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173 Ind. data 22(1), 2019 Producción y Gestión Revista Industrial Data 22(1): 173-186 (2019) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/idata.v22i1.16533 ISSN: 1560-9146 (Impreso) / ISSN: 1810-9993 (Electrónico) Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial - UNMSM La contaminación del aire por el material particulado y su relación con las enfermedades de tipo respiratorio en la población de Cerro de Pasco (2010 y 2016) Eder Guido Robles Morales 1 Ana María Medina Escudero 2 Carmen Sofía Medina Escudero 3 RECIBIDO: 25/12/2018 ACEPTADO: 25/04/2019 1 Docente de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Docente de la Facultad de Ingeniería Geológica de la Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión. Egresada de la maestría en Ingeniería Industrial por la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Perú. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Docente de la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. E-mail: cmedinae@cientifica.edu.pe RESUMEN A partir del siglo XVII, se descubrieron yacimientos mineros de plomo, cobre, zinc y plata en Cerro de Pasco, Perú, lo cual dio inicio a un proceso de explotación minera en aquella zona. Desde ese momento, la población aledaña a las actividades mineras empezó a sufrir principalmente enfermedades respiratorias agudas. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la relación entre el material particulado menor a 10 micras, producido en la actividad minera, y las infecciones respiratorias agudas que afectaron a los habitantes de Cerro de Pasco, en 2010 y 2016. Para ello se consideraron los resultados realizados en cuatro estaciones de monitoreo del material particulado, el número de atenciones hospitalarias y el clima seco. Además, la investigación es no experimental y correlacional, se consideró una muestra de 10 029 atenciones hospitalarias de pacientes menores o iguales de 5 años y adultos mayores de 50 años. Para 2010, existió un coeficiente de correlación 0,36, p=0,0415; y para 2016, un coeficiente de correlación 0,60, p=0,00 de confianza al 95%. Finalmente, el resultado demostró que existe una relación significativa entre el material particulado menor a 10 micras producido por las fuentes de contaminación y las enfermedades de tipo infecto respiratorias agudas. Palabras-claves: Contaminación atmosférica; enfermedades respiratorias; material particulado; minería; salud ocupacional; tajo abierto. INTRODUCCIÓN Según la Dirección General de Salud Ambiental (2005), las partí- culas totales en suspensión vertidas a la atmósfera de Cerro de Pasco fueron estimadas en 3737 Tm/año, de las cuales el 99,8% era vertido por la actividad minera, mientras que el 56% de estas emisiones estaba constituido por material particulado menor a 10 micrómetros. Además, la composición de dichas partículas es esencialmente mineral, donde predomina el hierro, seguido del manganeso, el zinc, el plomo y el cobre. El material particulado fue generado por las fuentes de contaminación puntual, consti- tuida por el tajo abierto Raúl Rojas, el cual trabaja con el método de explotación de cielo abierto, los depósitos de desmonte mine- ral y el depósito de relaves como pasivo ambiental. La población de Cerro de Pasco es de 56 986 habitantes, se- gún el censo realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (2017), y está expuesta constantemente al material particulado, lo que repercute en su salud. Un análisis de la Orga- nización Mundial de la Salud (2005), respecto a la asociación de las PM 10 y las enfermedades que afectan el sistema respiratorio, demuestra la relación entre la exposición prolongada al material particulado y sus efectos a nivel pulmonar. Asimismo, se eviden- ciaron altas tasas de enfermedades ocupacionales en Pasco y otras regiones donde priman (en un 49,2%) actividades relacio- nadas con la explotación minera y de canteras (Hernández-Vás- quez, Díaz-Seijas, Vilcarromero y Santero, 2016). Las enfermedades que afectan al sistema respiratorio relacio- nadas con las PM 10 perjudican a niños y adultos mayores, en ellos se presentan infecciones crónicas y agudas que dañan las vías respiratorias bajas y altas, llevándolos a la muerte (Gavidia, Pronczuk y Sly, 2009). El principal vínculo que hay entre el área del centro de trabajo y el medio ambiente general es la fuente de contaminación, por lo tanto, la salud ocupacional y ambiental es- tán íntimamente ligadas por métodos comunes, como la evalua-

Enterprise Libraries - Teradactyl · 2020. 4. 17. · *T380, T950 and TFinity only; and TS refers to IBM® TS11XX technology. LTO (Linear Tape-Open) Ultrium Technology is optimized

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  • Designed for incremental growth, Spectra Enterprise tape libraries accommodate the storage requirements of organizations in every stage of their growth lifecycle. When your storage requires more slots than your library’s current capacity, there’s no need to buy a whole new library. By investing in a Spectra Enterprise tape library, all you need to change is your outgrown frame. Spectra transfers the components in your existing library and puts them into a larger chassis. Upgrading is also EASY and FAST—you can switch between models in less than half a day. The TranScale® architecture eliminates the need for realignment, host/server reconfiguration, worldwide name changes and switch rezoning.

    Enterprise Libraries In a Smaller Footprint

  • Preserve your storage investment with TranScale®Data growth is endless and cost-effectively scaling storage is becoming a top priority for businesses and operations worldwide. Keeping up with unpredictable data growth is a daunting task. Organizations want to avoid making capital investments in storage that are far beyond their short-term capacity requirements, yet they must be prepared for the unexpected. Designed with your growth in mind, Spectra TranScale has been developed to preserve your initial investment in storage by providing a solution that addresses both your short-term and long-term storage needs. Spectra uses TranScale in our Enterprise libraries by interchanging the expensive components between the T200, T380, T680 and T950 libraries. As you grow, you continue to use your original tape drives, power supplies, TeraPacks and media in your new library. The frame is the only major component that changes when you are ready to upgrade to a larger tape library.TranScale provides a cost-effective lifetime investment in storage, allowing you to scale your hardware and software to make your capacity upgrades quick, seamless and affordable.

    Future GrowthSpectra's T950: The next destination for your TranScale components that you have incrementally purchased.

    Tape DrivesTape drives easily add to the library when capacity and throughput requirements increase.

    Power SupplyExtra power supplies can easily be installed for failover protection and for powering additional drives.

    TeraPacksSpectra's TeraPack® tape containers streamline loading and unloading, handling 9 TS* or 10 LTO tapes at once.

    Start with only what you need, when you need it. A T200 with 8 drives and 140 slots may suit your entry-level enterprise storage requirements.

    Over time, your data storage needs grow. TranScale to a T380, moving your 8 drives and 140 slots from the T200. Add up to 4 more drives and up to 120 more slots.

    Data requirements have increased dramatically. TranScale to a T680, move your 12 drives and 260 slots from the T380. Expand with up to 280 additional slots for 12 drives and 540 slots.

    When your data growth expands beyond the capacity of the T680, TranScale your components to our enterprise-level T950. The T950 expands to 7,614 TS slots in 8 frames, 120 drives and up to 285.5 PB of compressed IBM® TS1155 capacity.

    *T380, T950 and TFinity only; and TS refers to IBM® TS11XX technology.

    LTO (Linear Tape-Open) Ultrium Technology is optimized for high capacity and performance with exceptional reliability in either a stand-alone or an automated environment. Ideally suited for backup and deep storage applications, the LTO tape format can meet the needs of the enterprise with a roadmap and migration path that extends well into the next decade.

    LTO Technology and IBM® TS1155 Technology Tape Drive Option for T380 and T950

    LTO-5 LTO-6 LTO-7 LTO-M8* LTO-8 LTO-9 LTO-10 LTO-11 LTO-12

    Native Capacity 1.5TB 2.5TB 6TB 9TB 12TB Up to 24TB Up to 48TB Up to 96TB Up to 192TB

    Native Transfer Rate 140 MB/s 160 MB/s 300 MB/s 300 MB/s 360 MB/s TBD TBD TBD TBD

    Shipment Year 2010 2013 2015 2017 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD

    Compressed Capacity 3.0TB 6.25TB 15TB 22.5TB 30TB Up to 60TB Up to 120TB Up to 240TB Up to 480TB

    Compressed Transfer Rate 280 MB/s 400 MB/s 700 MB/s 700 MB/s 750 MB/s TBD TBD TBD TBD

    *LTO-M8 = LTO-8 Type M media

    IBM® TS1155 Technology Tape Drives and MediaSpectra has the unique capability to offer enterprise-class organizattions an even higher capacity and throughput tape drive and media solution within Spectra's T380 and T950 libraries. The IBM® TS1155 delivers 15TB and 360MB/s of uncompressed capacity and performance.

  • Assisted Self-Maintenance (ASM) An industry-first support supplement designed for customers requiring minimal downtime. ASM stocks a select group of customer replaceable parts at your site, giving you the ability to make immediate repairs and eliminate the delays that a site visit can involve.

    Our Assisted Self Maintenance feature enables you to replace select parts yourself.

    Drive Power Supply Robotics I/O Blade (RIM)

    To ensure the viability of your data, Media Lifecycle Management (MLM) tracks and reports on health and security related statistics for Spectra Certified Media. Detailed reporting mitigates media problems and restore issues, allowing you to copy and move your data onto new tapes before degraded media affects your data.

    Like MLM, Drive Lifecycle Management (DLM) extends the same proactive approach to drives by integrating tape drive analysis and reporting within the library. Using easy-to-manage, color-coded icons, you can quickly identify the health status of a drive. DLM also offers easy-to-use tape drive diagnostics to test and verify drive health and operation.

    Managing the health of your library’s critical components is made easy with Library Lifecycle Management (LLM). By delivering utilization metrics relative to the expected useful life of library robotics, filters and other critical components; you are able to service your library before issues occur.

    Better Reliability Through Lifecycle Management

    To give you data integrity verification, Spectra offers a sophisticated suite of standard features that allow you to actively check data already written to tape. PreScan checks each imported tape and verifies that the tape can be written to, scanning the tape for potential issues including broken or dislodged leader and write-protected status. QuickScan scans a tape uni-directionally by reading the length of one track of the tape to provide a rapid indicator of integrity of data written. FullScan confirms that there are no media errors on the tape by reading the entire length of the tape up to the end of the recorded data. To ensure that the data is valid, you can set triggers to check the health of tapes over an interval of time or verify a specific tape’s data integrity on request. This process allows for rapid spot-checks of data integrity.

    Data Integrity Verification

    A single BlueScale user interface manages an entire library without any external servers. BlueScale manages your library, configurations, partitions, encryption key management and all library/media health monitoring. By consolidating all management functions in a single library, you save time managing the library and lower costs by eliminating the need for additional equipment, software license charges or additional power or cooling requirements of extra server hardware.

    Spectra Enterprise tape libraries offer encryption and key management as seamless, integrated standard features. Spectra’s BlueScale Encryption utilizes AES-256 bit encryption through the library for LTO-4 and newer drives.* It lets you easily and affordably add encryption to your backup strategy, with no changes to backup policies and no additional hardware or software.

    Simplified ManagementBlueScale,® the common software interface for all Spectra library products, brings enterprise command and control features to the tape libraries. Available through the library’s onboard LCD color touchscreen and remote web access, BlueScale is an easy-to-navigate, browser-based library interface built into Spectra libraries that enables our solutions to work easily, flexibly and safely with your data.

    *Spectra SKLM required for IBM® TS11XX Technology Tape Drives

  • Support for Spectra Enterprise tape libraries range from our standard worldwide next-business-day replacement to more advanced alternatives, including next day, same day, four-hour onsite service or our exclusive Assisted Self-Maintenance option.

    Our expertise comes from nearly 40 years of solving real problems with hands-on lab work and on-site technical support. Our support staff is cross-trained over the entire storage environment—not just hardware—so we can assist you with all aspects of a problem. From open to close, we are committed to resolving any issue.

    SpectraGuard Support

    Product SpecificationsPower Requirements• 110-240 VAC; 8-12 AMP per cord• Optional 2N• Heat Dissipation: 2,228 BTU/h (12 drives)

    Interface Options• Fibre Channel - 4 Gb/s and 8 Gb/s

    Reliability Stats• LTO: Mean Cycle Between Failures (MCBF): 1,000,000• LTO: Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) – 250,000 hours• IBM® TS11XX: Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): 250,000 hours• Mean Time to Repair (MTTR): - 3 minutes for hot-swap components - 30 minutes average for non-hotswap components

    *Compressed capacity calculated using 2.5:1 ratio.

    Physical CharacteristicsModel Dimensions & Weight

    T200Rack mountable with standard 19" rack - 20U Single Frame Dimensions: H: 35" W: 17.5" D: 41.0" (20U, 89cm H x 44.4cm W x 104cm D) Weight: 230 lbs (Base frame, no drives or media*)

    T380Rack mountable with standard 19" rack - 28U Single Frame Dimensions: H: 49" W: 17.5" D: 41.0" (28U, 125cm H x 44.4cm W x 104cm D) Weight: 305 lbs/138 kg (Base frame, no drives or media*)

    T680Standard 19" Rack Dimensions: H: 80.5" W: 24" D: 48" (42U, 204.5cm H x 61cm W x 122cm D) (T680 delivers in a 19" rack) Weight: 765 lbs (Base frame, no drives or media)

    With support for multiple connectivity protocols as well as all major backup software packages and operating systems, Enterprise tape libraries fit easily into any environment. BlueScale’s Shared Library Services lets data centers implement simple, integrated partitioning so that a single library appears to the SAN as multiple libraries. Unlike other partitioning solutions that involve complicated and expensive external partitioning servers, network connections, and proprietary client software, you can easily partition your library using its BlueScale interface.

    Consolidate Data Using Integrated Partitioning

    Capacity and Throughput

    Model Max Cartridges Max Drives Media Max Capacity (native/compressed)Max Throughput

    (native/compressed)

    T200 200 8

    LTO-8 2.4 PB / 6 PB* 10.4 TB/hr / 21.6 TB/hr

    LTO-M8 1.8 PB / 4.5 PB 8.64 TB/hr / 20.16TB/hr

    LTO-7 1.2 PB / 3 PB* 8.6 TB/hr / 20.6 TB/hr

    T380

    380 12

    LTO-8 4.5 PB / 11.4 PB* 15.6 TB/hr / 32.4 TB/hr

    LTO-M8 3.42 PB / 8.55 PB* 13 TB/hr / 30.24 TB/hr

    LTO-7 2.2 PB / 5.7 PB* 13 TB/hr / 30.24 TB/hr

    261 12IBM® TS1150 2.6 PB / 6.5 PB* 10.8 TB/hr / 28 TB/hr

    IBM® TS1155 3.9 PB / 9.7 PB* 10.8 TB/hr / 28 TB/hr

    T680 670 12

    LTO-8 8 PB / 20.1 PB* 15.6 TB/hr / 32.4 TB/hr

    LTO-M8 6.03 PB / 15.07 PB* 13 TB/hr / 30.24 TB/hr

    LTO-7 4.0 PB / 10.2 PB* 13 TB/hr / 30.24 TB/hr

    303-449-6400 • 800-833-1132 • (Fax) 303-939-8844 • 6285 Lookout Road • Boulder, CO 80301 USA

    V1-111417

    About Spectra Logic CorporationSpectra Logic develops data storage solutions that solve the problem of long-term digital preservation for business and technology professionals dealing with exponential data growth. Dedicated solely to storage innovation for nearly 40 years, Spectra Logic’s uncompromising product and customer focus is proven by the adoption of its solutions by industry leaders in multiple vertical markets globally. Spectra enables affordable, multi-decade data storage and access by creating new methods of managing information in all forms of storage—including archive, backup, cold storage, private and public cloud. To learn more, visit www.SpectraLogic.com.

    ©2017 Spectra Logic. All trademarks and registered trademarks are properties of their respective owners.

    505-338-6000 • www.teradactyl.com 2450 Baylor Dr. S.E. • Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106 • Email: [email protected]