introduced by the Convention are the principles of national treatment and the right of priority. Another important element of the Convention are the rules on the protection of well-known (famous marks). According to Article 6bis, a Contracting State must afford protection to a well-known mark even if that mark lacks registration in that country. Madrid Agreement Concerning International Registration of Trademarks (1891), and the Protocol relating to the Madrid Agreement2 (1989)- the so-called Madrid System enables proprietors of Trademarks to simultaneously register their Trademarks in multiple Member States, instead of filing separate applications in each country. The proprietor receives a so-called international registration of a Trademark. TRIPS Agreement3- is the most comprehensive international agreement, which requires member states to comply with substantive provisions of treaties administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), i.e. the Paris Convention and the Madrid System. It provides for domestic procedures and remedies for the enforcement of IP rights, as well as dispute settlement procedures in cases of disputes between WIPO and WTO Members. It also sets forth basic principles such as national and most-favored national treatment. It complements the Paris Convention by extending protection to wellknown service marks, and to trademarks used in relation to goods and services which are not similar to those for which the trademark is registered.

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Administered by the WIPO, 172 Contracting States Administered by the WIPO 3 Administered by the WTO EMSG Economic Management for Stability and Growth 3


2.4 Instrumentet Kryesore Ndrkombtare dhe ato t Acquis Communautaire t BE-s relevante pr Markat TregtareLigjet pr Markat Tregtare n mbar botn jan t natyrs territoriale. Kjo nnkupton q, ajo q do t cilsohej si Mark Tregtare (MT) n shtetin A, ndoshta nuk do t cilsohej si e till n shtetin B. Pr shembull, disa vende ofrojn mbrojtje t marks tregtare pr tinguj, kurse disa t tjera jo. Prve ksaj, fakti q keni nj mark t regjistruar tregtare n vendin tuaj, nuk do t thot q do t gzoni t drejta pr at mark edhe n nj vend tjetr. Pr tu realizuar t drejtat mbi nj mark tregtare, nevojitet regjistrimi kombtar. Ekzistojn disa mnyra se si nj ligj kombtar pr markat tregtare ndryshon nga nj ligj i till i nj shteti tjetr. Kjo gj e vshtirson mbrojtjen ndrkufitare t markave tregtare. Me qllim t mnjanimit t ktyre ndryshimeve dhe harmonizimit t ligjeve kombtare pr markat tregtare, jan krijuar instrumente rajonale dhe ndrkombtare.N Evrop, harmonizimi sht arritur prmes Direktivave t BE-s, t cilat kan pr qllim largimin e barrierave q do t pengonin synimet e tregut t prbashkt t parapar me Traktatin e Komunitetit Ekonomik Evropian (EEC). Instrumentet kryesore ndrkombtare dhe t BE-s t cilat rregullojn Markat Tregtare jan: Konventa e Parisit pr Mbrojtjen e Pronsis Industriale1 (20 Mars 1883)- sht traktati i par ndrkombtar, n fushn e ligjit pr Pronsin Intelektuale, i cili vendos rregulla dhe parime t prbashkta pr t gjitha Shtetet Kontraktuese. Parimet kryesore t vendosura nga kjo Konvent jan parimet e trajtimit kombtar dhe e drejta e prparsis. Edhe nj tjetr element i rndsishm i dal nga kjo Konvent jan rregullat pr mbrojtjen e markave t njohura (markat me renome). N baz t Nenit 6bis, nj Shtet Kontraktues sht i obliguar ti ofroj mbrojtje nj marke t njohur tregtare edhe nse ajo mark nuk sht e regjistruar n at shtet. Marrveshja e Madridit pr Regjistrimin Ndrkombtar t Markave Tregtare (1891), si dhe Protokolli q i prket Marrveshjes s Madridit2 (1989)- i ashtuquajturi Sistemi i Madridit iu mundson pronarve t markave tregtare q ti regjistrojn markat e tyre n t njjtn koh n shum shtete antare, n vend se t aplikojn ve e ve n secilin shtet. Pronarit i jepet nj Regjistrim Ndrkombtar pr markn tregtare. Marrveshja TRIPS3- sht marrveshja m gjithprfshirse ndrkombtare, e cila krkon nga shtetet antare t veprojn n pajtim me dispozitat prmbajtjesore t traktateve t administruara nga Organizata Botrore e Pronsis Intelektuale (OBPI), p.sh. Konventa e Parisit dhe Sistemi i Madridit. Kjo marrveshje parasheh procedura vendore dhe mjete juridike pr zbatimin e t drejtave t PI-s si dhe procedura pr zgjidhjen e kontesteve n mes t Antarve t OBPI-s dhe OBT-s. Poashtu, prcakton parime themelore si jan trajtimi kombtar dhe trajtimi m i favorshm kombtar. Prve ksaj, bn plotsimin e Konvents s Parisit duke ofruar mbrojtje edhe pr markat e njohura t shrbimeve, dhe pr markat tregtare t njohura t prdorura pr mallra dhe shrbime q nuk jan t ngjashme me ato pr t cilat sht regjistruar marka tregtare.

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E administruar nga OBPI, me 172 Shtete Kontraktuese E administruar nga OBPI 3 E administruar nga OBT


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First Council Directive 89/104/EEC (1988) - approximates trademark laws of its Member States, without preempting the territorial scope of the national laws. It simply prescribes certain common principles to which the Member States must follow in order to overcome the disparities between national legislation. The aim of the Directive is to eliminate the distortion of competition within the common European market. The provisions of the Directive are entirely consistent with the Paris Convention. Council Regulation (EC) No.40/94 on the Community Trademark4- enables a proprietor to register its Trademark with a single application in multiple member countries. One of the best features of the Community Trademark Regulation is that it is a designated country under the Madrid Protocol. This means that if one obtains a Community Trademark, he or she can apply for International Registration under the Madrid Protocol, and obtain a registration not only in the 27 Member States of the Regulation, but also in all Contracting States of the Madrid Protocol.

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27 Member States 4



Direktiva e Par e Kshillit 89/104/EEC (1988) i prafron ligjet pr markat tregtare t Shteteve Antare, por njkohsisht duke mos penguar fushveprimin territorial t atyre ligjeve kombtare. Kjo Direktiv thjesht prshkruan disa parime t prbashkta t cilave Shtetet Antare duhet tu prmbahen me qllim t tejkalimit t dallimeve n mes t ligjeve kombtare. Qllimi i saj sht ti eliminoj rregullimet n konkurrenc brenda tregut t prbashkt Evropian. Dispozitat e ksaj Direktive jan n pajtim t plot me Konventn e Parisit. Rregullorja e Kshillit (EC) Nr. 40/94 pr Markn Tregtare t Komunitetit4- i mundson pronarit q me nj aplikacion t vetm t regjistroj markn tregtare n shum shtete antare t ksaj Rregullore. Njra prej karakteristikave m t mira t saj sht se sht nj prej palve t emrtuara kontraktuese n Protokollin e Madridit. Kjo do t thot q nse dikush posedon nj Mark Tregtare t Komunitetit, i njjti mund t aplikoj pr Regjistrim Ndrkombtar n baz t Protokollit t Madridit, dhe ta fitoj regjistrimin e marks jo vetm n 27 Shtetet Antare t Rregullores n fjal, por n t gjitha Shtetet Kontraktuese t Protokollit t Madridit.

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27 Shtete Antare


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2.5 Kosovo Law on Trademarks and its Compliance with International and EU Trademark Related InstrumentsTrademarks in Kosovo are governed by the Law on Trademarks (Law No. 2/L-54), which came into force pursuant to UNMIK Regulation 2006/38 on June 28, 2006. The Law was designed to protect rights which derive from trademarks, commercial designations, and collective and certification marks. The Law is fully compliant with the EU requirements and internationally recognized best standard and practices (Chapter 1, Article 1). Article 3 of the Law lists signs which can qualify as a TM, SM, Commercial Designation or Collective and Certification mark. This listing of signs that can serve as a Mark is required by the EU First Council Directive. It is important to understand that this requirement is limited to the listing of signs. Individual countries are free to determine which signs will be included on this list. There are two basic requirements that a sign must fulfill in order to qualify as a trademark: 1. it must have a distinctive character 2. it must be capable of being represented graphically The first requirement is stipulated in Article 3 of the Kosovo Law. The second requirement is set forth in Article 9, which deals with absolute grounds for refusal of registration. It may have been more useful to add to Article 3, immediately after the language any sign, the wording capable of being represented graphically, rather than listing it separately in Article 9. Since this was not done, it is important to remember that when applying Article 3, one must look beyond the list of signs in determining the eligibility of a sign for TM registration. The sign must also be capable of telling the source of the product, (i.e. distinguishing it from other products), as well as capable of being presented graphically. The acquisition of a trademark in Kosovo, under the present law (Article 4), is conditioned upon registration. This is a characteristic of civil law countries where the first-to-register the mark becomes the proprietor of a Trademark. This differs from most common law countries where the first-to-use the mark in commerce becomes the proprietor. There are some signs, however, which must be first used in commerce and acquire a secondary meaning before any application for TM registration is made (e.g. one color). Therefore, the Law also extends protection to signs which have acquired a secondary meaning during their use in business. Although Kosovo is not yet part of any international treaty, it has nevertheless complied with the provisions of the Paris Convention. Article 6 of this Convention obligates States to grant protection to well-known marks absent registration. The Assembly of the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property together with the General Assembly of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), have adopted Joint Recommendations Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks which lists the factors that public authorities must take into account when determining whether a mark is wellknown. The following factors are included in Article 2 of the Recommendation:


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2.5 Ligji pr Markat Tregtare i Kosovs dhe Prputhshmria e tij me Instrumentet Ndrkombtare dhe t BE-s pr MT-tMarkat Tregtare n Kosov rregullohen me Ligjin pr Markat Tregtare t Kosovs (ligji Nr. 2/L-54), i cili hyri n fuqi me an t Rregullores s UNMIK-ut 2006/38 me 28 Qershor 2006. Ky ligj parasheh mbrojtjen e t drejtave q rrjedhin nga markat tregtare, emrtimet tregtare, dhe nga markat kolektive dhe ato ertifikuese. Ligji sht n pajtim t plot me krkesat e BE-s, dhe me praktikat dhe standardet m t mira t njohura ndrkombtarisht. (Kapitulli 1, Neni 1). Neni 3 i Ligjit i numron shenjat t cilat mund t cilsohen si mark tregtare, mark shrbimi, emrtim tregtar, ose mark kolektive apo ertifikuese. Ky numrim i shenjave t cilat mund t shrbejn si mark sht nj parakusht q krkohet me Direktivn e Par t Kshillit t BEs. sht me rndsi t kuptohet q ky kusht sht i kufizuar vetm n numrimin e shenjave n list. Shtetet individuale jan t lira t vendosin se cilat shenja do ti prfshijn n kt list. Ekzistojn dy kushte themelore t cilat nj shenj duhet ti plotsoj pr tu cilsuar si mark tregtare: 1) duhet t ket nj veori dalluese, dhe 2) duhet t arrij t prfaqsohet grafikisht. Kushti i par sht cekur n Nenin 3 t Ligjit t Kosovs. Kushti i dyt sht cekur n Nenin 9, dhe ka t bj me bazat absolute pr refuzimin e regjistrimit. Do t kishte qen e dobishme q n Nenin 3, menjher pas fjalve t gjitha shenjat t shtohen fjalt q mund t prfaqsohen grafikisht, n vend se t numrohen ve e ve n Nenin 9. Meqense kjo nuk sht br, sht me rndsi t kuptohet q me rastin e aplikimit t Nenit 3, duhet t shikohet prtej lists s shenjave dhe t kushtit pr veori dalluese gjat vlersimit t nj shenje pr regjistrim si mark tregtare. Sipas ksaj, shenja duhet t ket mundsi jo vetm ta tregoj burimin e produktit (p.sh. ta dalloj at prej mallrave t tjer), por edhe t ket mundsi t paraqitet grafikisht. Marrja e nj marke tregtare n Kosov, n baz t ktij ligji (Neni 4), kushtzohet me regjistrim. Kjo sht karakteristik e vendeve q praktikojn t drejtn civile, me rast i pari q e regjistron markn bhet pronar i asaj Marke Tregtare. Kjo ndryshon nga shumica e vendeve q praktikojn t drejtn zakonore, ku i pari q e shfrytzon markn n tregti bhet pronari. Megjithat, ekzistojn disa shenja t cilat duhet s pari t prdoren n tregti, dhe ta fitojn nj kuptim t dyt (p.sh. nj ngjyr), n mnyr q t mund t regjistrohen si mark tregtare. Kshtu q, Ligji mbron edhe shenjat t cilat kan fituar nj kuptim t dyt gjat prdorimit t tyre n afarizm . Edhe pse Kosova akoma nuk sht pjes e ndonj traktati ndrkombtar, ajo megjithat i plotson kushtet e parapara me dispozitat e Konvents s Parisit. Neni 6 i ksaj Konvente i obligon Shtetet tu ofrojn mbrojtje markave t njohura t cilave u mungon regjistrimi. Kuvendi i Unionit t Parisit pr Mbrojtjen e Pronsis Industriale s bashku me Kuvendin e Prgjithshm t Organizats Botrore pr Pronsi Intelektuale (OBPI), kan miratuar Rekomandimet e Prbashkta lidhur me Dispozitat pr Mbrojtjen e Markave t Njohura, ku numrohen faktort vijues t cilt autoritetet publike duhet ti konsiderojn gjat vlersimit t njohshmris s nj marke tregtare:


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Degree of knowledge or recognition of the mark in the relevant sector of public; Duration, extent and geographical area of any use of the mark; Duration, extent and geographical area of any promotion of the mark, including advertising or publicity and the presentation, at fairs, exhibitions, of the goods and/or services to which the mark applies; Duration and geographical area of any registrations, and/or any applications for registrations, of the mark, to the extent that they reflect use of recognition of the mark; Record of successful enforcement of rights in the mark, in particular, the extent to which the mark was recognized as well-known by public authorities; Value associated with the mark. The Kosovo Law on Trademarks contains further provisions on the fundamental concepts of priority and seniority rights, earlier trademarks and other earlier rights, and exhaustion of rights. These concepts are summarized below. Priority and Seniority- Two different proprietors may apply for registration of the same Trademark at the same time. In this case, the seniority of the mark determines which proprietor has the priority right over the other (Article 6). Article 6.2 provides that if a conflict arises with respect to a filed or registered Trademark, the date of filing determines the seniority. An application for TM registration is deemed to be filed when the Patent Office determines that such an application has satisfied all filing requirements (Article 38). With respect to a registered trademark, Article 41(3) provides that the date of registration of a mark is the date of filing the application for registration. If an application for registration has been withdrawn or amended (Article 40), the applicant is still entitled to claim priority right from the date of first application (Article 6(2)). Marks which have the same seniority due to the same priority date will be treated equally and have no superiority over the other (Article 6.4). Article 36 grants priority rights to Paris Convention applications, meaning that if a mark is registered in one of the countries of the Paris Union, it will have a priority right to register the same trademark in Kosovo for a period of six months from the date of filing the first Convention application. According to Article 36.5 the Patent Office may prescribe rules regarding the manner of claiming a priority right on the basis of a Convention application until the Republic of Kosova becomes a member of the Paris Union. Earlier Trademarks and other earlier rights- Applications for trademarks which are identical or similar to earlier filed or registered trademarks shall be refused or cancelled pursuant to Article 10 of the Law. An earlier trademark can be any national, international or Community trademark which enjoys a priority right due to an earlier date of application for registration than that of the mark in question. Well-known marks are also considered earlier trademarks for the purposes of Article 10. A registration may be cancelled if another person enjoyed some other earlier rights with respect to the Trademark. (Article 12.4). These other rights are listed in Article 12.5 of the Law and include intellectual and other industrial property rights (.e. copyright, indications of geographical origins, etc.).


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Niveli i dijenis pr markn ose i njohjes s saj n sektorin publik prkats; Kohzgjatja, shtrirja, dhe hapsira gjeografike ku prdoret marka; Kohzgjatja, shtrirja, dhe hapsira gjeografike ku promovohet marka, prfshir reklamat ose publiciteti dhe paraqitja n panaire dhe ekspozita e mallrave dhe/ose shrbimeve pr t cilat qndron marka; Kohzgjatja dhe hapsira gjeografike e do regjistrimi dhe/ose do krkese pr regjistrim t marks, prderisa kto pasqyrojn prdorimin e marks s njohur; Shnimet lidhur me realizimin e suksesshm t t drejtave mbi markn, dhe n veanti, shkalla e njohjes s marks s njohur nga autoritetet publike; Vlera e cila e shoqron markn. Ligji pr Markat Tregtare i Kosovs prmban edhe dispozita lidhur me konceptet themelore t t drejtave t prparsis dhe vjetrsis, pr markat tregtare t mhershme dhe t drejta t tjera t mhershme, dhe pr humbjen e t drejtave t marks tregtare. Nj prmbledhje e ktyre koncepteve sht dhn n vijim. Prparsia dhe Vjetrsia- sht e mundur q dy pronar t ndryshm t aplikojn pr regjistrimin e t njjts mark tregtare n t njjtn koh. N kt rast, vjetrsia e marks prcakton se cili pronar ka t drejtn e prparsis ndaj tjetrit (Neni 6). Neni 6.2 parasheh q n rast t nj konflikti pr nj mark t paraqitur pr regjistrim, ose t regjistruar, ather data e paraqitjes s krkess prcakton vjetrsin. Krkesa pr regjistrimin e marks tregtare konsiderohet e parashtruar ather kur Zyra pr Pronsi Industriale vendos q krkesa e till i plotson t gjitha kushtet e parashtrimit (Neni 38). Pr sa i prket marks tanim t regjistruar, Neni 41(3) parasheh q data e regjistrimit t marks sht data e parashtrimit t krkess pr regjistrim. Kshtu q, nse nj krkes pr regjistrim trhiqet ose plotsohet (Neni 40) parashtruesi akoma mund t thirret n t drejtn e prparsis nga data e aplikimit t par (Neni 6(2)). Markat t cilat kan t njjtn vjetrsi pr shkak t dats s njjt t prparsis do t trajtohen njjt dhe nuk do t ken superioritet njra ndaj tjetrs (Neni 6.4). Neni 36 i jap t drejt prparsie aplikimeve nga Konventa e Parisit, q do t thot se nse nj mark sht e regjistruar n nj vend antar t Unionit t Parisit, ather i njjti do t ket t drejtn e prparsis pr ta regjistruar t njjtn mark n Kosov, nga data e parashtrimit t krkess s par n Konvent. Sipas Nenit 36.5, Zyra e Pronsis Industriale mund t prshkruaj rregulla lidhur me mnyrn e t krkuarit t s drejts s prparsis n baz t nj aplikacioni t Konvents. Markat Tregtare t mhershme dhe t drejtat tjera t mhershme- Aplikacionet pr marka tregtare t cilat jan t njjta ose t ngjashme me aplikacionet e m hershme ose me markat e regjistruara tregtare do t refuzohen ose anulohen n baz t Nenit 10 t Ligjit. Nj mark e hershme tregtare mund t jet do mark tregtare kombtare, ndrkombtare, ose e Komunitetit, e cila gzon t drejtn e prparsis pr shkak t dats s mhershme t aplikimit pr regjistrim ndaj marks n fjal. Markat e njohura poashtu konsiderohen si marka t hershme tregtare pr qllimet e Nenit 10. Regjistrimi mund t anulohet edhe kur nj person tjetr ka gzuar ndonj t drejt tjetr t hershme lidhur me Markn Tregtare. (Neni 12.4). Kto t drejta t tjera jan numruar n Nenin 12.5 t Ligjit dhe prfshijn, ndr t tjera, edhe t drejtat tjera nga pronsia intelektuale dhe industriale (p.sh. e drejta e autorit, treguesit e prejardhjes gjeografike, etj.).


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2.6 Exercise 2: Types of MarksINSTRUCTIONS Match the following marks below with the correct answer with regard to their type and composition. MARK 1. 1. Word mark TYPE OF MARK

2.

2. Three-dimensional mark

3. Combination of word, letters and numerals 3.

4.

4. Collective mark

5.

5. Firm name (commercial designation)

6. Certification mark 6. 7. 7. Slogan 8. 8. Word and figurative mark

9.

9. Service mark

10.

Sh.P.K.

10. Sound mark


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2.6 Ushtrimi 2: Llojet e MarkaveUDHZIMET Prshtatjani prgjigjen e sakt lidhur me llojin dhe prbrjen, marks s dhn n kolonn n ann e majt. MARKA 1. LLOJI I MARKS 1. Mark me fjal

2.

2. Mark tre-dimenzionale

3. Kombinim i fjalve, shkronjave dhe numrave 3.

4.

4. Mark kolektive

5.

5. Emr i firms (destinim komercial)

6. Mark ertifikuese 6. 7. 7. Sllogan 8. 8. Mark n fjal dhe figurative

9. 9. Mark shrbimi

10.

Sh.P.K.

10. Mark zri


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Exhaustion of rights (First sale doctrine)- The notion of exhaustion of rights arises mainly from the First Council Directive, which provides that a registered trademark shall not be violated if it is used in relation to goods that have been put on the market of the European Union by or with the consent of the proprietor of the trademark (Article 7 of the Directive). Most regional legislation provides only for national exhaustion, meaning that the proprietor of a Trademark cannot prevent resale of that product within national borders if the product under that Trademark has been put in the market with his consent. The Kosovo legislation goes further and provides that the concept of Community Exhaustion as well. This means that once a product under a registered Trademark is put in the market with the consent of its proprietor in Kosovo, the latter cannot prevent the resale of that product not only within Kosovo, but within any EU Member State either. (Article 16 of the Law).


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Ezaurimi i t drejtave t marks tregtare (Doktrina e shitjes s par)- Nocioni i ezaurimit (shitjes s par) t t drejtave rrjedh kryesisht prej Direktivs s Par t Kshillit, i cili parasheh q nj mark e regjistruar tregtare nuk konsiderohet si e shkelur nse prdoret pr mallra t cilat jan vn n tregun e Bashkimit Evropian nga ose me plqimin e pronarit t asaj marke tregtare (Neni 7 i Direktivs). Shumica e legjislacioneve n rajon parashohin ezaurimin vetm pr t drejtat kombtare, q nnkupton se pronari i nj marke tregtare nuk mund ta ndaloj rishitjen e nj produkti brenda kufijve kombtar nse produkti me at mark tregtare sht dal n treg me pajtimin e tij. Legjislacioni i Kosovs shkon m tutje dhe parasheh ezaurimin e t drejtave t Komunitetit. Kjo do t thot q kur nj produkt me nj mark tregtare del n tregun Kosovar me pajtimin e pronarit, ather pronari nuk mund ta ndaloj rishitjen e atij produkti as brenda Kosovs as brenda ndonj Shteti Antar t BE-s (Neni 16).


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2.7 Exercise 3: Well Known MarksINSTRUCTIONS You can work in groups. Read the exercise below, and answer the given questions to the best of your knowledge. After you have completed the exercise share your findings with the rest of participants and the instructor. EXERCISE Assume that a computer shop in Kosovo applied for registration of MOLLA (with logo) trademark at the KIPO, and the latter granted the registration. MOLLA The store sells laptops, computers, iPods, iPhones and many other products which are produced and sold by the APPLE Company in the United States. The APPLE owns a dozen trademarks i.e. Apple, iPod, iTunes, Macintosh, registered both in the United States and other countries around the globe (e.g. Canada, Australia, Europe). The Apple trademark is also registered in Albania. The following is one of the registered trademarks of Apple:

the

APPLE Apple licenses its products to retailers, wholesalers, developers, customers and other parties wishing to use Apples trademarks or images in promotional, advertising, instructional, or reference materials, or on their websites, products, labels, or packaging. Apple has developed strict Guidelines for Third Parties using Apple trademarks. In one of the clauses of the Guidelines, it reads that any use of an image or a real apple or other variation of the Apple logo, phonetic equivalent, foreign language equivalent, or abbreviation of an Apple trademark is prohibited without authorization. APPLE has not registered its trademarks in Kosovo, and MOLLA is not an authorized user of APPLE. APPLE has learned that a store in Kosovo has registered the trademark MOLLA for the same class of goods and services, and has also learned that the goods and services sold under the trademark MOLLA are in fact products of APPLE. It has contacted MOLLA store and asked it to stop using the trademark MOLLA or any other identical or confusingly similar trademark. Apple has offered instead to enter into the licensing agreement with Apple, if it wants to make use of Apples trademarks. MOLLA ignored this request claiming that APPLE has no registered trademark in Kosovo, and therefore lacks protection. APPLE has filed a claim in the Commercial Court in Kosovo for a declaration of invalidity of the registered trademark MOLLA according to Article 48 of the Kosovo Law on Trademarks, and has brought a civil action for trademark infringement claiming an injunction and damages. APPLE contends that it is entitled to protection under the Paris Convention as a well-known Trademark according to Article 53 of the Law.


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2.7 Ushtrimi 3: Markat e NjohuraUDHZIMET Ju mund t punoni n grupe. Lexoni ushtrimin m posht, dhe prgjigjuni n pyetjet e parashtruara sipas njohuris tuaj m t mire. Pasi ta keni prfunduar ushtrimin, ndani t gjeturat tuaja me pjesmarrsit tjer dhe instruktorin. USHTRIMI Paramendoni se nj dyqan q shet kompjuter n Kosov ka aplikuar pr regjistrim t marks tregtare MOLLA (me logo) n ZPIK, dhe ky i fundit e ka regjistruar at.

MOLLA Dyqani shet laptop, kompjuter, iPod-a, iPhona-a dhe shum produkte tjera t cilat prodhohen dhe shiten nga Kompania APPLE n Shtetet e Bashkuara t Ameriks. APPLE sht pronar i nj numri t markave tregtare si Apple, iPod, iTunes, Macintosh, t regjistruara n ShBA dhe vende tjera prreth bots (Australi, Kanada, Evrop etj.). Marka tregtare APPLE gzon regjistrim edhe n Shqipri. N vijim sht marka tregtare e regjistruar nga Apple. APPLE Apple iu licencon markat e saja tregtare shitsve, prodhuesve, konsumatorve dhe palve t tjera t interesuara n shfrytzimin e markave tregtare t Apple n materialet e tyre promovuese, reklamuese, udhzuese apo referuese, apo n ueb faqet, produktet, apo ambalazhet e tyre. Apple ka zhvilluar Udhzime pr Palt e Treta shum strikte pr t gjith ata t cilt dshirojn ti prdorin markat tregtare t Apple. N njrn prej pikave t ktij Udhzimi thuhet se do prdorim i ndonj imazhi ose ndonj ndryshim i logos Apple oft fonetik, ekuivalent me ndonj gjuh tjetr t huaj, apo shkurtes e marks tregtare Apple, ndalohet pa autorizim. APPLE nuk i ka regjistruar markat e saja tregtare n Kosov, dhe MOLLA nuk sht nj shfrytzues i autorizuar i APPLE. APPLE ka msuar pr faktin se dyqani n Kosov e ka regjistruar markn tregtare MOLLA pr klasn e njjt t mallrave dhe shrbimeve, dhe po ashtu ka msuar se mallrat dhe shrbimet e ofruara pr shitje nn markn tregtare MOLLA jan n fakt produkte te APPLE. Ky i fundit, ka kontaktuar MOLLA-n dhe ka krkuar q ta ndrpres prdorimin e marks tregtare MOLLA, apo fardo marke tjetr identike apo t ngjashme q do ta shpinte publikun n konfuzion, dhe n vend t ksaj i ka ofruar q t hyj n marrveshje t liencimit me Apple, nse dshiron t vazhdoj me prdorimin e markave tregtare t Apple. MOLLA ka injoruar kt krkes duke pohuar se APPLE nuk ka mark t regjistruar n Kosov, prandaj edhe nuk mund t krkoj mbrojtje.


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QUESTIONS: What proof would you require in order to assess whether the mark is well-known in Kosovo according to the factors listed in the WIPO Joint Recommendations on the Protection of Well-Known marks? More specifically: 1. With respect to the degree of knowledge or recognition of the mark in the relevant sector: a. What methods are available to determine the degree of knowledge or recognition of the mark in Kosovo? b. What is the relevant sector of the public here? 2. With respect to the duration, extent and geographical area of any use of the mark: a. What constitutes use of the mark in this case and actual use of the mark in Kosovo? 3. With respect to the duration, extent and geographical area of any promotion of the mark, including advertising or publicity and the presentation at fairs, exhibitions of the goods and/or services to which the mark applies.

a. Does the promotion of a mark constitute use, and is there any evidence of promotion or advertisement of the mark Apple in this case ? 4. Do the last three WIPO factors (duration and extent of registration/application for registration of the mark, evidence of successful enforcement of trademark rights, and value associated with the mark) support the position that the mark is well-known? 5. Based on the facts of the case, and on your answers to the above given questions, what would your final conclusion be with regard to the application to declare the registered trademark MOLLA invalid in Kosovo, and the claim for an injunction and damages? NOTE: Facts were created specifically for this training seminar, and they do not reflect the actual trade of APPLE or MOLLA. The trademarks are used solely for educational and training purposes.


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APPLE ka br krkes n Gjykatn Ekonomike t Kosovs pr deklarim t pavlefshmris s regjistrimit t marks tregtare MOLLA sipas Nenit 48 t Ligjit mbi Markat Tregtare, duke pretenduar se marka e tij gzon mbrojtje si mark e njohur nn Konventn e Parisit sipas Nenit 53 t Ligjit mbi Markat Tregtare. PYETJE: far lloj provash do tju duheshin juve n mnyr q ta vlersoni nse marka n fjal sht e njohur apo jo sipas faktorve t renditur n Rekomandimet e Prbashkta mbi Mbrojtjen e Markave Tregtare t OBPI-s: 1. Lidhur me shkalln e njohshmris s marks n sektorin relevant t publikut: a. far metodash do ti prdornit pr ta prcaktuar shkalln e njohshmris s marks n fjal n Kosov b. Cili sht sektori relevant i publikut n kt rast? 2. Lidhur me kohzgjatjen, shtrirjen dhe zonn gjeografike t prdorimit t marks: a. far duhet t konsistoj n prdorim n kt rast? Prdorimi aktual n Kosov? 3. Lidhur me kohzgjatjen, shtrirjen, dhe zonn gjeografike t fardo promovimi t marks, prfshir reklamimin apo publicitetin dhe prezantimin n panaire apo ekspozita t mallrave dhe shrbimeve n lidhje me t cilat prdoret marka? a. A konsistonpromovimi i marks n prdorim, dhe a kemi ndonj dshmi t promovimit apo reklamimit t marks APPLE n kt rast? 4. A e prkrahin tre faktort e fundit pozicionin se marka sht e njohur (shtrirja dhe kohzgjatja e regjistrimit/aplikimit pr regjistrim t marks, prova t realizimit t suksesshm t t drejtave n marka tregtare, dhe vlera e marks)?

5. Bazuar n faktet e rastit, dhe n prgjigjet e tua n pyetjet m lart, cili do t ishte vendimi (gjykimi) juaj prfundimtar lidhur me aplikimin pr deklarim t pavlefshmris s regjistrimit t marks tregtare MOLLA n Kosov, dhe krkess pr ndalimin dhe pagimin e dmshprblimit t br nga APPLE?

SHNIM: Faktet jan sajuar enkas pr kt seminar trajnimi, dhe ato nuk pasqyrojn tregtin faktike t APPLE apo MOLLA. Kto marka tregtare jan prdor vetm pr qllime t trajnimit.


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2.8 SummaryIn this module you have examined the definition of trademarks, main international and EU instruments related to trademarks, and compared the provisions of the Law to corresponding main EU requirements, and internationally recognized best practices through analysis and examples. In this module, you learned to: Comprehend the notion of trademarks and list types of marks; Interpret main international and EU instruments relating to trademarks; Compare the Kosovo Law on Trademarks with these international and EU instruments


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2.8 PrmbledhjeN kt modul keni shqyrtuar prkufizimet e Markave Tregtare, instrumentet kryesore ndrkombtare dhe t BE-s pr markat tregtare dhe, prmes analizave dhe shembujve, keni krahasuar dispozitat e Ligjit pr Markat Tregtare t Kosovs me krkesat e BE-s dhe me praktikat m t mira t njohura ndrkombtarisht. N kt modul, keni msuar: Ta kuptoni nocionin e Markave Tregtare, dhe ti numroni llojet e markave; Ti interpretoni instrumentet kryesore ndrkombtare dhe Evropiane lidhur me Markat Tregtare Ta krahasoni Ligjin pr Markat Tregtare t Kosovs me kto instrumente ndrkombtare.


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MODULI 3: PARAKUSHTET DHE KUFIZIMET E MARKAVE TREGTARE PREREQUISITES AND LIMITATIONS TO TRADEMARKS

Asnj pjes e ktij botimi nuk lejohet t riprodhohet, t ruhet pr shumfishim, ose t transmetohet n mnyr elektronike, mekanike, t fotokopjuar, t incizuar, apo n ndonj mnyr tjetr, pa lejen e EMSG.


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