Engr. Salman Ali Syed Saudi Electricity Company HYDRO ... · PDF fileHYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT Engr. Salman Ali Syed Saudi Electricity Company Abha-KSA

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWERHYDRO ELECTRIC POWERPLANTPLANT

Engr. Salman Ali SyedSaudi Electricity Company

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WHAT IS HYDRO POWER?WHAT IS HYDRO POWER?

The objective of a hydropower scheme is to convert the The objective of a hydropower scheme is to convert the

potential energy of a mass of water, flowing in a stream with apotential energy of a mass of water, flowing in a stream with a

certain fall to the turbine (termed the "head"), into electriccertain fall to the turbine (termed the "head"), into electric

energy at the lower end of the scheme, where the powerhouseenergy at the lower end of the scheme, where the powerhouse

is located. The power output from the scheme is proportionalis located. The power output from the scheme is proportional

to the flow and to the head.to the flow and to the head.


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DAM TURBINE

POWER HOUSE

GENERATOR

PENSTOCK

RESEVO

IR

DAM TURBINE

INTAKE

GENERATOR

RESEVO

IR

POWER LINE

TRANSFORMER


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ELEMENTS OF HYDROELEMENTS OF HYDROELEMENTS OF HYDROELEMENTS OF HYDROPOWERPOWER


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FIRST ELEMENT :FIRST ELEMENT :--

DAMSDAMS


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The movement of water can be used to make electricity. Energy from The movement of water can be used to make electricity. Energy from

water is created by the force of water moving from a higher elevation water is created by the force of water moving from a higher elevation

to a lower elevation through a large pipe (penstock). When the water to a lower elevation through a large pipe (penstock). When the water

reaches the end of the pipe, it hits and spins a water wheel or turbine. reaches the end of the pipe, it hits and spins a water wheel or turbine.

The turbine rotates the connected shaft, which then turns the The turbine rotates the connected shaft, which then turns the

generator, making electricity. generator, making electricity. generator, making electricity. generator, making electricity.


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A dam failure can have sever effects downstream of the dam.A dam failure can have sever effects downstream of the dam.

During the lifetime of a dam different flow conditions will be experiencedDuring the lifetime of a dam different flow conditions will be experienced

and a dam must be able to safely accommodate high floods thatand a dam must be able to safely accommodate high floods that

What are Spill ways?What are Spill ways?

and a dam must be able to safely accommodate high floods thatand a dam must be able to safely accommodate high floods that

can exceed normal flow conditions in the river. For this reason,can exceed normal flow conditions in the river. For this reason,

carefully passages are corporated in the dams as part of structure.carefully passages are corporated in the dams as part of structure.

These passages are known as spillways.These passages are known as spillways.


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22ndnd ELEMENT:ELEMENT:--

INTAKEINTAKE


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A water intake must be able to divert the required amount of A water intake must be able to divert the required amount of

INTAKE:INTAKE:--

A water intake must be able to divert the required amount of A water intake must be able to divert the required amount of

water in to a power canal or into a penstock without producing water in to a power canal or into a penstock without producing

a negative impact on the local environment. a negative impact on the local environment.


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3rd ELEMENT:3rd ELEMENT:--PENSTOCKPENSTOCK


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PENSTOCKPENSTOCK

“conveying water from the intake to the power house”.“conveying water from the intake to the power house”.

The water in the reservoir is considered stored energyThe water in the reservoir is considered stored energy

When the gate opens the water flowing through the When the gate opens the water flowing through the

penstock becomes kinetic energy because it is in motion.penstock becomes kinetic energy because it is in motion.


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44thth ELEMENTELEMENT

TURBINESTURBINES


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The water strikes and The water strikes and turns the large blades turns the large blades of a turbine, which is of a turbine, which is attached to a attached to a generator above it by generator above it by generator above it by generator above it by way of a shaft. The way of a shaft. The most common type of most common type of turbine for turbine for hydropower plants is hydropower plants is the Francis Turbine, the Francis Turbine, which looks like a big which looks like a big which looks like a big which looks like a big disc with curved disc with curved blades. blades.


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Tailraces:Tailraces:--

After passing through the turbine the water returns to the

river trough a short canal called a tailrace.


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5TH ELEMENT5TH ELEMENTGENERATORGENERATOR


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As the turbine blades turn, so do a series of magnets insideAs the turbine blades turn, so do a series of magnets inside

the generator. Giant magnets rotate past copper coils,the generator. Giant magnets rotate past copper coils,

producing alternating current (AC) by moving electrons.producing alternating current (AC) by moving electrons.


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Inside theInside theGenerator:Generator:--Generator:Generator:--

The heart of the hydroelectric The heart of the hydroelectric power plant is the generator. power plant is the generator. The basic process of generating The basic process of generating electricity in this manner is to electricity in this manner is to rotate a series of magnets inside rotate a series of magnets inside rotate a series of magnets inside rotate a series of magnets inside coils of wire. This process moves coils of wire. This process moves electrons, which produces electrons, which produces electrical current. electrical current.


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Each generator is made of certain basic parts: Each generator is made of certain basic parts:

1. Shaft 1. Shaft

2. Excitor 2. Excitor

3. Rotor 3. Rotor

4. Stator4. Stator4. Stator4. Stator


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As the turbine turns, the excitor sends an electrical currentAs the turbine turns, the excitor sends an electrical current

to the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnetsto the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnetsto the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnetsto the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnets

that spins inside a tightlythat spins inside a tightly--wound coil of copper wire, calledwound coil of copper wire, called

the stator. The magnetic field between the coil and thethe stator. The magnetic field between the coil and the

magnets creates an electric current.magnets creates an electric current.magnets creates an electric current.magnets creates an electric current.


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66THTH ELEMENT:ELEMENT:--66THTH ELEMENT:ELEMENT:--

TRANSFORMERSTRANSFORMERS


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A transformer is a device that transfers A transformer is a device that transfers electrical electrical energyenergy from one from one circuitcircuit to another through a shared to another through a shared magnetic fieldmagnetic field. A changing . A changing currentcurrent IP in the first IP in the first magnetic fieldmagnetic field. A changing . A changing currentcurrent IP in the first IP in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field field; in turn, this magnetic field inducesinduces a voltage VS a voltage VS in the second circuit (the secondary). The secondary in the second circuit (the secondary). The secondary circuit mimics the primary circuit, but it need not circuit mimics the primary circuit, but it need not carry the same current and voltage as the primary carry the same current and voltage as the primary circuit. Instead, an ideal transformer keeps the circuit. Instead, an ideal transformer keeps the circuit. Instead, an ideal transformer keeps the circuit. Instead, an ideal transformer keeps the product of the current and the voltage the same in product of the current and the voltage the same in the primary and secondary circuits.the primary and secondary circuits.


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77THTH ELEMENTELEMENTOUTFLOW:OUTFLOW:--

Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces,

and reand re--enters the river downstream.enters the river downstream.


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8TH ELEMENT8TH ELEMENTPOWER HOUSE:POWER HOUSE:--


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POWER HOUSE AND EQUIPMENTS:POWER HOUSE AND EQUIPMENTS:--

In the scheme of hydropower the role of power house is to In the scheme of hydropower the role of power house is to In the scheme of hydropower the role of power house is to In the scheme of hydropower the role of power house is to protect the electromechanical equipment that convert theprotect the electromechanical equipment that convert thepotential energy of water into electricity.potential energy of water into electricity.

Following are the equipments of power plant:Following are the equipments of power plant:

1.Valve 1.Valve 5.Condensor 5.Condensor 2.Turbine2.Turbine 6.Protection System6.Protection System2.Turbine2.Turbine 6.Protection System6.Protection System3.Generator3.Generator 7.DC emergency Supply7.DC emergency Supply4.Control System4.Control System 8.Power and current transformer8.Power and current transformer


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A SIMPLE OVER VIEW:A SIMPLE OVER VIEW:--Engr. Salman Ali Syed

Saudi Electricity CompanyAbha-KSA

TRASH RACKTRASH RACK

Almost all small hydroelectric plants have a trash rackAlmost all small hydroelectric plants have a trash rack

cleaning machine, which removes material from water incleaning machine, which removes material from water in

order to avoid entering plant water ways and damagingorder to avoid entering plant water ways and damaging

electromechanical equipment.electromechanical equipment.


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Flowing water creates energy that can be captured Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. This is called hydropower. and turned into electricity. This is called hydropower.

Hydropower is currently the largest source of Hydropower is currently the largest source of renewable power, generating nearly 10% of the renewable power, generating nearly 10% of the renewable power, generating nearly 10% of the renewable power, generating nearly 10% of the electricity used in the United States.electricity used in the United States.

The most common type of hydropower plant uses a The most common type of hydropower plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which, in turn, activates a generator to spinning it, which, in turn, activates a generator to produce electricity. produce electricity. produce electricity. produce electricity.

But hydropower doesn't necessarily require a large But hydropower doesn't necessarily require a large dam. Some hydropower plants just use a small canal dam. Some hydropower plants just use a small canal to channel the river water through a turbine. to channel the river water through a turbine.


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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

AND

ITS MITIGATION


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FINAL WORDS:FINAL WORDS:--

We would like to pay our thanks to We would like to pay our thanks to We would like to pay our thanks to We would like to pay our thanks to

Mr. ASIM RAZA & Mr. SYED SALEEM AHMED Mr. ASIM RAZA & Mr. SYED SALEEM AHMED

who enabled us to present this documentationwho enabled us to present this documentation

and very thanks to all fellows for listening, and very thanks to all fellows for listening, and very thanks to all fellows for listening, and very thanks to all fellows for listening,

for any question, you may contact,for any question, you may contact,

[email protected][email protected]


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SolarSolar ––TheThe Energy What Is ItEnergy What Is It

•• conversion of sun light conversion of sun light •• �� ThermalThermal•• conversion of sun light conversion of sun light into a more useable form into a more useable form of energyof energy

•• �� Electricity Electricity ��•• Photo electric systemsPhoto electric systems•• Thermal electric systemsThermal electric systems•• LightingLighting

•• �� ThermalThermalBuilding heatingBuilding heating

•• �� Distillate FuelsDistillate FuelsBio conversion Bio conversion (photo synthesis)(photo synthesis)

•• LightingLighting�� Direct use of lightDirect use of light


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Photo Electric CellsPhoto Electric Cells

•• P/N semiconductor P/N semiconductor •• P/N semiconductor P/N semiconductor junctionjunction

•• �� Electron transportElectron transport•• �� Light conversionLight conversion•• �� ReflectedReflected•• �� Absorbed Absorbed –– make make

electricityelectricityelectricityelectricity•• �� Visible lightVisible light•• �� IR or UVIR or UV


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The SunThe Sun

��The sun emits The sun emits LightLight

almost all of its energy in almost all of its energy in a range of wavelengths a range of wavelengths from about 2x10from about 2x10--77 to to 4x104x10--6 6 meters meters

Most in visible range Most in visible range Solar cells respond Solar cells respond Solar cells respond Solar cells respond

differently to the different differently to the different wavelengths, or colors, of wavelengths, or colors, of light.light.


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DevicesDevices –– StructuresStructures

•• �� Homo junction Homo junction Cell Cell DeviceDevice•••••• �� Crystalline silicon is the primary example of this Crystalline silicon is the primary example of this

kind of cell. A single materialkind of cell. A single material——crystalline siliconcrystalline silicon•• �� Hetero junction DeviceHetero junction Device•• �� CIS cells, where the junction is formed by CIS cells, where the junction is formed by

contacting two different semiconductorscontacting two different semiconductors——Cd S and Cd S and CuInSe2.CuInSe2.

•• This structure is often chosen for producing cellsThis structure is often chosen for producing cells•• This structure is often chosen for producing cellsThis structure is often chosen for producing cellsmade of thinmade of thin--film materials that absorb light muchfilm materials that absorb light much

better than silicon.better than silicon.


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SystemSystem


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Solar PanelsSolar Panels

•• Solar energy panels are Solar energy panels are photovoltaic (PV) devices to photovoltaic (PV) devices to photovoltaic (PV) devices to photovoltaic (PV) devices to produce electricity from produce electricity from sunlight. They are made of sunlight. They are made of semiconductors, most semiconductors, most commonly the semiconductor commonly the semiconductor silicon.silicon.

•• Solar Panels come in many Solar Panels come in many sizes, colors, performance sizes, colors, performance characteristics and brands. characteristics and brands. Certification and long time Certification and long time Certification and long time Certification and long time manufacturer warranty at manufacturer warranty at wholesale prices.wholesale prices.

•• Generally available Panels Generally available Panels from 10 watts to 225 watts of from 10 watts to 225 watts of world's leading brands.world's leading brands.


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Solar panelSolar panel Maximum Power (Pmax) 40 wattsTolerance =10/-10%

Maximum Power Voltage 17.4 volts Maximum Power Current 2.48 amps Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.7 volts Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.7 volts Short Circuit Current (Isc) 2.65 amp Temp coefficient of Voc -0.37x102

A/C°Temp coefficient of ISC 0.08x102

A/C°NOC 47 C°

Max System Voltage 600 Volts Dimensions 20.5 - 25.5 - 1.4 (LxWxD

- inches) - inches) Weight 12 lbs

Cells - 32Cell Technology - Polycrystalline

Cell Shape - Rectangular Temperature Coefficient Power

Pmax/°C - minus 0.44%


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Balance of SystemBalance of SystemComponentsComponents

•• Solar BatteriesSolar Batteries•• In order to provide uninterrupted power In order to provide uninterrupted power •• In order to provide uninterrupted power In order to provide uninterrupted power

during power outages a battery backduring power outages a battery back--up up system is required in Solar Energy Systems. system is required in Solar Energy Systems. Battery backBattery back--up systems use deep cycle up systems use deep cycle batteries that need very little or no batteries that need very little or no maintenance. A controller is used to prevent maintenance. A controller is used to prevent maintenance. A controller is used to prevent maintenance. A controller is used to prevent the batteries from being overcharged or the batteries from being overcharged or overly discharged.overly discharged.


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Solar BatteriesSolar Batteries


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Solar Cables and InterconnectsSolar Cables and Interconnects

•• Solar Power application cables of high Solar Power application cables of high •• Solar Power application cables of high Solar Power application cables of high quality electrical and mechanical strength quality electrical and mechanical strength which are highly recommended for which are highly recommended for photovoltaic systems. The connecting photovoltaic systems. The connecting cables to battery interconnects, The cables to battery interconnects, The accessories are successfully connect in accessories are successfully connect in accessories are successfully connect in accessories are successfully connect in your system components. your system components.


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Solar Cables and InterconnectsSolar Cables and Interconnects


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By


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Engr. Salman Ali Syed Saudi Electricity Company HYDRO ... · PDF fileHYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT Engr. Salman Ali Syed Saudi Electricity Company Abha-KSA