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"TO & FOR" COMPARADOS A "PARA"

Ricardo Schtz

Preposies so palavras de significado pouco claro e muito varivel. So mais partculasfuncionais do que palavras de contedo semntico definido. A maioria das ocorrncias depreposies, no segue um padro lgico ou regular. Alm disso, entre o portugus e o ingls, aspreposies no apresentam uma correlao muito estreita. Cobrem normalmente diferentes reasde significado, sendo umas de uso mais amplo que outras.

particularmente notria a dificuldade para ns, brasileiros, quando temos que decidir qualpreposio usar em ingls, to ou for, quando em portugus a idia seria expressa atravs dapreposio para. Em geral, pode-se dizer que to est ligado idia de direo, movimento,correspondendo muitas vezes tambm preposio a do portugus; enquanto que for estrelacionado com a idia de substituio, inteno ou predestinao, correspondendo, s vezes, ao

portuguspor. Esta diferena de significado, entretanto, no sempre clara. Mesmo assim, fore toraramente podem ser usados como sinnimos.

Freqentemente to e for introduzem o objeto indireto e neste caso que as duas preposiesnormalmente correspondem ao portugus para. Objeto indireto em ingls sempre um nome oupronome que precede ou sucede o objeto direto nos verbos bitransitivos. Quando posicionado antesdo objeto direto, no vem acompanhado de preposio. Quando posicionado aps o objeto direto,vir invariavelmente acompanhado da preposio to ou for. Neste caso, a preposio certadepender do verbo, no havendo regra para isso. Observe os seguintes exemplos:

TO VERBS FOR VERBS

I gave a present to him. = I gave him a present.Ill show the figures to you. = Ill show you the figures.He sold a car to me. = He sold me a car.He sent a letter to Mary. = He sent Mary a letter.Can you lend this book to me? = Can you lend me thisbook?The boss told a joke to us. = The boss told us a joke.Who teaches English to them? = Who teaches themEnglish?I paid $10 to the repairman. = I paid the repairman $10.Will you pass the sugar to me? = Will you pass me thesugar?Read a story to the children. = Read the children a story.I wrote a letter to my friend. = I wrote my friend a letter.Hand that book to me, please. = Hand me that book,please.He offered a job to Mary. = He offered Mary a job.He'll bring something to me. = He'll bring me something.She sang a lullaby to the baby. = She sang the baby alullaby.I'll throw the ball to you. = I'll throw you the ball.

Let me buy a present for you. = Let me buy you apresent.I got some food for you. = I got you some food.She made a sandwich for me. = She made me asandwich.Did she cook dinner for you? = Did she cook youdinner?Can you do a favor for me? = Can you do me a favor?He can find a job for you. = He can find you a job.He left a message for you. = He left you a message.Shall I pour more tea for you? = Shall I pour you moretea?Reserve hotel rooms for us. = Reserve us hotel rooms.Save the stamps for him. = Save him the stamps.

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Existem tambm verbos que s aceitam o objeto indireto quando acompanhado de preposio.Exemplos:

TO VERBS FOR VERBS

The teacher said "Good morning" to the students.Hes going to introduce Mary to his family.I already explained the project to the staff.Mr. Cole described the new house to his wife.I sometimes speak English to (with) my wife.Bob reported the accident to the police.I repeated your ideas to my parents.He admitted his mistake to the boss.I'll mention your plan to the director.Dr. Bishop recommends this medicine to some patients.Richard has announced his engagement to his friends.It sounds good to me.

The salesgirl suggested a gift to Philip.

Can you carry the suitcases for me?Could you open the door for me?He asked the bank teller to cash a check for him.Doctors like to prescribe medicine for the patients.She is going to prepare the meal for the guests.I asked her to sign the letter for me.Can you hold this for me, please?I changed the traveler's checks for you.I asked the secretary to make an appointment for me.He translated an article for me.I recorded a tape for you.I'll take the car to the mechanic for you.The salesgirl suggested Philip a gift for his girlfriend.

Can you play the piano for me?

Na verdade, quase qualquer verbo aceita o adjunto preposicionalfor. So portanto ilimitadas aspossibilidades de FOR VERBS neste segundo grupo. Observe-se que mesmo os TO VERBS, almde aceitarem o objeto indireto precedido pela preposio to, tambm aceitam o adjuntopreposicionalfor, porm com outro sentido. Ex:

I sent a letter to Mary.I sent a letter for Mary.

No primeiro exemplo, Mary mora noutro lugar e eu lhe escrevi mandando notcias. No segundoexemplo, Mary escreveu uma carta para algum, estava talvez muito ocupada para ir ao correio, eeu fui em lugar dela.

O verbo to go tambm freqentemente ocorre associado s preposies to efor. Observe-se os doisgrupos abaixo:

GO TO EXPRESSIONS GO FOR EXPRESSIONS

go to workgo to school

go to bedgo to churchgo to towngo to courtgo to piecesgo to hellgo to Porto Alegrego to the bank, go to the office, etc.

go for a walkgo for a ridego for a drivego for a beergo for it

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Uma das ocorrncias mais elementares da preposio to no uso do infinitivo em ingls. Istonormalmente ocorre na estrutura VERB + to + VERB. Exemplos:

I haveto go.I liketo drink beer.

Niceto meet you.

I'm not ableto work.

He decidedto leave.

He helped meto find my keys.

We expectto win the game.

Mesmo quando no introduzem objetos indiretos, a ocorrncia das preposies to eforcontinuadependendo do verbo que acompanham ou da expresso idiomtica em que ocorrem. Em muitoscasosforcorresponde apordo portugus. Exemplos:

TO EXPRESSIONS FOR EXPRESSIONS

Up to dateTo my surprise, ...To the best of my knowledge, ...According to ...Apply to a university.He reacted well to my comments.I object to staying up late.I'm accustomed to working hard.

I'm not used to working on Sundays.It's very sensitive to cold weather.To (for) me, it sounds good.It's interesting to me.She was invited to a party.I'm looking forward to hearing from you.It's a hundred miles from here to Porto Alegre.They raised his salary to $1,000.Don't jump to conclusions.

For sure!For God's sake!For example, ...For this reason ...For the first time ...For (to) me, it sounds good.Apply for a job.Any letters for me?I feel sorry for them.

He left for home.He works for a tobacco company.I sold my house for 40 thousand dollars.He charged 50 dollars for the translation.I lived abroad for 7 years.He's very strong for an old man.I'm looking for a job.He received a grant for studying medicine.I want eggs for breakfast.I wrote a check for $100.