Enhancing Energy Access in Rural and Enhancing Energy Access in Rural and Peri-urban Settlements:Peri-urban Settlements:

Knowledge-Based Policy EngagmentKnowledge-Based Policy Engagment

Cape Town, 25-27 May 2009Cape Town, 25-27 May 2009

ENDA Energy, Environment, Development Program

Energy Access in Peri-urban Areas:

The case of Dakar, SenegalTouria Touria

Dafrallah, Dafrallah, EndaEnda

Research study implementation in two

phasesArea of the study: Dakar, the capital of Senegal

Scoping phase: Identify the most critical issues in peri-urban zones of Dakar with respect to Clean energy access:

Secondary data and limited amount of primary surveys (60 households and 30 production units) in three peri-urban zones of Dakar (Ben Barack, Daliford & Rail)

Stakeholders Interviews (government agencies, power company, and targeted peri-urban populations)

enda

Scoping phase Findings: Critical themes

3 major Themes identified for further investigation

• Theme 1: Definition of Peri-urban zones Inadequate characterization of peri-urban zones creates

institutional/policy gap

• Theme 2: Electricity Access in Peri-Urban Dakar The issue of illegal connections and associated implications

• Theme 3: Domestic fuels Access in Peri-Urban Dakar

LPG subsidy channeling and implications of its withdrawal for poor

enda

Thematic Phase: In-depth research

• In-depth analysis of the three major themes identified during the scoping phase

• Determination of the barriers to clean energy services access in peri-urban Dakar

• Policy options development

Methodology:Methodology:

• Largers surveys: covered Largers surveys: covered 280 households and 70 280 households and 70 businesses from 7 peri-urban areas of Dakar: Situation businesses from 7 peri-urban areas of Dakar: Situation of Energy access (availability, accessibility, of Energy access (availability, accessibility, affordability, use)affordability, use)

• Analysis of the current policy gaps: Electricity, Analysis of the current policy gaps: Electricity, domestic fuelsdomestic fuels

enda

Findings of the Thematic phase4 barriers to modern energy access in peri-urban Dakar :

• Barrier I: The lack of a proper definition and understanding of the real characteristics of peri-urban areas > institutional gap

• According to the Urban planning ministry: According to the Urban planning ministry: between the city & rural areas. At the between the city & rural areas. At the city’s periphery with agriculture and other farming activities.city’s periphery with agriculture and other farming activities.

• Statistics agency: Statistics agency: No definition is given for peri-urban. The areas are classified as No definition is given for peri-urban. The areas are classified as either urban or rural. Urban: All areas that are headed by a Mayor & Rural: All that is either urban or rural. Urban: All areas that are headed by a Mayor & Rural: All that is not urban.not urban.

• According to SENELEC: According to SENELEC: The entire Dakar region is considered urban.The entire Dakar region is considered urban.

• Former Executive Officer ENDA: Former Executive Officer ENDA: «Between the two». The contact zone that lies on «Between the two». The contact zone that lies on undetermined, hybrid or mixed spaces. Not well defined and lacks of a consensus undetermined, hybrid or mixed spaces. Not well defined and lacks of a consensus around its definition by the different stockholders and policy makers.around its definition by the different stockholders and policy makers.

• Enda RUP: Enda RUP: It is a zone without any urban planning and that lacks the basic It is a zone without any urban planning and that lacks the basic infrastructure (water, energy, school, etc).It is not part of the national taxation system. infrastructure (water, energy, school, etc).It is not part of the national taxation system. It is a zone where the incomes are less than $2/per capita and where we have the It is a zone where the incomes are less than $2/per capita and where we have the development of urban agriculture.development of urban agriculture.

enda

Findings of the Thematic phase

4 barriers to modern energy access in peri-urban Dakar:

• Barrier I: The lack of a proper understanding of the real characteristics of peri-urban areas that creates an institutional gap and an energy policy vacuum

• According to a Pr. of Geography:According to a Pr. of Geography:

First definitionFirst definition: The peri-urban is an interface between rural and : The peri-urban is an interface between rural and urban. The peri-urban zones are the results of the evolution of cities but urban. The peri-urban zones are the results of the evolution of cities but are are unfortunately not taken into account in the urban planning policies. It is also a unfortunately not taken into account in the urban planning policies. It is also a zone that is very difficult to define and delineate. The geographic limits are always zone that is very difficult to define and delineate. The geographic limits are always moving because of the rapid population growth.moving because of the rapid population growth.

Second definition: Second definition: The most dynamic part of the urban area, it represents The most dynamic part of the urban area, it represents the interaction between urban and rural zones.the interaction between urban and rural zones.

enda

Findings of the Thematic phase

4 barriers to modern energy access in peri-urban Dakar

• Barrier II: Land tenancy issues/illegal settlement >>illegal power connections

• Barrier III: The prohibitive connection cost for households located far from the grid (> 30 meters): up to US$ 650

enda

Findings of the Thematic phase

4 barriers to modern energy access in peri-urban Dakar

• Barrier IV: The inappropriate channeling of LPG subsidy and its progressive withdrawal by the government

enda

Policy pointers

Peri-urban area Definition & Characterization Forum   

• Policy option 1: Policy option 1: Mobilization of a consultation framework/forumMobilization of a consultation framework/forum

Consensus of all involved actors around the definition and a proper Consensus of all involved actors around the definition and a proper delineation of the peri-urban zones, develop a data base and GIS delineation of the peri-urban zones, develop a data base and GIS (Location of Peri-urban settlements)(Location of Peri-urban settlements)

Remove the confusion between Urban and Peri-urban areasRemove the confusion between Urban and Peri-urban areas

Define specific needs of peri-urban with transition from rural to Define specific needs of peri-urban with transition from rural to urban energy profileurban energy profile

Help define targeted policy intervention for peri-urbanHelp define targeted policy intervention for peri-urban

enda

Policy pointersPower: Legalization of grid power connections

• Policy option 2: Policy option 2: to formalize, organize and upgrade the slums occupancy status to formalize, organize and upgrade the slums occupancy status in order to help poor peri-urban households have formal access through legitimate in order to help poor peri-urban households have formal access through legitimate utility account.utility account.

To increase the level of access to legal electricity at the current tariff which is To increase the level of access to legal electricity at the current tariff which is more advantageous than the tariff paid through illegal connection via neighbors more advantageous than the tariff paid through illegal connection via neighbors (Example US$ 2.4/month Vs US$ 1.5/month for a 4W bulb (4h/day and US$ (Example US$ 2.4/month Vs US$ 1.5/month for a 4W bulb (4h/day and US$ 0.25/Kwh).0.25/Kwh).

A good practice that is already applied in this respect consists in delivering a A good practice that is already applied in this respect consists in delivering a «Temporary Id Card» for the Peri-urban residents to make them eligible to open «Temporary Id Card» for the Peri-urban residents to make them eligible to open legitimate accounts with the power provider.legitimate accounts with the power provider.

enda

Policy pointers

Power: Alleviation of the prohibitive upfront fees

In the case where the periurban households areIn the case where the periurban households are far from the grid far from the grid (>30 Km) (>30 Km) and where there is a and where there is a necessity for additional extension necessity for additional extension work.work.

• Policy option 3Policy option 3: Payment of the connection fees through : Payment of the connection fees through long term long term installments installments that can be afforded by the peri-urban poor, that can be afforded by the peri-urban poor, to be to be included in the electricity bill.included in the electricity bill.

With allocation of Governmental budget to contribute to the additional With allocation of Governmental budget to contribute to the additional grid extension cost.grid extension cost.

enda

Policy pointersPower: Electricity-based income generation

Development of productive applications for electricity: Promotion of small scale productive units (Cold beverages, meat and poultry conservation, etc) to generate enough income to cover the electricity cost.

• Policy option 4: Financing mechanism for these applications are needed such as micro-credit arrangement where the households would get together in a micro-credit network to fund their own enterprises in turns.

Associated policy option: to develop an information campaign to show the benefit of productive applications and its possible use as a mean to afford the electric bill.

enda

Policy pointersLPG: Way for targeted LPG subsidies for peri-urban poor

• Policy option 5Policy option 5: Creation of some : Creation of some specialized distribution outletspecialized distribution outlet that that provides 6 kg and 2.75 kg LPG bottles at a subsidized price.provides 6 kg and 2.75 kg LPG bottles at a subsidized price.

These outlets will be opened only in poor peri-urban areas but not in other These outlets will be opened only in poor peri-urban areas but not in other wealthier areas. wealthier areas.

Make sure the subsidy only benefits the poor: Make sure the subsidy only benefits the poor: a subsidized LPGa subsidized LPG access cardaccess card will be given to identified poor households of peri-urban areas. will be given to identified poor households of peri-urban areas.

This would unable them to access LPG at the subsidized price upon proper This would unable them to access LPG at the subsidized price upon proper identification.identification.

This targeted approach will help channel the subsidy to the right target (poor) and This targeted approach will help channel the subsidy to the right target (poor) and impose market prices for the wealthier part of the population. impose market prices for the wealthier part of the population.

enda

Areas for further research

• Possible development of small peri-urban energy producers or entrepreneurs that will generate and supply energy on site to the peri-urban poor at an affordable cost

• In-depth investigation of the safety aspects of illegal connections and the implications for the peri-urban poor

enda

ENDA Energy, Environment, Development Program

ENDA Energy, Environment, Development ProgramENDA Energy, Environment, Development Program

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